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1、On behalf ofGIZ in China|2022Status Quo of Chinas Drone Industry Market Development,Regulation and ApplicationPublication DataPublished by:Deutsche Gesellschaft frInternationale Zusammenarbeit(GIZ)GmbHRegistered Offices:Bonn and EschbornAddress GIZ in China:Tayuan Diplomatic Office Building 2-514 Li

2、angmahe South Street,Chaoyang District100600 Beijing,P.R.China T+86(0)10 8527 5589 F+86(0)10 8527 5591E giz-chinagiz.deI www.giz.deI www.transition-china.org/mobilityProject:Sino-German Cooperation on Mobility and Fuels Strategy(MFS)as a Contribution to the Mobility and Transport TransitionResponsib

3、le:Alexander von Monschaw-GIZ in Chinaalexander.monschawgiz.deAuthor:Dr.Markus Wagner-GIZ in ChinaAcknowledgements:Wang Yixuan-GIZ in ChinaQuentin Radlwimmer-GIZ in ChinaWang Xintong-GIZ in ChinaLayout and Editing:Dr.Markus Wagner-GIZ in ChinaMaps:The maps printed here are intended only for informat

4、ion purposes and in no way constitute recognition under international law of boundaries and territories.GIZ accepts no responsobility for these maps being entirely up to date,correct or complete.All liability for any damage,direct or indirect,resulting from their use is excluded.Liability for extern

5、al Content:This publication contains references to external websites.The respective provider is always responsible for the content of the external pages listed.When it was first referred to,GIZ checked the third-party content to determine whether it might trigger civil or criminal liability.A perman

6、ent control of the content of the links to external sites is not reasonable without concrete eviden-ce of an infringement.If GIZ determines or is informed by others that an external offer to which it has referred triggers civil or criminal liability,it will immediately remove the reference to this o

7、ffer.GIZ expressly dissociates itself from such content.A project on behalf of the German Federal Ministry of Digital and Transport(BMDV).GIZ is responsible for the content of this publication.The German Federal Ministry of Digital and Transport does not adopt the con-tents of this publication as th

8、eir own.Beijing,2022Status Quo of Chinas Drone IndustryMarket Development,Regulation and ApplicationAbbreviations.5Executive Summary.71 Introduction.92 Definition of Terms and Drone Application Fields.123 Development Status of Chinas Drone Industry.143.1 Market Development.143.2 Drone Industry Stake

9、holders and Manufacturers.153.3 Drone Classification Systems.193.4 Drone Propulsion Technologies.204 Political and Regulatory Framework for Drones in China.244.1 Development of Regulation.244.2 UAV Licensing.264.3 Drone Management Systems.285 Pilot and Demonstration Projects.315.1 Rural Delivery in

10、Shaanxi.315.2 Urban Delivery in Zhejiang.335.3 Express Delivery in Guangdong.355.4 German and European Initiatives.376 Conclusion and Outlook.41Appendix:Exchange Rates.43List of Figures.43List of Tables.43References.44Content5AbbreviationsAGV Automated Guided VehiclesAMI Air Mobility InitiativeBDS B

11、eiDou Navigation Satellite SystemBMDV German Federal Ministry for Digital and TransportBMVI German Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital InfrastructureBVLOS Beyond Visual Line-of-SightCAAC Civil Aviation Administration of ChinaCAIG Chengdu Aircraft Industry GroupCAGR Compound Annual Growth RateC

12、CTV China Central TelevisionCNY Chinese Yuan RenminbiDFS Deutsche Flugsicherung GmbHEASA European Union Aviation Safety AgencyEU European UnionEUR EuroeVTOL Electric Vertical Takeoff and LandingGACC General Administration of Customs of the Peoples Republic of ChinaGHG Greenhouse GasGIZ Deutsche Gese

13、llschaft fr Internationale Zusammenarbeit(GIZ)GmbHHHLA Hamburger Hafen und Logistik AGICE Internal Combustion EngineLGV Laser Guided VehiclesLi-Ion Lithium-IonLi-Po Lithium-PolymerMARA Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the Peoples Republic of China6MFS Mobility and Fuels StrategyMIIT Mini

14、stry of Industry and Information Technology of the Peoples Republic of ChinaMoT Ministry of Transport of the Peoples Republic of ChinaMPS Ministry of Public Security of the Peoples Republic of ChinaPEMFC Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel CellRPA Remotely Piloted AircraftRPAS Remotely Piloted Aircraf

15、t SystemR&D Research and DevelopmentUAM Urban Air MobilityUAS Unmanned Aerial SystemUAV Unmanned Aerial VehicleUOM Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Operation Management SystemUSD US DollarU-Space Term for UTM used in EuropeUTM Unmanned Aircraft Systems Traffic ManagementUTMISS Unmanned Traffic Management In

16、formation Service SystemuTM-UAS urban Traffic Management of Unmanned Aircraft SystemVLOS Visual Line-of-SightChina and Germany are used as short forms for the Peoples Republic of China and the Fe-deral Republic of Germany.7Executive SummaryThe deployment of private and commercially operated drones i

17、n the airspace is rapidly in-creasing worldwide.Aerial drones are used in a wide range of applications,such as surveillan-ce and inspection of infrastructures,delivery of medical supplies in cities,and logistics and distribution tasks in inaccessible rural areas.Developments in the Chinese drone mar

18、ket are particularly significant,as it is one of the worlds dominant markets in terms of techno-logy and innovation and is home to the most influential drone companies and start-ups.At the same time,pilot initiatives supported by the Chinese government are integrating un-manned aerial systems into t

19、ransport and lo-gistics on a large scale.To better grasp the de-velopments in the Chinese drone market and industry,as well as the regulatory framework,to trace different approaches to implementing pilot projects,and to be able to assess the fu-ture potential of this sector,an analysis of the Chines

20、e drone market is needed.Supportive policy and regulatory frameworks at national and local levels,Chinas technolo-gical leadership in unmanned aerial concepts,and the consistent rise in domestic demand for drones are strongly driving the growth of the Chinese drone industry.At present,Chi-na is the

21、second largest drone market in the world after the United States,with a projected revenue of around EUR 13.5 billion in 2024.The province of Guangdong and the Greater Bay Area(Guangzhou,Shenzhen,Macao,and Hong Kong)play a particularly important role as leading regions of the drone industry,where com

22、panies such as DJI,High Great or EHang which are among the largest and most im-portant players in the Chinese(and to a certain extent the global)drone business are based,working on new propulsion technologies(e.g.hydrogen and fuel cell solutions)and initiating pilot measures.Shenzhen-based global pl

23、ayer DJI alone is responsible for more than 70%of the global consumer drone market.Chinas policymakers have taken further steps to open up the airspace and accelerate the development and implementation of dro-ne-related policies by establishing a suitable regulatory framework.By publishing a set of

24、normative documents and proposed administ-rative provisions at national and local levels for drone operations(e.g.requirements for pilots or certification of commercial drone activities in delivery services),Chinese aviation authori-ties are addressing the challenges the dynamic development of the d

25、rone market poses for the existing regulatory system.The entire re-gulatory environment is subject to continuous optimisation to keep up with the high rate of development and innovation.In its published drone guideline,the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology refers to more than 200 rules

26、 to be created and revised in the areas of research,production,application,and safe-ty regulations for civil drones.The recent developments in new technologies such as 5G and big data are leading to a vast increase in commercial drone applications in 8the Chinese low-altitude airspace,especially in

27、urban areas(e.g.for express delivery services).To integrate all these new unmanned aerial ve-hicles safely,efficiently,and flexibly into the airspace,while considering manned aviation,China is applying the Unmanned Aerial Ve-hicles Operation and Management System(comparable to U-Space in Europe),whi

28、ch has already been demonstrated in national pi-lot projects.The system creates a unified me-chanism to manage information synergies th-rough industry management,airspace control,government coordination and social services.By 2030,the system is expected to be mature enough to cover the entire life c

29、ycle,all-we-ather conditions,and all-directional and all-vi-sual monitoring of drones at low altitudes.Chinese manufacturers have been among the early adopters of autonomous aerial systems in transportation and logistics:As early as 2017,JD.com began building Chinas largest low-al-titude drone logis

30、tics network in the Shaanxi Province,operating several hundred routes and drone bases within in a 300 km radius to provide cost-effective,scalable,safe,and re-liable delivery options in remote rural areas.Following the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in early 2020,Antwork conducted its first deliv

31、ery of medical samples and qua-rantine materials between hospitals and disea-se control centres in the Zhejiang Province.This system-based drone transport has estab-lished itself as a safe and reliable,cost-effec-tive,and contactless means of transport for pandemic response in China,reducing deliver

32、y times by more than 50%compared to road transport.In 2019,DHL Express and manu-facturer EHang partnered to run drones in a demonstration project carrying shipments between DHLs service centre in Liaobu(Gu-angdong Province)and a DHL customers site on a daily basis.By using drones,the delivery time i

33、s reduced from 40 minutes on the road to eight minutes in the air.In addition to redu-cing energy consumption and CO2 emissions,there are also cost savings of up to 80%.The insights into the Chinese drone market(in-cluding key players,the regulatory framework and pilot projects)underscore Chinas rol

34、e as one of the leading nations in the development and application of drones.The lessons China is learning from the adopted measures,ranging from the Chinese governments high invest-ments into the drone industry,over the high pace of adoption of innovative technologies and the implementation of pilo

35、t projects,to the creation of favourable regulatory frame-works in selected pilot regions(Real Labora-tory Shenzhen),will significantly influence the shaping of innovative aviation in the future.Against the backdrop of the advancing digita-lisation of transport and mobility worldwide,notably in Chin

36、a,increased attention must be paid to the rapid developments in the future topic of drones.In mutual dialogue,potentials for possible cooperation between China and Germany may be explored and mutually bene-ficial learning strengthened.91 IntroductionSustainable transport and mobility planning and th

37、e use of renewable energies are beco-ming increasingly important in the wake of the transformation of the transport and energy sectors worldwide.The development and im-plementation of corresponding strategies and measures in the realm of sustainable and intel-ligent technologies,standards and regula

38、tions at national and global level represent a major challenge for the international community.To meet the requirements of the Paris Agree-ment from 2015,Germany and China have set themselves long-term energy and climate targets in the course of the energy and trans-port transition:According to the

