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1、 5G mmWave Deployment Best Practices November 2022 1.Executive Summary Mobile operators are deploying millimeter wave(mmWave)5G networks in crowded urban areas,such as sports arenas,stadiums,airports,concerts and other large venues.Operating at frequencies of 24 GHz and higher,these 5G Frequency Ran

2、ge 2(FR2)networks are able to deliver multi-gigabit data rates and very low latency 9.The mmWave bands offer a 10-fold increase in available contiguous bandwidth compared to sub-6 GHz 5G Frequency Range 1(FR1)bands.As a result,mmWave networks can handle a greater number of connections with greater p

3、eak individual data rates.This document looks at the technical mitigation strategies to improve the performance of 5G mmWave networks in both indoor or outdoor scenarios.1.1 Extending coverage As mmWave operate in high frequency bands,its propagation characteristics are different from those in low-b

4、and and mid-band(FR1)spectrum.In particular,radio signals in the mmWave bands are subject to higher free space loss and higher building penetration loss,among other losses 23.These losses can be mitigated by deploying antenna arrays.At mmWave frequencies,the wavelength is much smaller than tradition

5、al FR1 bands(thus the name millimeter wave).Due to the smaller wavelength,a larger number of antenna elements can fit into smaller antenna form factor and with the large number of antenna elements high gain and adjustable(narrow and wide)beamwidths can be achieved.The antenna arrays also allow for f

6、ast beam steering to improve radio link performance towards a particular area.In any mobile network,devices must maintain an adequate link budget on both the Downlink(DL)and Uplink(UL)for both control signalling and user data.When there is a link imbalance between UL and DL,the usable coverage will

7、be restricted by whichever link is more limiting.In 4G and 5G networks,the DL coverage footprint of a cell is typically greater than its UL coverage footprint.The imbalance is particularly pronounced in mmWave networks because of the significant antenna array gain the base station has over the user

8、equipment.To mitigate the DL-UL imbalance,several techniques can be adopted:Use of low-band spectrum for the UL:low-bands have better propagation characteristics Use of high power UE.Several commercial high power UE devices,particularly Consumer Premises Equipment(CPEs),are now available Uplink slot

9、 aggregation:UL transmission spanning several slots increases UL coverage and improves the cell edge user experience Utilisation of Discrete Fourier Transform spread Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing(DFT-s-OFDM)Increasing the sensitivity of the base station by employing an antenna-in packag

10、e subsystem.For the mmWave mobility use case(power class 3 UE),the DL-UL link imbalance can be particularly large(up to 14dB depending on the assumptions).Use of low-band spectrum for the UL through implementation of the following network capabilities can help an operator overcome this challenge:Dua

11、l connectivity-either inter-or intra-RAT,i.e.,E-UTRA-NR Dual Connectivity(EN-DC)or NR-NR Dual Connectivity(NR-DC)-involving two base stations,with a master node operating in FR1 and a secondary node in FR2 NR carrier aggregation(NRCA)between FR1 and FR2.Whilst good progress has been made on deliveri

12、ng DC-based support of FR2(as demonstrated by the NR-DC live network demo by Telstra,Ericsson and Qualcomm and by TIMs FWA trial performed on EN-DC network),the industry is lagging in support of FR1+FR2 NR CA.Industry support for FR1+FR2 NR CA will help operators to speed up the expansion of their m

13、mWave coverage footprint,thereby accelerating the development of a mmWave ecosystem in their respective markets.Smart repeaters can also help to improve coverage cost-effectively.This technology can be used to amplify a 5G mmWave signal and then transmit the boosted signal in the required direction.

14、Smart repeaters can be installed easily on streetlights,lampposts,walls and windows,reducing the high cost of a truck roll,complex zoning and trenching to support fibre connections.Smart repeaters promise to accelerate time to market and reduce the cost of deploying mmWave networks to meet the growi

15、ng demand for capacity and new bandwidth-intensive applications.1.1.1 How to overcome obstacles in dense urban environments and indoors The mmWave propagation fading becomes more serious in urban environments due to building penetration loss,where Non-Line-Of-Sight(NLOS)conditions significantly incr

16、ease the diffraction and reflection losses.Deployments in indoor environments are especially challenging,as there is no high spot from which to transmit signals,while the dense compartments seriously affect signal spread.There are several technologies that can be used to mitigate these issues:Integr

17、ated Access and Backhaul(IAB)architecture in which a wireless backhaul connection is integrated into the RAN node,removing the need to install a fibre connection to each node Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface(RIS):a meta-surface that can reflect the radio signal in a programmed direction.This appro

18、ach could be used for NLOS deployments indoors,or in shopping malls and outdoor dense urban areas Electromagnetic Surface(ES)is a carefully-designed passive antenna pattern that can be printed on glass or wallpaper to steer a signal in a specific way.It is typically used indoors A smart Distributed

19、Antenna System(DAS),that could be operated by hybrid beamforming Smart repeaters as discussed above.1.2 Fixed Wireless Access Fixed Wireless Access(FWA)services provide primary broadband access through mobile network-enabled CPEs,which could be either indoor(desktop and window)or outdoor(rooftop and

20、 wall-mounted)devices.mmWave spectrum provides greater bandwidth to support lower latency FWA connectivity and higher(gigabit)speeds.The GSMA estimates that between 150 MHz and 700 MHz of mmWave spectrum bandwidth will be necessary to satisfy 5G FWA demand in households located in dense urban areas,

21、based on an FWA penetration of 30%.In areas characterised by a lower Fiber-To-The-Home(FTTH)penetration,including suburban areas and rural towns,more mmWave spectrum may be necessary to satisfy 5G FWA demand.Between 700 MHz and 1200 MHz will be required in a suburban area and between 50 MHz and 850

22、MHz in a rural town,based on an FWA penetration of 60%,according to GSMA Intelligence 15.1.3 Reducing power consumption Power consumption is one of the most critical barriers for application of mmWave technologies on smartphones.A major contributor to mmWave UE power consumption comes from the Radio

23、 Frequency Front-End(RFFE)and digital baseband processing,which mainly arises from the need to support a large number of antenna elements to enable beamforming,along with the relative inefficiency of RF components at high frequencies,the need to support a high number of MIMO layers,and large bandwid

24、th for CA operation,among other factors.High UE power consumption not only drains the UE battery quickly,but also causes over-heating problems that would further affect the UE performance and potentially reduce the life cycle of the battery.There are several enablers and technologies that can be use

25、d to mitigate this issue:Discontinuous reception(DRX)technology,so that the device isnt monitoring DL signals continually.Network topology optimisations using repeaters and other techniques to reduce the transmission power used by the device RRC INACTIVE a state in which the UE monitors paging only

26、like in RRC-IDLE but with more efficient transition to RRC-CONNECTED Mobile-Originated Small Data Transmission(MO-SDT),which enables data and/or signalling transmission of the UE while remaining in the RRC INACTIVE state,i.e.,without transitioning to RRC CONNECTED.1.4 Device availability There has b

27、een solid growth in the number of mmWave devices coming to the market in the past 24 months,with 854 devices from 52 companies.In the short-term,the key growth engine for mmWave CPE will be FWA.The Global mobile Suppliers Association(GSA)forecasts that in 2022,aggregate shipments of FWA CPE devices

28、will grow 33%,resulting in 21.9 million units,higher than the 2020 volumes.The dip in 2021 coincided with the pandemic,which impacted the supply chain.Table of Contents 1.Executive Summary.2 1.1 Extending coverage.2 1.1.1 How to overcome obstacles in dense urban environments and indoors.3 1.2 Fixed

