《科爾尼（A.T. Kearney）：2022年全球城市指數報告（英文版）（34頁）.pdf》由會員分享，可在線閱讀，更多相關《科爾尼（A.T. Kearney）：2022年全球城市指數報告（英文版）（34頁）.pdf（34頁珍藏版）》請在三個皮匠報告上搜索。

1、Readiness for the storm:the 2022 Global Cities ReportPhoto by Peter Zajc ZerjavKearney,TorontoBy their very nature,global citieswhich we broadly define as major metropolitan areas that are uniquely international in their connectivity and character are especially vulnerable to the global crises that

2、are disrupting international flows of capital,people,and ideas.Yet they are also vital to any aspirations for restored prosperity.These cities are powerful engines of dynamism and innovation,and their health is an important barometer of present and future prospectsnot only for city dwellers,but for

3、all of us.This appreciation of the irreplaceable role of urban centers is the impetus behind Kearneys annual Global Cities Report,which was designed in conjunction with top academic and business advisors from around the world.Each year,we look at the current conditions of cities and the investments

4、they are making in their futures,in our Global Cities Index(GCI)and Global Cities Outlook(GCO).The GCIs rankings of the top cities in 2022 reflect the self-reinforcing strength of the worlds leading global cities.The top four cities on the listNew York,London,Paris,and Tokyoare unchanged from 2021(s

5、ee figure 1).Executive summaryReadiness for the storm:the 2022 Global Cities Report explores the acute challenges and uncertainties facing many of the worlds most connected and influential urban centers.The tentative recovery from the coronavirus pandemic a primary theme of the 2021 reporthas met wi

6、th a series of harsh realities over recent months.These have included higher-than-expected inflation worldwide;a worse-than-anticipated slowdown in China;the ongoing economic and political reverberations of the conflict in Ukraine;and the intensifying effects of climate-related hazards.These events

7、together have resulted in a time of intense pressure that will require adaptation and proactive change,ensuring cities remain capable of offering unique value to the companies and communities that call them home.Source:Kearney 2022 Global Cities ReportFigure 1Top 10 in the 2022 Global Cities IndexCi

8、ty2022 rank2021 rank 20212022New YorkLondonParisTokyoBeijingLos AngelesChicagoMelbourneSingaporeHong Kong1234567891012346581297+11+1+431Readiness for the storm:the 2022 Global Cities ReportSource:Kearney 2022 Global Cities ReportFigure 2Top 10 in the 2022 Global Cities OutlookCity2022 rank2021 rank

9、20212022LondonParisLuxembourgMunichStockholmNew YorkDublinCopenhagenAbu DhabiAmsterdam1234567891012113618521420+81+1+122+135+10If the GCI is a picture of the present,the GCO is a forecast of the future.This section will help to identify the cities likeliest to assume and sustain leadership roles in

10、the years to come.While some of the leading cities in the Indexsuch as London,Paris,and New Yorkappear in the top 10 on both lists,the GCO is designed to spotlight not only the well-established leaders,but also those cities best positioned to challenge their supremacy.The top 10 cities on this years

11、 GCO are shown in figure 2.Each year,we also take an eye toward the future and offer our perspective on ways city leaders can successfully navigate the near-term operating environment.In the“Facing an economic storm”section of this years report,we identify the challenges that cities encounter as the

12、 world emerges from what we all hope is the worst of the coronavirus pandemic,and heads into what many expect to be an extremely challenging economic period.Those challenges include inflation,stagnant growth,rising debts,and worsening inequality.We examine these challenges and offer concrete pathway

13、s of action for policymakers to address them head-on while maintaining and enhancing their citys position as an attractive hub for talent and,consequently,for businesses.Global cities are powerful engines of dynamism and innovation,and their health is an important barometer of present and future pro

14、spects.2Readiness for the storm:the 2022 Global Cities ReportBy their very nature,global citiesmajor metropolitan areas that are uniquely international in their connectivity and characterare especially vulnerable to such disruptions.Yet these cities are also vital to any aspirations for restored glo

15、bal and national prosperity.They are powerful engines of dynamism and innovation,and their health is an important barometer of present and future prospectsnot only for city dwellers,but for all of us.While they are singular in their character and identitydistinct from the rural areas and smaller mun

16、icipalities that surround themthese cities nonetheless serve as a microcosm of the dynamics that shape our world,from supply chains to immigration networks to trends in popular culture.This appreciation of the irreplaceable role of urban centers is the impetus behind Kearneys annual Global Cities Re

17、port,which was designed in conjunction with top academic and business advisors from around the world.One distinguishing feature of this report is the supplementation of the assessment of current metropolitan performance with an analysis of each citys potential performance.This dual mission is reflec

18、ted in the report structure.The first part,the GCI,is a snapshot of the current status of the worlds leading urban areas,while the GCO is a forecast of their future possibilities.Following the GCI and the GCO,we provide our perspective on the challenges facing city leaders in the near term,including

19、 inflation,stagnant growth,rising debts,and worsening inequality.We offer pathways of action that cities can follow to successfully adapt and preemptively respond to those challenges,including novel approaches that open up new revenue streams,new sources of savings,and new ways of providing necessar

20、y services under challenging economic conditions.IntroductionThe 2022 Global Cities Report comes at a time of extreme pressure for cities,which face intense economic challenges and uncertainty about what lies ahead.Last years report focused on the tentative recovery from the coronavirus pandemic,but

21、 we now have to contend with the harsh realities that have arisen in recent monthssome of them related to COVID-19s lingering presence,some not.These realities have included higher-than-expected inflation worldwide;a worse-than-anticipated slowdown in China;the ongoing economic and political reverbe

22、rations of the conflict in Ukraine;and the escalating effects of climate change,manifesting in calamities such as extreme heat,historic droughts,and increasingly intense storm activity.Each one of these factors has potentially severe secondary effects.To take one example,the economic effects of the

23、conflict in Ukraine continue to reverberate around the world.Higher commodity prices,supply chain disruptions,and worsening consumer sentiment are likely to impair economies in several parts of the world,particularly Europe;the Caucasus and Central Asia;the Middle East and North Africa;and sub-Sahar

24、an Africa.Even beyond this already expansive map of potential deprivation and suffering,price increases for food and fuel will hurt lower-income households throughout the world,including in the Americas and Asia.Global cities serve as a microcosm of the dynamics that shape our world,from supply chai

25、ns to immigration networks to trends in popular culture.3Readiness for the storm:the 2022 Global Cities ReportPhoto by Tomasz Szykulski Kearney AlumThe time line of data reporting and collection means that the full impact of these recent events is still to be captured,but the volatility of the past

26、year has produced clear shifts in the Index that come as no surprise.Declines in scores have been pronounced and consistent across the GCI dimensions of business activity and human capital,reflecting the continued disruption of the global economy and diminished international travel.It is noteworthy

27、that this movement extends an existing trend.Viewed together,our long-term cities have shown declining overall scores over the past six yearsan indication of de-globalization that predates the pandemic.Some indicators,such as the flow of goods and the exchange of international students,may return to

28、 their previous levels in the 2023 Global Cities Report,but some changes may have become entrenched by recent global events.This years GCI showed a notable decline in international conferences with a major decrease for many leading cities.With the broad uptake of virtual-conference technologies,and

29、the savings realized from hosting more events online,the number of in-person conferences may remain depressed well into the future.The 2022 Global Cities IndexThe GCI is a metric that seeks to quantify the extent to which a city can attract,retain,and generate global flows of capital,people,and idea

30、s.These global cities are microcosms of the world,each with its own unique flavor.They serve as centers of social,political,and economic vibrancy that reflect the dynamic global environment.This years GCI measures the performance of 156 cities around the world across our standard five dimensions:bus

31、iness activity,human capital,information exchange,cultural experience,and political engagement.Powerful events have shaped cities performance across these criteria since our last report.Before February 2022,the global economy appeared to be on a path to gradual recovery,even though the pandemic was

32、still far from conquered.Then an attempted conquest of a different kind shocked the global economyand the global orderinto new uncertainty with the conflict in Ukraine.Over the following months,additional shocks rattled world markets,notably the inflationary effects of commodity and supply chain dis

33、ruptions.In addition,the pandemic showed new versatility and tenacity,with disease variants lifting case numbers once again.In an attempt to sustain a“zero-COVID policy,”China embarked on a course of strict shutdowns that caused upheaval in the worlds second-largest national economy and further comp

34、licated efforts to mend the global supply network.4Readiness for the storm:the 2022 Global Cities ReportPhoto by Tomasz Szykulski Kearney AlumAverage Index scores have fallen across all regions,and not only for the most globally connected cities.The challenges of the past year have not affected all

35、cities equally.In last years Global Cities Report,we noted that cities in higher-income regions saw bigger drops in their GCI scores than those in less affluent emerging markets.We attributed this phenomenon to the wealthier cities higher levels of connectivity to,and reliance on,globalized markets.