39、new Federal Climate Change Act of 2021,carbon neutra-lity must be achieved in Germany by the year 2045 1.In this context,it is essential that transport as a key sector,which was respon-sible for around 20%of national greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions in Germany in 2019,re-duces its GHG emissions quickly

40、and drasti-cally in the coming years 2.This is also the case for China,which aims to peak its GHG emissions by 2030 and,after a stabilisation phase,initiate continuous emission reductions.By 2060,complete carbon neutrality and a sustainable circular economy should be esta-blished 3.The share of tran

41、sport in the total carbon emissions in China is currently around 10%4.To sustainably reduce emissions in the trans-port sector,a wide range of measures need to be taken across all modes of transport.With a share of well over 80%of transport-rela-ted CO2 emissions,road transport in particular plays a

42、 central role in Chinas climate protec-tion roadmap 5.However,the use of inno-vative aviation concepts,namely unmanned aerial systems(UAS),unmanned aerial vehicles(UAV)or drones(these terms are used syno-nymously in this report),for instance,can also be an important component in reducing mo-bility-r

43、elated emissions,as many areas of ap-plication for drones are still being taken over by modes of transport that are equipped with internal combustion engines(ICE).These in-clude,for example,the use of helicopters for monitoring infrastructures,the delivery of parcels by trucks in cities and in rural

44、 areas,or the supply of remote islands by ships 6.Both China and Germany are investigating the opportunities and challenges of drone use in pilot and demonstration projects and are working intensively on innovative solutions to integrate unmanned aerial concepts into transport in the future.The Germ

45、an Federal Governments Action Plan 6,as an examp-le,aims to promote research and development(R&D)as well as further innovations and new economic fields with drones 7.Since 2019,the German Federal Ministry for Digital and Transport(BMDV)has approved more than 40 different projects from industry and s

46、cien-ce on unmanned aerial applications and indi-vidual air mobility solutions 8.Chinas 14th Five-Year Plan for the Development of Civil Aviation also shows how the innovative de-10velopment of drones will be advanced in the future.The primary targets of this new de-velopment plan are 9:Active expan

47、sion of service areas:promo-ting the development of drone applica-tions;supporting drone services in postal express logistics,urban public services,emergency rescue and public health;pro-moting drone applications and integration in urban,rural,and remote areas to moder-nise agriculture and rural reg

48、ions.Improvement of regulation and standar-disation system:establishment of drone regulations,classification and management methods,management platforms and gui-ding mechanisms,and a sound industry management system;formulation of(in-ternational)group standards for drone ap-plication areas and invol

49、vement of private enterprises.Innovation of UAV industry ecology:continuous promotion of pilot regions,research activities,risk assessment and technology verification;construction of innovative platforms and agglomerations focusing on the development of the entire drone industry chain.This report ai

50、ms to describe the importan-ce and role of UAV in the Chinese transport sector,and to look at the innovative develop-ments and approaches to integrating drones into the transportation and mobility system in China.At the same time,the overview of the drone sector in China presented in this article al

51、lows initial assessments of the possible sig-nificance of this transport segment for the fu-ture transport cooperation between China and Germany.In a first step,the essential key terms in the subject area of drones are defined,different areas of application of UAV are described and the European,Germ

52、an,and Chinese under-standing of drones is delineated(Chapter 2).Chapter 3 presents the current and future developments in Chinas drone market,loo-king at,for example,the latest figures in the market,the main stakeholders(mostly manu-facturers),the drone classifications as well as the propulsion tec

53、hnologies currently used in the drone business.The political and regula-tory framework prevailing in China for drone deployment is discussed in Chapter 4.Against the background of Chinas importance for the global drone industry(also as a Real Labora-tory),this section creates an understanding of the

54、 direction of future legislation,the handling of drone licensing in China and the different drone management systems that China has set up to smartly monitor and control the already large number of UAV in operation throughout China.Several years back,China began to im-plement first pioneering pilot

55、and demonstra-tion projects for the innovative use of drones(with the involvement of the private sector)in various fields of application.Chapter 5 there-fore looks at the use of drones in selected case studies(focusing on transport and logistics)by 11describing the potential of UAV use for the integ

56、ration into existing transport solutions and for opening up new opportunities as well as the framework conditions,results and chal-lenges of conducted pilot and demonstration projects in China.A short insight into pilot projects from Germany and Europe is also in-cluded in this chapter.This report e

57、nds with a summary of lessons learned and includes an outlook on the role that drones could play in the future for use in the transport and logistics sector.As machine-building technology cont-inues to evolve,new internet services emerge,and potential areas of use for drones expand,UAV have become a

58、 hot topic for policyma-kers and transport planners worldwide.This report was conducted within the frame-work of the project Sino-German Coope-ration on Mobility and Fuels Strategy(MFS)as a Contribution to the Mobility and Trans-port Transition,which is implemented by the Deutsche Gesellschaft fr In

59、ternationale Zu-sammenarbeit(GIZ)GmbH on behalf of the BMDV(formerly German Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure(BMVI)in cooperation with the Ministry of Transport of the Peoples Republic of China(MoT).The project activities carried out strive to intensify the bilateral Sino-Germ

60、an policy and technical expert dialogue on the energy transition in the mobility and transport sector.Furthermore,the project supports bilateral formats of im-plementation in key issues such as sector cou-pling of the transport and energy sector,integ-rated mobility concepts or,as in this article,th

61、e deployment of drones in the transport sector.The project thus contributes to the debate on innovative and sustainable logistics and feeds this topic into the bilateral policy dialogue bet-ween China and Germany.12When it comes to the terminology of un-manned aerial objects,there is a large variety

62、 of terms that many experts use interchange-ably,under the assumption that the different names or acronyms describe the same object.Apart from the notion of aerial drones,these include terms such as UAV,UAS or remotely piloted aircraft systems(RPAS),which are con-sidered to be the most common acrony

63、ms.In addition,there are national definitions,where the name is translated into the respective nati-onal language 10.However,a detailed examination shows that there are in fact specific differences in the de-finition of the aforementioned terms.In con-trast to a UAS,the term UAV in its most basic fo

64、rm refers only to the autonomous flying ob-ject itself and not the entire system 11.The Commission of the European Union(EU),in its Commission Implementing Regulation EU 2019/947 12,defines the concept of UAS as an unmanned aircraft and the equipment to control it remotely.Such equipment may include

65、 a ground control structure,a commu-nication infrastructure required to send,relay,and receive data,as well as image and video analysis components 11,12.In analogy to the European understanding of drone-related terms,Chinese regulators use the terms UAS and UAV in their normative documents,with UAV

66、in the Chinese definition denoting an aircraft managed by a control station(including remotely piloted and autonomous concepts,but not radio-controlled model aircrafts),also referred to as a remotely piloted aircraft(RPA).The UAS concept(also called RPAS in China),refers to the unmanned aircraft,the

67、 associa-ted control station,the required command and control data connection and the approved sys-tem,consisting of all other components spe-cified in the type design 13.This report uses the terms drone,UAV and UAS synonymously.In recent years,UAV have become of pivotal importance to many individua

68、ls,businesses,and government organisations.It has been realised that drones have many useful capabi-lities and since the physical limits in the ult-ra-low-and low-altitude airspace provide great flexibility for the use of UAV,these aerial ve-hicles cover a multitude of areas in which they can be app

69、lied.At the same time,this diversity of possible applications is leading to a large complexity of the drone market,especially with the introduction of new innovations that continuously unlock more fields of UAV use.Table 1 shows a selection of drone applica-tions in todays UAV market according to th

70、eir general purpose.For instance,drones are de-ployed for camera recording(e.g.in archaeo-logy or agriculture),for entertainment purpo-ses in the film industry or in private contexts,for risk mitigation and avoidance(e.g.during maintenance work,fire-fighting operations,etc.),to enhance accessibility

71、 in,for example,rural or inaccessible areas(e.g.rural and ex-press deliveries)or to increase efficiency and productivity in mobility,disaster control or ag-riculture.2 Definition of Terms and Drone Application Fields13This presentation of applications is non-exhaustive and not free of overlaps betwe

72、en the individual categories(e.g.a drone can be used for risk prevention,but at the same time also reach inaccessible regions by means of ca-meras).Based on the above definitions of terms and different drone application areas,this report is mainly addressing the Chinese civil UAV in-dustry and UAV m

73、arket and a limited subset of its application scenarios,especially in the transport and logistics sector(along the appli-cation areas of accessibility and efficiency).As the statistics on civil drone market applica-tions(on an industrial scale)in China in 2020 in Figure 1 illustrate,only roughly 1.2

74、%of all UAV implementations in China are opera-ted for transport and logistics purposes(ex-press logistics).The lions share,however,is accounted for by applications in geographical surveying and mapping(29.3%),followed by agriculture,forestry,and plant protection(24.9%)and inspection tasks with a sh

75、are of 14.2%15.Purpose of Application Example Areas of Application 1 Camera Disaster Rescue,Agriculture,Archaeology 2 Entertainment Videography,Lightshows,Private Use 3 Risk Avoidance Infrastructure Inspection(e.g.High Voltage Power Lines),Firefighting,Emission Level Measurement,Military Use 4 Acces

76、sibility Rural Delivery,Express Delivery,Congested Streets,Usable 24/7 5 Efficiency Agriculture,Port Operations,Emergency Services Table 1:Deployment of UAV in Different Application Areas(Data:14,15)Figure 1:Application Areas of Industrial Drones(as per Scale)in China in 2020(Data:15)14The Chinese d

77、rone industry is in the stage of a very dynamic and rapid development,dri-ven by,among other things,the maturity of satellite positioning systems,the continuous improvement of electronic and radio-control-led technologies and innovations in UAV mul-tirotor development.In recent years,there has been

78、a proliferation of innovative companies and start-ups in the Chinese UAV market pro-ducing drones and components for commer-cial,industrial,and military purposes.Chinas technology leadership,alongside rising dome-stic demand and a supportive policy and re-gulatory framework is strongly propelling th

79、e growth of the drone industry in China 14,15.Figure 2 describes the size of drone markets worldwide in terms of revenue generated and provides a forecast for 2025.3 Development Status of Chinas Drone IndustryAsia202020258.6217.89202020250.531.08Middle East&Africa202020250.651.09Oceania202020255.199