29、Wireless Access.4 1.3 Reducing power consumption.4 1.4 Device availability.4 2.Introduction.7 3.Downlink and Uplink Performance.9 3.1 Propagation Characteristics.9 Mitigation.11 3.2 DL/UL Imbalance.13 Mitigation.13 4.Deployment of Indoor&Outdoor Services Utilising FR2 spectrum.17 Mitigation.17 5.Max

30、imising mmWave coverage with FR1 spectrum.22 6.Smart Repeaters.24 7.FWA Best Practice Deployment.30 7.1 Spectrum.30 7.2 Customer Premise Equipment(CPE)Antenna Location.32 7.3 Coverage.33 8.UE Power Consumption.34 Mitigation.34 9.UE CPE Availability.36 10.Consolidated Requirements.39 11.5G mmWave Roa

31、dmap.40 12.Further Enhancements.41 13.References.42 Contributors and Reviewers 7 2.Introduction The migration from 4G LTE to 5G is a transformative process for the mobile industry,involving tremendous performance improvements and enabling networks to keep pace with the growing traffic demand from mo

32、bile users.In particular,5G Frequency Range 2(FR2)3 networks operating in the millimetre-wave(mmWave)frequencies(24 GHz and higher)are able to deliver multi-gigabit data rates and very low latency 9.Standards body 3GPP has embraced the use of mmWave frequencies,extending mobile network operation in

33、licensed spectrum up to 50 GHz to address the challenges facing network operators in dense urban environments,event venues,stadiums and private networks.The benefits of using mmWave technology are substantial due to the enormous amount of contiguous spectrum available.In the mmWave(FR2)frequency ban

34、ds there is a 10-fold increase in available contiguous bandwidth compared to sub-6 GHz Frequency Range 1(FR1)bands.Depending on the geography and network operator,this bandwidth increase could be even higher(see Figure 1),especially when comparing LTE to 5G.The difference in bandwidth between FR1 an

35、d FR2 will define the variations in performance of 5G networks as we move forward.The 3GPP-defined bands provide a total of 4.8GHz bandwidth for sub-6GHz bands(see 3GPP TS 38.101-1 2)and 15GHz for mmWave bands(3GPP TS 38.101-2 3).The majority of the bands in the sub-6GHz range operate in Frequency-D

36、ivision-Duplex(FDD)mode,which is inflexible for balancing the radio resource used for UL and DL to address traffic patterns.In contrast,mmWave bands only operate in Time-Division-Duplex(TDD)mode at present.Flexibility can be constrained by coexistence(see NGMN 5G TDD Uplink white paper 1)and/or loca

37、l regulation.Figure 1:New mmWave Bands for High-Bandwidth 5G Use Cases 8 Today,5G networks typically use low-band and mid-band spectrum in the 600 MHz to 6 GHz frequency range.While sub-6 GHz 5G is faster than 4G LTE,it doesnt offer the super-fast data rates or capacity that can be achieved with mmW

38、ave.In addition,both 4G LTE and sub-6 GHz speeds can slow down considerably when large numbers of devices are connecting to the network.As mmWave networks have much greater bandwidth than sub-6 GHz 5G and can handle a greater number of connections with a possible improvement to individual data rates

39、,mobile operators are implementing mmWave 5G in crowded urban areas,such as sports arenas,stadiums,airports,concerts and other large venues.The wide channel widths enabled by mmWave are required to support the immense amount of data generated by streaming 4K video,virtual and augmented reality,and o

40、ther existing and emerging applications.A recent Ericsson Mobility report 10 shows that data usage has grown by 300X over the past 10 years(see Figure 2).These applications,combined with the growing number of users,are difficult to serve effectively using existing low-band and mid-band spectrum allo

41、cations.Figure 2:Global Mobile Network Data Traffic Source:Ericsson As the industry progresses toward 5G Advanced(i.e.,3GPP Release 18 and beyond),more capacity can be unlocked using advanced technologies,such as carrier aggregation and discontinuous reception.This document looks at the technical mi

42、tigation strategies to improve the performance of 5G mmWave networks in both indoor or outdoor scenarios.9 3.Downlink and Uplink Performance The following sections provide guidelines to get the best technical performance from the mmWave radio paths.3.1 Propagation Characteristics By virtue of operat

43、ing in high frequency bands(24 GHz and above in 5G),mmWave propagation characteristics are different from those in low-band and mid-band spectrum.In particular,radio signals in the mmWave bands are subject to higher free space loss and higher building penetration loss,among other losses.Below is an

44、outline of the typical 5G mmWave bands losses.Line-Of-Sight(LOS)propagation.Compared to 2.6 GHz mid band spectrum,28 GHz and 39 GHz bands are subject to 21 dB and 24 dB higher LOS loss consecutively,as shown in Figure 3.Frequency-dependent diffraction and reflection losses in Non-Line-Of-Sight(NLOS)

45、conditions will add to these losses.Figure 3:1LOS Free Space Pathloss Rain attenuation.Depending on the rainfall intensity(mm/h),rain attenuation can be significant for mmWave signals.Based on the FCCs Office of Engineering&Technology Bulletin on Millimeter Wave Propagation 4,rain attenuation ranges

46、 from 0.05 dB/km to 25 dB/km(28 GHz)and 0.08 dB/km to 35 dB/km(39 GHz).This translates to up to 2.5 dB(28 GHz)and 3.5 dB(39 GHz)of rain attenuation for every 100 meters with rainfall intensity of 150 mm/h.Foliage attenuation.Based on the FCC bulletin referenced above,foliage attenuation could be sig

47、nificant,depending on the depth of the foliage.At 10-meter foliage depth,28 GHz band foliage attenuation is estimated to be 17 dB(11 dB higher than mid-band),whereas 39 GHz band suffers 2 dB additional attenuation at the same foliage depth.10 Figure 4:2 Foliage Loss as a Function of Foliage Depth Bu

48、ilding penetration loss.Higher bands are subject to higher Building Penetration Loss(BPL).BPL is typically higher in commercial buildings than residential,due to the building materials used and window isolation techniques.Based on 3GPP TR 38.900 13,the 28 GHz band is subject to 6 dB to 14 dB higher

49、BPL over 2.6 GHz,whereas 39 GHz band is subject to 8 dB to 17 dB higher BPL,as shown in Figure 5.Figure 5:3 Residential(Left)and Commercial(Right)BPL 11 Mitigation The following techniques are available to mitigate mmWave losses:Use of antenna arrays As mmWave are high bands,and hence smaller wavele

50、ngth,a larger number of antenna elements can fit into a smaller antenna form factor.The large number of antennas creates a radiation pattern with narrow beamwidth and high gain.The Effective Isotropic Radiated Power(EIRP)of the antenna array is represented by the following equation:EIRP(dBm)=P_out(d

51、Bm/element)+Individual_element_gain(dB)+10*log10(N_elem)+10*log10(N_elem)EIRP(dBm)=P_out(dBm/element)+10*log10(N_elem)+Individual_element_gaingain_per_element(dB)+10*log10(N_elem)Where Individual_element_gain(dB)+10*log10(N_elem)represents the antenna gain and 10*log10(N_elem)represents the beamform

52、ing gain.Antenna gain.5G mmWave bands enjoy a significant antenna gain advantage over typical mid-band antenna.Based on theoretical analysis and simulations,the base station and user equipment antenna gains in mmWave(over mid-band)are illustrated in Figure 6 and given below.1 Base station:21 dB(28 G

