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1、Climate Goals and Recommendations for Action in Chinas Transport SectorImplemented byImprintAs a federally owned enterprise,GIZ supports the German Government in achieving its objectives in the field of international cooperation for sustainable development.Published byDeutsche Gesellschaft frInterna

2、tionale Zusammenarbeit(GIZ)GmbHRegistered officesBonn and Eschborn,GermanyAddressTayuan Diplomatic Office Building 2-514 Liangmahe South Street,Chaoyang District100600,Beijing,PR China T+86-(0)10-8527 5589F+86-(0)10-8527 5591E transition-chinagiz.dehttps:/transition-china.org/mobilityProjectNDC Tran

3、sport Initiative for Asia(NDC-TIA)is part of the International Climate Initiative(IKI).IKI is working under the leadership of the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action,in close cooperation with its founder,the Federal Ministry of Environment and the Federal Foreign Office.Responsi

4、bleSebastian Ibold(GIZ)E transition-chinagiz.dehttps:/transition-china.org/mobilityAuthorsLI Xiaoyi,TAN Xiaoyu,SONG Yuanyuan,XU Honglei,HUANG Quansheng,WU Rui,WANG Renjie(Transport Planning and Research Institute,Ministry of Transport-TPRI)XIA Yun(GIZ)LayoutBeijing team orca culture and Art Co.,LtdH

5、U Xin,ZHANG Ke(GIZ)Photo creditsCover-&Back-page urban road transport by 王安琦P4 highway and mountain by ABCDstockP6 william-william-NndKt2kF1L4-unsplashP7 denys-nevozhai-7nrsVjvALnA-unsplashP15 Foshan Nanhai Tram by ngchiyuiP24 Flag of the European Union by rustamankP27 john-cameron-ftIPiEdrx2s-unspl

6、ashP30 Collaboration people for success by Andrii ZastozhnovP32 zhang-kaiyv-NUPc2w31UM-unsplashP37 Environment and ecology in green concept by Elnur AcknowlegeThe authors are thankful of all internal and external reviewers of this paper,especially the German Environment Agency(Umweltbundesamt UBA),f

7、ortheir guidance and constructive comments.URL linksResponsibility for the content of external websites linkedin this publication always lies with their respective publishers.GIZ expressly dissociates itself from such content.Beijing,20222Climate Goals and Recommendations for Action in Chinas Transp

8、ort SectorExecutive SummaryClimate change is a global problem.The goal of carbon neutrality has been proposed by many countries to limit global warming and to avoid catastrophic consequences.To achieve this goal,many countries have taken actions to reduce greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions in various indu

9、stries through various climate-related laws and guidelines.China has actively responded to the challenge of climate change,assumed its international responsibilities in line with its national conditions,and incorporated the carbon dioxide peaking and carbon neutrality goals into its overall economic

10、 and social development roadmap.In 2020,China has set the goal of“striving to peak CO2 emissions before 2030 and achieve carbon neutrality before 2060”(“dual carbon”goals).Since then,China has been actively promoting the implementation of carbon dioxide emission peaking initiatives and accelerating

11、the long-term program of carbon neutrality.The transport sector is a key sector with regards to fossil fuel consumption,and its energy consumption and GHG emissions have been widely concerning.In recent years,Chinas transport sector has made great efforts in promoting energy conservation and emissio

12、n reduction,and has achieved significant results.However,there are still many problems and challenges existing in the field of transport which need to be managed,in order to accelerate the processes of energy saving and carbon reduction,and promote the realization of carbon dioxide peaking and carbo

13、n neutrality.To this end,this research systematically analyzes the status quo of Chinas transport development in terms of transport volume,equipment and infrastructure development,and then assesses the status quo of transport-related carbon emissions based on energy consumption.This research further

14、 summarizes major climate targets,as well as policies and measures in Chinas transport sector,and identifies major challenges regarding carbon emission reduction in Chinas transport sector.The European Union(EU)and Germany have set ambitious climate goals and have taken various initiatives aiming to

15、 reduce GHG emissions in the transport sector,which are considered to be successful and valuable experiences.This research summarizes the main emission reduction strategies and key initiatives in the EU and Germany.Additionally,it also includes findings from in-depth interviews on the formulation of

16、 climate targets and emission reduction strategies and paths for transport sector,and recommendations on emission reduction measures.The interviews were conducted with Chinese and German experts from the fields of climate policy,energy strategy,green transport,civil aviation technology,urban transpo

17、rt and regional transport administration.Based on the current and developing context of Chinas transport sector,this research will provide a basis for decision-making and can also serve as a reference for promoting Chinas transport sector to achieve carbon dioxide emission peaking at the lowest poss

18、ible level,as early as possible.The research also provides insights on the formulation of energy-saving and emission reduction policies,including the optimization of transport structures,the promotion of green travel,the improving of energy efficiency,and the overall application of new energy.3Clima

19、te Goals and Recommendations for Action in Chinas Transport Sector1Background 42Current situation of transport development and CO2 emissions in China 62.1Current situation of transport development in China 82.1.1Transport volumes 82.1.2Transport equipment 102.1.3Transport infrastructure 122.2Energy

20、consumption and carbon emissions in Chinas transport sector 133Major targets and challenges of Chinas transport emissions reduction 153.1Major climate goals and related measures in Chinas transport sector 173.2Carbon reduction challenges in Chinas transport sector 213.2.1Growing demand for transport

21、 213.2.2Uncertainty in emission reduction measures 213.2.3Large demand for capital 223.2.4Difficult cross-agency coordination 223.2.5Carbon emission accounting research capacity 234International experience in combating climate change:low carbon transport development in the EU and Germany 244.1Status

22、 quo of the transport sector 254.2Strategies and policies to address climate change objectives 264.3Summary 305Chinas transport emission reduction measures and suggestions for action 326Conclusion 37Content1Background5Climate Goals and Recommendations for Action in Chinas Transport SectorClimate cha

23、nge is an inevitable and urgent global challenge.On December 12,2015,178 Parties adopted The Paris Agreement,which aims to reduce global GHG emissions,limit the rise in global temperature to less than 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels,and make best efforts to limit global temperature inc

24、rease to less than 1.5 degrees Celsius in order to mitigate the impact of climate change on human life.On September 22,2020,at the General Debate of the 75th Session of the United Nations General Assembly,Chinese President Xi Jinping announced the new and ambitious climate targets of achieving carbo

25、n dioxide peaking before 2030 and striving for carbon neutrality before 2060.In October 2021,China submitted its updated Nationally Determined Contribution(NDCs)to The Paris Agreement,pledging to,by 2030,lower carbon dioxide emissions per unit of GDP by over 65%from 2005 levels,increase the share of

26、 non-fossil fuels in primary energy consumption to around 25%,increase forest stock volume by 6 billion cubic meters from 2005 levels,and increase the total installed capacity of wind and solar power to over 1.2 billion kilowatts.Along with the updated NDCs,the“dual carbon”goals were also formally s

27、ubmitted to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change(UNFCCC)secretariate.The“dual carbon”goals pose a huge challenge to Chinese policy makers and stakeholders in terms of policy formulation,low-carbon technology research and development(R&D),green investment,behavioral change and id

28、eological transformation.To reach these goals,various industries will therefore need to make significant efforts to save energy and reduce CO2 emissions.In particular,transport sectors account for a large share of global energy-related GHG emissions.According to the statistics of the International E

29、nergy Agency,nearly a quarter of total global GHG emissions come from road,aviation,waterway,and rail transport(IEA,2019a).In China,transport volumes are still growing at a high rate.The transport sector is considered to be a major driver of the countrys increase in energy consumption and carbon emi

30、ssions over the next few decades,and transport is the only sector which,most likely,will not reach carbon dioxide emission peaking before 2030 in China(Zhu et al 2017;Wang,2019).Ambitious measures are therefore needed to peak carbon emissions in the transport sector as early as possible,and to event

31、ually bring transport onto a zero carbon track.The 14th Five-Year Plan period(2021-2025)is a critical period for China to reach carbon dioxide emission peaking and promote high-quality economic development as well as a continuous improvement of the state of the natural environment.In order to achiev

32、e the updated NDC targets,China is advancing the formulation of top-level documents(see Section 3.1“Major climate goals and related measures in Chinas transport sector”)and conducting research on policies and measures in various industries and sectors.As transport is one of the major contributors of

33、 carbon emissions,it is important to summarize and analyze the progress of Chinas transport climate goals and actions in the 14th Five-Year Plan period,taking into account international experiences and the characteristics of Chinas transport sector development,for the benefit of all parties involved

34、 in the fields of both transport and climate protection.This study analyzes the progress achieved so far in reaching the set climate targets and in implementing related measures in Chinas transport sector.The report includes an analysis of the development status quo of Chinas transport sector,and su

35、mmarizes the measures taken in the sector to reach the climate targets,and discusses their effectiveness,together with the challenges in achieving climate targets.Next,by reviewing the course of carbon emission reduction in the EU and Germany,the study examines the role of transport in the EU climat