80、.86Europe202020250.591.11South America202020256.8911.82North AmericaRevenue in bn.US dollarsRevenue in bn.US dollarsRevenue in bn.US dollarsRevenue in bn.US dollarsRevenue in bn.US dollarsRevenue in bn.US dollarsDrone Market Size and Forecast 2020-20252019202020212022202320242025Revenue in bn.US dol

81、lars18222833374043Figure 2:Drone Market Size and Forecast from 2020 to 2025(Own Illustration based on 16)3.1 Market Development15Looking at Asia as a whole,the market is pro-jected to grow strongly in the coming years with a Compound Annual Growth Rate(CAGR)of approximately 15.5%between 2020(re-venu

82、e of USD 8.62 billion(EUR 7.55 billi-on)and 2025(revenue of USD 17.89 billi-on(EUR 15.13 billion).By 2025,the CAGR of the European(revenue of USD 9.86 bil-lion(EUR 8.34 billion)and North Ameri-can market(revenue of USD 11.82 billion(EUR 9.99 billion)will be 13.5%and 11.3%,respectively.Forecasts show

83、 that the global UAV market will also register a strong growth with a CAGR of 13.8%between 2020 and 2025.The total revenue of the entire drone industry in 2025 is estimated at more than USD 40 billion(EUR 33.8 billion)16.China alone is currently the second largest drone market in the world,behind th

84、e United States as the leading market(Europe in third place).It is expected to close the gap with the United States by 2024 and generate a revenue of around USD 16 billion(EUR 13.5 billion1 14,16.Initially,drones in China were mainly used for military purposes.However,in recent years,the development

85、 of the UAV industry has accelerated and gradually extended from the military to the civilian sector(consumer and industrial UAV).In the field of civil dro-nes,China is the world leader and the most im-portant industrial base globally.Chinas UAV research and development enterprises have de-veloped r

86、apidly over the years and have taken a better competitive position in the international market 15,17.The total volume of drones in China is expected to increase to more than three million units by 2025 14.As the big-gest manufacturer in the global drone industry,China is also the worlds largest expo

87、rter of ci-vil consumer drones by revenue generated and export levels have steadily grown over the past few years.According to data released by the General Administration of Customs of the Peoples Republic of China(GACC)in 2021,the export of civil consumer drones from Chi-na in 2020 amounted to abou

88、t CNY 23.7 bil-lion,or EUR 3.0 billion(CNY 18.7 billion(EUR 2.4 billion)in 2017)17.3.2 Drone Industry Stakeholders and ManufacturersChinas UAV sector is shaped and influenced by a wide range of stakeholders.These include policymakers,the industry and private sector,as well as drone users.Policymaker

89、s,legislators,and decision-makers in authorities at national and local levels are setting the appropriate po-licy and regulatory frameworks to ensure that drones can be operated properly and safely and to promote the overall development of the Chinese UAV industry.The private sector is engaged withi

90、n the established framework,producing drones,components,and software 1 Exchange rates can be found in the appendix.16solutions for distinct user groups,including in-dividuals,enterprises,institutions,and govern-mental organisations.This section will mainly focus on the industrial environment and the

91、 major players in the drone sector.The Chinese drone industry comprises nu-merous companies and start-ups pushing in-novative UAV technologies with the aim of evolving China into a lead market and leading supplier.While the drone market in China is dominated by only a limited number of(also globally

92、 significant)manufacturers,industry estimates point to around 70,000 registered companies in China manufacturing UAV,pro-ducing components,and offering drone soft-ware solutions 18.As shown in Figure 3,from the perspective of regional distribution,the provinces of Guang-dong,Jiangsu,Beijing,Shanghai

93、,Sichuan,and Jiangxi have the most representative enterpri-ses in the UAV industry chain in China.Zhe-jiang,Henan,Chongqing,Jiangsu,and Shan-dong are also home to a large number of UAV industrial parks.Furthermore,in 2021,the Chengdu Aircraft Industry Group(CAIG),which is a subsidiary of the state-o

94、wned Avi-ation Industry Corporation of China,has also signed an agreement with the provincial go-vernment of Sichuan to jointly invest appro-ximately USD 1.55 billion(EUR 1.3 billion)in the construction of a UAV industrial park in the region 14.The darker the color scheme,the more companies are loca

95、ted in the respective area.SichuanChengdu Aircraft Industry(Group)Co.LtdGuangdongDJIShenzhen DamodaXAGFlyproEHangAEE TechnologyXingtu TechFeima RobotJiangxiEwattShanghaiJiji RobotJiangsuYijiahe TechJiangsu WodeXinyuyuhangYuneecBeijingZero TechPower VisionChina四川北京上海江蘇江西廣東Figure 3:Geographical Distri

96、bution of Civil Drone Industry in China(Own Illustration based on 15)17In particular,Guangdong and the Greater Bay Area(Guangzhou,Shenzhen,Macao,and Hong Kong)are the leading regions of the drone industry in China,with Shenzhen-based companies DJI or Dajiang Innovations(Chine-se:大疆創新),High Great(Chi

97、nese:高巨創新)and Shenzhen Damoda(Chinese:深圳大漠大),and their Guangzhou-based neighbour EHang(Chinese:億航),among the largest and most significant players in the Chinese(and to some extent the global)UAV industry 15,18.Located in the Greater Bay Area,Shenzhen stands out as the true Capital of Drones in China

98、 18-20,with Shenzhen-based global player DJI responsible for more than 70%of the worlds consumer drone market,ranking first among civil drone manufacturers world-wide 15.Shenzhen,which has hosted the an-nual Drone World Congress since 2017,also appears to be a highly favourable location for UAV ente

99、rprises in China due to its early ad-option of regulations to promote an attractive regulatory environment that supports inno-vations in the UAV industry.Such measures include,for example,the adoption of a local legal framework for mini and light civil dro-nes,as well as special funding schemes that

100、 stimulate emerging UAV companies through direct support and risk compensation 21-23.Through these programmes,the local gover-nment supports more than 200 drone-related initiatives every year 21.Moreover,compa-nies can benefit from partnerships with vari-ous stakeholders,such as scientific institute

101、s,the military or energy companies.At the same time,Shenzhen not only provides easy access to drone suppliers and raw materials,but also opens up a pool of creative talents to com-panies 18.This creates cross-cutting value,consolidates Shenzhens position as a UAV knowledge centre and creates major i

102、ndustry players,which are briefly described below.DJI is currently the leading company in dro-ne manufacturing with a global consumer and commercial drone market share of more than 70%,ahead of Intel(United States)with 4.1%market share and the Chinese manufacturer Yuneec(Chinese:昊翔),which has a 3.6%

103、share of the global market 14.DJI continues to set global technological standards with the introduction of highly innovative drone pro-ducts that combine compact weight and high-end features.This can be attributed to,among other things,the companys innovation-driven R&D strategy(25%of all employees

104、are wor-king in R&D),low production costs,skilled personnel,and the ability to quickly respond to market needs 14,21.In 2012,the company launched its first consumer drone,making its UAV,previously exclusively available to profes-sional users,accessible to the public 24.This and the introduction of m

105、ore advanced dro-nes in the following years(e.g.with high-re-solution camera systems)allowed the civil dro-ne market to expand enormously.DJIs flight control systems,stabilisers and UAV cameras are all developed and produced by the compa-ny in-house.By the end of 2019,the company 18had filed over 11

106、,300 patents 21.From 2013 to 2017,sales doubled almost every year,and its industrial output exceeded USD 3.8 billion(EUR 3.4 billion)in 2019 14.In the future,the company plans to set another focus on electromobility and intelligent and automated driving with the foundation of the separate au-tomotiv

107、e division DJI Automotive 18.Another global player,mainly in logistics and passenger transport,smart city management and entertainment(photography and media),is Guangzhou-based EHang.Valued at around USD 7 billion(EUR 5.9 billion)in February 2021,the company is working on battery-po-wered autonomous

108、 aerial vehicles(for electric vertical takeoff and landing(eVTOL)for use in smart cities.EHang became the first listed passenger drone company in December 2019 18,25.EHangs mission is to make safe,au-tonomous,and environmentally friendly aerial mobility accessible to all by providing end-to-end solu

109、tions including hardware and software configuration,takeoff and landing platform set-up,and other operational services.In addi-tion,considering rising personnel costs and the rapid development of smart logistics,EHang is working on ways to meet the different re-quirements of various application scen

110、arios in terms of flight range,loading,takeoff and lan-ding methods,helping to create a more open,intelligent,and efficient air logistics platform 26.EHang,which competes with companies such as Munich-based Lilium,Airbus,Boeing,Hyundai,and General Motors,has already completed a number of demonstrati

111、on flights.For example,in January 2021,EHang success-fully carried 36 passengers through a test area in Guangdong with its first autonomous pas-senger UAV EH2016.In February 2021,the first test flights were conducted in the Chinese capital Beijing 18,27.With the formal adop-tion of the Special Condi

112、tions for EH216-S AAV Type Certification by the Civil Aviati-on Administration of China(CAAC)in Fe-bruary 2022,another milestone was reached.These special conditions form the basis for the compliance and safety of EH216-S dro-nes,including flight performance,structures,design and construction,propul

113、sion systems,systems and equipment,data link and ground control stations 28.Nevertheless,regulatory hurdles,R&D costs and lagging infrastructure will continue to pose challenges for EHang in the future 18.In parallel to the above-mentioned drone play-ers active in the transport and mobility seg-ment

114、,there are several other important com-panies in China that develop drones mainly for use in the entertainment sector.The two companies High Great and Shenzhen Da-moda(together with EHang)are among the big three Chinese companies in the entertain-ment sector 18.High Great was founded in Shenzhen in

115、2014 and is,among others,Audis partner for vehicle presentations.With fleets consisting of several thousand drones,High Great has already performed over 1,000 light 19shows in more than 200 cities worldwide 18,29.Shenzhen Damodas headquarters are also located in Shenzhen.The company was foun-ded in

116、2016 and focuses on the research and development of drone flight control systems and cluster formation technology.Shenzhen Damoda,which offers its light shows mainly for festivities,theme parks,advertising,and marketing,also features prominently at the most significant event in China,the annual nati

117、onally broadcasted Spring Festival Gala of China Central Television(CCTV).The com-pany works closely with the two other Shenz-hen-based enterprises BYD and Huawei on aerial advertising 18,30.Given the large number of players involved in the UAV supply chain and the size of the Chi-nese drone market,