53、Hz)and 24 dB(39 GHz)User equipment:11 dB(28 GHz)and 14 dB(39 GHz)Figure 6:Antenna Gain Advantage of mmW vs.Mid-band 1 Assumptions:gNB:256 antenna elements per user.29/32 dBi(28/39 GHz)vs.18 dBi gain(2.6 GHz)UE:6/9 dBi(28/39 GHz)vs.0 dBi gain(2.6 GHz)12 Beamforming gain.Beamforming can orient the bea

54、m in the direction of the user equipment without mechanical rotation.A larger number of antenna elements enables a sharper beam and,consequently,higher gain.With 256 antenna elements on the base station,the theoretical beamforming gain is 24 dB.On the user equipment,with four antenna elements,the th

55、eoretical beamforming gain is 6 dB.In practice,the theoretical gain may not be realised due to beam shape loss and channel estimation errors,thus leading to a loss of about 2.5 dB.Therefore,the practical mmWave link budget advantage over 2.6 GHz due to beamforming gain is as follows:Base station tra

56、nsmit antenna gain:24-2.5=21.5 dB advantage User equipment transmit antenna gain:6-2.5=3.5 dB advantage The mmWave theoretical antenna and beamforming gains(as shown in Figure 7),will offset the propagation and other losses discussed above.Figure 7:mWave theoretical Antenna and Beamforming gains Rec

57、ommended Action:Raise industry awareness of the different gains that can be achieved to begin to balance the path loss at the mmWave frequencies.13 3.2 DL/UL Imbalance In a 5G system,as with LTE,the DL coverage footprint of a cell is typically greater than its UL coverage footprint.This is due to an

58、 imbalanced link budget between DL and UL,as shown in Figure 8 below.Several factors contribute to this imbalance,most notably the transmit power difference between the base station generation Node B(gNB)and the user equipment(UE)and the asymmetry in UL/DL timing,meaning that UL transmissions must o

59、ccur in a fraction of time(e.g.UL/DL ratio of 1 in 4).The imbalance is particularly pronounced in mmWave(FR2)networks compared to FR1 because of the significant antenna array gain the gNB has over the UE.Figure 8:DL-UL Imbalance in a 5G Network The magnitude of this DL-UL imbalance depends on severa

60、l factors,including the deployment environment,transmit power of UE and gNB,antenna configurations and antenna gain,among others.Mitigation To mitigate the DL-UL imbalance,several techniques can be adopted.(1)Use of low-band for UL As they have superior propagation characteristics,low-bands can be u

61、tilised to carry UL data and control.This should be implemented as a low-band/high-band CA pair,where both low-and high-bands are utilised for the DL,providing needed capacity and low-bands used for UL transmissions.This is further described in the Maximising mm-Wave Coverage with FR1 section later

62、in the document.(2)Use of high power UE High pPwer UE(HPUE),for example Power Class 1(PC1),can be utilised,whenever it is supported.The higher transmit power of the UE will extend UL coverage,thus helping reduce or eliminate the DL-UL imbalance.Several commercial HPUE devices,particularly Consumer P

63、remises Equipment(CPEs),are currently available.14 Figure 9 illustrates the simulation results of outdoor High Power(HP)CPE versus Low Power(LP)CPE in the 28 GHz band in three different morphologies2.The coverage advantage(shown in terms of the proportion of buildings covered),illustrates the benefi

64、ts of a high power device,which helps close the loop for longer ranges.Figure 9:Simulation of Outdoor 28GHz Coverage of HPCPE vs.LPCPE The use of HPUE for FWA applications in real world trials is discussed in the FWA Best Practice Deployment section later in this document.(3)UL slot aggregation UL t

65、ransmission spanning several slots over the Physical Uplink Shared CHannel(PUSCH),i.e.,slot aggregation,increases UL coverage and improves the cell edge user experience.Slot aggregation,which is the same concept as VoLTE Transmission Time Interval(TTI)bundling,was adopted by 5G in order to improve t

66、he reliability of packet transmission.3GPP Release 15 allows for UL repetitions over eight consecutive slots,whereas Release 17 allows UL repetitions over 32 consecutive slots.Figure 10 illustrates an aggregation factor of four being configured.Figure 10:PUSCH Aggregation 2 28GHz;4x100MHz BW;3:1 DL:

67、UL TDD 15 Note that UL slot aggregation,while improving reliability for the cell edge user,could increase packet transmission latency and may not be suitable for latency-sensitive applications.The level of slot aggregation,if any,can be limited by the deployed TDD frame structure,see 1.(4)Utilisatio

68、n of DFT-s-OFDM 3GPP has adopted the Discrete Fourier Transform spread Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing(DFT-s-OFDM)for uplink transmission.It reduces the Peak-to-Average Power Ratio(PAPR),thus improving the Power Amplifier(PA)efficiency,and extends it range.(5)Increasing the sensitivity of

69、 the gNB Optimising the sensitivity level of gNB would benefit both:high power UE for higher data rate to achieve higher throughput;legacy UE for increasing link budget to maintain the uplink connection.An AiP(Antenna-in-Package)subsystem is designed for both gNB and UE to eliminate mmWave propagati

70、on loss as well as reduce the path loss from the antenna to the baseband to improve the receiving sensitivity.Within each layer of AiP(as shown in Figure 11),there are several design approaches that can improve the receiving sensitivity:Phased array antenna-design for dual-polarisation and for a lar

71、ger antenna element will increase the receiving capability,such as massive MIMO.Radio Frequency Front End(RFFE)integrates the beamforming integrated circuit(IC),the frequency up and down convertor and other microwave components,such as power amplifiers,Low Noise Amplifiers(LNAs)and filters,into a co

72、mpact design to minimise the transaction loss.Especially,to adopt Gallium Arsenide(GaAs)high performance LNA featuring high gain and low noise figure,that would effectively amplify the signal into a more useful level.Thermal ICs or system heat contribute noise that affects the noise figure,gain and

73、linearity of the LNA.Advanced processes and material science,such as Low Temperature Co-fired Ceramics(LTCC)technology,can be employed to design antenna and multilayer circuits from ceramic substrates.16 Figure 11:The Antenna-in-Package System Architecture Recommended action:Raise awareness in the i

74、ndustry to improve the performance in the UL direction,and potentially within 3GPP to ensure the standardisation of the technical features identified in this section.17 4.Deployment of Indoor&Outdoor Services Utilising FR2 spectrum This section provides guidelines for different mmWave indoor and out

75、door deployment scenarios,considering how FR1 and FR2 bands can have a different impact on performance.There is a view that mmWave 5G is the true 5G because its high throughput and low latency can greatly improve the user experience.But mmWave propagation characteristics mean the performance in FR2

76、bands degrades significantly more than in FR1 bands at distances of more than 1km.As discussed earlier,the free space path loss is more than 20 dB compared to FR1 signals at the same distance,even in a LOS scenario(as shown in Figure 3).The mmWave propagation fading becomes more serious in urban env

77、ironments due to building penetration loss,where NLOS conditions significantly increase the diffraction and reflection losses.Deployments in indoor environments are especially challenging,as there is no high spot from which to transmit signals,while the dense compartments seriously affect signal spr

78、ead.For a large building,a Distributed Antenna System(DAS)is a popular mean to distribute the network with good signal quality.Beamforming can compensate for the propagation loss by aggregating the antenna array gain toward a direction,but its only effective in LOS environments.Different deployment