36、e strategy,key policies and technologies of great influence on carbon emission reduction,with the overall goal of determining what China can learn from these examples.Based on this research,the study then recommends key measures for climate action for Chinas transport sector to help it contribute to

37、 achieving the“dual carbon”goals,and eventually to reach the goal of“Beautiful China”by the middle of the 21st century.2Current situation of transport development and CO2 emission in China Climate Goals and Recommendations for Action in Chinas Transport Sector7Over recent decades,China has experienc

38、ed a strong development of the national economy and rapid urbanization.As a result,the transport sector in China has witnessed increased demands for its services and there has been a surge in passenger and freight transport,a quick expansion of transport infrastructure,and a rise energy consumption

39、and CO2 emissions.This section of the report will introduce the development process and status quo of Chinas transport sector in terms of its transport volume,equipment,infrastructure,and features of energy consumption and emissions.It will also include an analysis of the challenges faced by the tra

40、nsport sector in the context of the“dual carbon”goals,and identify the characteristics of different phases of Chinas transport development and the influence of transport on CO2 emissions.8Climate Goals and Recommendations for Action in Chinas Transport SectorOver recent years,the transport sector in

41、 China has witnessed rapid growth.The development of Chinas transport sectors volume and scale,equipment,and infrastructure is described in the following sections.2.1.1 Transport volumesWith regards to freight transportation,China now ranks first in the world in terms of the total volume of Current

42、situation of transport development in China2.1 Fig.1 Freight transport volumes and turnover(2010-2020)010020030040050060020102011201220132014201520162017201820192020Freight transport volume(100 million tons)RoadRailwayWaterwayAviationPipeline20102011201220132014201520162017201820192020RoadRailwayWat

43、erwayAviationPipeline0510152025Freight ton-kilometers(trillion ton-km)transported goods.In 2020,a total of 47.29 billion tons of goods were transported by road,rail,waterway,aviation,and pipeline in China this amount increased by 45.9%from 2010.Freight turnover was 20.22 trillion ton-km,which was an

44、 increase of 42.6%from 2010(MoT,2020).In 2020,Chinese ports above designated size completed 14.55 billion tons of cargo throughput and 264 million Twenty-foot Equivalent Units(TEUs)of container throughput.For many years,China has ranked first in the world in terms of its volumes of port cargo throug

45、hput and container throughput.9Climate Goals and Recommendations for Action in Chinas Transport SectorWith regards to passenger transport,a total of 9.67 billion passengers were transported commercially by road(excluding private cars),rail,waterway,and aviation in 2020,with passenger turnover reachi

46、ng 1.9 trillion person-km,as shown in Figure 2(MoT,2020).Over recent years,the passenger volumes of railway and aviation have grown,while waterway transport volumes have remained stable,and road transport(excluding private cars)showed a downward trend in volumes.However,affected by the pandemic,the

47、passenger transport volume of all modes decreased significantly in 2020.Fig.2 Trends of passenger volumes and turnover(2013-2020)0102030405060708090020004000600080001000012000140001600020132014201520162017201820192020RoadRailwayAviationWaterwayPassenger-kilometers by road,rail,air(100 million person

48、-km)Waterway passenger person-kilometers(100 million person-km)2013201420152016201720182019202001234567020406080100120140160180200RoadRailwayWaterwayAviationRoad and railway passenger volumes(100 million person-time)Waterway and aviation passenger volumes(100 million person-time)10Climate Goals and

49、Recommendations for Action in Chinas Transport Sector2.1.2 Transport equipmentThe ownership of transport equipment in China has been growing rapidly.By the end of 2020,the number of civilian vehicles owned nationwide reached 273 million,showing rapid growth momentum,with an average annual growth rat

50、e of 13.5%over the past 10 years(NBSC,2021).Among them,the number of private passenger cars have exceeded 200 million,reaching 223 million,with an average annual growth rate of 16.3%over the past decade.The ownership of railway locomotives nationwide showed an upward trend and hit 21,800 in 2020.Fur

51、thermore,there was a progressive decrease in the ownership of internal combustion locomotives and a gradual increase in the ownership of electric locomotives.Fig.3 Car ownership(2010-2020)20102011201220132014201520162017201820192020050001000015000200002500030000Civil VehiclesPrivate Passenger Vehicl

52、esTen thousand Fig.4 Ownership of railway locomotives and the annual growth rates(2010-2020)20102011201220132014201520162017201820192020-10%-5%0%5%10%15%20%25%0200040006000800010000120001400016000Number of diesel locomotivesNumber of electric locomotivesGrowth rate of diesel locomotivesGrowth rate o

53、f electric locomotivesGrowth RateNumber of Railway Locomotives11Climate Goals and Recommendations for Action in Chinas Transport SectorThe number of civil transport aircraft is on the rise.In 2020,the number of civil transport aircraft reached 3,903,with an average annual growth rate of 9.3%over the

54、 past decade.The aircraft fleet is relatively new,with its energy consumption reaching comparatively low levels.In the past 10 years,the number of civil motorized transport ships showed a slight downward trend and reached 126,800 in 2020,with an average annual growth rate of-2.03%.Fig.5 Number of ci

55、vil aircrafts and annual growth rate(2010-2020)201020112012201320142015201620172018201920200.00%2.00%4.00%6.00%8.00%10.00%12.00%14.00%050010001500200025003000350040004500Annual Growth RateNumber of Civil AircraftsNumber of Civil AircraftsGrowth Rate Fig.6 Number of civil motorized ships and annual g

56、rowth rate(2010-2020)20102011201220132014201520162017201820192020-10.00%-8.00%-6.00%-4.00%-2.00%0.00%2.00%4.00%6.00%024681012141618Number of civil motorized shipsGrowth rateNumber of Civil Motorized Ships（10,000）Annual Growth Rate12Climate Goals and Recommendations for Action in Chinas Transport Sec

57、torChina has made steady progress in the construction of transport infrastructure in the last decade.Its operational mileage of railways increased from 91,200 kilometers in 2010 to 146,300 kilometers in 2020.The total length of highways reached 5.198 million kilometers,among which the length of expr

58、essways was 161,000 kilometers,ranking first in the world for distance covered,and the total length of inland waterways was 127,700 kilometers(MoT,2020).As Chinas transport sector continues to develop,with its 2.1.3 Transport infrastructurescale of routes growing and the total amount of passenger an

59、d freight transport increasing rapidly,Chinas overall transport infrastructure network is both improving and expanding.As Chinas demand for transport continues to grow,the energy consumption and carbon emissions generated will also increase.There is therefore an urgent issue of determining how to ac

60、hieve carbon peaking in the transport sector as early as possible while still meeting the continued and rapid demand for the necessary growth of the sector.Fig.7 Trend of the lengths of transport routes(2010-2020)201020112012201320142015201620172018201920200100200300400500600024681012141618RailwaysE

61、xpresswaysInland waterwaysHighwaysRailway,expressway and inland waterway mileaage（ten thousand kilometers）Highway mileage（ten thousand kilometers）13Climate Goals and Recommendations for Action in Chinas Transport SectorCarbon emissions from the transport sector refer to CO2 emissions caused by the c

62、ombustion of fossil fuels during the use of transport equipment such as road motor vehicles,railway locomotives,ships,and aircrafts.Based on findings outlined in the China Energy Statistical Yearbook(2020)1,in 2019,the total energy consumption of China was 4.86 billion tons of standard coal,with the

63、 transport sector accounting for 9%of this figure.Furthermore,oil consumption in Chinas transport sector(including private vehicles2)accounted for about 60%of the total national oil end-use consumption(OCRPG,2019).This study calculates Chinas energy consumption3 in the transport sector(as shown in F

64、igure 8)and finds that the current transport energy consumption structure is still dominated by fossil fuels,but with the accelerating electrification of transport(see Section 3.1:“Promote new energy vehicles and equipment”),Chinas levels of electricity consumption will gradually increase.In 2019,th

65、e total of carbon emissions in Chinas transport sector(including from private cars)accounted for about 11%of the total carbon emissions on a society-wide basis(Li et al.,2021).In terms of transport modes,road transport(again including private cars)is the main source of carbon emissions in Chinas tra

66、nsport sector,accounting for 87%,among which the carbon emission of road freight transport exceeds more than half of the overall total of emissions,with waterway,civil aviation,and rail transport subsequently accounting for approximately 6.5%,6.1%,and less than 1%,respectively(TPRI,2021).1 The lates

67、t official data published in China Energy Statistical Yearbook(2020)was up to 2019.2 Vehicles other than those permitted to be used by businesses,government agencies and other organisations.3 The energy consumption of the transport sector was calculated based on the energy balance sheet split for ea

68、ch industry,according to the Guidelines for the Preparation of CO2 Emission Peaking Action Plan,issued by the Ministry of Ecology and Environment in 2021.Fig.8 Energy consumption structure of Chinas transport sector(2019)0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 GasolineKeroseneDieselFuel-oilLGPNa

