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1、SAF Grand Challenge RoadmapFlight Plan for Sustainable Aviation Fuel Prepared by the U.S.Department of Energy,U.S.Department of Transportation,and U.S.Department of Agriculture,in collaboration with the U.S.Environmental Protection Agency.SAF Grand Challenge Roadmap ii Disclaimer This work was prepa

2、red as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government.Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof,nor any of their employees,nor any of their contractors,subcontractors or their employees,makes any warranty,express or implied,or assumes any legal liability

3、or responsibility for the accuracy,completeness,or any third partys use or the results of such use of any information,apparatus,product,or process disclosed,or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights.Reference herein to any specific commercial product,process,or service by

4、trade name,trademark,manufacturer,or otherwise,does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement,recommendation,or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof or its contractors or subcontractors.The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or

5、 reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof,its contractors or subcontractors.SAF Grand Challenge Roadmap iii Acknowledgements This roadmap is the result of a memorandum of understanding among the U.S.Department of Agriculture,Department of Energy,and Department of Transport

6、ation.Extensive inputs were obtained from four workshops and discussions with federal government agencies,national laboratories,academia,nongovernmental organizations,and industry stakeholders.The Biomass Research and Development Boards Sustainable Aviation Fuel Interagency Working Group provided va

7、luable insights to the roadmap.The Commercial Aviation Alternative Fuels Initiative provided additional opportunity for stakeholder outreach and feedback.Development and drafting of the roadmap was led by an interagency team including:William Goldner,U.S.Department of Agriculture Justin Bredlau,U.S.

8、Department of Agriculture Nathan Brown,U.S.Department of Transportation,Federal Aviation Administration Zia Haq,U.S.Department of Energy Craig Brown,National Renewable Energy Laboratory With key contributions on regulatory policy by Diana Galperin,U.S.Environmental Protection Agency.Major writing an

9、d editing contributions were provided by:Kevin Craig,U.S.Department of Energy Steve Csonka,Commercial Aviation Alternative Fuels Initiative Jay Fitzgerald,U.S.Department of Energy James Hileman,U.S.Department of Transportation,Federal Aviation Administration Beau Hoffman,U.S.Department of Energy Kri

10、stin Lewis,U.S.Department of Transportation,Volpe Transportation Systems Center Anna Oldani,U.S.Department of Transportation,Federal Aviation Administration Valerie Reed,U.S.Department of Energy Ian Rowe,U.S.Department of Energy Mark Rumizen,U.S.Department of Transportation,Federal Aviation Administ

11、ration Mark Shmorhun,U.S.Department of Energy James Spaeth,U.S.Department of Energy Ryan Steinbach,U.S.Department of Transportation,Office of the Assistant Secretary for Aviation and International Affairs Art Wiselogel,U.S.Department of Energy Michael Wolcott,ASCENT/Washington State University.Key s

12、upport,review,and comment was received from representatives of the following organizations:Commercial Aviation Alternative Fuels Initiative SAF Grand Challenge Roadmap iv U.S.Department of Agriculture National Institute of Food and Agriculture Agricultural Research Service Economic Research Service

13、Natural Resources Conservation Service Rural Development Office of the Chief Economist,Office of Environmental and Energy Policy Office of the Under Secretary for Research,Education,and Economics/Office of the Chief Scientist U.S.Department of Defense Defense Logistics AgencyEnergy U.S.Air Force Off

14、ice of the Secretary of Defense U.S.Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Bioenergy Technologies Office Loan Programs Office Vehicle Technologies Office U.S.Department of Transportation Office of the Secretary of Transportation Office of the Assistant Secretary for Av

15、iation and International Affairs Federal Aviation Administration Office of Policy,International Affairs,and Environment Volpe Transportation Systems Center U.S.Environmental Protection Agency:Office of Transportation and Air Quality NASA:Aeronautics Research Mission Directorate Idaho National Labora

16、tory National Renewable Energy Laboratory Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Argonne National Laboratory Sandia National Laboratories Oak Ridge National Laboratory.Critical administrative support and event coordination was provided by:Richard Coaxum,The Building People Brian Cooper,The Building P