118、the rapidly growing UAV industry in China creates significant value for the Chinese economy.Against this backdrop,China has taken a strong interest in recent ye-ars to establish a well-functioning framework at the regional and national levels.This is to ensure the proper operation of UAV in Chi-nas

119、airspace and thus enable the sustainable expansion and healthy development of this in-dustry and market.3.3 Drone Classification SystemDrones are configured very differently in the industry depending on the platform and task.As for any aircraft,there are different classi-fications for drones or UAV

120、based on corre-sponding parameters.In general,drones can be classified according to their performance characteristics.Key parameters for differen-tiating and classifying drones include,for in-stance,weight,wingspan,wing loading,range,maximum altitude,speed,endurance,degree of operational autonomy,pr

121、opulsion type(see Chapter 3.4)or operational costs.Furthermo-re,civil aviation authorities of different coun-tries also use their own classification systems 31.Table 2 shows the classification established by the CAAC.A distinction is made accor-ding to classification level,empty weight and maximum t

122、akeoff weight.Depending on the operational risk,civil drones in China are divi-Classification Level Empty Weight WE kg Takeoff Weight WT kg I Micro Drone 0.0 WE 0.25-II Light Drone 0.25 WE 4.0 1.5 WT 7.0 III Small Drone 4.0 WE 15.0 7.0 WT 25.0 IV Medium Drone 15.0 WE 116.0 25.0 WT 150.0 V Large Dron

123、e Agricultural/Plant Protection Drone XI 116.0 WE 5,700.0 150.0 5,700.0-Table 2:Classification of Drones in China according to CAAC(Data:32,33)20ded into micro,light,small,medium,and large drones.Micro drones(classification level I)are desi-gned with an empty weight of less than 0.25 kg and a maximu

124、m air speed of not higher than 40 km/h and a flight altitude of not more than 50 m.The radio transmission equipment meets the technical requirements of the micro-pow-er short-range radio transmission equipment of remotely piloted aircrafts 32.Light UAV(classification level II)are drones with a maxim

125、um empty weight of 4 kg.With a maximum takeoff weight of 7 kg,light drones achieve a maximum flight speed of 100 km/h.In addition,light drones are capable of main-taining their position(altitude)in the airspace and being continuously and reliably monito-red.At the same time,the technical require-men

126、ts for remote-controlled aircrafts must be met 32.Classification level III refers to small UAV with a maximum empty weight of no more than 15 kg or a maximum takeoff weight of no more than 25 kg(micro and light UAV are excluded).Medium UAV(classification level IV)are limi-ted to a takeoff weight bet

127、ween 25 kg and not more than 150 kg and an empty weight of not more than 116 kg.Large UAV,which include agricultural drones and plant protection UAV(classification level V),are allowed to have a takeoff weight between 150 kg and 5,700 kg with an empty weight of maximum 5.700 kg(classification level

128、XI).Classification level XII drones are designated as having an empty weight of more than 5.700 kg 32.The classification system presented is based on the latest CAAC documents,regulations,and guidelines for differentiating drone clas-ses.Previous documentation published by the CAAC may also be based

129、 on other classifica-tions(e.g.with a higher number of classifica-tion levels).3.4 Drone Propulsion TechnologyDrones can also be classified according to their type of propulsion system.The Chine-se drone industry makes use of a whole range of propulsion technologies that are currently on the market

130、or still in development.A brief discussion of the propulsion technologies lis-ted in Figure 4 follows,which primarily inclu-des three types of drive systems for UAV:fuel(combustion engine),hybrid fuel-electric and pure electric propulsion systems 34.Of the different technologies used in un-manned av

131、iation today,ICE,both petrol and diesel powered,have the longest standing and are still among the preferred power supplies for most military and commercial UAV 35.The fuel propulsion system of a drone usually consists of a fuel supply system,an engine,a mechanical transmission,and a propeller.Fuel e

132、ngines can mainly be divided into piston and turbine engines(e.g.turbojet,turboprop).In the case of the piston engine,mainly 2-stro-21ke,4-stroke or also Wankel engines are used,whereby the 2-stroke engine(which opera-tes in two strokes and the four stages inta-ke,compression,power,and exhaust)is th

133、e most widely used internal combustion engine.Because a lot of air must be inhaled during the combustion process,piston engines are often only applicable for drones operating at low speed and low or medium altitude 34,35.Overall,engines deployed in UAV must have many characteristics,including long l

134、ifespan,low volume,high power-to-weight ratio,ro-bustness,and maintainability 34.This leads to advantages of UAV equipped with ICE:longer flight times,robustness,small size,low specific fuel consumption and quick refuelling.The disadvantages are that they require more maintenance and,in some cases,m

135、ay be even heavier compared to battery-powered drones 34,35.In addition,the use of internal com-bustion engines(e.g.gas engines)is often not practical for multirotor drones,as drones with multiple rotors require fast and high-precision throttle changes to keep them stabilised,which an ICE is not cap

136、able of 36.With increasing environmental concerns and the depletion of fossil fuels,the energy supply of aircrafts has become an ongoing challenge.Therefore,hyb-rid and purely electrically powered drones are now the focus of interest.The electric powertrain of UAV usually invol-ves a power source,an

137、 electric motor,and a control system.Power sources for UAV cover a wide spectrum with the use of,for example,lithium batteries,fuel cells,solar photovoltaic or supercapacitors.By using electrical energy as a power source,UAV with electric power-trains are more environmentally friendly,re-ducing fuel

138、 consumption,pollutant emissions and noise 34.Additionally,compared to fossil fuel drive systems,electric propulsion systems offer greater potential for more diversified applications.For example,more versatile and sophisticated designs can be built with distri-buted electric propulsion systems and m

139、ultiro-tors to improve flight characteristics.At the same time,electric-powered drones are techni-cally simpler in design,and easier to repair and maintain compared to ICE drones.However,due to insufficient adaptability to the environ-UAV Propulsion TechnologiesInternal Combustion EngineElectric Mot

140、orBattery ElectricHybridFuel Cell ElectricExample:Electricity generated with turbines powered through a process of internal combustion.Figure 4:Simplified Schematic Overview of UAV Propulsion Technologies(Own Illustration based on 34)22ment,use in poor weather conditions or in complex electromagneti

141、c environments is of-ten problematic 34,35.At present,the most mature drone technolo-gy is certainly the battery electric propulsion.There are many different types of batteries with their respective advantages and shortco-mings that can be considered for drone appli-cations.However,the most common b

142、atteries for drones are lithium-polymer(Li-Po)and lithium-ion(Li-Ion).Li-Ion batteries feature both high energy as well as high power density.They are also lighter and more compact than other rechargeable batteries.High energy effi-ciency,no memory effect and a relatively long cycle life can be seen

143、 as further advantages in drone use.The major disadvantage,though,lies in the high battery costs.Li-Po batteries are preferred in portable devices and electric transportation due to their superior energy density,power-to-energy ratio,and long cycle life 35.Battery-powered drones can also be recharge

144、d almost anywhere by replacing the battery pack 35,and as innovative approa-ches show,this can also be basically automated without interrupting the flight 37,38.Other innovative drone propulsion concepts being worked on both in China and Germany involve the use of hydrogen and fuel cells(e.g.Polymer

145、 Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells(PEMFC)as alternative source to batteries 34,35.A hydrogen fuel cell operates with the two reactants hydrogen as fuel and oxygen as oxi-dant,producing water and air as by-products.Due to the high energy density of these fuel cells,which is up to 150 times higher than

146、that of a Li-Po battery 35,extended UAV flight times can be achieved.Other major advanta-ges of fuel cells in drones include no direct pollution,no noise,and rapid refuelling.On the downside,they are much larger than con-ventional battery-powered drones,operating costs depend on the availability of

147、hydrogen and the size of the hydrogen tank limits the drones design.As the drone weight declines when the hydrogen tank is emptied during the flight,the tank must also be considered when balancing the drone.The application of hy-drogen fuel cells in vehicles also requires high power density,rapid re

148、sponse to loads,and a hydrogen supply infrastructure 35.Although their use in drones seems promising,fuel cell powered UAV concepts are still considered an immature technology in terms of volume,weight,and costs.One solution to balance the strengths and we-aknesses of different UAV propulsion techno

149、-logies lies in the use of hybrid systems.Hybrid systems rely on two or more types of power sources,generally using one to generate the other,or preferring one and using the other at certain times to improve efficiency.The respective advantages of the energy sources used can thus be exploited at spe

150、cific opera-ting points.This helps to improve the ener-gy and fuel efficiency of the overall system.Some of these hybrid power systems,which are not discussed in detail here,include solar 23hybrids,gasoline-electric hybrids,plug-in hyb-rid electric systems,and hybrids that incorpo-rate supercapacito

151、rs 35.A hybrid propulsion system,for example,consisting of an internal combustion engine and an electric motor that together generate the power required for flight can save about 30%of fuel compared to con-ventional fuel propulsion 34.Research conti-nues in this area 39,40.Finally,there are other po

152、wer sources in the context of UAV propulsion,such as tethered power systems or in-flight battery charging with laser beams,that are not considered here.24The progressive uptake of drones in China in recent years requires systematic management at the national(and provincial)level.Figure 5 depicts the

153、 general drone regulations that have been issued in China since 2013(not comple-te).4 Political and Regulatory Framework for Drones in ChinaThrough the development and publication of a set of normative documents and an administ-rative regulation proposal(in January 2018)for the operation of UAV in t

154、he Chinese airspace,the CAAC and other aviation administration bodies and authorities at the local level aim to address the challenges that the dynamic de-velopment of the UAV market poses for the existing civil aviation regulatory system.There are currently no comprehensive laws or strictly legally

155、 binding administrative regulations for UAV at the national level in China 52,53.The regulatory system is currently based on five fundamental normative documents(con-sisting of Advisory Notices,Management Do-cuments and Aviation Procedures)that have been published nationally by the CAAC and,although

156、 the CAAC is a state body,are not ea-sily enforceable nationwide and can in princip-le be questioned in court 52:Advisory Notice Regulations on the Ope-ration of Light and Small Unmanned Aerial Vehicles(Trial)published on 29 Decem-ber 2015 13.Management Document Measures for the Air Traffic Manageme