69、tural GasLNGElectricity100 million tons of standard coalEnergy consumption and carbon emissions in Chinas transport sector2.214Climate Goals and Recommendations for Action in Chinas Transport SectorSince 2013,the average annual growth rate of carbon emissions in Chinas transport sector has remained

70、at around 5%,making it the fastest growing sector in terms of GHG emissions in China(Peng,2021).Together with the industry and construction sectors,transport has become one of the three sectors with the highest fossil energy consumption and CO2 emissions in China.Chinas transport sector is expected

71、to further develop at a rapid pace,with far-reaching impacts on CO2 emissions,in order to support the countrys rapid economic and social development and peoples production and living needs.However,trends such as accelerating digitalization and the emergence of new industries and technologies have le

72、d to the rapid uptake and development of electric vehicles,battery and energy storage technologies,new forms of shared mobility,and intelligent and big data-based traffic management systems.The development of such advances,particularly in electrification,platform economy and intelligent technologies

73、 provides a unique and timely opportunity to accelerate a low-carbon transition in the transport sector in China.Fig.9 Carbon emissions of transport by sub-sector in China(2019)Waterway,6.5%Aviation,6.1%Railway,0.6%Road(Freight),53.1%Road(Passenger),33.7%3Major targets and challenges of Chinas trans

74、port emissions reduction16Climate Goals and Recommendations for Action in Chinas Transport SectorIn order to systematically pave the way towards reaching the“dual carbon”goals,China has started to issue the“1+N”policy system for CO2 peaking and carbon neutrality(Figure 10).The National Development a

75、nd Reform Commission(NDRC)is responsible for fulfilling the duties of the leading group office for carbon peaking and carbon neutrality,timely tracking and regular scheduling of the“dual carbon”work progress in China.In the framework of the“1+N”system,an Action Plan for Carbon Dioxide Peaking before

76、 2030 for Chinas transport sector is currently in the research stage,and relevant targets for transport are still under discussion.Experts interviewed for this report pointed out that China should adopt the method of sequential carbon dioxide emission peaking for various industries,and that the peak

77、 time of the transport sector will be later than that of the industry and construction sectors.However,if the transport sector does not take effective measures,the peak time will be later than 2035(Yu,et al.,2021).It is therefore very important to formulate operational transport emission reduction s

78、trategies and set appropriate phased targets.This report section reviews the current major climate targets and policy measures for Chinas transport sector and points out the relevant challenges faced with achieving each target.Fig.10“1+N”policy system for CO2 peaking and carbon neutralityWorking Gui

79、dancefor Carbon Dioxide Peaking and Carbon Neutrality in Full and Faithful Implementation of the New Development Philosophy2030 Carbon Dioxide Peaking Action PlanSafeguard MeasuresSupporting Measures1N?Green and Low Carbon Energy Transition?Peaking Co2 Emission in the Industry?Urban and Rural Develo

80、pment?Green and Low Carbon Transport?Circular Economy?Green and Low Carbon Technology lnnovation Consolidating and Enhancing Carbon Sink?Green and Low Carbon Society?Carbon Dioxide Peaking in All Region?Enerey Savin,Mitigation and Efciency?Scientific and Technological Support?Carbon Sink Capacity.St

81、atistics and Accounting?Supervision,Inspectiorl and Assessment?Fiscal Policies?Financial Policies?Pricing Policies17Climate Goals and Recommendations for Action in Chinas Transport Sector Table 1 Roadmap of Chinas short-,medium-and long-term transport climate goalsSince the 12th Five-Year Plan perio

82、d(2010-2015),China has set out in a positive direction for green,low-carbon development.On September 22,2020,China announced its“dual carbon”targets.On October 28,2021,China formally submitted this commitment to the UNFCCC Secretariat as updated NDCs,which were more ambitious than the previous NDCs

83、submitted on June 30th,2015.The new Chinese NDCs have far-reaching implications not only for the global climate protection agenda,but also for Chinas domestic policymaking in the coming decades.To meet its carbon neutrality target,China must phase out the conventional use of coal,petroleum and natur

84、al gas by 2060 and achieve a comprehensive transformation of its socio-economic structure,which will require binding emission reduction targets for all sectors and the corresponding development and implementation of effective policies,roadmaps and reform measures.The 14th Five-Year Plan period(2021-

85、2025)is a critical period for achieving carbon dioxide emission peaking before 2030 and will lay an important foundation for achieving carbon neutrality before 2060.By 2025,CO2 emission intensity(CO2 emissions per unit of GDP)will be reduced by 18%compared to 2021.Energy consumption intensity(energy

86、 consumption per unit of GDP)will be reduced by 13.5%,and the share of non-fossil energy consumption will increase to 20%.To guide the implementation of carbon dioxide emission peaking,research on the carbon peaking pathway is an important task for the 14th Five-Year Plan period.In addition to the A

87、ction Plan for Carbon Dioxide Peaking before 2030 in the transport sector,China has also formulated a variety of top-level policies for the short,medium and long term to further promote green and low-carbon development of the transport sector(see Table 2).Achieve carbon neutrality The scale and qual

88、ity of transport infrastructure,technical equipment,scientific and technological innovation ability,intelligence and green level rank among the top in the world Build a strong transport country with a safe,convenient,efficient,green and economical modern integrated transport system 100%electrificati

89、on of public transport Achieve carbon dioxide emission peaking More than 60%of the cities participating in the action for green mobility have a green travel ratio of 70%or more New energy vehicles reach 20%of total new vehicle sales Average fuel consumption of new passenger cars will be reduced to 4

90、 L/100km202220352050206020252030Major climate goals and related measures in Chinas transport sector3.118Climate Goals and Recommendations for Action in Chinas Transport Sector Table 2 Timeline of selected key actions concerning decarbonization in the transport sector in ChinaIn the Action Plan for C

91、arbon Dioxide Peaking before 2030,various green and low-carbon transport measures are proposed.These measures demonstrate how in its transport sector,China needs to accelerate the promotion of green and low-carbon transport modes,and decelerate the growth of carbon emissions.According to the plan,by

92、 2030,the carbon emission intensity per unit of converted turnover of operating vehicles will drop by about 9.5%compared to 2020 and petroleum consumption for land transport should peak by 2030.The 14th Five-Year Plan for Green Transport published in January 2022 further defines the target of reduci

93、ng the carbon emissions of operating vehicles and ships by 2025.Carbon dioxide(CO2)emissions per unit of transportation turnover of operating vehicles should decrease by 5%compared with 2020 for operating vehicles and by 3.5%for operating ships.Emission consumption and emission reduction measures ad

94、opted by competent authorities mainly focus on standards for vehicle fuel consumption limits,transport restructuring,the promotion of green travel,and the promotion of new energy vehicles and equipment.The following related goals outlined here have been set to support the achievement of climate goal

95、s in the transport sector.20212020 14th Five-Year Plan for Green Transport was released.“1+N”policy system was proposed for achieving the 2030 and 2060“dual carbon”targets.Working Guidance for Carbon Dioxide Peaking and Carbon Neutrality in Full and Faithful Implementation of the New Development Phi

96、losophy was released.Action Plan for Carbon Dioxide Peaking before 2030 was released.National Comprehensive Three-dimensional Transportation Network Planning Outline was released,outlining the development of Chinas transport network by 2035.China submitted its new NDCs.Action Plan for Green Mobility

97、 was released to advocate for green travel.Fuel Consumption Limits for Passenger Vehicles(GB 19578-2021)was released.Outline for Building Chinas Strength in Transport was released.China submitted its NDCs.Law on Prevention of Air Pollution was revised.20222015201919Climate Goals and Recommendations

98、for Action in Chinas Transport SectorStandard for fuel consumption limitsOn February 20,2021,the mandatory national standard Fuel Consumption Limits for Passenger Cars(GB 19578-2021),formulated by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology(MIIT),was issued by the State Administration for Ma

99、rket Regulation(SAMR)and the Standardization Administration of the PRC(SAC).The standard was then officially implemented on July 1,2021,with a view to propel the restructuring of the transport sector by promoting energy saving through the reduction of consumption levels of traditional fuel vehicles.