79、strategies are needed for various different scenarios,which include outdoor-to-indoor transmissions in rural,urban and dense urban areas,in LOS and NLOS cases.Mitigation Integrated Access and Backhaul(IAB)is a new architecture that 3GPP standardised in Release 16 7.Its a RAN node that integrates a w

80、ireless backhaul connection,as well as providing connectivity for user equipment to access.The technology,which normally employs LOS connectivity,can be used to extend both outdoors and indoor coverage.The deployment of IAB equipment can lower the capital cost of infrastructure,speeding up deploymen

81、t and satisfying user expectations of high throughput.In remote rural areas that are difficult to connect with fixed lines,this high-speed wireless backhaul technology could provide an easier and faster deployment architecture,without compromising on performance.Figure 12:Reference IAB Diagram Syste

82、m and Application Architecture(refer to 3GPP TR 38.874)Reference deployment scenarios:18 Sparsely populated areas with high network deployment costs Wireless network deployment on islands Wireless network deployments in historic buildings,such as castles,which cant be wired easily High tower to high

83、 tower,building top to building top for high-speed wireless backhaul Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface(RIS):a meta-surface that can reflect the radio signal in a programmed direction.This approach could be used for NLOS deployments indoors,or in shopping malls and outdoor dense urban areas.In an ou

84、tdoor dense urban environment,the RIS could be used to disseminate the signal in a similar way to sun rays reflecting off a mirror.The RIS could be integrated within a large-scale outdoor advertising panel or buildings exterior glass to minimise the deployment cost:no extra wiring and power would be

85、 required.Figure 13:The RIS deployment scenario in a dense urban area An outdoor NLOS deployment scenario is shown in Figure 13.The signal from the gNB is blocked by tall buildings.By integrating an RIS within the advertising display,the street,park area and walkway could be well covered through the

86、 signal redirection.The same deployment scenario could also be applied to stadiums and public squares that are equipped with a large display,and also for office buildings in which a RIS can be integrated into the glass exterior.However,RIS deployments would need to overcome challenges related to RF

87、performance,the capability of redirection and reflection loss,and how to identify the perfect spot to locate the reflector for best signal diffusion.19 For indoor deployments,there is an alternative low-cost solution the Electromagnetic Surface(ES).ES is a carefully designed passive antenna pattern

88、that can be printed on glass or even wallpaper to steer a signal in a specific way.In additional to simply expanding the coverage,ES can be used to:customise signal distribution for specific space cover the dead zone at reasonable cost and with the required performance Intentionally create“a cold zo

89、ne”that can act as secure area Figure 14 shows different ES deployment approaches:reflection,diffraction and enhancement.These three approaches are discussed further below.Figure 14:ES deployment approach for indoor usage Reflection to redirect the signal to expand coverage in a specific area,or cre

90、ate a cold zone elsewhere.This approach is well suited to deployments in office buildings that have installed cubicles and home space.In Figure 15,the reflectors are at an angle to redirect the signal to a specific location,increasing the signal strength by more than 20 dB across office cubicles or

91、multi-room conditions.That would allow the density of small cells to be significantly reduced.20 Figure 15:Use case of Reflection deployment Enhancement A design antenna pattern is used as an enhancement“lens”to refocus the signal to a certain direction.Ideally,the lens would be installed on the doo

92、r or windows,which would then boost an incoming signal into the entire room.The signal strength could increase more than 10 dB,as shown by the radiation pattern after applying the lens in Figure 16.Figure 16:Radiation pattern before and after applied Enhancement lens Diffraction-to guide the signal

93、past an obstacle.There are situations when indoor building pillars can block the propagating signal.A diffraction surface can be applied onto the pillars to guide the signal around the pillar block to continue transmitting.The result could greatly improve the signal strength behind the blocking area

94、.To optimise indoor coverage,the signal propagation pattern and the location of ES installation need to be carefully researched following the three steps shown in Figure 17:Step 1 Pre scan:use scanning and profiling to create a model of the environment and find the blind spot.In Figure 17,it is the

95、bathroom(blue space).Step 2 Planning:put the model into an Artificial Intelligence(AI)simulation system that can design a solution.In Figure 17,it is an enhancement lens with a reflector to direct the signal into the bathroom.21 Step 3 Implementation:after implementing the solution,measure the resul

96、ts and fine-tune the signal diffusion pattern.In Figure 17,the bathroom now has a very good signal level.Figure 17:ES indoor deployment planning A Distributed Antenna System(DAS)is normally applied for both outdoor and indoor FR1 deployments.A similar architecture could also be applied to a mmWave F

97、R2 network.The major challenge is the capability of remote radio units,as the legacy sub-6 GHz antenna would not work for mmWave that requires a highly directional type.An active array antenna for beamforming and a beam steering mechanism to compensate for pathloss need to be adopted.To further opti

98、mise the whole network performance and efficiency,a smart DAS could be developed.This could be operated by hybrid beamforming,following system planning.It would be network-controlled.Smart repeater-3GPP initially defined a RF repeater without adaptive beamforming,then proposed a smart repeater with

99、a network-controller,which could greatly extend coverage.Such a smart repeater could be easy to deploy,efficient and reduce the total cost of ownership.The Smart Repeater section of this document explains this concept further.22 5.Maximising mmWave coverage with FR1 spectrum In any mobile network,de

100、vices must maintain an adequate link budget on both the DL and UL for both control signalling and user data.When there is a link imbalance between UL and DL(as described in(1)the usable coverage will be restricted by whichever link is more limiting,in this case the uplink.This challenge is particula

101、rly pronounced for the mmWave mobility use case(PC3 UE)since the link imbalance is so large(up to 14 dB depending on the assumptions).FR1 bands can be used to overcome this link imbalance through the implementation of dual connectivity(either inter-or intra-RAT,i.e.,E-UTRA-NR Dual Connectivity(EN-DC

102、)or NR-NR Dual Connectivity(NR-DC);and NR carrier aggregation(NR CA)between FR1 and FR2.In a dual connectivity(EN-/NR-DC)5G network implementation(involving two base stations,with a master node operating in FR1 and a secondary node in FR2),some minor mmWave coverage extension is achieved through off

103、loading data plane traffic to the FR1 connection.However,the continued reliance on the FR2 UL means this improvement is minor.Fundamentally,mmWave DL coverage remains significantly restricted due to its reliance on the FR2 UL.To maximise the DL coverage of mmWave all FR2 layer 2 signalling must be s

104、hifted to FR1.This can be achieved with NR CA between FR1 and FR2.FR1+FR2 NR CA allows the mmWave UL(and DL)layer 2 signalling to be achieved via the FR1 connection.Since FR1 has better propagation characteristics the required layer 2 signalling can be maintained on FR1 allowing the FR2 to be utilis

105、ed beyond the limits of its UL.This concept is illustrated in Figure 18.Figure 18:Illustrative mmWave coverage extension gains through DC and NR CA Note 1:DC can be either EN-DC(between LTE FDD Low band and NRFR2)or NR-DC(between NRFR1 FDD Low band a dedicated NR FR1 band or share/re-farmed LTE band

106、 and NRFR2)Note 2:CA is intra-NR only,i.e.,FR1+FR2 NR CA The use of FR1+FR2 NR CA will result in extended mmWave DL coverage,better utilisation of the mmWave spectrum,particularly for mobility UE,and a reduction in the number of new site deployments required to offer mmWave services across an area.N

107、R-DC does offer better peak speed performance on both the DL and UL when within good UL mmWave coverage.This has been demonstrated through a number of published network trials,23 such as that by Telstra,Ericsson and Qualcomm,which achieved near 1Gbps single user UL throughput on Telstras live networ