17、eople Melissa Ladd,BCS Seth Menter,BCS Stacey Young,The Building People.SAF Grand Challenge Roadmap v Special thanks to Kathy Cisar,Michael Deneen,and Elizabeth Stone at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory for crucial editorial review,graphics support,document formatting and layout support.SAF

18、Grand Challenge Roadmap vi List of Acronyms ASCENT Center of Excellence for Alternative Jet Fuels and Environment ATJ alcohol-to-jet CAAFI Commercial Aviation Alternative Fuels Initiative CI carbon intensity CO2 carbon dioxide CORSIA Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation

19、DOE U.S.Department of Energy DOT U.S.Department of Transportation EPA U.S.Environmental Protection Agency FAA Federal Aviation Administration FOG fats,oils,and greases GHG greenhouse gas HEFA hydroprocessed esters and fatty acids ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization LCFS Low Carbon Fuel St

20、andard MSW municipal solid waste NGO nongovernmental organization OEM original equipment manufacturer RD&D research,development,and demonstration RDD&D research,development,demonstration,and deployment SAF sustainable aviation fuel USDA U.S.Department of Agriculture SAF Grand Challenge Roadmap vii E

21、xecutive Summary “Flight Plan for Sustainable Aviation Fuel”The Sustainable Aviation Fuel(SAF)Grand Challenge1 is a U.S.government-wide approach to work with industry to reduce cost,enhance sustainability,and expand production to achieve 3 billion gallons per year of domestic sustainable aviation fu

22、el production that achieve a minimum of a 50%reduction in life cycle greenhouse gas emissions(GHG)compared to conventional fuel by 2030 and 100%of projected aviation jet fuel use,or 35 billion gallons of annual production,by 2050.To reduce aviation greenhouse gas emissions,the aviation sector is pur

23、suing a combination of aircraft technology,operational improvements,offsetting,and sustainable aviation fuel.This approach is reflected in the United States 2021 Aviation Climate Action Plan,2 which lays out the U.S.government strategy to build on sector-wide industry commitments to foster innovatio

24、n and drive change across the entire U.S.aviation ecosystem and meet a goal of net-zero GHG emissions from U.S.aviation by 2050.SAF is“drop-in”liquid hydrocarbon jet fuel produced from renewable or waste resources that is compatible with existing aircraft and engines.The plan recognizes that SAF off

25、ers a critical near-term solution to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and decouple aviations growth from its carbon emissions.Developing innovative technologies to produce SAF will enable the United States to meet its domestic climate goals for the U.S.economy and position it as a global leader in th

26、e emerging SAF market.The United States also has the potential to be an exporter of SAF technology and fuels to support other countries in their efforts to decarbonize aviation globally.Finally,SAF supports long-term viability of the U.S.airline and aerospace industries and is a critical component o

27、f U.S.strategy in the United Nations International Civil Aviation Organization(ICAO).SAF are hydrocarbon fuels and thus emit carbon dioxide when combusted in the aircraft engine.The extent to which any particular SAF provides emission reductions depends on the life cycle emissions profile,taking int

28、o account the production,transportation,and combustion of the SAF,as well as indirect effects associated with these.The SAF Grand Challenge requires fuels to reduce emissions by at least 50 percent on a life cycle basis compared to jet fuel,and has workstreams and actions dedicated to increasing the

29、 emissions reductions possible from the production,blending,and distribution of SAF.Additional benefits are expected as some types of SAF reduce emissions that impact air quality and contribute to the formation of contrails,which also impacts climate change.1 DOE.2021.“Memorandum of Understanding:Su

30、stainable Aviation Fuel Grand Challenge.”Sept.8,2021.https:/www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2021-09/S1-Signed-SAF-MOU-9-08-21_0.pdf.2 FAA.2021.United States 2021 Aviation Climate Action Plan.SAF Grand Challenge Roadmap viii Based on the joint Billion-Ton Report from the U.S.Department of Energy(D

31、OE)and U.S.Department of Agriculture(USDA),about 1 billion dry tons/year of biomass can be grown or collected sustainably.3 DOE estimates that this amount of biomass could be converted into 5060 billion gallons of advanced biofuels without impacting agriculture,trade,or current uses of biomass.Furth