100、The standard stipulates that the average fuel consumption of new passenger cars is to be reduced to 4 L/100km(CO2 emissions of about 95 g/km)by 2025.In regards to the management of the energy usage of railways,the Action Plan for Carbon Dioxide Peaking before 2030 sets the target for national railwa

101、ys to reduce their combined energy consumption per unit of converted turnover by 10%before 2030,compared to 2020 figures.Mode ShiftsTransport structural adjustment will be key for the promotion of energy saving and emissions reduction in the transport sector.During the 14th Five-Year Plan period and

102、 beyond,efforts will be made to further promote the orderly transfer of bulk cargo and medium and long-distance cargo transport to rail and waterway transport.It is necessary to shift from relying mainly on administrative means to giving more play to the role and demands of the market.The Work Plan

103、for Promoting the Development of Multimodal Transport and Optimising the Adjustment of Transport Structure(2021-2025)proposes that,by 2025,the level of development of multi-modal transport will be significantly improved,and a transport composition China conducted a study on vehicle fuel consumption

104、limit standards and policies in 2001 and started to implement fuel consumption limit standards in 2005.In recent years,the fuel consumption limit standard system has been improved and the limit standards have been gradually tightened.In December 2017,the Central Economic Work Conference proposed to

105、adjust the transport structure,reduce the volume of road freight and increase the volume of rail freight.In September 2018,the General Office of the State Council issued the Three-Year Plan on the Restructuring of the Transport Sector(2018-2020)to further strengthen the transport structural adjustme

106、nt policy.Since the implementation of the above-mentioned policy,railroad freight volume in 2019 increased by 19%over 2017,and railroad cargo turnover increased by 14.7%over 2017,with an average annual growth rate of 5.80%.The shift in transport volume from high-carbon-emission road transport to low

107、-emission rail and waterway transport has effectively reduced the total emissions of the transport sector.In addition,the promotion of this policy has also led to the rapid development of multi-modal transport.Road-rail intermodal transport has developed favorably.In 2019,the container delivery volu

108、me completed by the national railroads increased by 28%year-on-year,achieving an increase of more than 20%for four consecutive years,and the market demand was met.Rail-waterway intermodal transport has been growing steadily.The volume of rail-ship container transportation,completed by ports above na

109、tional scale,increased by 14.2%year-on-year.The national container rail-water intermodal transport volume accounted for about 2%of the port container throughput,and the capacity of rail-water intermodal transport has continued to increase.in which railways and waterways dominate the medium-and long-

110、distance transport of bulk cargo and containers will be basically formed,with national rail and waterway freight volumes increasing by about 10 percent and 12 percent respectively compared with 2020.The Action Plan for Carbon Dioxide Peaking before 2030 proposes that during the 14th Five-Year Plan p

111、eriod,the average annual growth in the volume of rail-ship container transportation will be increased by 15%.20Climate Goals and Recommendations for Action in Chinas Transport SectorPromote new energy vehicles and equipmentThe New Energy Vehicle Industry Development Plan(2021-2035)issued by the Gene

112、ral Office of the State Council,and Energy-saving and New Energy Vehicle Technology Roadmap 2.0 compiled by the China Society of Automotive Engineers(China SAE)point out that by 2025,the average electricity consumption of new pure electric passenger cars will drop to 12.0 kWh/100 km,and new energy v

113、ehicle sales will reach about 20%of total new vehicle sales.Additionally,highly automated Construction of transport infrastructureAccording to the Action Plan for Carbon Dioxide Peaking before 2030,efforts will be made to orderly promote the construction of related infrastructure such as charging st

114、ations,supporting power grids,refilling(gas)stations and hydrogen refueling stations,accompanied by an overall enhancement of urban public transport infrastructure.By 2030,vehicles and equipment in civil aviation airports are to be fully electrified.At present,Chinas existing energy conservation and

115、 emission reduction policies for the transport sector focus on the target period of 2025 to 2035.However,in order to achieve the carbon peaking target and realize the carbon neutrality vision,China needs to plan systematically on a longer time scale and develop action plans for the transport sector

116、which extend beyond 2035.Following the strategy of giving priority to the development of public transport,China has strived to build a green travel environment,making green travel more attractive,enhancing public awareness of green travel,and further improving the level of green travel in cities.Dur

117、ing the 13th Five-Year Plan period(2016-2020),transit metropolis systems were promoted,using cities as individual units.By the end of 2020,China had 704,400 public transport vehicles in cities,and built bus lanes reaching a total of 16,551.6 kilometers.Moreover,urban buses and trams carried 44.236 b

118、illion passengers in the year of 2020.At present,44 cities(in Mainland China)have 233 urban rail transit lines in operation,with an operational mileage of 7,546 km.In addition,about 45 million shared bikes are used every day.China is the worlds top new energy vehicle market.According to data from th

119、e Ministry of Public Security,by the end of 2021,the number of new energy vehicles in China had reached 7.84 million,accounting for 2.60%of the total number of vehicles.Pure electric and plug-in hybrid vehicles are developing rapidly and are now serving as private cars,urban buses,urban rentals,and

120、are in urban distribution on a large scale.They are also being developing into mining trucks,dump trucks,and sanitation vehicles with increasingly mature technologies.Green travel In July 2020,the Ministry of Transport(MoT)and the NDRC issued the Action Plan for Green Mobility,proposing that by 2022

121、,more than 60%of the cities participating in the green mobility travel creation initiative would have a green travel ratio of 70%or more,and that the satisfaction rate of green travel service should not be lower than 80%.According to the Action Plan for Carbon Dioxide Peaking before 2030,in cities w

122、ith permanent populations of one million or more,by 2030 no less than 70%of travel will be conducted through environmentally friendly means.vehicles will achieve commercial application in limited areas and scenarios.By 2035,pure electric vehicles will become the mainstream of new sales vehicles,publ

123、ic sector vehicles will be fully electrified,fuel cell vehicles will be commercially available,and highly automated vehicles will be used on a large scale in China.According to the Action Plan for Carbon Dioxide Peaking before 2030,the proportion of new and clean energy powered vehicles will reach a

124、bout 40%by 2030.21Climate Goals and Recommendations for Action in Chinas Transport SectorChina is working to ensure that peoples demands for high-quality transport infrastructure and services are met,while also minimizing energy consumption and emissions in the transport sector.Some of the core chal

125、lenges faced in relation to emission reduction in the Chinese transport sector are outlined in this section.3.2.1 Growing demand for transportChina is in the process of both increased industrialization and urbanization,and the demand for passenger and freight transport is still rapidly growing.With

126、the further advancement of regional economic integration,the gradual shift of industries from Chinas eastern to central and western regions,and the continuous expansion and improvement of transport infrastructure networks,the demand for passenger and freight transport will continue to increase for a

127、 long time to come(Li,2020).The National Comprehensive Three-dimensional Transportation Network Planning Outline points out that the demand for high-value,small-volume,time-efficient cargo transport will rise rapidly.The transport of foreign trade goods will maintain a long-term growth trend,and the

128、 volume of bulk cargo will remain high until 2035.With the improvement of peoples living standards,the whole society of China has higher requirements for the timeliness,personalization and comfort of their transport.According to statistics of the World Bank(2019),the number of cars owned by 1,000 pe

129、ople in China only reached 173 in 2019,which is far from 837 in the United States,and 589 in Germany.There is therefore still much room for growth in this area in the future.Furthermore,the proportion of people using methods of high-speed rail,civil aviation and car travel continues to increase.Due

130、to ongoing urbanization,the demand for passenger Carbon reduction challenges in Chinas transport sector3.23.2.2 Uncertainty in emission reduction measuresRegarding energy efficiency improvements,At present,Chinas transport equipment is relatively new,with a long renewal cycle.The overall energy effi

131、ciency of equipment has already reached a relatively high level under the existing technical conditions;therefore,there is limited room for energy efficiency improvement with current equipment.The equipment manufacturing industry thus needs to accelerate technological innovation to provide more ener

132、gy-efficient vehicles and ships.The lack of strict and complete mechanisms for the supervision and implementation of the old vehicle phase-out system is affecting the timely replacement of obsolete equipment with low-emission or zero-emission equipment.According to the National Comprehensive Three-d

133、imensional Transportation Network Planning Outline(2021),the average annual growth rate of passenger trips(including car trips)is expected to rise about 3.2%from 2021 to 2035 and the average annual growth rate of freight volume for the whole society from 2021 to 2035 is expected to be about 2%.Addit

134、ionally,the average annual growth rate of postal express business volume is about 6.3%.travel in urban agglomerations will become more vigorous.The ensuing demand for transport energy will therefore inevitably continue to grow,and the transport sector will face enormous pressure to reduce emissions(

135、Tang,2019).22Climate Goals and Recommendations for Action in Chinas Transport Sector3.2.4 Difficult cross-agency coordination Emission reduction in the transport sector involves a wide range of fields and coordinating departments responsible for the regulation of commercial vehicles,ships,railways,c

136、ivil aviation,non-operational vehicles and private cars.In China,the overall carbon emission peaking work in transport is led by the NDRC and the MoT,who in turn coordinate with various responsible authorities from the fields of transport,railways,civil aviation,ecology and environment,industry,and

137、information or public security.The communication and coordination needed between responsible authorities to support the implementation of policies significantly consume both time and the availability of staff.Therefore,it is necessary to build up a cross-departmental coordination authority who can l

138、ead the relevant group of departments,to coordinate and communicate with all involved entities to avoid,as an example,the duplication of,or lack of,responsibilities,inefficient connections,and inadaptable data accesses.Regarding transport structure optimization,Reasonable price comparisons between r

139、oads and railways have not yet been formed.The market-oriented reform of road freight and rail freight have different steps and challenges.For example,the marketization of road transport is much higher than that of railway transport,thus the pricing of road transport is more flexible.At present,ther

140、e are capacity constraints in both mainline railways and special railway lines.It takes time to build the railway infrastructure and develop the scale of the railway freight market,therefore the increment of railway freight cannot be accelerated in a short period of time.Regarding new energy develop