157、nt of Civil Un-manned Aircraft Systems published on 21 September 2016 42.Aviation Procedure Regulations on the Administration of Real-Name Registration of Civil Unmanned Aircrafts published on 16 May 2017 43.Management Document Measures for the Administration of Commercial Flight Ac-18/11/2013Interi

158、m Regulations on Pilot Management of Civil Unmanned Aircraft Systems29/12/2015Regulations on the Operation of Light and Small Unmanned Aerial Vehicles(Trial)16/05/2017Regulations on the Administration of Real-Name Registration of Civil Unmanned Aircrafts26/01/2018Interim Regulations on the Administr

159、ation of Unmanned Aircraft Flights(Draft for Comments)01/02/2019Management Regulations forTrial Operation of Certain Types of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles(Provisional)05/11/2019Regulations on the Management of Flight Dynamic Data of Light and Small Civil Unmanned Aerial Vehicles20/01/2020Airworthiness S

160、tandard for High-Risk CargoFixed Wing Unmanned Aerial Systems(Trial)11/05/2020Airworthiness Standard for Medium and High-Risk Unmanned Helicopter Systems(Trial)11/03/2022Operational Identification Concept of Civilian Micro-Light and Small Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems(Provisional)25/01/2019Guidanc

161、e for Airworthiness Certification of UAVBased on Operational Risk21/09/2016Measures for the Air Traffic Management of Civil Unmanned Aircraft Systems21/03/2018Measures for the Administration of Commercial Flight Activities of Civil Unmanned Aircrafts(Provisional)31/08/2018Regulations on the Administ

162、ration of Civil Drone Pilots01/11/2018Technological Regulation of Operational Flights with Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems*replaced on 31/08/2018Figure 5:UAV Policy Regulation System in China(Selected Regulations)(Data:13,32,33,41-51)4.1 Development of Regulation25tivities of Civil Unmanned Aircraft

163、s(Pro-visional)published on 21 March 2018 44.Advisory Notice Regulations on the Ad-mimistration of Civil Drone Pilots pub-lished on 31 August 2018 33.The regulatory document published in 2015 focused primarily on regulating increasing numbers of light and small drones with low flight altitude and sp

164、eed in China.In June 2017,it was introduced for the first time that civil drones with a maximum takeoff weight of 250 g or more(not micro drones)must be registered through Chinas Real Name Re-gistration System for UAV.Owners or rights holders of such drones must register and up-date both their perso

165、nal data and information about their UAV through this system,inclu-ding the owners or holders name,personal ID or passport number,mobile phone num-ber and email address,and the drones model and serial number 53.Further regulations issued in 2018,for example,specified which drones of different classe

166、s are allowed to be operated up to certain flight altitudes without approval.In 2019,the CAAC began piloting certain drone operations(for instance,in un-manned short-distance delivery).In 2020,the CAAC published two airworthiness standards in a row,indicating that large-scale unmanned delivery and l

167、ogistics applications in China will become more important in the future.In addition to drone regulation at the natio-nal level,local governments also promulgate rules and notices on the use of drones at cer-tain times or in certain areas.In Beijing,for example,the Public Security Bureau usually is-s

168、ues official public notices banning the flying of drones throughout the Beijing metropoli-tan area during important events(e.g.the an-nual National Peoples Congress meetings in March).For the remaining part of the year,drones are banned within Beijings Sixth Ring Road,which encompasses the entire ci

169、ty cent-re within a 30 km radius of Tiananmen Squa-re 52.Less stringent and less restrictive UAV regulations apply in other parts of China out-side the capital city.Most provinces and cities have not yet released formal public notices or issued local regulations on the use of drones.However,some loc

170、al authorities have enacted several,albeit often very vague,local laws and published flight restriction zones(for areas around airports,or military bases)following several UAV incidents.Also,some drone ma-nufacturers implement their own area restric-tions,such as setting own flight zones for their u

171、sers to prohibit movements in sensitive areas 52.Although Chinas drone regulation may seem somewhat multi-layered due to the complexity of government regulations at the national and local levels,China has managed to drive the growth of the drone industry(especially in the areas of transport and logi

172、stics,agriculture,and environmental protection)through favourable regulations and measures related to innovation 26and technology.In addition,it can be observed that regulators are continuously making chan-ges and adjustments to the overall administ-rative system,thus cleaning up regulatory ac-tions

173、.In recent years,policy makers have taken a positive approach to opening up low-altitude airspace and have accelerated the development and implementation of drone-related measu-res.Optimising the regulatory framework will positively influence this fast-developing mar-ket and further accelerate the d

174、evelopment of the drone industry in China.4.2 UAV LicensingIn China,the operation licensing and requi-rements for pilots and certification of com-mercial drone activities(for instance,for use in entertainment or delivery activities or for training purposes)are mainly regulated in the normative docum

175、ents 33 Regulations on the Administration of Civil Drone Pilots and 44 Measures for the Administration of Commercial Flight Activities of Civil Un-manned Aircrafts(Provisional).To ensure an orderly and safe deployment of UAV despite the complexity caused by the va-riety of drone classes and systems

176、and the gre-ater flexibility in the applicable airspace com-pared to manned aviation,the implementation of a classification/licensing system for UAV pilots is required.The relevant regulations spe-cify the following 33:The UAV pilot is responsible for the follo-wing cases without having to hold an o

177、pe-rating licence:a)Drones operated indoors.b)Drones in classes I and II(see Table 2 for drone classification).If required for operation,the pilot may file an entry in the UAV Cloud Exchange System.The record should include the pilots real identity information,the drone model used,and the pilot shou

178、ld pass the on-line regulation test.c)Drones for testing in sparsely popula-ted,open,or non-densely populated areas.Pilot licences for UAV other than classifi-cation levels I and II operating in segrega-ted airspace(specifically allocated for UAV operations)and integrated airspace(where other manned

179、 aircrafts are operating simul-taneously)shall be managed by the CAAC.Pilots operating UAV within the visual line-of-sight(VLOS)must hold a VLOS licence with the appropriate category and classifi-cation level issued in accordance with the-se regulations and carry the licence when exercising the appr

180、opriate rights.The same applies to drone pilots who wish to obtain a licence for operating UAV in beyond vi-sual line-of-sight(BVLOS)mode.Special requirements for agricultural and plant protection drones(classification le-27vel V):Pilots responsible for operation and safety of the UAV system shall h

181、old a clas-sification level V licence,or a pilot licence approved by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs(MARA)and other bo-dies that meet the qualification require-ments.Companies manufacturing drones for crop protection are independently re-sponsible for the training and assessment of pla

182、nt protection drone operators.According to the Management Document 44,the use of UAV with a maximum empty weight that is equal to or surpasses 250 g to carry out commercial activities such as aerial spraying,aerial photography,and aerial per-formance flights,etc.,or for pilot training,re-quires an a

183、pplication for an operating licence issued by the CAAC.These measures do not apply to UAV for commercial air transport of passengers and cargo.In order to obtain an unmanned aircraft business licence,the follo-wing basic conditions must be met 44:The main enterprise conducting the bu-siness must be

184、a legal entity and the legal representative has to be a Chinese citizen.The enterprise must own at least one dro-ne registered in the real-name registration system of the CAAC.The training capability must be recognised by the relevant industry department or an authorised institution(only applicable

185、to the conduct of training-type business ac-tivities).Hold ground liability insurance for UAV.The application for the UAV operating licence is made online via the Civil Unmanned Air-craft Operating Licence Management System.The following information is required:basic information about the enterprise

186、;registration number of the UAV;certification number of the drone pilot training institution(applica-ble to training business only);evidence of a ground liability insurance;UAV business acti-vities to be carried out by the enterprise 44.For UAV activities in the transport and mobi-lity sector,for ex

187、ample,for the transport of cargo and passengers by drones,the CAAC uses an accreditation approach.Depending on the complexity of the aviation activities car-ried out and the differences in the scope of operation,the CAAC has formulated distinct validation rules and issued different operating certifi

188、cates.For example,public air transport carriers for large aircrafts 54 and commercial transport operators for small aircrafts 55 are validated in accordance with the appropriate provisions of Chinas civil aviation regulations.In the future,automated and digital manage-ment systems will play an incre

189、asingly import-ant role in managing the rising number of dro-nes in Chinas ultra-low airspace.Through the real-name registration system and management platforms like the Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Operation and Management(UOM)and the Unmanned Aircraft System Traffic Manage-ment Information Service Sys

190、tem(UTMISS),28air traffic control authorities can better moni-tor and control drone activities.At the same time,the public can also use these platforms to operate their drones legally and reasonably.4.3 Drone Management SystemsWith the rapid penetration of drones and the advancement of new technolog

191、ies such as 5G,commercial drone applications in the low-al-titude airspace,especially in urban areas(e.g.for express delivery services,infrastructure in-spections or disaster control),have increased significantly worldwide.Yet,major challenges and technological difficulties remain in the context of

192、drone surveillance and UAV com-munication in the limited low-altitude airspace.For example,the locations of small and light drones cannot be reliably detected by the tra-ditional radar surveillance systems,normal-ly in place for the medium-and high-altitude airspace.These challenges need to be addre

193、s-sed globally by air traffic authorities,which are often subject to a complex structure of regu-latory units and procedures with multi-layered administrative and legislative processes,with effective management measures to ensure the safety and efficiency of drone flights 56,57.In an effort to promo

194、te the development of resources for the already crowded low-altitu-de airspace and to standardise the operation and management of UAV in urban regions,regulations,and laws as well as key techno-logies have been introduced for the use of UAV in the low-altitude airspace in cities 56.As Chapters 4.1 a

195、nd 4.2 show,the CAAC in China has already specified regulations on,for example,maximum flight altitudes for light and small drones in the low-altitude airspace or no-fly zones in sensitive areas(geo-fencing)to maintain the efficiency and safety of UAV flights.To further optimise the management of dr

196、ones against the background of increa-sing application scenarios,some countries and regions have developed traffic management systems for UAV,such as the Unmanned Aircraft Systems Traffic Management(UTM)in the United States,U-Space in Europe,the urban Traffic Management of Unmanned Aircraft System(u

197、TM-UAS)in Singapore,or the UOM in China,whose basic structure and embedding in Chinas overall drone manage-ment is displayed in Figure 6 56.Spearheaded by the CAAC and kicked off in January 2019,the UOM project aims to create a multi-management and multi-service frame-work for the safe,efficient,fle