36、In that report,we posited that the less globally connected cities would see their scores decline in 2022 as the impact of the pandemic began to register more fully.Indeed,average Index scores have fallen across all regions,and not only for the most globally connected cities.In fact,the magnitude of

37、decline in GCI scores is now steeper for many cities in lower-income regions than for those in North America or Europe.This is likely due to the delayed effects of COVID-19 and the initial rapid recovery of many wealthier cities.We are now seeing a significant divergence between the economic recover

38、ies of cities in more affluent nations and those in less affluent ones,with one interesting partial exception.Many African cities have experienced only moderate declines in ratings,possibly due to their relative lack of connectedness to worldwide markets.5Readiness for the storm:the 2022 Global Citi

39、es Report1.New York retained the top spot in the GCI,despite decreasing scores over the past year in business activity and human capital that reflect the battering the city took during the worst of the pandemic.At the peak of the pandemic,New York City lost the greatest share of jobs among the 20 la

40、rgest cities in the United States(US),and its recovery has been slower than that of other cities.Even so,the Big Apple remains the world leader in both dimensions,and has seen improvements in its ratings for information exchange,cultural experience,and political engagement.2.London also retained its

41、 ranking,but similarly exhibited a decline in scores across business activity and human capital.The city is not only contending with the recovery from the pandemic,but also with the considerable fallout from Brexit.This is reflected in the citys international student population.The number of student

42、s from the EU attending British universities stood at only half its pre-COVID-19 number.London posted minor improvements in cultural experience and political engagement.3.Paris held its spot despite a sharp fall in its business activity score,which was driven by a decline in the citys ranking for in

43、ternational conferences.Pariss human capital score also slipped,but its information exchange and cultural experience scores showed improvement as the citys world-class restaurants,museums,and other cultural attractions began to recover.4.Tokyo also maintained its long-held standing,due in part to ac

44、hieving the relatively rare feat of posting an improvement in business activity over 2021,albeit by a modest margin.This gain helped offset declines in human capital,information exchange,and cultural experience.5.Beijing rose by one place from 2021 to re-enter the top five,trading places with this y

45、ears sixth-place city,Los Angeles.The Chinese capital saw minor increases in information exchange and political engagement scores,but exhibited declines in the other three dimensions,alongside the majority of the other leading cities.The 2022 Global Cities Index rankingsThe GCIs rankings of the top

46、global cities tend to be quite stable from year to year,and 2022 is no exception.The top cities continue to prove their staying power,even in the face of adversity(see figure 3 on page 7).Below is a slightly closer look at the top five global cities.The leading four have become seemingly entrenched,

47、holding these positions for the sixth year in a row.However,certain changes reflect the shifting global environment and the respective strengths and shortcomings of global cities.The top cities in the Index continue to prove their staying power,even in the face of adversity.6Readiness for the storm:

48、the 2022 Global Cities ReportSource:Kearney 2022 Global Cities ReportFigure 3The top 30 cities in the Global Cities IndexCity2022 rank2021 rank2020 rank2019 rank2018 rank2017 rank 2122New YorkLondonParisTokyoBeijingLos AngelesChicagoMelbourneSingaporeHong KongBrusselsWashington,D.C.SeoulBerlinSan Fr

49、anciscoShanghaiSydneyTorontoMadridBostonMoscowDubaiAmsterdamFrankfurtBuenos AiresBarcelonaMunichIstanbulMontrealVienna12345678910111213141516171819202122232425262728293012346581297161417131110152019211823222432282627292512345781896141017151312111916212027232825262434292212349781665121013142219111715

50、21182720282423322629251234968177510111216201915181324142822292523322627211234987156511101214231917161321182822292624362527200000+11+1+403+5+2+41462+20+13+110+7+211057Readiness for the storm:the 2022 Global Cities ReportPhoto by Tomasz Szykulski Kearney AlumShanghai also fell in this years GCI from 1

51、0th place to 16th.The citys declines in the business activity and cultural experience dimensions will be no surprise,given the aggressive measures to counter COVID-19 implemented earlier this year.The economic standstill not only slowed the commercial hub,but also impeded supply chains around the wo

52、rld.We can expect to see a lagging performance for Shanghai on next years Index as the data captured during the citys lockdown will bleed into next years results.This year proved challenging for many Chinese cities and is reflected in subdued performance across the GCI.Nevertheless,as the country ha

53、s made strong investments in its cities and is expected to continue doing so,there is reason to remain optimistic about the future performance of Chinese cities.Further south along the Pacific Rim,Melbourne gained four places between 2021 and 2022,rising from 12th place to eighth.This marked a conti

54、nued rise since the 2021 report,when the Australian city notched a six-spot ascent.Business activity scores increased by more than a fifth(22 percent),driven by improvements in the number of international conferences held,with Melbourne gaining 20 places in that metric over the past year.Human capit

55、al,cultural experience,and political engagement scores increased marginally.A crucial catalyst of Melbournes sustained rise into the GCI top 10 is its popularity as an academic destination for students from abroad.Even as the city struggles,as do all others,to regain its pre-pandemic student numbers

56、,it is the number-one city in our international student population subcategory rankings.While the uppermost tier of the GCI rankings was virtually unchanged,there were some noteworthy shifts further down the list.Hong Kong continued its multiyear decline,sliding three spots from seventh to 10th plac

57、e due to sharp declines in its cultural experience and information exchange scores and more gradual ones in business activity and human capital.The citys fall can be attributed largely to the ongoing political turmoil affecting its ranking on every dimension of the Index.The cultural experience dime

58、nsion showed the steepest decline,partially driven by a 67-place drop in international travelers.These travelers were deterred by the unrest plaguing the city and by COVID-19 regulations,which were only lifted in late September this year.8Readiness for the storm:the 2022 Global Cities Report*Indicat

59、es new leaders in 2022.Source:Kearney 2022 Global Cities ReportFigure 4Leading cities across the GCI metrics2022 Global Cities Index leaders by dimensionsBusiness activityNew York Fortune 500 Beijing Top global services firms London,Hong Kong Capital markets New York Air freight Hong Kong Sea freigh

60、t Shanghai ICCA conferencesLisbon*Unicorn companies San FranciscoHuman capitalNew York Foreign-born population New York Top universities Boston Population with tertiary degree Tokyo International student population Melbourne Number of international schools Hong Kong Medical Universities LondonInform

61、ation exchangeParis Access to TV newsBerlin*,Munich*,Frankfurt*,Dsseldorf*News agency bureausNew York Broadband subscribers Paris*Freedom of expressionOslo Online presenceSingaporeCultural experienceLondon Museums Moscow Visual and performing arts Boston*Sporting events London*International traveler

62、s Istanbul*Culinary oferingsLondon Sister citiesSaint PetersburgPolitical engagementBrussels Embassies and consulates Brussels Think tanksWashington,D.C.International organizations Geneva Political conferencesBrussels Local institutions with global reach Paris2022 Global Cities Index leaders by metr