141、ment,Electric vehicles still face problems such as short endurance mileage,slow charging and insufficient charging infrastructure.The development pathways of alternative clean fuel technologies for heavy transport equipment(heavy duty trucks,large ships and aircraft)are still unclear.The low-carbon

142、development of transport depends on the further optimization of Chinas power generation structure.Chinas power grid structure is dominated by coal power generation.Clean transport can only be realized when the power generation industry completes a low-carbon transformation.The large-scale applicatio

143、n of alternative energy sources also requires the synchronization of upstream and downstream industry chains.However,a large-scale industrial chain of new energy has not yet been formed,and the task of optimizing and adjusting power grids and supporting infrastructure is arduous.3.2.3 Large demand f

144、or capitalThe 6th Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC AR6)states that the cost Current measures for emissions reduction,such as“road transport transferring to railway transport”,“road transport transferring to waterway transport”,and the obsolescence of old diesel

145、 trucks,are costly and have little economic benefits(Yuan et al.,2021).Vehicle electrification raises transport costs.Taking heavy duty trucks as an example,the average price of a hydrogen energy heavy truck is 2-3 times that of a traditional fuel heavy duty truck(information based on expert intervi

146、ews).If existing trucks are to be significantly replaced with new energy trucks,the capital requirements which are needed are substantial.of carbon reduction in the transport sector is significantly higher than that in industry,construction,and other sectors.Therefore,local governments,transport ent

147、erprises and individuals lack the endogenous motivation to reduce emissions due to the cost,thus affecting the progress of emission reduction.23Climate Goals and Recommendations for Action in Chinas Transport Sector Table 3 Main competent authorities involved in carbon peaking work in the transport

148、sectorNational Development and Reform Commissionoperation of the leading group office for carbon peaking and carbon neutralization;undertaking of energy conservation-related work of the national leading group for climate change and energy conservation and emission reduction;the improvement of prefer

149、ential policies on electricity tariffs;the approval of policies and related promotion policies for the construction of gas refueling stations and charging stations;policies related to rail and waterway freight fees in the optimization of the transport structure,and;the promotion of policies for gree

150、n travel in the later part of the 14th Five-Year Plan.Ministry of Financefinancial subsidies related to the phasing out of old vehicles;the promotion and application of new energy vehicles;the construction of refueling stations and charging stations;fuel cell core technology R&D;bulk cargo concernin

151、g transport restructuring in the mandatory“shift from road transport to railway”,and;dedicated railroad line construction for logistics parks and industrial and mining enterprises.Ministry of Ecology and Environmentsubsidy policies on the obsolescence of old vehicles;approval and fiscal subsidy poli

152、cies on the construction of gas filling stations;inclusion of railroad dedicated line construction into the scope of national green development fund support,and;incentive and supervision policy for enterprise transport restructuring,as well as other related duties.Ministry of Industry and Informatio

153、n Technologyfuel consumption limit standards for new vehicles;dual credit policy for new energy vehicles;fuel consumption limit standards for natural gas vehicles ex-factory,and;standardization of specifications for the repair and maintenance of natural gas vehicles,as well as other related duties.M

154、inistry of Transportpolicies related to fuel consumption limit standards for operating vehicles;right-of-way facilitation and parking guarantees for new energy vehicles;policies on the approval and financial subsidies for the construction of gas refueling stations and charging stations;promotion pol

155、icies on the application of fuel cell technology in the transport sector;green travel in the late 14th Five-Year Plan,and;the continuation of the“13th Five-Year Plan”vehicle purchase tax funding support,as well as policies on railway construction for collecting and distributing ports.Ministry of Hou

156、sing and Urban-Rural Developmentapproval and fiscal subsidy policies on the construction of gas filling stations,charging stations and battery swapping stations.National Energy Administrationapproval and fiscal subsidy policies on the construction of gas filling stations,charging stations and batter

157、y swapping stations.Ministry of Science and Technologypromotion policies on core vehicle technology and R&D,for example,fuel cell technology.*Carbon peaking work at the provincial level is implemented by corresponding departments and bureaus.The capability to build a measurable,reportable,and verifi

158、able(MRV)system for carbon emissions directly affects the decision-making of transport climate strategies,and underpins the participation of related enterprises of the transport sector in relation to the carbon market mechanism.At present,Chinas research on pollutant emissions is relatively mature,b

159、ut when it comes to quantitative research on carbon emissions,a complete MRV system has not yet been established.At present,there are differences between energy statistics and transport statistics at the level of different sector divisions.The energy consumption statistics and carbon emission accoun

160、ting capability of transport mobile sources,3.2.5 Carbon emission accounting research capacity and overall supporting research capacities,need to be improved.International experience in combating climate change:low carbon transport development in the EU and GermanyThis section analyzes the changes i

161、n transport emissions in the EU and Germany,examines the progress of related strategies and policies,and summarizes key initiatives to reduce GHG emissions in the transport sector in the EU and Germany.Outcomes are presented to provide a reference founded on recent experience for the Chinese transpo

162、rt sector to refer to,in order to help the achievement of its ambitious“dual carbon”goals.4International experience in combating climate change:low carbon transport development in the EU and Germany25Climate Goals and Recommendations for Action in Chinas Transport Sector Fig.10 GHG emissions by sect

163、or in the EU(1990-2019)0204060801001201401990199219941996199820002002200420062008201020122014201620181990=100EnergyIndustryResidential/CommerialAgriculturalTotalTransport*Other*Note:*Transport excludes international aviation and maritime transport;*Other includes fugitive emissions from fuels,waste

164、management and indirect CO2 emissions.Source:EEA.https:/www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/data/data-viewers/GHG emissions from the transport sector account for nearly a quarter of total emissions in Europe,which have only begun to decline from 2007,at a slower pace than that of other sectors.To meet t

165、he EUs overall targets for emissions reduction(See Section 4.2:Strategies and policies to address climate change objectives),GHG emissions from the transport sector must be reduced by 42%by 2030 as compared to 2019,from 164 million tons to 95 million tons(IEA 2020 d).However,the rising demand for pa

166、ssenger and freight transport in EU countries and the climbing freight transport volumes in particular result in mounting pressure on the transport sector,leaving limited time to meet the overall targets.Therefore,the transport sector in EU Member States needs Fig.11 GHG emissions by sectors in Germ

167、any(1990-2019)0204060801001201401990=100199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001200220032004200520062007200820092010201120122013201420152016201720182019EnergyIndustryResidential/CommerialAgriculturalTotalTransport*Other*Source:EEA.https:/www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/data/data-viewers/Stat

168、us quo of the transport sector4.1to take further measures to effectively reduce emissions,and to set even higher near-and medium-term reduction targets.Germany has been actively promoting energy efficiency and emission reduction in the transport sector over recent years.Due to improvements in transp

169、ort efficiency and modal shift gains,carbon emissions from the German transport sector fell from 181 million tons in 2000 to 164 million tons in 2019(almost the same as Germanys 1990 levels).Compared to other sectors,changes in the transport sector have not contributed to the overall reduction in em

170、issions in Germany over the past 30 years.26Climate Goals and Recommendations for Action in Chinas Transport SectorIn response to climate change,the EU has been actively promoting the decarbonization of the transport sector.In recent years,with the European Green Deal as the core,the EU has set a se

171、ries of goals and introduced measures for decarbonization(See Table 4).The European Green Deal proposed that Europe will achieve climate neutrality by 2050,and the European Climate Convention was launched to promote public participation and commitment to green transformation development.Subsequent c

172、limate Strategies and policies to address climate change objectives4.2targets for 2050 were included in the European Climate Law(EC,2019).According to the Law,27 Member States are to cut GHG emissions by 2030 by 55%from their 1990 levels,and become net-zero-emissions economies by 2050.In addition,th

173、e EU proposed to set an EU-wide GHG reduction pathway from 2030 to 2050 to assess progress in reducing emissions.The next decade will be crucial for Europe to reach 2050 climate neutrality.Table 4:Timeline of recent major EU transport and climate policies2021JulyThe EU announced the proposal of“Fit

174、for 55”.European Climate Law took effect.JuneThe European Commission,through a regulation,has established a 17.5 billion Euro Just Transition Fund(JTF),fi-nancing projects to mitigate the economic costs of social transformation across the EU,in order to achieve a fair and inclusive green transition.