198、xible,and scala-ble operation of light and small drones below 120 m in China 56.For this purpose,the system,through the UT-MISS flight information management subsys-tem,which is the core component of UOM,comprises four platforms or modules,inclu-ding connections to the Flight Data Transfer and Fligh

199、t Data Source layers,and fully inte-grates the need for information interaction between different administrative departments 56,57:29 Management Administration Platform:This module is for information filing and registration,airworthiness certification(for manufacturers and R&D companies),real-name r

200、egistration(for owners),flight licence application and management,bu-siness and operation licence approval and issuance(for operators)and certification of cloud business qualification(for cloud providers).Operation Management Platform:This module mainly covers air traffic operation management of civ

201、il UAV,including air traffic surveillance,flight data collection,air traffic services,flight plan management based on operational safety risks,etc.(Intergovernmental)Collaboration Plat-form:This module mainly consists of government business collaboration ma-nagement and government information sharin

202、g and consultation services.It of-fers a unique nationwide comprehensive management information interface and industry information inquiry service for ministries and commissions related to the management of specific industries(namely the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology(MIIT),the Mini

203、stry of Public Security(MPS)or the Air Traffic Control Committee).Public Service Platform:This module comprises qualification verification(qua-lification inquiry of UAV pilots and trai-ning institutions)and information retrieval service(used to share public information,such as pilot and operator cre

204、dit record,re-lated laws,and policy announcements).Basic InformationOwner RegistrationPilot LicensingUAS ManufactureTraining InstituteOperatorUAS AirworthinessFuture Air Traffic ManagementAirspace ConfigurationDynamic Geo-FencingFlight Plan ApprovalLow Airspace ControlFlight Surveillance&AlarmCapaci

205、ty and Flow ManagementUOMPoliceMilitaryPublicCloud System(U-Cloud)ManufactureOperatorOwnerPilotUAS(RPAS included)OwnerPilotUAS(RPAS included)Flight Data TransferFlight Data Source*RPAS:Remotely Piloted Aircraft SystemFigure 6:UOM Structure and Embedding in Chinas Overall Drone Management(Own Illustr

206、ation based on 57)30UTMISS was developed to provide a unified mechanism for managing information syner-gies through industry management,airspace control,government coordination,and social services and to promote the development and application of low-altitude drone pilot ope-rations 56.It was first

207、launched in late 2018 through a pilot project in Shenzhen 58 for drone air traffic control information services(as well as in the Hainan Province 59).Its objective is to provide an information-based system to build a set of efficient management practices between UAV users and management departments(

208、for example,to communicate the management requirements of relevant depart-ments to users and to report drone operation information to air traffic control and relevant security departments)56.The pilot phases in Shenzhen and Hainan laid a solid foundati-on for the development of UOM through the optim

209、isation of UTMISS,such as data inter-action between the management system and a UAV Cloud Exchange System.The Chinese UAV cloud-based system requi-res that drones of classification levels II and IV must be connected to the cloud system if they are operated in sensitive areas and in airport clearance

210、 areas.The cloud features a dynamic database system for the operation of light and small civil drones and provides users with navigation and meteorological services and carries out real-time monitoring of civil drones(including information on position,al-titude,speed,etc.).In addition,it is mandated

211、 that UAV connected to the cloud must upload their flight data immediately,and that the UAV cloud system must trigger an alarm in the event of a drone entering a geo-fenced area 56.The development plan for the UOM system follows three phases:The first phase(Basic Support Construction)from 2018 to 20

212、20 had the goal of building a national unified com-prehensive platform for the operation and ma-nagement of civil drones.The second phase from 2021 to 2025(Specification and Integra-tion)is intended to specify aspects of indus-trial management,air traffic control,govern-ment cooperation and social s

213、ervices and to integrate the regulatory framework(standards and norms).In the third phase(Inosculation and Development),planned for 2025 to 2030,a fully mature management service system,in-cluding the entire life cycle,all-weather condi-tions,all-directional and all-visual supervision of low-altitud

214、e UAV,should be established 57.The demonstration and subsequent introduc-tion of UAV management systems in China is an important step in the further advancement of domestic drone management.This can cre-ate a clearly defined,formalised system and minimise grey areas of unclear competences and respon

215、sibilities.The establishment of a suitable legal and regulatory framework is in-tended to create an environment in which in-novative drone projects and applications can be further developed in the future.315 Pilot and Demonstration ProjectsThe above findings lead to the assessment that China is alre

216、ady one of the leading countries in the use of drones,which will have a significant influence on the shaping of innovative avia-tion in the future.It can be observed that Chi-nese manufacturers are evincing an enormous speed of innovation and are thus far ahead of their competitors in the developmen

217、t,piloting,and introduction of autonomous systems(e.g.in the field of transport and(personal)mobi-lity).This is due in no small part to Chinas unique economic and political environment and the governments support in selecting sui-table test sites.This chapter describes several Chinese pilot projects

218、 from the transport and mobility sector and briefly discusses the situa-tion regarding demonstration projects in Ger-many and Europe.5.1 Rural Delivery in ShaanxiThe Chinese province of Shaanxi is located in the centre of the country.It covers an area of roughly 205,600 km2 60 with a population of 3

219、9.5 million 61.Due to its geographical loca-tion in the heart of northwest China,Shaanxi is of central importance for the transport and logistics sector as a transport hub.As the num-bers in Figure 7 indicate,the logistics demand in Shaanxi has continued to surge every year since at least 2007.Due t

220、o the importance of the region,Chinas e-commerce giant JD.com(Chinese:京東)an-nounced already in 2017 that it would coope-rate with the Xian National Civil Aerospace Industrial Base in establishing a research and development campus in the provincial capital of Xian to develop,manufacture and pilot dro

221、ne systems.In addition,the campus will incorporate a global logistics headquarter,an unmanned systems centre,and a hub for JD.coms big data and cloud computing activities 63.The company has earmarked an invest-Figure 7:Total Amount and Growth of(External)Logistics in the Shaanxi Province(Own Illustr

222、ation based on 62)32ment of CNY 20.5 billion(EUR 2.7 billion)by 2022 to expand business operations into Shaanxi 64.With the decision to move key business acti-vities to Xian in 2017,JD.com concurrently began building up Chinas largest low-altitude drone logistics network under an agreement with the

223、provincial government of Shaanxi.This network operates within an area of a 300 km radius.The operations will eventually include several hundred different routes and UAV airbases throughout the province,whe-re the terrain is complex,and the logistics in-frastructure is yet insufficient.The goal is to

224、 provide cost-effective,scalable,safe,and relia-ble delivery options in remote rural areas that are currently not sufficiently connected to the delivery network.Heavy-load drones with a capacity of more than one ton will distribute e-commerce deliveries(e.g.fresh foods,elec-tronics,etc.)and agricult

225、ure products to remo-te regions and cities 63,65.The network works by first routing orders from regional delivery stations to JD.coms net-work of dedicated village promoters in each village(currently 300,000 village promoters in entire China).These promoters then distribute the orders directly to cu

226、stomers,significantly shortening delivery times and reducing logi-stics costs 65.This solution can be referred to as a delivery hub-and-spoke model,where the UAV takes the place of,for example,con-ventional delivery vehicles that would normal-ly have distributed orders to the village promo-ters.This

227、 approach allows the use of UAV for delivery to avoid higher costs of transport on rural roads,which typically show poor infra-structure and accessibility.Constructing such a delivery concept is an initial low-threshold entry point for testing the deployment of dro-nes,as the drone replaces an exist

228、ing link in the delivery chain(delivery vehicle)rather than being added as an additional component to an existing delivery concept.This allows the ope-rators to run their systems nearly unchanged,but more efficiently.In the long term,such a network could be expanded and eventually de-veloped into an

229、 intelligent logistics system that integrates air and ground transportation to re-alize a logistics cycle across provincial or even national borders.JD.coms Xian-based drone delivery unit is the first company in China to be awarded a licence from the CAAC Northwest Regional Administration in 2018 to

230、 use logistics drones at the provincial level 66.Competitor SF Ex-press(Chinese:順豐)also received a commer-cial licence in 2018 to legally deliver goods to customers using drones 67.In pilot applica-tions in the capital Xian alone,JD.com com-pleted more than 800 operational flights from June to July

231、2017,covering more than 4,000 km with its drones 68.Based on the experience of these pilot appli-cations in Shaanxi,the Northwest Regional Administration of the CAAC published the Measures for the Administration of Logistics and Distribution Business Activities of Civil 33Unmanned Aircrafts in North

232、west China(Tri-al)in 2019 69.This regulation specifies that civil drones with a maximum empty weight of no more than 250 g and a maximum takeoff weight of not more than 150 kg can undertake commercial cargo transportation and distribu-tion flights in the provinces Shaanxi,Gansu,Ningxia,and Qinghai,s

233、ubject to obtaining the relevant licences in advance 69.The issuance of this regulation by the CAAC underscores the success of JD.coms pilot project,which will extend its experience to a wider area.The programme now already covers more than 100 rural villages in China 18.5.2 Urban Delivery in Zhejia

234、ngHangzhou is the largest city in the eastern Chinese Zhejiang Province(about 12 million inhabitants 70)and at the same time the pro-vincial capital,which also functions as the cen-tre of the Hangzhou metropolitan area.In the west of Hangzhous Yuhang District lies the Hangzhou Future Sci-tech City,a

235、n industrial platform and innovation and venture complex for global technology entrepreneurship.This development zone has emerged from a part-nership between the Yuhang District Govern-ment and Chinas tech giant Alibaba(Chinese:阿里巴巴),with the aim of creating an in-ternational innovation ecosystem wh

236、ere local players can establish and expand their business activities.Geared towards the integration of industry and city,this high-tech centre,one of several new suburban cities in Hangzhou,is in-tended to combine high quality of life,mobili-ty,and sustainability 71.Optimised transport and mobility

237、services,responsible and sustain-able urban development and mixed land use are key aspects that represent a great oppor-tunity for innovative developments of,for instance,integration of urban short-distance drone delivery services.A variety of enterprises and innovative tech-nology actors and instit

238、utions have settled in Hangzhou and its Future Sci-Tech City whe-re there is a high availability of well-trained and experienced technology workforce including Zhejiang University,Alibaba Taobao City and other e-commerce and internet start-ups.Mo-reover,the local government has created a bu-siness a