63、icGCI individual-metric leadersEach year,we also review the 29 subcategory metrics of the Index.This year,the resilience of the leaders across the board is notable.Of the 29 subcategories,only six had new metric leaders,reflecting the continued dominance of the leading cities in their areas of excel

64、lence.Of these six subcategories with new leaders,half were within just one of the five dimensionscultural experience,arguably the most fluid and difficult to quantify.In our rankings,London has supplanted Los Angeles as the top city in the sporting events subcategory;Istanbul replaced Dubai in inte

65、rnational travelers;and Boston has ousted longtime rival New York for the top spot in visual and performing arts.The very best qualities of metropolitan living are distributed across many cities worldwide(see figure 4).In our increasingly urbanized 21st century,no city is as dominant across as many

66、sectors as the foremost cities of the past might have beenthink,for example,of Rome at the height of its power;or Beijing during long stretches of history when China was arguably the worlds most advanced civilization;or Victorian-era London.By contrast,21 widely scattered cities may now lay claim to

67、 at least a slice of the ultimate in urban experience.This is a tribute to how broadly diffused the benefits of urbanization and global connectivity have become.As our next section will show,plenty of additional cities are building the resources and capabilities necessary to enter these ranks.Twenty

68、-one widely scattered cities may now lay claim to at least a slice of the ultimate in urban experience.9Readiness for the storm:the 2022 Global Cities ReportPhoto by Tomasz Szykulski Kearney AlumThe 2022 Global Cities OutlookThe second part of the Global Cities Report is the GCO.If the GCI is aimed

69、at quantifying the degree to which leading cities truly qualify as global,the GCO is a measure of how these same cities are ensuring that they can retain or augment that status in the future.It is a way of forecasting the cities likeliest to assume leadership roles in the years to come.There is a ce

70、rtain degree of overlap between the GCI and the GCO.The worlds most dynamic and desirable cities are potent magnets of talent and activity,so it stands to reason that they should rank high in predictions of future metropolitan preeminence.Put more bluntly,London,Paris,and New York attract ambitious

71、and innovative people from throughout their own nations and around the world.They have done so for centuries and are unlikely to stop doing so.The GCO is designed to spotlight not only the well-established leaders,but also those cities that may be best positioned to challenge their supremacy.This ye

72、ar,we again tracked four broad indicators of urban promise:personal well-being,economics,innovation,and governance.These criteria are designed to indicate developments and trends expected to shape the future urban environment.They are also intended to shed light on factors that can inform near-term

73、decisions on public and private investment in major metropolitan areas.In the past,the GCO has identified important emerging factors in urban prosperity.For example,when we looked at the foundational qualities of cities that had developed strong start-up cultures,we found that all of them had posted

74、 high ratings in two dimensions:personal well-being and governance.10Readiness for the storm:the 2022 Global Cities ReportPhoto by Arne Junker Kearney,ZurichThe 2022 Global Cities Outlook rankingsWhile the GCO list includes many of the same names at the top as the GCI,it also features a much higher

75、degree of flux over time.The top 30 cities of the GCO show great dynamism over the past five years(see figure 5 on page 12).As with the GCI,we will take a quick tour of the GCO top five before moving on to broader observations about the list:1.London retains its number one spot for the fourth year i

76、n a row,despite a steep decline in its governance ranking.Increases in personal well-being and innovation helped.2.Paris takes the second position for the second consecutive year.The City of Lights rose by 14 places in the ranking for personal well-being.3.Luxembourg lifted itself from 11th to third

77、 place,in part on the strength of its improvement in the innovation dimension.4.Munich is down one spot from the year before,despite a strong showing and a rise of 30 places in the innovation dimension.5.Stockholm stepped up a rung by virtue of a personal well-being ranking that shot up from 44th pl

78、ace to 17th.This made up for declines in economics and governance.In all,51 citiesnearly a third of the samplelifted their ranking more than six places within the past year.11Readiness for the storm:the 2022 Global Cities ReportPhoto by Peter Zajc Zerjav Kearney,TorontoThe back half of the GCO top 1

79、0 is notable for the arrival of New York and Copenhagen,both of which markedly improved their standing over 2021.New York moved up from 18th to sixth;Copenhagen found itself in eighth after vaulting 13 spaces from 21st position.Conversely,two Asian megacities took steep tumbles out of the top 10Sing

80、apore fell 10 places,from 10th to 20th,while Tokyo plunged further still,from seventh to 25th.In all,51 citiesnearly a third of the samplelifted their ranking more than six places within the past year.Seventeen of these are in China.Hangzhou leapt upward by 24 places to the 40th spot.The city has a

81、deep talent pool and strong manufacturing base,and over the next five years will play an important role in Chinas national strategy to boost its manufacturing sector and shift toward a technology-driven growth model.Shenyang,another industrial and commercial giant,recorded a similar upward bounce,ri

82、sing by 24 places to 56th.In keeping with Europes domination of the top five slots,other cities on the continent also posted sharp gains.Oslo and Barcelona jumped 18 and 10 places,respectively,to join the top 30.Berlin moved up 10 places.Helsinki jumped 26 spots,from 43rd to 17th.Given the current s

83、tate of world events,the high rankings of several European cities on both the Outlook and the Index may raise eyebrows.However,this can be attributed to a lag in data,and we anticipate much more variation in the rankings of European cities next year.Finally,several North American cities also showed

84、strong gains.San Francisco rose by 12,and Minneapolis by 16.Monterrey tallied the biggest positive shift on the entire GCO,jumping by 35 to 99th.12Readiness for the storm:the 2022 Global Cities ReportSource:Kearney 2021 Global Cities ReportFigure 5The top 30 cities in the Global Cities OutlookCityLo

85、ndonParisLuxembourgMunichStockholmNew YorkDublinCopenhagenAbu DhabiAmsterdamDubaiBerlinSan FranciscoTaipeiShenzhenGenevaHelsinkiDsseldorfZurichSingaporeFrankfurtMinneapolisMontrealViennaTokyoGuangzhouBeijingOsloBarcelonaShanghai2022rank1234567891011121314151617181920212223242526272829302021rank12113

86、6185214201522252426164327131029381219734234639302020rank15176827102079181411264116382822333301321454325336452019rank158102491720432163254912261523023186653940512018rank3471123323506421813852162713529212514594740642017rank43792402152164618144471422121130322923564537612016rank3116723320521437171284913

87、278163026321876513975 212200+81+1+122+135+10+4+10+12+10+110+26+9610+8+1611518+84+18+10013Readiness for the storm:the 2022 Global Cities ReportPhoto by Tomasz Szykulski Kearney AlumA look ahead:facing an economic stormWhile the GCI and GCO show the current and potential future perfomance of global ci

88、ties,we also look closely at the conditions in which metropolitan leaders may be operating over the next 12 to 18 months.As mentioned at the outset of this report,city leaders face an exceptionally complex and challenging set of economic conditions.They will need to find novel and effective approach

89、es to such problems as economic upheaval,uncertain access to human capital,and the potential erosion of innovative edge as entrepreneurs and creators consider moving out of the largest(and costliest)urban centers.While the great cities of the world are immensely varied and distinct from one another,

90、they share a cluster of specific policy imperatives that each will need to confront to sustain and maximize their global city statusand far more importantly,the well-being of their own people.In the context of a shifted,post-pandemic relationship between worker and workplace,the competition among ci

91、ties to attract talent and corporations has taken on new,complex dynamics,many of which are still unfolding.The next section will explore four primary dynamics that capture the dimensions of the near-term economic challenge:persistent inflation,slowing economic growth,rising debt risks,and worsening

92、 inequality.This final section of the report will also consider key pathways of actionspecific policy measures that leaders can adopt to address these dynamics,introduce mechanisms of adaptation,and ultimately foster greater resilience.14Readiness for the storm:the 2022 Global Cities ReportThe near-