175、MayEU Ambassadors approved the final proposal of the European Climate Law,including:55%net emissions target for 2030EU-wide climate neutrality target for 2050Establishment of European Scientific Advisory Committee on Climate ChangeSetting of a mid-term emissions target for 20402020DecemberEU leaders

176、 agreed on a comprehensive overall approach to a draft European Climate Law,including new climate targets.OctoberThe European Commission discussed the goal of reducing net GHG emissions by at least 55%by 2030,compared with 1990 levels.JuneThe EU opted to join the Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Sche

177、me for International Aviation(CORSIA).MarchThe European Commission proposed the draft of European Climate Law.2019DecemberThe European Commission proposed the European Green Deal,promising to achieve climate neutrality by 2050.The European Commission presented the Smart and Sustainable Mobility Stra

178、tegy,setting key targets for carbon emis-sions reduction in the transport sector.27Climate Goals and Recommendations for Action in Chinas Transport SectorFor the transport sector,the EU released the Smart and Sustainable Mobility Strategy in 2019 to reduce CO2 emissions from the transport sector(EPR

179、S,2019).Specific and quantitative development goals were put forward for each field of transport:Road transport:At least 30 million zero-emission cars and 80,000 zero-emission trucks shall be on European roads by 2030.By 2050,almost all cars,vans,buses and new heavy duty vehicles will be zero emissi

180、on vehicles.Rail transport:The shift of road and civilian aviation transport volumes to rail transport shall be promoted.Efforts will be undertaken to double the volume of high-speed rail traffic by 2030 and double the volume of rail freight by 2050.A sustainable part of the 75%inland freight carrie

181、d today by road will be shifted to rail and inland waterways.Waterway transport:Zero-emission ships will be on the market in 2030.Waterway transport will be included in the carbon trading market in due course.Air transport:The share of sustainable aviation fuels will be increased to 2%in 2025,5%in 2

182、030,20%in 2035,32%in 2040,38%in 2045,and 63%in 2050.Free carbon emissions quotas given to airlines will be reduced.Zero-emission large aircrafts will enter the market in 2035.Infrastructure:Charging infrastructure will be expanded,with 3 million public charging stations and 1,000 hydrogen filling st

183、ations planned to be available across the EU by 2030.Efforts will be made to make sure vehicles on major expressways can have access to charging stations every 60 kilometers,and hydrogen refueling stations every 150 kilometers.In order to guarantee that the mid-term target of reducing emissions by 5

184、5%by 2030 is achieved,in July 2021,the EU published the legislative proposal“Fit for 55”.Eight of its twelve plans involve the transport sector(EC,2021),and further toughen the climate targets.The“Fit for 55”plan proposes to further promote the low-carbon development of European society and the tran

185、sformation of energy structures,while also strengthening the low-carbon competitiveness of EU countries.28Climate Goals and Recommendations for Action in Chinas Transport SectorThe climate ambition of the German transport sector is mainly driven by the Federal Climate Protection Act(Bundes-Klimaschu

186、tzgesetz),with the goal of reducing emissions by 65%by 2030,88%by 2040,and reaching climate neutrality by 2045.On December 8,2021,a new German federal government was inaugurated,which has developed a coalition Table 5 Eight proposals in“Fit for 55”involving the transport sectorEmission Reduction Sha

187、ring Regulation(ESR)Total emissions from the transport sector will be reduced by more than 40%in 2030 compared to 2005 levels(the original reduction target was 29%),and the reduction target for each member country will be increased from 10%to 50%.Renewable Energy Directive(RED)The carbon intensity o

188、f the transport sector(including international aviation and marine fuels)will be reduced by 13%;the share of advanced biofuels in the energy consumption of the transport sector will be increased to 2.2%;the share of hydrogen and hydrogen-based synthetic fuels in the energy consumption of the transpo

189、rt sector will be increased to 2.6%.Energy Tax Directive(ETD)The EU will gradually abolish the tax exemptions for fossil fuels in the aviation and shipping industries,and reintroduce fossil fuels used in shipping,aviation,fishing boats,home heating and electricity supply into the taxation scope and

190、set a minimum tax rate.Meanwhile,different minimum tax rates will be allowed for motor fuels,heating fuels and electricity to promote the use of environmentally friendly energy.CO2 emission regulation in carsBy 2030,CO2 emissions from cars and vans will be reduced by 55%and 50%respectively compared

191、to 2021,and by 100%by 2035.This means that only zero-emission cars and vans will be allowed to be sold by 2035.Alternative Fuel Infrastructure Directive(AFID)The number of charging stations will be increased and the layout will be adjusted according to the sales of zero-emission new vehicles at any

192、time.Charging stations will be set up every 60 km on major highways,and hydrogen refueling stations will be set up every 150 km.There will be 3.5 million new charging stations by 2030 and 16.3 million new charging stations by 2050.Sustainable aviation fuel(ReFuel Aviation)Fuel suppliers should conti

193、nuously improve the proportion of sustainable aviation fuel use in airborne aviation fuel at EU airports,striving to increase its proportion of aviation fuel to more than 2%by 2025 and to more than 63%by 2050.Meanwhile,suppliers should introduce the use of E-Fuel(Renewable synthetic fuels)from 2030

194、to 2050,aiming to reach proportions of 0.7%in 2030 and 28%in 2050.In addition,efforts will be made to introduce a minimum tax rate applicable to aviation fuels used for intra-EU flights,in order to stimulate the use of more sustainable aviation fuels and encourage airlines to use more efficient and

195、less polluting aircrafts.Sustainable maritime fuels(FuelEU Maritime)Maximum limits will be set on the GHG content of fuels used by ships,with a goal of stimulating the adoption of sustainable maritime fuels and zero-emission technologies by ships calling at European ports.From 2025,the EU will set i

196、ncreasingly stringent limits on the GHG emission intensity of maritime fuel use,with specific targets for GHG reductions of 2%by 2025,6%by 2030,13%by 2035,26%by 2040,59%by 2045 and 75%by 2050.EU Carbon Emissions Trading System(EU ETS)By 2027,the EU will phase out free carbon allowances for the aviat

197、ion sector.The new system will align the carbon emissions of EU airlines flying to and from countries outside the European Economic Area(EEA)with CORSIA(Carbon Offset and Reduction Scheme for the International Aviation Industry).When carbon emissions from flights outside the EEA exceed 2019 levels,t

198、hey must be offset with corresponding carbon credits.The scope of the EU carbon trading system will be expanded to include carbon pricing for the road transport sector.Maritime carbon emissions will be incorporated into the carbon trading system by 2022.agreement to define a program for government w

199、ork until 2025.The agreement focuses on the green and zero carbon transformation of the German economy.The agreement outlines the overall goal to use the 2020s for a shift in mobility policy,moving to enable sustainable,efficient,barrier-free,intelligent,innovative and affordable mobility.The agreem

200、ent states that by 2035,only vehicles that can be fueled with e-fuels will be able to be newly registered.29Climate Goals and Recommendations for Action in Chinas Transport Sector Table 6 Selected measures for low-carbon development of transport in GermanyIn Germany,the Federal Ministry for Digital

201、Affairs and Transport(BMDV)is primarily responsible for the implementation of transport objectives,and coordinates with other ministries such as the Federal Ministry for the Environment,Nature Conservation,Nuclear Safety and Consumer Protection(BMUV),and the Federal Ministry of Finance(BMF).Promotio

202、n of new energy vehicles and transport equipmentThere will be 7 to 10 million registered electric vehicles in Germany by 2030.The federal government has established the“Umweltbonus”(environmental bonus)to subsidize the acquisition of new energy vehicles.Germany has also implemented tax incentives fo

203、r electric vehicles,exempting them from motor vehicle tax.In addition,the motor vehicle tax on new vehicles will be increased from 2 to 4 euros per kilometer based on the CO2 emissions of the vehicle.The existing exemption limit of 95 grams of CO2 per kilometer will still be applicable.Optimal restr

204、ucturing of transportThe federal government has promoted the optimal restructuring of freight transport by means of a reduction in rail track usage fees for rail freight and the promotion of single wagonload traffic(BMVI,2017).With regards to passenger transport,Germany has reduced the VAT on long-d

205、istance rail tickets,which makes rail travel cheaper and more attractive.In contrast,the surcharge for air travel has been slightly increased since April 2020.In addition,in order to increase the capacity and efficiency of rail transport,the federal government and the National Rail Company(Deutsche

206、Bahn)will invest 86 billion euros in the rail network before 2030.Charging infrastructureAt least 15,000 additional public charging stations will be made available by 2022 and 1 million available charging points will be ready by 2030.In the future,charging infrastructure must be installed in parking

207、 areas of residences,enterprise buildings,and other architectures.Individual homeowners and tenants can also request the installation of charging stations at their own expense.The Federal Cabinet adopted the Masterplan of Charging Station Infrastructure(Masterplan Ladeinfrastruktur)in November 2019,

208、proposing that public charging infrastructure will receive additional funding from 2021 onwards.In 2020,the government also provided an additional 200 million euros to fund private charging facilities,for the first time.Green mobility systemFrom 2021,the federal government has increased funding for

209、public transport.By 2030,it will provide additional funding to build more cycling infrastructure.To promote and improve cycling in Germany,the National Cycling Plan 3.0(NRVP 3.0)was released in April 2021.The plan includes such targets as doubling the distance travelled by bicycles from 112 mil.km p

210、er day in 2017 to 224 mil.km per day in 2030,and increasing cycling demand from 41%to 60%in 2030.In addition,funding will be provided for bus fleets that use renewable fuels.The electrification rate of city buses will reach 50%by 2030.Carbon emissions trading systemGerman air transport has been incl