239、nd start-up support network that pro-vides a comprehensive package of assistance services such as patent applications,business registration,cloud processing services at Ali-baba and fully equipped laboratories for pro-totyping and development 71.Hangzhous advanced digital infrastructure and digital

240、technology systems(supported by 5G technology and Chinas independently de-veloped BeiDou Navigation Satellite System(BDS)2 72)provide an excellent environment for companies in the drone industry to de-velop and demonstrate pilot UAV applications(e.g.in logistics,medical supply distribution,and emerg

241、ency security).As early as 2020,Hangzhou has been included in the first group of 13 CAAC-designated pilot zones for civil 34unmanned aerial vehicles 73.Hangzhous Yuhang District,which has allocated 25 km2 of land as a special area for drone experimen-tation 74,will carry out pilot testing of un-mann

242、ed aviation in its Future Sci-Tech City 73.Since October 2020(until January 2022),over 46,000 unmanned drone trials have been conducted in the logistics,medical care,emer-gency rescue and city patrol sector in Hangz-hou,where the 5G signal facilitating drone de-ployment already covers over 1,600 km2

243、 74.This innovative development zone is home to the headquarters of Antwork(Chinese:迅蟻),a Chinese technology and UAV start-up founded in 2015.Antworks mission is to de-sign and develop drones,unmanned stations and cloud-based UAV traffic and operation management systems.Through these efforts,the com

244、pany strives to contribute to its goal of building safe and efficient urban air cargo networks with autonomous air delivery ser-vices for businesses and consumers in 100 ci-ties worldwide in the next three to five years.The company intends to make a significant contribution to the development of urb

245、an air mobility(UAM)75.Antwork started in the mail and postal bu-siness in rural areas and set up Chinas first drone mail delivery route with China Post in the Zhejiang Province in 2016.The deployed UAV,which can carry between 5 kg and 7 kg and fly up to 30 km,contributed to a massi-ve reduction in

246、transport time and costs 75,76.In 2018,Antwork transitioned to offering food delivery services,with the start-up setting up five drone landing sites in the Hangzhou Future Sci-Tech City,making nearly 10,000 food deliveries via Tencents WeChat mini pro-gramme Antwork Bar(Chinese:迅蟻送吧)77.The following

247、 year,Antwork launched its Drone Medical Delivery Network,occupying a niche in China with this new core business 75,78.In the same year,the project was further advanced with the granting of a drone delivery licence in urban areas by the CAAC,the award of a medical hygiene certificate and the per-mis

248、sion to fly through certain areas of airspace 78.The experience acquired in previous years by delivering food and medical supplies with low weight over short distances benefitted the company during the restrictions imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic in China.In early 2020,after the outbreak of the COV

249、ID-19 pandemic,Antwork carried out its first relay delivery of medical supplies(medical samples and quarantine materials)between hospitals and disease control centres at the request of 2 The BDS has been independently developed,implemented,and operated by China.As a temporal-spatial infrastructure o

250、f national significance,the BDS is capable of providing users worldwide with all-time,all-weather,and high-precision positioning,navigation,and timing services.The BDS is widely used in transportation,agriculture,forestry,fisheries,hydrologic monitoring,weather forecasting,communications,power distr

251、ibution,disaster response,public security,and other sectors,and serves nationally important infrastructures.BDS-based navigation services have been widely adopted by e-commerce companies,smart mobile device manufacturers,and location-based service providers 72.35the Peoples Hospital of Xinchang in S

252、hao-xing,Zhejiang Province 78,79.The flight time efficiency of UAV deployed by Antwork had increased by more than 50%compared to conventional road transport,making syste-matic drone shipments based on the developed Drone Medical Delivery Network a safe and reliable,cheap,efficient,and contactless me

253、-ans of transportation for epidemic prevention and control in China 79,80.Including 2020,Antworks drones have flown at least 60,000 km,with a maximum flight ran-ge of 15 km in urban areas and a maximum load capacity of 5 kg 78.The medical pilot project in Zhejiang alone has used its drones to transp

254、ort more than 10,000 medical samples within one year(since the outbreak of the CO-VID-19 pandemic until January 2021),cover-ing more than 30,000 km 80.In the future,the focus of Antworks business activities will be increasingly on the medical logistics sector,especially on medical quarantine deliver

255、ies as well as inspections and first aid services 77.These solutions help to address the challenges of effective and timely provision of resources to relevant medical sites and the hurdles of timely availability of first aid at locations that are difficult to access.5.3 Express Delivery in Guangdong

256、In May 2019,DHL Express announced the formation of a strategic partnership with the globally significant Chinese drone manufactu-rer EHang.With this Sino-German collabora-tion,the two industry giants aimed to develop innovative and fully automated and intelligent drone delivery solutions to tackle l

257、ast-mile ex-press deliveries in metropolitan areas in China(e.g.in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area).A fully autonomous loa-ding and unloading of parcels and mail should increase the profitability of express delivery processes 81.In the first stage of the partnership,daily ship-ments w

258、ere supposed to be transported by drones between the DHL service centre in Li-aobu(Dongguan)in the Guangdong Province and the location of a DHL customer eight ki-lometres away(Songsanhu Area)in a pilot pro-ject.The UAV operated by EHang for this task were tailored to the customers requirements.They

259、can take off and land vertically and have a high-precision navigation and positioning system,intelligent fully automatic flight route planning and a real-time network connection.Each drone can carry a weight of up to 5 kg and dock with intelligent parcel boxes,which usually function similarly to a c

260、onventional parcel station for the customer.The key advan-tage of these innovative platforms,however,is that the goods delivered by UAV are seam-lessly integrated into the sorting,scanning and storage automation of the express delivery.To further increase the service level for the customers in the f

261、uture,the smart platforms will also include other innovative technologies such as facial recognition and ID scanning 81,3682.Figure 8 shows the express delivery sys-tem and its drones used in this application.In this project,the use of drones reduced the delivery time from 40 minutes on the road(in

262、difficult road conditions and traffic jams)to a total of eight minutes in the air.According to DHL,this not only reduces energy consumpti-on and CO2 emissions during delivery,but also enables cost savings of up to 80%81,82.As a result,the drones in this demonstration pro-ject offer a monetary incent

263、ive for their users in addition to a higher level of service.This clearly demonstrates the potential of UAV to make a positive contribution to the traditional urban delivery market,as their deployment can help avoid congestion,symptomatic of large cities and metropolitan areas.Source:Deutsche Post D

264、HL GroupSource:Deutsche Post DHL GroupSource:Deutsche Post DHL GroupDHL is the first international express compa-ny to offer such a service in China.Through this innovative drone delivery technology,the company seeks to expand its services in the country,where direct business relationships between p

265、rivate customers and companies continue to surge due to the growing e-com-merce sector.Thus,innovative,and automated parcel delivery solutions are on the rise.In ad-dition to the establishment of the first pilot delivery route,DHL intended to further de-velop and expand its innovative delivery solu-

266、tion with improved drone technology(range,cargo capacity)and rapid development of new routes 81,82.Figure 8:DHLs Fully Automated and Intelligent Urban Drone Delivery Service 8137Surprisingly,Deutsche Post DHL Group an-nounced in August 2021 the early drop-out from its parcel drone development projec

267、ts in Germany and abroad.As a consequence,no further pilot projects with parcel delivery dro-nes will be developed in the future and regular operations of delivery with parcel drones will not be pursued,particularly in Germany.Key reasons include regulatory challenges and high costs.Due to the great

268、er potential for drone use in China,the customer-oriented express delivery route launched in 2019 in the Guang-dong Province is not affected by this adjust-ment.The pilot project has now entered regu-lar operation 83.5.4 German and European InitiativesThere are numerous pilot projects trialling UAV

269、applications in logistics and mobility en-vironments outside of China.European coun-tries are currently working across the entire spectrum of drone technologies to develop in-novative solutions and best practices to make use of the great economic and environmental potential of drones in a European o

270、perational framework.This chapter briefly looks at selec-ted German and European example applica-tions and initiatives involving UAV technolo-gies.A comparatively simple but efficient use case is the application of drones to carry out inven-tories in the logistics industry.Large high-bay warehouses

271、can reach heights of up to 50 m,making drones an effective tool for warehouse management.Suitable solutions have alrea-dy been developed and used by large logistics players such as the forklift manufacturer Lin-de Material Handling(now KION Group)or FIEGE Logistics 84,85.The system works with UAV th

272、at are coupled with autonomous laser guided vehicles(LGV)or automated gui-ded vehicles(AGV)and are supplied with elec-tricity via these vehicles.As the vehicles pass through the warehouse,the camera-equipped drones can scan each pallet location in the warehouse racks vertically up to the ceiling and

273、 capture barcodes.This data is fed into the warehouse management system.The coupling of drones with autonomous vehicles enables an uninterrupted power supply,even during long hours of operation,so that the required tasks can be carried out fully automated by UAV,e.g.at night 86.Outside controllable

274、environments,several players in Germany and Europe are working on unmanned aerial vehicles for use in medi-cal deliveries,partly supported by correspon-ding government funding programmes.One prominent application in Germany is the pilot project Medifly,which is already in its second phase,funded by

275、the BMDV with several pro-ject partners,including Lufthansa Technik AG,FlyNex GmbH and Hamburg Aviation e.V.87.The project idea is based on the problem that patients often need urgent medication du-ring operations or that biopsies must be exa-mined during medical interventions in external 38laborato

276、ries.Important time can thus be lost due to road transport over long distances in the city.With the help of the transport of me-dication and medical samples by UAV in urban areas,it is demonstrated how transport times can be reduced and operations can be carri-ed out more efficiently for the benefit

277、 of the patient,considering the corresponding legal and technical framework conditions 87,88.Following successful test flights between two municipal hospitals in the city of Hamburg at the beginning of 2020 89,the drone network is now to be automated and implemented in BVLOS mode between several hos

278、pitals in the city,with the aim of regular operation 87.Another test project in drone logistics for la-boratory diagnostics was launched in 2020 by the Swiss company Matternet in cooperation with Labor Berlin Charit Vivantes in Berlin.The established BVLOS drone delivery net-work is expected to incr