93、term strategic operating environment facing city leadersWell start by taking a closer look at the four primary dynamics mentioned above,before turning to specific policy prescriptions.Inflation:how long will it linger?Over the past two-and-a-half years,a rare constellation of events has created the

94、most extreme inflationary conditions in 40 years.In a very compressed time frame,we have seen the transformed spending habits of consumers during a global pandemic;extreme disruption of global supply chains in light of near-universal pandemic lockdowns;historic(and often poorly calibrated)levels of

95、fiscal stimulus;and the outbreak of a conflict that has threatened global supplies of food and energy.These poorly matched spikes in demand and breaks in supply have produced a challenging and unpredictable economic environment.Over the next 12 to 18 months,these inflationary conditions are likely t

96、o continue,and may even worsen.New research shows that the current extraordinarily tight labor markets are likely to contribute significantly to sustained inflationary pressures.At the same time,the ongoing conflict in Ukraine,which seems unlikely to end in the near term,will continue to disrupt sup

97、ply chains for essential goods.The International Monetary Fund(IMF)forecasts that global inflation will increase to 8.3 percent in 2022well over twice the average rate of inflation between 2010 and 2020.Despite near-universal hikes in interest rates by central banks,supply-side inflationary dynamics

98、 are unlikely to ease in the near term.At the Federal Reserve Banks recent Jackson Hole Economic Symposium,Federal Reserve chair Jerome Powell asserted higher interest rates would persist for some time and emphasized the negative ramifications of easing policy too soon.For city leaders,the well-bein

99、g of their residents in the face of commodity-driven inflation is a primary concern.The impacts will continue to be felt most by lower-income groups who spend some 36 percent of their income on fooda far greater share than the 8 percent spent on food by higher earners.Similarly,the problem of steepl

100、y rising housing costs will only become more severe.Mortgages and rents represent the largest single monthly expense for most people,and the sharp increase in this expense has tightly squeezed middle-class and poorer residents of cities worldwide.This phenomenon is particularly acute in the dominant

101、 and desirable cities featured in this report,and is a profound threat to cities urban fabric,as artists,schoolteachers,nurses,police officers,small-business owners,and others are priced out of the very cities they do so much to augment.Cities that fail to address housing inequality may see virtual

102、and remote working facilitate the outflow of talent,as would-be residents choose less expensive areas.For city leaders,these conditions will lead to increases in municipal expenses,and will compel hard choices regarding public expenditures.As demand for social services is likely to rise in the comin

103、g period of economic volatility,so will expenses for city departments(partially due to tight labor markets),resulting in an overall rise in municipal spending.Stagnating growth:the prospect of a continued global economic slowdownDespite an initial acceleration of economic growth out of the pandemic-

104、induced recession,and the projections of continued strong growth in 2021,the world is now in a stark economic slowdown.In the first half of 2022,the IMF repeatedly revised its global growth rate forecasts downward,falling from a 4.4 percent projection in January to 3.2 percent by July.Looking ahead,

105、2023 is expected to see a rate of only 2.9 percent.More than two-thirds of CEOs surveyed in May(68 percent)expected recession in the coming year.Some experts warn of a coming period of stagflationthe economic condition defined by high inflation,a slow pace of economic growth,and high unemployment.Su

106、ch an outcome is by no means certain and the economic slowdown comes amid mixed economic signals.Consumers continue spending and unemployment is at historic lowsneither of which is a traditional signal of economic strife.Nevertheless,uncertainty around the health of financial markets,the effectivene

107、ss of central bank tightening measures,and the recovery of supply chains casts a pall over near-term growth prospects.The troubled global geopolitical landscape only adds to the concern.15Readiness for the storm:the 2022 Global Cities ReportAny protracted stagnation would affect the economic well-be

108、ing of low-income individuals and small-business owners.City leaders will face pressure both to support small businesses and to retain(or entice)large employers.A further slowdown in growth would threaten the vibrancy of downtown areas and high streets already weakened from years of COVID-19-related

109、 shifts toward online shopping and suburbanization.The effects of weak economic growth,including an associated rise in unemployment,would have grave consequences for the livelihoods of residents and for municipal budgets as tax-revenue prospects diminish and demand for social support services grows.

110、The challenge of debt:the effects of monetary tighteningIn the first quarter of this year,global debt rose to a new record of more than$305 trillion.This represents more than 350 percent of global GDP.While overall global debt has been steadily climbing over the past three decades,a sharp increase o

111、ccurred in 2020,driven by a boost in government spending to address COVID-19.Public debt now accounts for more than 40 percent of total global debt.Over the next 12 to 18 months,the challenge of servicing debt will grow as a result of further expected interest rate hikes.Debt risks are forecast to g

112、row disproportionately for emerging markets and developing economies bearing dollar-denominated debts.In particular,federal reserve rate increases are known to deepen the risks for nations with poor debt profiles.For city leaders,this challenging debt environment is a major concern.Municipal bonds,w

113、hich constitute a varying though often substantial portion of city debt,are highly dependent on interest rate levels and on the state of the economy.Therefore,tighter monetary conditions will see the costs of municipal borrowing continue to go up as bond yields rise.During the first half of 2022,bec

114、ause of increasing economic volatility,investors have pulled$87 billion from the US municipal bond market,resulting in a record first-half loss.Under such conditions,leaders will face increasing difficulty in funding infrastructure and other projects vital to long-term city resilience and health.Wor

115、sening inequality:greater economic and political risksThe average gap between the top 10 percent and bottom 50 percent of income earners within countries has almost doubled over the past two decades.The disparity is even more glaring within cities.Recent United Nations research found that in 36 coun

116、tries out of 42 studied,the Gini coefficient of income inequality is higher in urban areas than in rural ones.A vast literature describes the costs and consequences of such economic inequality,including social inequity and political unrest.The situation is not improving.Inflation will continue to ha

117、ve an outsized impact on those at the bottom of the economic ladder,while the impacts of fiscal consolidationthe policies aiming to reduce government deficit and debt accumulationwill also hit lower-income individuals hardest.Already,cities are often inhospitable environments for those at the lower

118、end of the economic spectrum.One study of 200 cities found that 90 percent had become unaffordable in terms of the relationship between home prices and median incomes.At the same time,research has found that inequality makes recessions even more likely.This self-reinforcing negative spiral is theref

119、ore not only a concern for the present but also a threat that needs to be addressed for the sake of longer-term economic and social outcomes.Deepening inequality is a matter of utmost importance for city leaders.It is correlated with higher crime rates and lower reported levels of happiness,and ther

120、e is a negative relationship between urban inequality and the growth of both city-level income and population.Staving off any increases in inequality,and then narrowing the gap between those with the most and those with the least,is a core requirement of urban health.16Readiness for the storm:the 20

121、22 Global Cities ReportBuilding resilience ahead of economic turbulence:near-term pathways of action for city leadersIn this period of economic instability and uncertainty,city leaders can rationalize spending to ensure public resources are used most efficiently in the areas of greatest need,while a

122、lso expanding sources of revenue to ensure fiscal health.They can simultaneously continue to invest in the well-being of their residents,particularly those most likely to suffer in any economic crisis.This is the perpetual balancing act required of city leaders.To achieve it,they need policy options

123、 that can open up new revenue streams,new sources of savings,and new ways of providing necessary services.The following eight concepts provide such options.Each includes a real-world case study of the policy in action.Photo by Vanessa Zalik Kearney,ChicagoCity leaders need policy options that can op

124、en up new revenue streams,new sources of savings,and new ways of providing necessary services.17Readiness for the storm:the 2022 Global Cities ReportIncrease revenue and equity with targeted non-tax revenueIn a further economic slowdown,cities will struggle to collect revenue,putting greater strain

125、on what are already in many cases overly tight budgets.In addition,cities could see a reduction in revenue from penalties,fines,and fees,such as those incurred for minor traffic or parking violations,as economic and social activity in city centers and high streets diminish.Communities under economic