211、uded in the carbon trading system since 2012.Road transport in Germany has been relatively slow to be included in the carbon emission trading system,mainly because there are many influencing factors of transport cost.In particular,fuel cost only accounts for 26%of total transport costs,and carbon em

212、ission trading price as a component of fuel cost has little influence on overall transport costs.However,Germany is still considering including road transport in the carbon emissions trading system,as soon as possible,and plans to set up special accounts for transport users.The railway industry is i

213、ndirectly counted in the carbon trading system due to its use of electricity.30Climate Goals and Recommendations for Action in Chinas Transport SectorBoth the EU and Germany have taken measures in setting low-carbon development targets for transport,promoting the development of electric vehicles,sup

214、porting the construction of charging infrastructure,restructuring transport systems,adopting favorable tax policies,and facilitating carbon trading(see Table 7).The EU focuses on specifying overall targets and setting indicators,such as the vehicle CO2 emission standards and EU directives for promot

215、ing renewable fuels(RED and RED II),to be implemented by each country.The overall goal of GHG emission reduction is clearly defined for member states through effort-sharing regulations.Germany,as a more economically developed country in the EU,has taken further active actions and undertaken greater

216、emission reduction responsibilities than some other members.Based on its level of development,Germany has further implemented and enhanced the top-level design of EU targets and directives,as well as formulating and proposing specific measures applicable to their own country.This method of implement

217、ing specific measures which are designed for certain local contexts is of particular reference value to China in formulating provincial-level carbon emission reduction plans.Using Germany as an example,China is able to see how proposing measures and targets according to local conditions,including le

218、vels of economic development,foundations of transport development,and natural endowments,could be an effective way to roll out catered actions for the same targets and directives in different locations.From the experience of the EU and Germany,the setting of clear targets and then developing corresp

219、onding regulations and strategies is at the core of the actions taken by the transport sector to combat climate change.As an example,promoting the use of zero-carbon transport equipment and adjusting related transport patterns are key measures to decarbonize the transport sector in the EU and German

220、y in the future.At the same time,tax exemptions for new energy transport equipment and increased CO2 emission fees for vehicles will serve to limit the use of traditional fuel transport equipment.EU countries also hope to promote emission reduction in the transport sector economically and efficientl

221、y through the carbon market,and are actively working on carbon pricing for road transport.In parallel,at present China is also actively building a carbon trading system,and would continue to benefit from further tracking and learning from the experiences shared from the EU carbon markets development

222、.Summary4.331Climate Goals and Recommendations for Action in Chinas Transport Sector Table 7 Comparison of transport targets and measures to address climate change in EU and Germany EUGermanyEstablish EU-level climate targets in general and in the transport sector and develop corresponding regulatio

223、ns and emission reduction strategies.Establish ambitious national climate targets in general and in the transport sector in line with EU targets and regulations and develop corresponding emission reduction strategies.Promote the use of new energyBy 2030,there will be at least 30 million zero-emissio

224、n cars and 80,000 zero-emission trucks on European roads,and zero-emission ships will enter the market.Phase out tax exemptions for fossil fuels in aviation and shipping,and set minimum tax rates.Promote the use of new energyBy 2030,7 million to 10 million electric vehicles will be registered in Ger

225、many.Increased charges based on the vehicles CO2 emissions,and electric vehicles will continue to be exempt from motor vehicle tax.Improve supporting infrastructure3 million public charging points and 1,000 hydrogen filling stations are to be installed across the EU by 2030.Improve supporting infras

226、tructure1 million available charging points by 2030;Provide additional funding for charging infrastructure.Transport restructuringDouble rail freight by 2050.75%of inland freight volume will be shifted to rail and inland water transport.Transport restructuringPromote a shift in freight and passenger

227、 transport from road to rail by reducing taxes and fees associated with rail transport;Increase surcharges of air travel.EU Carbon Emissions Trading System(EU ETS)Expand the scope of the EUETS,making carbon pricing cover the road transport sector.Include maritime carbon emissions into the carbon tra

228、ding system for the first timeReduce allowances for the aviation sectorGradually include the transport sector into the carbon trading systemGerman air transport has been included in the carbon trading system since 2012.The railway industry is indirectly counted in the carbon trading system due to it

229、s use of electricity.Green TravelGuide the public to choose green travel.A growing number of cities in the EU are developing Sustainable Urban Mobility Plans(SUMP)with reference to the SUMP developed by EU Commission as an integrated planning approach toward a sustainable and people-oriented mobilit

230、y environment,with particular focus on public transport and active mobility.Green TravelThe federal government increases funding for public transport;The promotion and improvement of cycling nationwide is supported by the releasing of relevant policy;Further investment and support for public transpo

231、rt and the active mobility(cycling and walking)infrastructure,as well as the use of digital solutions are emphasized.5Chinas transport emission reduction measures and suggestions for action 33Climate Goals and Recommendations for Action in Chinas Transport SectorIn recent years,China has introduced

232、a series of energy-saving and emission reduction policies to promote the implementation of low-carbon transition in Chinas transport sector,combining the advanced experience of developed countries with Chinas development situation.This section will further explore the measures and actions that can b

233、e taken by Chinas transport sector to achieve carbon dioxide emission peaking and carbon neutrality based on lessons learned from the experiences of the EU and Germany.Optimize transport structureGermany has improved the efficiency of its entire transport system by developing efficient transport org

234、anization models and promoting multi-modal transport to achieve energy-saving benefits.Lessons learned from international experiences,combined with the advantages of its already well-developed railway network,demonstrate how China can further optimize its existing transport structures and promote th

235、e shift of bulk materials from road to rail and waterway transport.Specific measures that China can take include:Implementing existing line expansion and transformation plans,including the releasing of general railway mainline freight capacity;Optimizing container,fast,heavy-duty and other transport

236、 networks to enhance the existing channel transport capacity of the road network;Improving the construction of large-scale enterprise railway transport networks to further enhance railway freight capacity;Further construction of national high-grade waterways,continued improvement in the average ship

237、ping tonnage of ships,and improvement of the share of freight turnover in waterway transport.Guide green travelChina can learn from the EU about relevant experiences with the sustainable integrated development of urban and transport planning,and then move forward to explore the potential of energy s

238、aving and carbon reduction actions,then guide the public to shift to lower carbon transport modes.The following measures are recommended for China to guide the promotion of green travel:Effectively promote the integration of urban planning and transport planning by developing green mobility guidelin

239、es(e.g.with reference to the EU SUMP concept);Encourage the integrated development of urban rail,bus rapid transit,and slow transport systems(walking,cycling etc.),promote Mobility-as-a-Service(MaaS),and carry out pilot projects of slow transport+rail/railway transit;Increase the construction of bus

240、-only lanes and allow buses to pass in both directions on one-way roads(according to local conditions)to improve bus efficiency;Promote barrier-free information facilities to provide the public with accurate and reliable information services such as real-time bus locations and expected arrival times

241、.Expand customized bus,night bus,community bus and other diversified bus services;Formulate an indicator system for the high-quality development of urban rail transit,organize the evaluation of the development status of rail transit in various cities,and select demonstration cities for high-quality

242、development of rail transit;Promote green travel by setting incentives(e.g.carbon credit-based incentive models to motivate people to choose greener methods of travel,such as selecting public transport modes over using private cars).34Climate Goals and Recommendations for Action in Chinas Transport

243、SectorImprove energy efficiencyTo control vehicle carbon emissions and promote the application of low-carbon technology development,the EU has proposed relatively stringent carbon emission and energy efficiency standards and a series of incentive policies.There is room for improvement in related man

244、datory standards and incentive measures in China,as outlined here:Fuel consumption limit standards for new vehicles and operating vehicles(especially operating trucks)can be raised in due course,and the frequency of updating limit standards can be accelerated;Efforts can be made to establish an effi

245、cient communication mechanism between the MoT and the MIIT on the fuel consumption limit standards for operating vehicles,and the development and update of limit standards can be negotiated.Through interviews with experts,this study learned that the establishment of vehicle carbon emission limits an

246、d the establishment of unified standards for all kinds of vehicle fuel technologies is a useful way to control vehicle carbon emissions,and a conducive step in expanding the technical path of vehicle carbon emission reduction.Carbon emission standards can be further studied,and relevant energy effic

247、iency standards can be proposed and refined according to different fuel types;To improve the overall energy efficiency of the fleet(transport equipment),it is necessary to establish an exit mechanism for vehicles and vessels in use and improve phase-out incentive policies;For railway transport,resea

248、rch on new energy-saving locomotives,maglev trains,low vacuum tube(tunnel)high-speed trains,energy storage technology(vehicle-mounted energy storage systems and ground energy storage systems)can be accelerated to improve the energy efficiency of locomotives;Regarding air transport,the unit energy co

249、nsumption of aircraft fleets can be reduced by optimizing routes(ATM),developing lightweight materials,promoting avionics systems and deploying strategic technologies in advance;For road transport,efforts can be made to further implement a system of standard vehicle models for road transport vehicle