108、k(Ericsson,2021).Therefore,an optimal deployment is one where the benefits of both NR-DC and FR1+FR2 NR CA can be realised by switching between the two capabilities in different areas of the coverage.The implementation of NR CA does have some strict latency requirements between the NR basebands to e

109、nable the coordinated scheduling.This is most easily achieved through co-locating basebands physically in a centralised RAN(C-RAN)architecture,but can also be achieved with low latency layer 2 links in a distributed RAN architecture.In summary,implementing FR1+FR2 NR CA does add additional considera

110、tions to network planning that must be considered in the context of the operators network architecture.Recommended action The further development of the mmWave ecosystem relies upon operators being able to deploy meaningful coverage.Given the propagation challenges of mmWave,any technical capability

111、 to extend the coverage footprint of early mmWave deployments is critical to this endeavour.Whilst good progress has been made on delivering DC-based support of FR2 the industry is lagging in support of FR1+FR2 NR CA.Industry support for FR1+FR2 NR CA will help operators to speed up the expansion of

112、 their mmWave coverage footprint,thereby accelerating the mmWave ecosystem in their respective markets.24 6.Smart Repeaters Providing full 5G network coverage with mmWave technology presents challenges that have been raised throughout this paper.These challenges could ultimately be addressed using a

113、 number of different methods.Mobile operators could,for example,deploy significantly more base stations of various sizes ranging from higher power macro gNBs to relatively small“macrocell”on towers buildings and many other structures.However,this is an expensive proposition and ultimately may not fu

114、lly deliver robust coverage.Some industry analysts estimate that simply adding more base stations to achieve full coverage by 2030 would require spending hundreds of billions of dollars and this is just the cost of providing coverage in the most densely populated areas 16.Another approach is to buil

115、d larger and more powerful gNB macro base stations and locate them on traditional cell towers.However,it is not possible to build a base station for 5G FR2 that could cover the same cell size as a low-band base station.This approach would fail due to limitations of power consumption,regulatory limit

116、s(in particular for indoor installations where safe exposure levels are required)and the physical propagation characteristics.Another alternative-deploying hundreds of thousands of small cells almost everywhere would also be economically impractical as it would take many years for carriers to amorti

117、se the costs involved,which are well beyond the reach of players with fewer financial resources.It is here that the traditional approaches to support new network frequencies start to fall short.To achieve ubiquitous coverage at an affordable cost,non-traditional approaches are required one such appr

118、oach is using smart repeaters,which amplify the 5G signal and then transmit the boosted signal in the required direction.As they offer a balance between performance and cost,and can accelerate deployments,smart repeaters have become an integral part of the industrys mmWave deployment strategy and mu

119、st continue to evolve to support larger scale 5G use cases and coverage requirements.Smart repeaters are designed to unlock the promise of high-speed mmWave connectivity and accelerate the entire 5G ecosystem.Highly scalable,smart repeaters are low-cost,small,lightweight,easy and quick to install an

120、d provide an efficient way to extend the range and coverage of small cells.Smart repeaters can be installed easily on streetlights,lampposts,walls and windows,reducing the high cost of a truck roll,complex zoning and trenching to support fibre connections.Unlike traditional DAS and passive RIS devic

121、es,smart repeaters can do more than just extend coverage of the gNB.Smart repeaters provide significant end-to-end gain and configurability that is not possible with these traditional approaches.This effectively makes the area of coverage and range of coverage of an indoor or outdoor cell site much

122、larger.Smart repeaters are closely synchronized to the network gNB equipment.The main difference this achieves is that smart repeaters can add significant gain to the system,on the order of 100 dB or more.As opposed to other simple repeaters or passive devices which reduce the signal quality and red

123、uce the overall range and signal quality.25 Some of the systems currently being deployed by major network operators have demonstrated that smart repeaters can solve coverage and range challenges.Network repeaters have been deployed to support range extension,blind spot coverage enhancement,and expan

124、ding the signal to cover multiple users simultaneously(see Figure 19).Delivering more than 110 dB of end-to-end gain,while eliminating the need for fibre optic backhaul connections,they can overcome the physical limitations of the mmWave band.Figure 19:Network smart repeater extending range and cove

125、rage Source:FRTek i As it doesnt require a fibre backhaul connection and has low inherent power consumption,a smart repeater can be integrated into a device that can be powered by a standard power connector that is available on 360 million LED lamp posts today.Due to their small size,integrated powe

126、r metering,and sleek profile(see Figure 20)repeaters can be deployed in a matter of minutes.Figure 20:Streetlight smart repeater Source:Ubicquiai 26 Very low power and compact indoor repeaters can be used to provide seamless and uniform coverage in enterprises,factories,and event venues.These single

127、-box units have been used with ceiling mount brackets or window mounting systems(Figure 21)to provide uniform coverage within a conference room or event venue.As well as being flexible enough to address the challenges of different environments,smart repeaters have extremely low latency that make the

128、m completely transparent to the UE.Figure 21:Single-box indoor smart repeater Source:Movandi/WNC An example of how indoor and network smart repeater can be combined to provide uniform coverage is shown in Figure 22.In this deployment,the two gNBs that were located outside the building provided cover

129、age just 2 to 3 feet inside the window,with the UL and DL throughput rapidly deteriorating indoor.Two network repeaters and eight indoor repeaters were combined to provide uniform coverage over a 63,000 square foot area.The area itself was far from uniform various office furniture,hidden offices,and

130、 odd shaped hallways all presented unique challenges.In addition,the building itself created a shadow that blocked coverage for an outdoor courtyard.When deployed,the users in the building were able to achieve gigabit per second throughput both indoor and in the courtyard areas.27 Figure 22:Enterpri

131、se and Outdoor Coverage Enabled by Smart Repeaters Smart repeaters can improve point-to-point and LOS connections by leveraging active phased-array antennas.They help make coverage more uniform and seamless in high-demand areas with dense clusters of users,eliminating the“lumpy”coverage found in 5G

132、networks based on traditional fibre-connected high power gNBs.Smart repeaters can also dynamically scan for the best 5G source and optimise performance based on the changing conditions in the environment.In addition,they further amplify very weak signals at the cell edge,extend the range and boost p

133、enetration into buildings.Smart repeaters can also redirect and reshape the signal from the base station.In essence,they can steer the signals to go around buildings or walls(see Figure 23)and ensure coverage everywhere beyond the blockage.Unlike traditional network devices,smart repeaters do not ad

134、d latency to the signal path and can be daisy-chained for further range extension at lower cost.More importantly,they can be cascaded in a mesh networking fashion and managed on the cloud to optimise performance and react to changes in network and environmental conditions.28 Figure 23:How smart repe

135、aters enhance coverage To perform efficiently and avoid creating more problems than they solve,smart repeaters must operate in a coordinated fashion with the rest of the network and the gNBs.Simple repeaters,for example,can create problems in the network by injecting noise,adversely impacting device

136、s and reducing network capacity,rather than improving it.It is important for these devices to include a combination of advanced signal processing algorithms to perform network synchronisation,active beamformed phased-array antennas to handle beamforming and scan,and optimised MIMO performance.As the

137、y can be built in specific configurations for different applications,smart repeaters can support almost all applications from extending an outdoor mobile network to support FWA,private networks and more.For example,single-box indoor repeaters are ideal for indoor applications,businesses,enterprises,