126、 pressure are less able to pay these tickets on time,or perhaps at all.Such unpaid sums constitute a significant loss of revenue for many cities.In 2018,outstanding charges of this nature totaled$275 million in Chicago alone.The volume of such non-tax revenue varies from place to place,but it tends

127、to account for roughly 20 to 30 percent of city revenue.City leaders have a vested interest in enforcing and collecting these revenues but without setting rates so high as to encourage scofflaws or force lower-income payers to choose between settling a municipal fee and putting a meal on the table.T

128、argeted pricing mechanisms for non-tax revenue sources may offer a path forward.The penalties,fines,and fees that constitute a citys non-tax revenues are typically flat,and assessed without consideration for an individuals ability to pay.They are therefore often deeply regressive.A targeted mechanis

129、m known as segmented pricing enables the government to recognize the variation in individuals discretionary income,and adjust penalties,fines,and fees in accordance with their ability to pay.This approach is equitable and,evidence suggests,often results in more fees collected.A study from the Univer

130、sity of Chicago demonstrates that segmented pricing can increase municipal revenues by improving payment compliance rates.Segmented pricing in this case becomes an equity-promoting measure that benefits a citys residents,particularly during periods of inflation and economic turbulence,when real inco

131、mes are losing value and income security is at risk due to potential recession.Case study:City of San Francisco child-support pilotA pilot program of targeted debt relief studied by the Urban Institute showed an increase in payment compliance as a result of targeted pricing.When the San Francisco De

132、partment of Child Support Services altered the amount of child support debt parents owed to adequately reflect family income levels,payment rates increased from 18 to 28 percent.With fairer and more manageable debt levels,parents made more consistent and timely payments.Segmented pricing becomes an

133、equity-promoting measure that benefits a citys residents.18Readiness for the storm:the 2022 Global Cities ReportExpand access to capital with aggregated platformsTighter global monetary conditions and growing financial market instability will continue to raise the cost of municipal borrowinga signif

134、icant source of funding for cities,especially for infrastructure requirements.Municipalities already struggle to find adequate funding for infrastructure projects,and the global infrastructure gap is expected to reach$15 trillion by 2040.The accelerating effects of climate change including extreme h

135、eat,intensified storm activity,and floodingmake this gap increasingly problematic for urban areas from Miami to Mumbai.Infrastructure investment,however,is vital not only to the daily functioning of a city,but also for attracting and retaining the companies that play a major role in local economies.

136、This standing problem of unmet infrastructure funding needs is not from a lack of investable global capital,as global institutional investor savings amounted to$119.5 trillion in 2021.Rather,the gap is due to an inability to connect capital to infrastructure projects.The level of risk associated wit

137、h certain infrastructure investments is a major challenge for investors.Taken solely on their own specific terms,individual-case investments in metropolitan infrastructure can easily appear too speculative to attract sufficient capital.The answer to this problem is the classic investment strategy of

138、 pooling and diversificationin this case with an aggregated platform.Aggregated platforms are special financing vehicles that enable investors to buy into a varied portfolio of opportunities,resulting in lower risks for them and easier access to funding for cities.Aggregated platforms can be owned b

139、y a national government,subnational governments(such as states,provinces,or cities),or even by third parties such as pension funds.Functioning as cooperative banks,aggregated platforms borrow money from domestic and international markets on behalf of the municipalities they represent.The UK Municipa

140、l Bonds Agency is an example of an aggregated platform that raises diversified sources of funds on capital markets for local authorities.In a period of high interest rates and financial market instability,aggregated platforms are an opportunity for cities to secure funding for infrastructure project

141、s by improving their ability to access global capital at lower borrowing ratesan imperative given the tight financial conditions cities are likely to face in the near future.Case study:KommuninvestKommuninvest is a pioneering aggregated platform developed by Swedish municipalities back in 1986.It no

142、w has more than 294 participating municipalities and regions,and a strong track record of enhancing borrowing resilience for its member communities.Most forms of local government borrowing declined worldwide during the 2008 Great Recession as financial markets slumped.However,municipal borrowing thr

143、ough Kommuninvest actually grew during that period,as it had during previous recessions.In a period of high interest rates and financial market instability,aggregated platforms are an opportunity for cities to secure funding for infrastructure projects.19Readiness for the storm:the 2022 Global Citie

144、s ReportTap carbon as an alternative revenue stream to fund green infrastructureClimate change is significantly raising the stakes for cities seeking to improve their physical infrastructure.However,a potential policy solution represents a twofold response to the climate crisis:simultaneously helpin

145、g cities fund the infrastructure to help them cope with extreme weather events,and generating incentives to slow or even reverse the carbon pollution that causes climate change in the first place.The policy solution is embodied in the concept of the carbon market,which addresses a persistent flaw in

146、 the financial system.The flaw is that the full economic benefits of green investment are often not fully reflected in market prices.This diminishes the near-term incentive to make such expenditures however necessary they may be to preserve the economic health of a community over the slightly longer

147、 term.Carbon markets increasingly offer an alternative potential revenue stream for cities.They emerge when a city creates infrastructure that reduces carbon emissions,creating the opportunity to sell carbon credits to high-carbon-emitting companies that must purchase carbon credits to meet emission

148、s targets.This financing mechanism can protect green infrastructure projects vital for city resilience that might otherwise be postponed in the current period of economic turbulence and tightening government budgets.The financing of green infrastructure projects through sales of carbon credits has b

149、ecome increasingly viable with new rules on the provision of carbon markets under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement.Hammered out last year at the United Nations Climate Change Conference in Glasgow,the new guidelines on mandatory regulatory regimes established by governments are also expected to have

150、 a deep impact on voluntary markets.In these markets,carbon emitters can choose to offset their emissions through purchases of carbon credits regardless of geographic considerations.Such green energy measures have the sun on their face and the wind at their back,so to speak;carbon pricing revenues w

151、ere already up by almost 60 percent in 2021.The Taskforce on Scaling Voluntary Carbon Markets forecasts an increase in demand for carbon credits by a factor of 15 by 2030,providing a massive and fast-growing source of capital for pro-sustainability infrastructure developers.The new Inflation Reducti

152、on Act signed into law in the US in August may prove a further boon by increasing the tax credit for capturing carbon and making it available for a broader range of projects.Case study:CaliforniaWhile being implemented in some cities around the world(notably Tokyo),carbon as a source of revenue has

153、been perhaps most successfully tapped by California.Launched in 2013,the Golden States program has put it on track to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by an additional 40 percent by 2030.The California Air Resources Boards May 2022 joint auction raised just over$1 billion,to be deposited into the

154、 California Greenhouse Gas Reduction Fund.Carbon markets increasingly offer an alternative potential revenue stream for cities.20Readiness for the storm:the 2022 Global Cities ReportRecover public value generated by public actionAs cities seek new paths of revenue generation,they can find ways to us

155、e the resources they already have to generate greater value for the city and its residents.One exceptionally valuable resource is the land on which a city sitsland that has become phenomenally more valuable by having a dense urban settlement on it.Currently,city governments typically capture very li

156、ttle of this increase in land value,including the increase directly derived from such publicly funded measures as infrastructure improvements or administrative changes in land-use regulations.To cite just one of innumerable examples worldwide,the extension of the London Underground Jubilee rail line

157、 generated a 52 percent increase in land value for those with newly convenient access to public transit,yet the community investment levy applied to the project generated far lower rates of return of between 4 and 12 percent.Now may be an opportune time for cities to seek a far higher return on thei

158、r most fundamental physical asset.Savills is one of the worlds leading property agencies.Its 2022 Outlook report showed that 73 percent of surveyed investors expected to increase their investment in property over the coming 12 months.Land value capture(LVC)helps city leaders attract more of this ava

159、ilable capital.This policy tool enables city municipalities to garner a fuller share of the land value increases generated by public interventions.This can occur either fiscally(through development fees that fund infrastructure and public improvements at the discretion of the municipality)or as in-k