250、s,establish a fuel consumption testing system for operating equipment,and strengthen supervision and management for testing;Regarding incentive policies,in addition to the improvement of existing subsidy policies for the elimination of old vehicles,improvements can be made in terms of taxation and d

251、ifferential expressway tolls.It is necessary to conduct research and then establish incentive mechanisms for leading automobile production enterprises,and set up a coordination mechanism based on market requirements,such as the promotion of fuel consumption credits,new energy credits,and carbon cred

252、its;It is suggested to popularize energy-saving driving technology throughout the transport sector,including carrying out training on energy-saving driving as an independent course of drivers theory and practice,and including it in license testing curriculum.Further promote the use of new energy tec

253、hnology Relating to road transport,China should focus on achieving breakthroughs in long-range battery-powered technology,and low hydrocarbon fuel technology for medium and heavy trucks,so as to improve energy safety and efficiency and reduce costs.The further acceleration of the electrification of

254、urban buses,taxis and urban logistics distribution vehicles is necessary.Regarding new fuel options,hydrogen fuel might be 35Climate Goals and Recommendations for Action in Chinas Transport Sectorconsidered as a possible fuel technology selection,but the effectiveness of its application depends on t

255、echnological developments,application scenarios and hydrogen production sources,therefore it is suggested to only promote the application of hydrogen if and when green hydrogen supplies can be ensured;For rail transport,it is necessary to conduct research which can then inform the promotion of large

256、-scale applications of new energy and renewable energy in railway construction,operation and equipment maintenance;In terms of waterway transport,the research and development of new ship types such as those which can run on hydrogen fuel and ammonia fuel are still in initial stages,and the related e

257、quipment,materials and processes are also still developing,as is research and the development of ship type technologies for LNG-fueled ships.Moreover,safety risks must be considered and mitigated when applying new technologies.For example,the use of LNG,hydrogen,ammonia and other clean energy fuels

258、have significant safety risks,therefore it is necessary to strengthen risk assessment and emergency security research methods for these products;For aviation transport,as alternative fuel technology for aviation vehicles is still in the early stages of being developed,it is necessary to accelerate r

259、esearch on deep decarbonization technology for the aviation field.It is recommended to actively promote major scientific and technological innovations related to alternative fuels suitable for the aviation sector,and identify specific airports and airlines that would be suitable to use to implement

260、the first green aviation pilot projects.Efforts can be made to encourage relevant sectors of research and design to examine,test and promote synergistic reduction technologies of GHG and pollutants.Projects that also demonstrate how the large-scale application of sustainable aviation fuel(biofuels)c

261、an be done in an orderly manner should also be developed;1 In addition,to ensure the use of new energy in the transport sector,the following four measures are needed to accelerate the integration of infrastructure networks with energy networks:2 Integrate the layout of energy supply networks such as

262、 electric energy and hydrogen energy with transport infrastructure networks,and accelerate the construction of charging,hydrogen and gas refueling infrastructure(IEA,2019a);3 Strengthen the interaction between NEVs and power grid(V2G)energy,encourage local demonstrations of the application of V2G,co

263、ordinate the charging and discharging needs of NEVs,and control peak-valley electricity through tariffs and preferential charging policies for NEVs;4 Accelerate the construction and use of electricity facilities at ports,improve the planning and construction of charging(swapping)stations and hydroge

264、n filling stations along expressways,and speed up the construction of LNG filling stations in shipping trunk lines;5 Study and implement pilot projects of“energy producers and consumers”in the transport sector,encourage transport infrastructure to use renewable energy such as photovoltaic,wind and t

265、ide resources to generate electricity,and convert,store and resell energy through electric vehicles,new energy storage and other technologies.These major emission reduction methods and key measures are summarized in Table 8.36Climate Goals and Recommendations for Action in Chinas Transport Sector Ta

266、ble 8 Suggested emission reduction measures for each transport sub-sectorTransport ModeMajor ways to reduce carbon emissionsKey MeasuresEmission reduction potentialHighwayStructural optimizationPromote the shift of“road to rail”and“road to waterway”The proportion of emissions is high and the carbon

267、reduction potential is high.However,there is still a lack of mature alternative energy solutions for heavy trucks in the short termEnergy efficiency improvementRaise fuel consumption standards for new cars and promote ener-gy-efficient vehicles Promote eco-driving practices and reduce fuel consumpti

268、onOptimize freight organization modes and improve freight efficiencyPhase out old cars and promote the IM systemAlternative Fuels PromotionReplace older models with electric vehicles:gradually transition from using light trucks to heavy trucksReplace heavy-duty trucks with LNG vehicles Replace long-

269、haul/intercity passenger and freight vehicles in the medium to long term with hydrogen-fueled vehiclesDemand ManagementPromote green travel and reduce private car useDesignate low emission zonesWaterwayEnergy Efficiency ImprovementR&D of new power systemsCarbon emission reduction means are limited,a

270、nd the shipping sector still lacks mature alternative energy solutions in the short termEliminate old shipsOptimize transport organization and improve transport efficiencyAlternative Fuels PromotionShort-term:LNG vesselsMid-and long-term:electric/hydrogen energy vesselsUse shore power for vessels ca

271、lling at portsRailwayEnergy Efficiency ImprovementPromote energy-saving technologiesIn recent years,railway electrification has been improved,with lower carbon emission and limited emission reduction potentialAlternative Fuels PromotionElectrificationCivil avia-tionEnergy efficiency improvementPromo

272、te energy-saving technologiesThere are limited carbon emission reduction means;Chinas aircraft fleet is a relatively new,with its energy consumption reaching a relatively low level.There is still a lack of mature alternative energy solutions in the short termOptimize routes6Conclusion 38Climate Goal

273、s and Recommendations for Action in Chinas Transport SectorDue to the rising demand for transport,the continuous increase of passenger and cargo volume,and the rapid expansion of transport infrastructure,related energy consumption and CO2 emission levels in China continue to grow.Compared with many

274、EU Member States such as Germany,Chinas transport is still undergoing a process of large-scale development,and the resulting task of emission reduction is both arduous and urgent.There are still great uncertainties in the technology needed to support current and new policies,and supporting implement

275、ing measures,for carbon emission reduction in Chinas transport sector.The transport sector therefore needs to both promote existing energy saving and emission reduction measures while also developing a medium and long-term low-carbon development strategies for the transport sector,if the goal of car

276、bon dioxide emission peaking before 2030 is to be achieved.Under the“1+N”policy system,the transport sector needs to first design and then implement detailed climate targets and emission reduction action plans.It is necessary to make sure this move is supported by increasing the capacity of carbon e

277、mission quantification and accounting across the transport sector,to ensure the effective monitoring of developed climate targets.Additionally,the transport sector needs to work more closely with other sectors,including energy,so as to ensure that climate targets are approached and met in a comprehe

278、nsive and integrated manner.Learning from the experience of the EU in regards to approaching climate targets with consideration of local contexts,China can also ensure that the interests and capacities of regions and participants at different stages of development can be taken into account,particula

279、rly in light of socio-economic changes that can be driven by actions taken to approach climate targets.China can consider providing region-specific financial support and set specific transport emission reduction targets for regions at different stages of development,so as to promote transport carbon

280、 peaking work in an orderly manner.The scale of Chinas transport system will grow at both medium and high speeds during the 14th Five-Year Plan period.The development and application of low-carbon technologies is at an early stage,and the transport sector needs to use this period of growth to promot

281、e the optimization of transport structures,energy efficiency,new energy and clean energy substitution and other emission reduction work,in an orderly and coordinated manner.Over the medium and long term,while the growth rate of the scale of Chinas transport sector will slow down,the penetration and

282、application of new technology will increase,and the continuous promotion of energy efficiency and new energy and clean energy substitution will play an important role in Chinas development and climate goals.From the perspective of achieving the carbon dioxide emission peaking target,road transport h

283、as the highest emission share in the transport sector and is the key sector impacting the goal of peaking transport emissions.In terms of lessening the carbon iimpact of road transport and therefore promoting the overall achievement of carbon peaking across the transport sector,efforts can be made t

284、o continuously improve the fuel consumption limits of new vehicles,accelerate the phasing out of old vehicles,upgrade and improve energy-saving technologies for in-use vehicles,and the promotion of the application of energy-saving driving and automated driving technologies.From the perspective of re

285、alizing carbon neutrality,aviation and shipping in the transport sector will become the main growth points of transport carbon emissions due to the lack of mature clean fuel substitution technologies in the short term,after the carbon peak is achieved by the whole society(Wang,2017).This may lead to

286、 a long-term plateau or slow reduction of carbon emissions in the transport sector after carbon peaking has occurred.It needs to be emphasized that addressing climate change is not solely a national task to be taken on by individual countries,but rather is a challenge faced by all mankind.Strong int

287、ernational cooperation is needed to jointly promote technological R&D and policy innovation,if efforts are to be effective and timely.Each country needs to follow the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities and maximize their actions in light of their national conditions and capabili

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