32、er,as ground transport electrifies,SAF presents a potential market for existing biofuels.In addition to biomass sources,waste gaseous sources of carbon are potential SAF feedstocks.Combined,there is sufficient feedstock to meet the projected needs of the U.S.aviation industry if cost,sustainability,

33、and production barriers can be addressed.Successful implementation of the SAF Grand Challenge will require close collaboration of agencies across the federal government particularly DOE,USDA,U.S.Department of Transportation(DOT)and its Federal Aviation Administration(FAA),and U.S.Environmental Prote

34、ction Agency(EPA).The roles for these agencies have been spelled out in the SAF Grand Challenge memorandum of understanding.DOE is researching and developing sustainable fuel production technology,providing support for technology scale-up and advancing environmental analysis of SAF.USDA is developin

35、g feedstocks suitable for SAF and supporting commercialization.DOT has capabilities in fuel qualification and certification,U.S.and international standard-setting,transportation infrastructure,and stakeholder outreach.EPA is working directly with all three agencies on existing regulations that can s

36、upport SAF production.Working within the structure of the interagency Biomass Research and Development Board,4 an interagency working group on SAF has been established to enable coordination with representatives of a broader set of government agencies.SAF Grand Challenge Roadmap Overview An interage

37、ncy team led by the DOE,DOT,and USDA worked with EPA,other government agencies,and stakeholders from national labs,universities,nongovernmental organizations(NGOs),and the aviation,agricultural,and energy industries to develop this SAF Grand Challenge Roadmap.The roadmap outlines a whole-of-governme

38、nt approach with coordinated policies and specific activities that should be undertaken by the federal agencies to support achievement of both the 2030 and 2050 goals of the SAF Grand Challenge.This roadmap ensures alignment of government and industry actions and coordinate government policies to ac

39、hieve the goals of the SAF Grand Challenge.This includes coordination in the formation and execution of plans in research,development,demonstration,and deployment(RDD&D)such as modeling and analysis to ensure sharing of approaches,tools,assumptions,and insights across agencies research centers at th

40、e DOE national laboratories,FAAs Center of Excellence for Alternative Jet Fuels and Environment(ASCENT),and USDAs Agricultural Research Service,Forest Service,and National Institute of Food and Agriculture.3 DOE.2016.“2016 Billion-Ton Report.”https:/www.energy.gov/eere/bioenergy/2016-billion-ton-rep

41、ort.4 Biomass Research&Development.2022.“Biomass Research&Development Board.”https:/biomassboard.gov/.SAF Grand Challenge Roadmap ix The roadmap lays out six action areas spanning all activities with the potential to impact the SAF Grand Challenge objectives of(1)expanding SAF supply and end use,(2)

42、reducing the cost of SAF,and(3)enhancing the sustainability of SAF:1.Feedstock Innovation(FI)2.Conversion Technology Innovation(CT)3.Building Supply Chains(SC)4.Policy and Valuation Analysis(PA)5.Enabling End Use(EU)6.Communicating Progress and Building Support(CP).Within each of the six action area

43、s are workstreams that define critical topics to be addressed.Appendix A includes descriptions of granular activities within each workstream that can be pursued.During fiscal year 2023,publicprivate implementation teams will be formed around these action areas and workstreams.Throughout the remainde

44、r of the SAF Grand Challenge time frame,these implementation teams will further assist in developing and refining lists of goals,activities,and timelines commensurate with expected progress on action areas and workstream efforts,as well as identification of new needs.This roadmap is the beginning of

45、 an iterative,collaborative,and necessarily dynamic process.Regular updates are anticipated as research advances,technologies progress,markets develop,and agencies progress toward the SAF Grand Challenge goals.SAF Grand Challenge Actions and Impact Meeting the two SAF Grand Challenge goals of 3 bill

46、ion gallons of SAF per year by 2030 and 35 billion gallons of SAF per year by 2050 will require sets of activities that differ in focus to impact the two different periods.Key actions in support of 2030 and 2050 production and GHG reduction goals are identified on the following pages.Key Actions To

47、Support 2030 Production Given the limited timeless than 8 yearsto meet the 2030 goal,and considering the time required for SAF production infrastructure to be built,the path to meeting the 2030 goals requires an immediate focus on commercially ready conversion technologies and feedstocks.Lipid-based