160、ind expenditures(through stipulations that developers provide social goods,such as low-or moderate-income housing,in exchange for construction rights).LVC policies enacted as part of a comprehensive and coordinated planning cycle are likely to work best.Rather than attempting to quantify fragmented

161、private development in an ad hoc manner and apply appropriate taxes or fees,approaches that plan real estate development alongside public services can be more precisely calculated and enable land value to be captured more accurately.In addition,as LVC policies expand the returns on public infrastruc

162、ture investments,they can also be used to achieve additional social goals,including the sustainable and equitable development of urban areas,or the extension of road and transportation connectivity into low-income neighborhoods to increase access.Case study:The Mass Transit Railway Corporation of Ho

163、ng KongHong Kongs Mass Transit Railway Corporation(MTR)is among the worlds leading examples of direct LVC.Unlike most other metro systems worldwide,which depend on government subsidies to provide public goods,MTR(now listed on the Stock Exchange of Hong Kong although still largely government-held)co

164、vers its own costs,and is highly profitable.By marrying a real estate business with its metro-development mission,MTR has been able to derive revenues from profit-sharing with private developers,and from renting and managing MTR-owned properties.In one particular period of growth,MTR was able,throug

165、h property-related operations,to generate almost twice the amount of money spent on railway construction.Land value capture enables city municipalities to garner a fuller share of the land value increases generated by public interventions.21Readiness for the storm:the 2022 Global Cities ReportProtec

166、t the most economically vulnerable with targeted guaranteed-income programsIn his August remarks at the Jackson Hole Economic Symposium,US Federal Reserve chair Jerome Powell cautioned that the fight against inflation would likely require“a sustained period of below-trend growth”and that the policie

167、s enacted would“bring some pain to households and businesses.”In short,there is a real chance that inflation-fighting policies could interact with multiple other global factors to increase the odds of an economic downturn.Even in a mild recession,unemployment and hardship are unequally distributed.I

168、n a more severe downturn,this disparity can be even more acute.During the Great Recession accompanying the financial crisis between 2007 and 2009,the bottom 10 percent of income earners suffered a relative loss of income 2.5 times larger than the top 10 percent of earners.Targeted guaranteed-income

169、programs,which provide direct monetary support over a specified time period,offer a way to cushion lower-income city residents.Targeted guaranteed income is distinct from universal basic income due to its narrow focus on those most in need,providing monetary relief to specific,thoroughly vetted indi

170、viduals,families,or segments of the community.In this way,targeted guaranteed income directly tackles the issue of socioeconomic inequality.As short-term financial stability has been shown to promote long-run security,targeted guaranteed-income programs can both protect a citys most vulnerable resid

171、ents and improve the citys overall economic resilience.Such programs represent a less expensive way for local governments to provide more flexible and often more efficient uses of aid for recipients.A trial of no-strings-attached income programs in New York City found that the number of mothers forc

172、ed to borrow in order to pay an emergency expense was reduced by 18 percent,while overall savings and access to childcare increased.Far from constituting an additional drain on public finances,a targeted guaranteed-income program can improve municipal financial health by reducing demand for social s

173、ervices down the line.Giving the lie to the notion that such no-strings payments foster indolence,pilot programs have been shown to actually boost employment levels by giving recipients the time and the margin they need to find new jobs or better ones.This boosts citywide employment levels,enhancing

174、 local economies while also reducing the need for services.Case study:Stockton,CaliforniaIn 2019,a randomized controlled study of the benefits of targeted guaranteed income was undertaken in Stockton,California.The results,published in 2021,revealed that the most significant effect associated with t

175、he program was on employment status.In one year,the rate of full-time employment among recipients increased by 12 percentage points.Targeted guaranteed-income programs,which provide direct monetary support over a specified time period,offer a way to cushion lower-income city residents.22Readiness fo

176、r the storm:the 2022 Global Cities ReportOvercome inequality by connecting charitable giving to immediate needEven the most thoughtfully conceived and precisely targeted guaranteed-income program is unlikely to cover the full needs of a citys lower-income and lower-middle-income residents.There rema

177、ins an irreplaceable role for private charitable giving,but this longstanding source of support has been threatened by the economic turmoil of recent years.Studies of the financial crisis and other economic events have shown that charitable giving tends to decrease in times of economic hardship.Howe

178、ver,this need not always be the case.The early months of the pandemic saw a rise in giving from those able to afford it.One plausible theory is that COVID-19 triggered donors sense of solidarity with their own communities as they and their neighbors confronted a common challenge.This may suggest a w

179、ay for cities to marshal the charitable largesse of their people for the benefit of the less fortunate among them.With appropriate behavioral incentives,cities can encourage and enable residents to support one another by giving potential donors a convenient and compelling vehicle for channeling that

180、 support to individuals and families within their own communities.For example,imagine if residents who were struggling financially could anonymously upload their unpaid bills to a city-backed information portal,and benefactors could(anonymously,if they choose)pay off all or part of those bills with

181、a simple electronic payment.Under such an initiative,a municipality could create an online donation platform to verify that the beneficiary is unable to pay the bill in question.The verification would reassure would-be donors that their gifts were not being exploited or wasted.Such platforms allow t

182、he municipality to harness philanthropic support from the community for struggling households that might otherwise require direct financial support from the municipality.Programs of this kind can also help forge a stronger sense of community cohesion and solidarity during periods of economic hardshi

183、p.Case study:Askida FaturaAt the start of the pandemic,Istanbul created an online,anonymous donation platform called Askida Fatura.The platform allows residents to upload unpaid bills anonymously and benefactors can donate anonymously,providing relief directly rather than through a charitable organi

184、zation.Several other municipalities in Turkey have replicated this platform,and more than$3.5 million worth of bills have been paid for so far through such systems.A similar project has taken place in Detroit,where an NGO was founded during a water crisis to facilitate donations to assist with unpai

185、d water bills.Studies of the financial crisis and other economic events have shown that charitable giving tends to decrease in times of economic hardship.23Readiness for the storm:the 2022 Global Cities ReportReform intra-city transit with universal basic mobilityEnergy price inflation disproportion

186、ately affects lower-income residents who tend to have the longest commutes.They are also less likely to have jobs that can be done at home and are relatively unable to afford the most fuel-efficient cars.A Brookings Institution study of commuting expenses found that such costs constitute 6.1 percent

187、 of disposable income for lower-income workers,compared to an average of 3.8 percent for other workers.It would be a fallacy to assume that the harm of rising fuel costs is by any means limited to the poor.Even for the middle class,transportation inflation cuts deeply into discretionary incomes.It a

188、lso compromises citywide prosperity by discouraging residents from visiting downtowns and vital commercial districts,either as workers,shoppers,or patrons of nightlife venues.In response to this challenge,city leaders can consider universal basic-mobility programs that provide a minimum level of tra

189、nsport accessible to all members of society.Cities could subsidize public transit for residents or increase the availability of micromobility platforms,such as e-bikes and scooters.The fact that 80 percent of urban trips are over a distance of less than two miles makes micromobility a highly attract

190、ive alternative to automobile travel,especially with the emergence of well-funded private e-bike and scooter companies that could readily serve as vendors for such a program.Investing in micromobility provides not only an additional alternative to automobile transport,but also complements and encour

191、ages the use of public transport by addressing the last-mile issue,although not for many elderly or disabled residents.This may perhaps be accounted for through ride-sharing,van pickup services,or other means of connecting these individuals with transit.Recent reports have shown that citizens become

192、 reluctant to use buses and trains when they are required to walk more than a quarter mile to or from the nearest station.Universal basic-mobility programs thus have the potential to address rising fuel costs,promote the gradual return to in-person work,and accelerate cities energy transition.Case s

193、tudy:Tel AvivTel Aviv,currently ranked 16th on the list of the worlds most congested cities,has undertaken significant investments to improve the availability of micromobility.The city aims to double its bike paths to 350 kilometers by 2025.Currently,the use of e-bikes and scooters in the city repla