138、venues and malls,and can be cascaded to cover large areas.For other applications,split Donor Unit(DU)and Relay Unit(RU)repeaters are ideal for outdoor environments mounted on utility poles or for outdoor-to-indoor extensions.And vendors are now demonstrating streetlight mount repeaters for outdoor u

139、se.Many trials and tests conducted over the past two years by leading operators and equipment vendors in different locations with live networks have proven the feasibility of smart repeaters and highlighted the potential to significantly reduce the cost of mmWave deployments.In fact,field tests have

140、 shown that smart repeaters can reduce both the Capital Expenditures(CapEx)and Operational Expenditures(OpEx)of mmWave deployments by 50 percent 18 19,and streetlight mounted smart repeaters can achieve Total Cost of Ownership reductions of 80 percent 17(see Figure 24).29 Figure 24:Total Cost of Own

141、ership for a city over 10 years Source:Mobile Experts,Inc.In the US,the Phoenix Suns basketball team has used Verizon 5G UltraWideband(mmWave)connectivity in its Verizon 5G performance centre to transform its team training tools and technologies into a unified system that has helped to drive a remar

142、kable turnaround the team reached the NBA finals in 2021.Phoenix Suns has smart repeaters strategically placed in its Footprint Center arena to provide coverage in areas where fans were previously not able to get connected.Verizon says the deployment demonstrates how 5G mmWave can deliver immersive

143、experiences to fans.In summary,smart repeaters will help accelerate time to market and reduce the cost of deploying mmWave networks to meet the growing demand for coverage and capacity(see Figure 25)and new bandwidth-intensive applications.Figure 25:How smart repeater expands the coverage of high-pe

144、rformance networks 30 7.FWA Best Practice Deployment FWA services provide primary broadband access through mobile network-enabled CPEs 8.This includes various form factors of CPE,such as indoor(desktop and window)and outdoor(rooftop and wall-mounted),but it doesnt include portable battery-based Wi-F

145、i routers or dongles.FWA is one of the main 5G use cases and a key solution for meeting fixed broadband connectivity objectives.mmWave spectrum provides greater bandwidth to support lower latency connectivity and higher(gigabit)speeds.When deploying mmWave for FWA to provide data services to a home,

146、office or business park there are three main considerations;spectrum,CPE antenna location and coverage.7.1 Spectrum In those locations where mmWave spectrum is available,5G FWA technology will allow fibre-like connectivity in areas where high deployment costs have curbed FTTH penetration.The GSMA es

147、timates that between 150 MHz and 700 MHz of mmWave spectrum will be necessary to satisfy 5G FWA demand in households located in dense urban areas,based on an FWA penetration of 30%20.In the 10 cities analysed by the GSMA,an average of 350 MHz will be required(as shown in Figure 26).Even in cities wi

148、th relatively high FTTH penetration,FWA may need significant spectrum capacity to serve large numbers of households,given the likely increase in data consumption between now and 2030.In areas characterised by a lower FTTH penetration,including suburban areas and rural towns,more mmWave spectrum may

149、be necessary to satisfy 5G FWA demand from households located in these areas.Between 700 MHz and 1200 MHz will be required in a suburban area and between 50 MHz and 850 MHz in a rural town,based on an FWA penetration of 60%,according to GSMA Intelligence.31 Figure 26:5G mmWave spectrum needs in citi

150、es,suburban areas and rural towns While the majority of 5G FWA deployments to date use mid-band spectrum in the 3.53.8 GHz bands,a number of 5G mmWave FWA networks have already been deployed.In the US,mmWave spectrum in FWA networks was first deployed by Verizon in 2018.Further,mmWave spectrum is be

151、ing used as a capacity and performance booster to complement coverage provided in lower bands by several operators around the world,including TIM and Fastweb in Italy,US Cellular and Verizon in the US,and NBN and Telstra in Australia.As of March 2022,72 operators offered 5G FWA services,while anothe

152、r 16 have announced plans to launch.In suburban areas,which will require additional capacity to meet the demand for data from households,mmWave is ideally placed to provide a layer of additional capacity while also allowing higher speeds and lower latency.A recent series of GSMA studies has shown th

153、e cost-effectiveness of this technology in providing fibre-like connectivity in regions not covered by FTTH.Some of these studies have shown how under some conditions,deployment of a mmWave FWA network can be cheaper than an FTTH alternative 21.32 The GSMA found 5G FWA can be both more economical an

154、d faster to deploy than fibre to bring 100 Mbps connectivity to households and businesses located in rural areas.The use of 5G FWA mmWave in small rural towns,for example,should provide substantial cost savings compared with FTTH deployment.While 5G FWA networks in rural areas will be mostly deploye

155、d on mid-bands,as data consumption grows or as the number of subscribers increases,operators are likely to add capacity using mmWave spectrum.7.2 Customer Premise Equipment(CPE)Antenna Location Different base station antenna configurations and techniques,MIMO,active phased arrays and beamforming ant

156、ennas can have an effect on the customer deployment options of the FWA CPE.There are three traditional methods for CPE positioning in a home or office scenarios.1.External mounted antenna,omni-directional or more common direction patch antennas:professional installations will provide the best perfor

157、mance,where an active or passive directional high gain antenna is mounted on the roof top or side of the building with the strongest signal strength.There is an element of upfront cost for the customer or FWA operator,but reduced customer service expense in the future.2.Patch or transparent window a

158、ntennas,with customer premise solutions that are either passive as conduits or reflectors to improve the coverage penetration for portable CPEs in a room.Alternatively,passive or active antennas can connect to the CPEs or,as described in the Smart Repeater section,a window mount can act as a reflect

159、or of coverage in to“not spots”or coverage holes.Positioning or configuration of these antennas may need to be done by a professional,although Do-It-Yourself(DIY)installations can be performed with the aid of smartphone applications.3.Internal CPE antenna provides the best customer self-install opti

160、on.Smartphone applications can find the best position in the home,usually near a window on the best coverage side of the house.However,there may be aesthetic considerations for the position or location of the CPE.7.3 Coverage To economically provide FR2 FWA services,operators will wish to reuse exis

161、ting cell sites wherever possible.However existing sites are designed for macro coverage,with the inter-site 33 distance typically greater than 1 km in rural areas.The challenge for FR2-specific FWA deployments is to maximize the cell extension up to a few kilometres,especially in suburban and rural

162、 areas,to ensure reliable connectivity service in those areas with limited/absent fixed broadband infrastructure.As discussed in the Downlink and Uplink Performance section,mmWave propagation is heavily attenuated by vegetation,buildings and even heavy rainfall,as well as the UL/DL imbalance limitin

163、g DL coverage.Overcoming these limitations will be important for FWA operators.As discussed earlier,one method of overcoming these challenges is the use of PC1 user equipment,also known as high power UE.PC1 CPE can be used to both a)overcome the DL/UL link imbalance and b)extend the useable DL&UL fa

164、r beyond what a mobility UE could achieve.Several field trials have been conducted to assess the achievable performance of FWA over FR2.For example,Ericsson 12 reported that in a US outdoor trial over a 5G commercial EN-DC network,aka 5G non-standalone(NSA)a distance of 7 km has been reached,with av

165、erage DL speeds of 1 Gbps,average UL speeds of 55 Mbps and instantaneous peak DL speeds recorded at greater than 2 Gbps,by using a high-power CPE.TIM demonstrated the feasibility of reusing macro cells for FWA applications by providing a DL speed of 1 Gbps at 6.5 km distance,very close to the perfor