279、ease timeliness(up to 70%faster)and efficiency of sample trans-ports between three locations in Berlin 90.Drone applications(and BVLOS cases in par-ticular)are subject to strict regulations and safety requirements in Germany(e.g.regar-ding evasive manoeuvres of drones in onco-ming traffic)and requir

280、e corresponding ma-nagement systems to ensure the operational safety and integration of UAV into the regu-lar airspace.The European system currently being developed for this purpose is based on the U-Space concept and consists of specific services and processes(work identifi-cation,geo-awareness,or

281、traffic information)that are intended to enable drones to access airspace safely and efficiently(see also chapter 4.3).With the participation of member states,the U-Space regulatory package was approved by the European Union Aviation Safety Agen-cy(EASA)Committee in February 2021 and subsequently ad

282、opted and published by the European Commission in April 2021.The three implementing regulations of the U-Spa-ce regulatory package will apply from 26 Janu-ary 2023 91.Germanys envisaged integration of UAV into existing airspace structures through U-Space airspaces is intended to advance automated an

283、d connected aviation while protecting priva-te data and the environment.To this end,Ger-many is currently establishing a U-Space Real Laboratory(U-Space Reallabor)to ascertain potential obstacles and challenges.The coope-ration to establish the U-Space Reallabor at the national level focuses on brin

284、ging together relevant administrations of the German fe-deral states,the drone industry and research institutions 91.With the launch of the first U-Space Reallabor in 2021,a groundbreaking project has been initiated and an important undertaking from the German Federal Gover-nments Drone Action Plan

285、on unmanned ae-rial systems and innovative aviation concepts has been implemented 6.Funded by the BMDV,the Deutsche Flugsi-cherung(DFS)as air navigation service provi-der and its subsidiary Droniq GmbH,together 39with the Hamburg Authority for Economy and Innovation and other partners,have set up th

286、e first German U-Space test field in the airspace above the port of Hamburg.For the first time in Germany,coordinated flight ope-rations between unmanned and manned aviati-on can take place at this location 92.Findings from this pilot project will serve as a blueprint for further implementation of t

287、he concept in Germany and Europe(in terms of the const-ruction of regular drone airspaces)93.Drone flights with a flight altitude of up to 150 m in a spatially delimited airspace element(U-Spa-ce)are carried out.Among other things,au-tomated communication between drones and other air traffic partici

288、pants,the organisation of airspace and automated flight permits for drones are being tested.The drone traffic ma-nagement system developed by DFS serves as a basis for the implementation of the Realla-bor 92,94,95.In addition,other companies such as the Hamburger Hafen und Logistik AG(HHLA)are worki

289、ng on using UAV for tasks such as safety checks,inspection of loa-ding cranes and intralogistics transport within the port 96.The Port of Rotterdam in the Netherlands is also demonstrating the ecological and econo-mic potential of drone systems in pilot projects and is attempting to integrate the pr

290、eviously separated sectors of aviation and shipping more closely.At the end of 2021,autonomous long-range drones were used to monitor port activities and inspect port facilities(e.g.quay walls,bunker storage,water and air pollution)in the port area.The tests carried out in the port of Rotterdam are

291、part of the innovati-on programme Drone Port of Rotterdam,in which UAV systems of different types are used for distinct purposes.The initiative aims to test new technologies that make the port sa-fer,smarter,and faster 97.The Drone Port of Rotterdam will look at the use of drones under five differen

292、t headings:(1)Rotterdam,the Safest Port to Fly;(2)Drones for the Port of Rotterdam Authority;(3)Drone Services Port;(4)U-Space Airspace and(5)The Mobile Port 98.Another application area of drones,which they can cover time-and cost-efficiently in the future,is the aerial collection and recording of t

293、raffic data.Traffic data is essential as a basis for transport planning,traffic forecasts and analyses,traffic control,calculation of rou-te options and the subsequent development of transport management measures.In a pi-lot project of the BELLIS GmbH,UAV have been used since 2020 to record traffic

294、data in city areas in Germany.Test flights show that around 99%of the data recorded by drones matches the manually counted values.Com-pared to other counting methods,such as de-tector counting,UAV can even achieve hig-her accuracy.In addition to conducting and evaluating pilot flights,the demonstrat

295、ion pro-ject will also discuss the legal and regulatory framework and education and training measu-res for drone pilots 99,100.40Finally,there are research and pilot initiatives that focus on UAM and the transport of peo-ple within cities by means of drones.One ex-ample of a promising demonstration

296、project in Germany is the Air Mobility Initiative(AMI),which was founded under the lead of Airbus together with other companies,universities,and the city of Ingolstadt.The project,which is one of Europes largest initiatives in this field with around 30 partners(including Deutsche Bahn,the German Red

297、 Cross,the Technical University of Munich,and the Deutsche Te-lekom),aims to advance the development of electric air transport.For the first time,taxis are supposed to transport up to four people electrically at a speed of up to 120 km/h over a distance of about 80 km in 2023(certifica-tion begins i

298、n 2024).As a first step,the AMI partners will address the technological,infra-structural,legal,and social prerequisites for future urban air transport 101.In Paris,there are plans to use air taxis on a pilot basis as part of the Olympic Games in 2024.One possible use of drones for passenger transpor

299、t could be the connection of the citys airports with sports venues.The German start-up Volocop-ter is working together with the French Civil Aviation Authority on a multi-stage test and market development programme(the compa-ny is also aiming to start commercial flights in Singapore).However,the fli

300、ght taxis still re-quire certification before they can begin trial operations and flights with passengers 102.Another company working on sustainable ur-ban and regional air mobility and involved in German and international pilot projects is Lili-um Air Mobility,a start-up founded in 2015 in Germany

301、103.The pilot projects carried out in Germany,especially the described U-Space project in the port of Hamburg,have contributed to prepa-re the establishment of the first regular dro-ne airspaces in Germany from 2023 onwards.This should further increase safety in German airspace and enable more innov

302、ations in un-manned aviation 104.41As a globally dominant market for consumer and commercial drones and home to the most innovative UAV companies and start-ups,Chi-na,with its important centre Shenzhen,is at the forefront of technological maturity of the drone industry.At the same time,digitalisati-

303、on in the Chinese transport sector is well ad-vanced and,moreover,the entire drone supply chain is integrated at the domestic level.Some globally significant companies such as DJI are setting the pace in the global market through their high speed of innovation,leading to a technological advantage ov

304、er their competi-tors.This indicates that the current rapid in-dustry growth will be maintained in the future and may be further accelerated by disruptive technological innovations combined with a rising domestic demand for drones(especial-ly driven by the logistics and delivery sector).This trend i

305、s complemented by the Chinese governments political and regulatory support and substantial investments into the drone in-dustry 14.It is apparent that Chinese drone manufactu-rers have started to integrate new unmanned aerial systems into transport and mobility(for people,goods,and services)at a ver

306、y early sta-ge via large pilot and demonstration projects to gain valuable operational experience.The findings from the pilot projects described in China and Europe show that UAV hold great potential for taking over tasks originally perfor-med by combustion-engine-powered vehicles.This is particular

307、ly evident in the context of urban mobility(e.g.avoiding traffic jams)as well as in rural applications(e.g.accessibility of remote areas).Delivery by drones offers the advantage of fast delivery speeds at low ope-rating costs and is independent of road condi-tions.Drone usage enables the application

308、 of unmanned aerial concepts for first/last mile and urban short-distance express deliveries or the execution of logistics tasks in rural areas.However,like any technological innovation,an economically and technologically viable and sustainable use of UAV in the future will initi-ally require high i

309、nvestments in hardware and in technological improvements,for example,regarding longer battery life or research on new propulsion systems for drones(e.g.hy-drogen and fuel cells).Despite the multi-layered and complex nature of Chinas drone regulation with sometimes unclear responsibilities,the countr

310、y has mana-ged to drive the growth of the drone industry especially in the areas of transport and logi-stics,agriculture,and environmental protecti-on.Major reasons for this can be found in the favourable regulations and policies related to innovation and technology.In addition,regu-lators are conti

311、nuously adjusting and optimi-sing the entire administrative system to keep up with the challenging pace of development and innovation.This is especially important in the light of the rapid diffusion of drone appli-cations and the resulting potential threats to public safety.In its published UAV guid

312、eline,the MIIT states that it will create and revise 6 Conclusion and Outlook42more than 200 rules for research,production,application,and safety regulation for civil dro-nes 14.To make the use of UAV in transport and logistics future-proof,a comprehensive and efficient administrative system must be

313、 put in place to manage the increasing number of drones.At the same time,high-quality and wide-ranging communication must be ensured through 5G and big data technologies.With the support of these technologies,drone ma-nagement systems will achieve full integration of manned and unmanned aviation.Chi

314、na has already taken an important step in the further development of domestic drone management with the demonstration and deployment of such systems.In recent years,both Chinese and German po-licymakers have reaffirmed their positive stan-ce on opening up the low-altitude airspace to unmanned aerial

315、 systems(including by increa-sing support for pilot projects and initiatives to integrate drones into transport)and accelera-ting the development and implementation of drone-related policies.Digital infrastructure development,regulation and standardisation,technology development and user acceptance

316、are important factors that will influence the dynamic drone market in the future and acce-lerate the development of the UAV industry in both countries.In this promising field of transport and key industrial technology,China,Europe,and Germany can certainly derive po-sitive results from a joint dialo

317、gue both at the technical and political level.43Appendix:Exchange RatesYear Exchange 1 EUR=CNY Exchange 1 EUR=USD 2017 7.6290 1.1297 2018 7.8081 1.1810 2019 7.7355 1.1195 2020 7.8747 1.1422 2021 7.6282 1.1827 Table 3:Euro Foreign Exchange Reference Rate of the European Central Bank for CNY and USD(D

318、ata:105,106)List of FiguresFigure 1:Application Areas of Industrial Drones(as per Scale)in China in 2020.13Figure 2:Drone Market Size and Forecast from 2020 to 2025.14Figure 3:Geographical Distribution of Civil Drone Industry in China.16Figure 4:Simplified Schematic Overview of UAV Propulsion Techno

319、logies.21Figure 5:UAV Policy Regulation System in China(Selected Regulations).24Figure 6:UOM Structure and Embedding in Chinas Overall Drone Management.29Figure 7:Total Amount and Growth of(External)Logistics in the Shaanxi Province.31Figure 8:DHLs Fully Automated and Intelligent Urban Drone Deliver

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