194、ces close to one million automobile rides monthly,resulting in significant reductions in carbon emissions.Empower residents with financial counseling as a municipal serviceAs the world enters a potentially protracted global economic slowdown,households across the income scale are going to be negativ

195、ely affected,not just a citys poorest.Should the battle against inflation result in a serious recession,as some leading economists warn is likely,greater unemployment can be expected.At a time of pervasive inflation,this would present a stiff additional challenge to the financial health of low-and m

196、iddle-income households.In response to this challenge,city leaders can offer financial counseling as a municipal service to their residents to support and improve financial literacy and health.A municipal financial counseling service could offer residents free advice on improving their financial hea

197、lth,in one-on-one settings;via classroom or online training;or through some combination of these approaches.Professionally trained financial advisors could help qualified candidates manage debt payments,increase savings,and build credit.Crucially,this approach provides a cost-effective means of offe

198、ring services that empower their recipients to help themselves,rather than simply offering a handout.Giving city residents greater tools and skills with which to manage their own financial futures provides an all-important sense of agency,while reducing the potential for future dependence on public

199、safety-net programs.It is a humane and pragmatic approach that strengthens civic resilience at all levels.Case study:Cities for Financial Empowerment FundA group of nearly two dozen US municipalities have come together to form the Cities for Financial Empowerment Fund.This coalition aggregates resou

200、rces to provide better services and collectively advocate for policy priorities,including the establishment of financial empowerment centers in cities nationwide.Over the past decade,this collaborative model has helped 133,000 recipients,reduced their collective debt by$192 million,and increased col

201、lective savings by$38 million.24Readiness for the storm:the 2022 Global Cities ReportConclusionCity leaders have a daunting task with an outsized rolepositive or negativein determining how the residents of their cities weather the anticipated economic storm ahead.In a time of such volatility and unc

202、ertainty,prudent decision-making is more important than ever.The past two years of necessarybut frequently reactivepolicymaking has shown that well-intentioned policies can lead to painful after-effects.Simply solving the immediate problem can contribute to worsening existing challenges in the mediu

203、m term or creating new issues altogether.As policymakers seek to steer their city institutions and safeguard the well-being of their residents,they can do so in ways that ensure longstanding and even existential imperativessuch as those related to climate changedo not take a backseat to the urgent e

204、conomic challenges some may face.Instead,they can push for integrated and intersectional solutions that look to address the many challenges we face from a variety of angles,and convert this moment of potential crisis into one of resilience,reinvestment,and regrowth.Antoine NasrPartner,Dubai Abdo Al

205、HabrPartner,Dubai Rudolph LohmeyerPartner,Dubai Brenna BuckstaffConsultant,Dubai The authors would like to thank Mike Hales,Andres Mendoza Pena,Pengyuan Zhou,Nadim Rami,Dillon Baker,Michele Longhi,Haya Kamel,Shagun Khurana,and Kanika Nargotra for their valuable contributions to this report.Authors25

206、Readiness for the storm:the 2022 Global Cities ReportAppendicesSource:Kearney 2022 Global Cities ReportAppendix AGlobal Cities methodologyGlobal Cities Index:current performanceMeasures 29 metrics across five dimensions:Business activity(30%):capital flow,market dynamics,and major companies present

207、Human capital(30%):education levels Information exchange(15%):access to information through Internet and other media sources Cultural experience(15%):access to major sporting events,museums,and other expos Political engagement(10%):political events,think tanks,and embassiesRank and score are determi

208、ned by totaling the weighted averages of each dimension to yield a score on a scale of 0 to 100,with 100 being perfect.Sources are derived from publicly available,city-level data.Global Cities Outlook:future potentialMeasures 13 leading indicators across four dimensions:Personal well-being(25%):safe

209、ty,healthcare,inequality,and environmental performance Economics(25%):long-term investments and gross domestic product Innovation(25%):entrepreneurship through patents,private investments,and incubators Governance(25%):proxy for long-term stability through transparency,quality of bureaucracy,and eas

210、e of doing businessRank and score are determined by averaging the rate of change across each metric using data from the past five years,then projecting out to 2030.Weighted averages are applied to each dimension to yield a score on a scale of 0 to 100,with 100 being perfect.Sources are derived from

211、publicly available,city-level data.26Readiness for the storm:the 2022 Global Cities ReportAhmedabadAlmatyBandungBangaloreBangkokBeijingChangshaChengduChennaiChongqingDalianDhakaDongguanFoshanGuangzhouHangzhouHarbinHefeiHo Chi Minh Hong KongHyderabadJakartaJinanKaohsiungKarachiKolkataKuala LumpurKunm

212、ingLahoreManilaMelbourneMumbaiNagoyaNanjingNew DelhiNingboNur-SultanOsakaPerthPuneQingdaoQuanzhouAsia PacificSeoulShanghaiShenyangShenzhenSingaporeSurabayaSuratSuzhouSydneyTaipeiTangshanTianjinTokyoWuhanWuxiXianYangonYantaiYokohamaZhengzhouSource:Kearney 2022 Global Cities ReportAppendix BThe 2022 G

213、lobal Cities Index and Outlook analyze 156 citiesAtlantaBostonChicagoDallasHoustonLos AngelesMiamiMinneapolisMontrealNew YorkPhiladelphiaPhoenixNorth AmericaSan FranciscoSeattleTorontoVancouverWashington,D.C.AmsterdamBarcelonaBerlinBrusselsBudapestCopenhagenDublinDsseldorfFrankfurtGenevaHelsinkiIsta

214、nbulKyivLisbonLondonLuxembourgMadridMilanMoscow MunichEuropeOsloParisPragueRomeStockholmSaint PetersburgViennaWarsawZagrebZurichAbidjanAccraAddis AbabaAlexandriaCape TownCasablancaJohannesburgKhartoumKinshasaLagosAfricaLuandaNairobiTunisAbhaAbu DhabiAmmanAnkaraBaghdadBeirutCairoDammamDohaDubaiJeddah

215、Kuwait CityMakkahManamaMiddle EastMedinaMuscatRiyadhTehranTel AvivBelo HorizonteBogotBuenos AiresCaracasGuadalajaraLimaMexico CityMonterreyPorto AlegrePueblaLatin AmericaRecifeRio de JaneiroSalvadorSantiagoSo Paulo27Readiness for the storm:the 2022 Global Cities ReportSource:Kearney 2022 Global Citi

216、es ReportNew YorkLondonParisTokyoBeijingLos AngelesChicagoMelbourneSingaporeHong KongBrusselsWashington,D.C.SeoulBerlinSan FranciscoShanghaiSydneyTorontoMadridBostonMoscowDubaiAmsterdamFrankfurtBuenos AiresBarcelonaMunichIstanbulMontrealViennaMexico CityMiamiZurichAtlantaGenevaStockholmVancouverHous

217、tonLisbonRome12345678910111213141516171819202122232425262728293031323334353637383940123465812971614171311101520192118232224322826272925313330343641393746381234578189614101715131211191621202723282526243429223830313340394132523712349781665121013142219111715211827202824233226292540313034373938353612349

218、68177510111216201915181324142822292523322627213830333536393741341234987156511101214231917161321182822292624362527203430323837393540330000+11+1+403+5+2+41462+20+13+110+7+211050+130+1+5+21+722022CityRank20212020201920182017 20-21Appendix CFull GCI 2022 ranking (1/2)DublinCopenhagenBangkokSeattleSo Pau

219、loMilanOsakaDallasPraguePhiladelphiaTaipeiTel AvivOsloHelsinkiSantiagoGuangzhouDohaJohannesburgPerthMumbaiCairoBudapestDsseldorfKuala LumpurWarsawBogotaMinneapolisLimaJakartaRiyadhNew DelhiManilaShenzhenLuxembourgNagoyaAbu DhabiBeirutRio de JaneiroHangzhouCape Town41424344454647484950515253545556575