166、mance reported by Ericsson.The adopted network configuration was also based on EN-DC,(i.e.,5G NSA with anchor LTE at 1.8GHz),with externally mounted CPEs power classes PC1 and PC3,and LoS conditions 22.Recommended actions The GSMA report,The Economics of mmWave 5G 6,indicated increasing the FR2 mmWa

167、ve FWA deployment ratio with respect to FR1 could reduce the Total Cost of Ownership by up to 70%for telecom operators.There is now a need for field experiments to test the best practices and optimise the technical approaches for a FR2 deployment scenario.Network infrastructure deployment to support

168、 FWA services may begin to address the connectivity gap between rural and urban areas.That would give 5G ecosystem vendors the opportunity to trial the newer deployment approaches and speed up technology development,to improve the user experiences and accelerate the rollout of new advanced applicati

169、ons.34 8.UE Power Consumption Power consumption is one of the most critical barriers for application of mmWave technologies on smartphones.A major contributor to mmWave UE power consumption comes from the RFFE and digital baseband processing,which mainly arises from the need to support a large numbe

170、r of antenna elements to enable beamforming,along with the relative inefficiency of RF components at high frequencies,demands to support a high number of MIMO layers,large bandwidth for CA operation,and so on.High UE power consumption not only drains the UE battery quickly,but also causes over-heati

171、ng problems that would further affect the UE performance and potentially reduce the life cycle of the battery.Mitigation Discontinuous Reception(DRX)One of the most efficient ways to reduce UE power consumption is to employ DRX technology.DRX consists of two states,the ON state and the OFF state,as

172、illustrated in Figure 27.Figure 27:DRX During the ON period,the UE monitors DL signals and channels,such as the Physical Downlink Control CHannel(PDCCH),and performs corresponding data reception.During the OFF period,the UE turns off the transceiver unit and does not monitor DL signals,thereby reduc

173、ing the UE power consumption.The DRX parameters(e.g.,the ON/OFF time period,etc.)can also be dynamically configured to fit different types of services.Network topology optimisations One of the major contributors to UE power consumption is the transmitter(Tx),which is responsible for sending out the

174、electromagnetic signals from the device.Due to the weaker penetration capability and higher path loss of mmWave spectrum,compared with lower bands,higher UE transmit power is needed in order to reach satisfactory UL coverage.Hence,various network topologies,such as repeaters and RIS,could be deploye

175、d to reduce the physical distance between the UE and network node(s),which will reduce the UE transmit power required for the desired UL performance.RRC INACTIVE 35 A RRC INACTIVE state is similar to the RRC IDLE state where UE monitors paging only,but with the following key advantages:1.The UE can

176、transition from RRC INACTIVE to RRC CONNECTED state with fewer signalling exchanges than required for the transition from RRC IDLE to RRC CONNECTED 2.For DL traffic,the UE can be reached quickly because the network knows precisely which cell to page the UE 3.Reduces network signalling load compared

177、to the complete transition from RRC IDLE to RRC CONNECTED.The above key differences make RRC INACTIVE suitable for handling bursts of traffic,resulting in lower UE power consumption while being network friendly.Mobile Originated Small Data Transmission(MO-SDT)For Release 17,3GPP introduced support f

178、or Mobile Originated Small Data Transmission(MO-SDT),a procedure that enables data and/or signalling transmission while remaining in the RRC INACTIVE state,i.e.,without transitioning to RRC CONNECTED state 12.The UE initiates MO-SDT for the UL transmission only if the following conditions are met:le

179、ss than a configured amount of UL data awaits transmission across all radio bearers for which MO-SDT is enabled,the DL Reference Signal Received Power(RSRP)is above a configured threshold,and a valid MO-SDT resource is available.The MO-SDT procedure is initiated with either a transmission over the R

180、andom Access CHannel(RACH)configured via system information or over Configured Grant(CG)Type 1 resources configured via dedicated signalling within the RRC Release message being used for the UEs RRC CONNECTED to RRC IDLE transition.3GPP plans to enhance the MO-SDT procedure in Release 18 by also all

181、owing DL-triggered small data to be sent from the network towards the RRC INACTIVE UEs 12,hence reducing signalling overhead and UE power consumption(by not transitioning UEs to RRC CONNECTED),while also reducing the latency by allowing fast transmission of(small and infrequent)packets,e.g.,for posi

182、tioning.Recommended actions Encourage network and UE vendors to support the standardised power saving features described in this section Facilitate more collaboration between MNOs infrastructure and UE vendors.36 9.UE CPE Availability There has been solid growth in the number of mmWave devices comin

183、g to the market in the past 24 months,with 854 SKUs from 52 companies.At this point in time,the network coverage lags the supply of devices.Figure 28:Available mmWave devices As previously discussed,as mmWave networks adopt advanced techniques,such as FR2 support,DTX,dual carrier,carrier aggregation

184、,performance will improve and will drive device penetration.In the short-term,the key growth engine for mmWave CPE will be FWA.The GSA forecasts that in 2022,aggregate shipments of FWA CPE devices will grow 33%,resulting in 21.9 million units,higher than the 2020 volumes(see GSA survey July 2022 11)

185、.The dip in 2021 was caused by the pandemic,which impacted the supply chain causing a shortage of chipsets.The GSA forecasts that battery-operated pocket routers will grow 23%in 2022,reaching 7.7 million units,but still significantly below the level of 2020.Figure 29 shows a summary of shipments of

186、FWA devices by type from 2020 to 2022,and Figure 30(see GSA survey July 2022 11)presents FWA device shipments by technology.37 Figure 29:Summary of FWA device shipments by type(millions of units,and year-on-year growth)Figure 30:Summary of 4G/5G FWA device shipments,(millions of units,for 2020,2021&

187、2022(forecast)and year-on-year growth for 2021&2022(forecast)Although shipments of 5G FWA devices(devices supporting 4G and 5G)doubled in 2021 to 3.6 million units,4G-only shipments made up 84%(19.1 million units)of all FWA shipments in 2021.Of the 5G FWA shipments,160,000 were mmWave-based devices,

188、jumping from 130,000 in the previous year.The GSA forecasts shipments of 5G FWA devices will double again to 7.6 million units in 2022(see Figure 31),representing more than a quarter of volumes,while 4G-only devices are expected to have a modest gain(14%).Furthermore,in the GSA survey,88%of responde

189、nts indicated that they have,or plan to introduce,mmWave 5G products in the next few years(see Figure 32).Figure 31:Shipments of 5G FWA Devices(millions of units,and as a percentage of total shipments)(Sample:2021 FWA Survey,25 respondents;GSA 2022 FWA Survey 26,respondents)2020 2021 2022(forecast)2

190、021 YoY growth 2022 YoY growth(forecast)Battery-operated hot spots 9.8 6.3 7.7-36%23%Indoor CPE 17.6 14.6 19.6-17%34%Outdoor CPE 2.8 1.8 2.2-37%26%Total device shipments 30.2 22.7 29.5-25%30%FWA CPE(indoor and outdoor)20.4 16.4 21.9-20%33%2020 2021 2022(forecast)2021 YoY growth 2022 YoY growth(forec

191、ast)Total device shipments 30.2 22.7 29.5-25%30%4G-only shipments 28.8 19.1 21.8-34%14%5G devices Millimetre-wave-capable devices 1.4 0.13 3.6 0.16 7.6 N/A 162%27%114%N/A 38 Figure 32:mmWave 5G product roadmaps.(sample:GSA 2022 FWA Survey,26 respondents)The GSA asked respondents how they thought the