220、859606162636465666768697071727374757677787980454335424044484752504951546158605355566259716857646370656774666972737977757680814649364542483547504344515460626368555753647165586159666970735667757478768172827746454247334150434851445360716152546662644955586359675665797069579173444243483140504647514557607

221、1635352656267495455615966586479706856117734642413143514845504757607163534462596849585561566554668070645211669+4+18252+11+3021+1+7+3+4433+22+9+5713+332+45311+4+122+1+12022CityRank20212020201920182017 20-2128Readiness for the storm:the 2022 Global Cities ReportSource:Kearney Global Cities ReportSaint

222、PetersburgNairobiChengduJeddahAmmanZagrebPhoenixKuwait CityAnkaraYokohamaNanjingWuhanBangaloreKyivTianjinDhakaChennaiHo Chi MinhAddis AbabaXianCasablancaSuzhouChangshaAbidjanTehranAccraChongqingCaracasMonterreyKaohsiungPorto AlegreLagosTunisBelo HorizonteGuadalajaraQingdaoHyderabadJinanAlmatyZhengzh

223、ouNur-Sultan818283848586878889909192939495969798991001011021031041051061071081091101111121131141151161171181191201217889888285838487869990949891939510197106961009210211410511710710311210910811311110411511011612211812112880908785839279958486938889949196971141001079810310910811010299104116112111113106

224、10510112412113268778975727674861057888828081101111949611692979310783909584103989911385123697689747277758810278878582801071139711512490949211481999383969598110841286773888372827487100759284817696114101112106989111579958978999094109771233+7+520331-3+91+2+5321+41+741101+100+1105+313+1210061+41+1+72022C

225、ityRank20212020201920182017 20-21Appendix CFull GCI 2022 ranking (2/2)KinshasaDalianRecifeSalvadorMuscatNingboHarbinShenyangPuneKarachiLahoreManamaPueblaKunmingDammamKolkataHefeiAlexandriaWuxiSurabayaKhartoumBaghdadFoshanAhmedabadLuandaYantaiQuanzhouBandungDongguanTangshanYangon(Rangoon)MedinaMakkah

226、SuratAbha122123124125126127128129130131132133134135136137138139140141142143144145146147148149150151152153154155156136120125124119126132131135123127130137134147138133141144140142129148139146149152145150155143154153156151130118125120115122126128123117127129133139119148138135140134142131147141144136143

227、14513714915014615110211011210610011911712111487109115122104130128108124126129120125131134118132135127133104106112101109123118120111861031001229111913010512912113110812613213511613313412712510810710593119117124978611110212085113104126118103125128110127122121+143+1171+4+2+5853+31+11+15+2+41014+460+2+4

228、40+49+11+152022CityRank20212020201920182017 20-2129Readiness for the storm:the 2022 Global Cities ReportSource:Kearney 2022 Global Cities ReportLondonParisLuxembourgMunichStockholmNew YorkDublinCopenhagenAbu DhabiAmsterdamDubaiBerlinSan FranciscoTaipeiShenzhenGenevaHelsinkiDsseldorfZurichSingaporeFr

229、ankfurtMinneapolisMontrealViennaTokyoGuangzhouBeijingOsloBarcelonaShanghaiBrusselsMelbourneMadridTorontoSydneySeoulBostonAtlantaPerthHangzhou123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839401211361852142015222524261643271310293812197342346393042143789314047176415176827102079181

230、4112641163828223333013214543253364529193121242153424681581024917204321632549122615230231866539405127144511134473559347112332350642181385216271352921251459474064221049121945826704379240215216461814447142212113032292356453761286482013385176000+81+1+122+135+10+4+10+12+10+110+26+9610+8+1611518+84+18+100

231、+1118+426265+3+922+242022CityRank20212020201920182017 21-22Appendix DFull GCO 2022 ranking(1/2)OsakaNagoyaWarsawMoscowSuzhouVancouverYokohamaMilanWashington,D.C.QuanzhouPragueSeattleWuhanChicagoLos AngelesShenyangWuxiNanjingBudapestTel AvivChangshaHefeiFoshanChengduNingboTianjinZhengzhouRomeJinanPhi

232、ladelphiaQingdaoHoustonYantaiChongqingKyivTangshanKunmingDallasPhoenixKaohsiung41424344454647484950515253545556575859606162636465666768697071727374757677787980363532334528414458685152665762805963564871767282746788498461875581759485905060534337404855255039705135692352776360594973728274658558568344788

233、7948147463731412254193629672834633843716457535081767473607547468021827978334239343720551735247228327115307757565343676976626584484190973887531364142311057243319702767152571625143776385493692889263457111101864+9+1800+13+3+7+24+2+5312+10+14+9+18+9+1+2119+159+1617+8+1+19+9+132819272022CityRank202120202

234、01920182017 21-2230Readiness for the storm:the 2022 Global Cities ReportSource:Kearney 2022 Global Cities ReportXianHarbinDalianDohaKuwait CityHong KongMiamiBuenos AiresMuscatZagrebLisbonManamaDongguanAmmanRiyadhMumbaiSantiagoJeddahMonterreyMakkahMedinaDammamJakartaAbhaAlmatyNur-SultanKuala LumpurBa

235、ngkokBogotGuadalajaraMexico CityChennaiNew DelhiHyderabadSaint PetersburgHo Chi MinhIstanbulPueblaBangaloreManilaLima818283848586878889909192939495969798991001011021031041051061071081091101111121131141151161171181191201217883791079554708610493731036991971106598134991011001081029296891051201141161211

236、301247710610913913311712380797695756257676486618971889196669713299100981101019310292103111120119105109104849010613910811710761727066685248625896698691568510510177878995881021009455839211793908466807463585444609910081919251879711461827886681089598468396106948579827872655854395510691846680509481109538

237、3647659977987357488939075693+14+23+1032172+15+318+11243+2+1432035102+521310183+11+4+5+9+17+1038108+21+143+22022CityRank20212020201920182017 21-22Appendix DFull GCO 2022 ranking(2/2)Cape TownNairobiSo PauloPuneJohannesburgAnkaraAhmedabadCasablancaBandungSuratTunisKolkataSurabayaYangon(Rangoon)Baghdad

238、Belo HorizonteSalvadorPorto AlegreRecifeBeirutRio de JaneiroAbidjanCairoLahoreAddis AbabaAlexandriaAccraLuandaKarachiTehranLagosKhartoumDhakaKinshasaCaracas122123124125126127128129130131132133134135136137138139140141142143144145146147148149150151152153154155156122112115141126113143132118147125148119

239、111128129135131136137138127145142140149146144151150154152155153156116135123118129115121127113128130124114112126133138134137122125131141136143142145146144140150147148149151103124991131071121109810412110912010811412510611611111597118119126128122127132129123134131135130133113121931051091011041031161151

240、1811112011212610211910711089117122127131124125132128123133134135129130107115731021049895105111101114861101081229610399100681131121201241161191261171181251281271211230119+16014+15+312+167+151524883844416+136+225+11+21+1202022CityRank20212020201920182017 21-2231Readiness for the storm:the 2022 Global

241、Cities ReportFor more information,permission to reprint or translate this work,and all other correspondence,please email .A.T.Kearney Korea LLC is a separate and independent legal entity operating under the Kearney name in Korea.A.T.Kearney operates in India as A.T.Kearney Limited(Branch Office),a b

242、ranch office of A.T.Kearney Limited,a company organized under the laws of England and Wales.2022,A.T.Kearney,Inc.All rights reserved.About KearneyAs a global consulting partnership in more than 40 countries,our people make us who we are.Were individuals who take as much joy from those we work with a

243、s the work itself.Driven to be the difference between a big idea and making it happen,we help our clients break About the National Transformations InstituteKearneys National Transformations Institute is dedicated to helping senior government and business leaders anticipate and drive the diverse and accelerating transformations underway globally.The institutes work centers on the application of the formal techniques of strategic foresight,policy design and analysis,and economic