192、 market will change in 2022 for various form factors.Responses show a clear expectation that the market for window-mounted solutions,flexible indoor and outdoor CPE and self-installation apps will grow(see Figure 33).Figure 33:Vendors views of prospects of device form factors and capability trends (

193、sample:GSA 2022 FWA Survey,26 respondents)Recommended action:Whilst there is growth in 5G mmWave FWA CPE,the lack of ubiquitous coverage reduces the demand for mmWave capable smartphone devices.Further deployment of 5G mmWave networks either for FWA,private networks or capacity solutions will inevit

194、ability drive adoption.39 10.Consolidated Requirements Section Mitigation Recommended Action Propagation Characteristics Antenna Gains 20dB Beamforming UL Gain 3.5dB Industry Awareness DL/UL Imbalance Carrier Aggregation for use of Low Band Uplink Use of High Power UE/CPE UL Slot Aggregation gNB Sen

195、sitivity increases Industry Awareness Industry Adoption Standardisation Support for Features Deployment of Indoor&Outdoor Services Utilising FR2 spectrum Integrated Access&Backhaul Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface(Active)Electromagnetic Surface(Passive)Distributed Antenna Systems Smart Repeater In

196、dustry Adoption Maximising mm-Wave coverage with FR1 spectrum FR1+FR2 NR Carrier Aggregation NR Dual Connectivity Industry Adoption Standardisation Support for Features Smart Repeater Outdoor,Street Furniture and Indoor Repeaters Industry Awareness FWA Best Deployment Practices mmWave Spectrum Alloc

197、ation CPE Antenna Location WRC-23 Lobby Industry Awareness UE Power Consumption Discontinuous Reception RRC-INACTIVE Small Data Transfer Industry Awareness Standardisation Support for Features OEM Adoption UE CPE Availability FWA Device Demand Smartphone Device Demand Industry Adoption OME Adoption

198、40 11.5G mmWave Roadmap 41 12.Further Enhancements 3GPP continues to make enhancements to 5G in Release 18 12 and some of these enhancements are also beneficial for mmWave deployments.In Release 17 MO-SDT was introduced to reduce UE power consumption and signalling load.Release 18 3GPP is introducin

199、g similar enhancements for traffic initiated by the network,i.e.,when paging required to reach the UE.The enhancement is called Mobile Terminated Small Data Transmission(MT-SDT)and it will provide similar benefits(i.e.,reduced power consumption through reduced number of transactions with the network

200、 to deliver small data to UE)as MO-SDT14.Several MIMO enhancements to improve performance of:o High/medium speed UEs by introducing faster measurements o Coverage and throughput for non-smartphone devices,such as FWA,CPE,vehicle mounted UEs.UL coverage enhancements for:o Physical Random Access CHann

201、el(PRACH)o Support for faster switching between two different uplink waveforms(DFT-s-OFDM -power efficient waveform and Cyclic Prefix Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing(CP-OFDM)provides high throughput).Currently the switching between the two waveforms is controlled via RRC signalling and th

202、is is a slow process.NR RF requirements enhancement for frequency range 2(FR2)aims to improve uplink performance for high modulation(256QAM)during random access and RRC INACTIVE states.This will improve the UL performance for small data transmission.Release 18 3GPP is actively working to create smar

203、ter mmWave repeaters that are tightly coupled with the the beamforming control from the gNB.Defining requirements for smart mmWave repeaters whose beamforming can be controlled by the gNB 42 13.References 1 5G TDD Uplink v1.0,NGMN,2022.https:/www.ngmn.org/wp-content/uploads/220117-5G-TDD-Uplink-Whit

204、e-Paper-v1.0.pdf 2 3GPP TS 38.101-1,User Equipment(UE)radio transmission and reception;Par 1.3 3GPP TS 38.101-2,User Equipment(UE)radio transmission and reception;Par 2.4 FCC Office of Engineering and Technology,Bulletin Number 70.https:/transition.fcc.gov/oet/info/documents/bulletins/oet70/oet70a.p

205、df 5 3GPP TS 38.874,NR;Study on integrated access and backhaul 6 GSMA Report:The economics of mmWave 5G 7 3GPP TS 38.300,NR and NG-RAN Overall Description,Release 17.8 Fixed wireless access outlook,Ericsson.https:/ 9 UScellular,Qualcomm,Ericsson,and Inseego Address Digital Divide with Multi-Gigabit

206、Extended-Range 5G Milestone Over mmWave,https:/ 10 Ericsson Mobility Report,June 2022,https:/ Fixed Wireless Access FWA Survey July 2022,https:/ 12 3GPP work programme for Release 18,https:/www.3gpp.org/DynaReport/GanttChart-Level-2.htm#bm940096 13 3GPP TS 38.900,Study on channel model for frequency

207、 spectrum above 6 GHz,Release 15.14 RP-213583,“Mobile Terminated-Small Data Transmission(MT-SDT)for NR”Work Item Description,3GPP TSG RAN Meeting#94e,Dec.6-17,2021 15 Vision 2030:mmWave Spectrum Needs https:/ 16 Connected world:An evolution in connectivity beyond the 5G revolution https:/ 17 Streetl

208、ight Mounted mmWave Radios Transform Coverage Economics https:/mobile- 18 Increase Localized Peak Capacity by 50%with mm-Wave Repeaters https:/mobile- 19 5G mmWave Repeaters Cut Costs in Half https:/mobile- 20 Estimating the mid-band spectrum needs in the 2025-2030 time frame https:/ 21 The 5G FWA O

209、pportunity:A TCO model for a 5G mmWave FWA network https:/ TIM,Ericsson and Qualcomm set world record for long distance speed with 5G mmWave applied to FWA https:/www.gruppotim.it/en/press-archive/corporate/2020/PR-TIM-5G-tech-04-12-2020-en.html 23 Low-band spectrum for 5G:The need for sub-1 GHz spe

210、ctrum to deliver the vision of 5G https:/ 43 Abbreviation Meaning Abbreviation Meaning AiP Antenna-in-Package KM Kilometers BPL Building Penetration Loss LNA low-noise amplifier CA Carrier Aggregation LOS/NLOS Line-of-Sight/None-Line-of-Sight CAPEX Capital expenditure LTCC Low Temperature Co-fired C

211、eramics CG Configured Grant LTE Long-Term Evolution CPE Consumer Premises Equipment MHz Mega Hertz DAS Distributed Antenna System MIMO Multiple-Input/Multiple-Output dB Decibel mmWave Millimeter Wave DC Dual Connectivity NSA Non-Standalone DL/UL Downlink/Uplink OPEX Operational Expenditure DRX Disco

212、ntinuous Reception PA Power Amplifier DU Donor Unit PAPR Peak-to-Average Ratio EIRP Effective Isotropic Radiated Power PC1 Power Class 1 ES Electromagnetic Surface RACH Random Access Channel FCC Federal Communications Commission RAN Radio Access Network FDD Frequency Domanin Duplex RF Radio Frequenc

213、y FR1/FR2 Frequency Range 1/2 RFFE Radio Frequency Front End FWA Fixed Wireless Access RIS Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface GaAS Gallium Arsenide RRC Radio Resource Control GHz Gigahertz RU Relay Unit gNB Generation Node B SDT Small Data Transfer HPUE High Power UE TCO Total Cost of Ownership IAB Integrated Access and Backhaul Tx Transmitter IC Integrated Circuit UE User Equipment ITU International Telecommunication Union GSMA HEAD OFFICE Floor 2 Nomura Building 1 Angel Lane London EC4R 3AB United Kingdom