48、 pathways(fats,oils,and greases)are expected to be the primary fuel pathway leading up to 2030,with a smaller contribution from waste,forest and agricultural residue,and alcohol pathways by 2030.SAF Grand Challenge Roadmap x It is important to note that additional policy incentives may be necessary

49、to achieve rapid scaling to meet the 2030 goal.This roadmap includes executive agency activities in support of policy analysis and tools to inform new policy implementation that will increase production of SAF and reduce aviation sector GHG emissions.President Biden,working with Congress,signed the

50、Inflation Reduction Act(IRA)into law on August 16,2022(see text box below).This legislation provides powerful first steps to incentivize companies across the aviation industry and the fuel supply chain to move aggressively to shift toward a low-carbon future,and to hire American workers to get the j

51、ob done.Workstreams Supporting Near-Term SAF Production Impactful to 2030 Goals Build and support stakeholder coalitions through outreach,extension,and education(Workstream SC.1)to set the stage for SAF supply chains to develop and sustain themselves and replicate with continuous improvement.Maximiz

52、e sustainable lipid supply for 2030(Workstream FI.2)through a coordinated approach to lipid feedstock RDD&D to support rapid buildout of lipid pathway production.Decarbonize,diversify,and scale current fermentation-based fuel industry(Workstream CT.1)to address barriers to expansion of SAF supply vi

53、a alcohol pathways.Invest in SAF infrastructure to support industry deployment(Workstream SC.4)and to allow industry to attract investment into production capacity.Develop improved environmental models and data for SAF(Workstream PA.1)to support optimization of existing policies and implementation o

54、f new policies that could be enacted.Inform SAF policy development(Workstream PA.3)with analysis of gaps and impacts of policies under consideration.Stakeholder outreach and engagement on sustainability(Workstream CP.1)to exchange data and information about best practices to reduce life cycle GHG em

55、issions from agricultural and forest-derived feedstocks and optimize other environmental and social impacts.Enable use of drop-in unblended SAF and SAF blends up to 100%(Workstream EU.2)to simplify blending requirements,reduce cost of logistics,and facilitate supply.Integrate SAF into fuel distribut

56、ion infrastructure(Workstream EU.4),including conducting infrastructure analysis to identify and address barriers to SAF supply to airports.SAF Provisions of the 2022 Inflation Reduction Act(IRA)The Inflation Reduction Act of 2022,signed into law by President Biden on August 16,includes a two-year t

57、ax credit for those who blend SAF;a subsequent three-year tax credit for those who produce SAF;and a grant program of$290 million over four years to carry out projects that produce,transport,blend,or store SAF,or develop,demonstrate,or apply low-emission aviation technologies.To be eligible,the SAF

58、must achieve,in general,at least a 50%improvement in GHG emissions performance on a life cycle basis as compared with conventional jet fuel.The tax creditwhich starts at$1.25/gallon of neat SAFincreases with every percentage point of improvement in life cycle emissions performance up to$1.75/gallon.

59、SAF Grand Challenge Roadmap xi Key Actions To Support 20302050 Production The path to meet the goals beyond 2030 to 2050 requires a continuing focus on supporting ongoing innovation,including research,development,and demonstration(RD&D)of new feedstock and conversion technologies with potential for

60、exponential growth in production capacity,greater emissions reductions,and reductions in cost of production and carbon intensity(CI)after 2030.This effort must occur simultaneously with the 2030-focused activities to develop a portfolio of solutions that can come into production after 2030 and be se

61、quentially scaled to meet the ambitious fuel production needs through to 2050.Technologies in this portfolio are expected to result in a dramatic buildout and expansion of alcohol,waste-based,lignocellulosic,and waste and captured carbon gas pathways.Workstreams Supporting Midterm and Long-Term Inno

62、vation Impactful to 2050 Goals Conduct RD&D on scaling and sustainability of biomass,waste,and residue feedstocks(Workstreams FI.3 and FI.6)to enable innovations in technologies and strategies that increase the availability of biomass and waste resources at reduced CI and cost.This includes addressi

63、ng the social,environmental,and economic sustainability aspects of feedstock supply chains.Conduct RD&D on feedstock logistics and handling reliability(Workstreams FI.4 and FI.5)to increase efficiencies and decrease cost and CI of supply logistics from the producers field to the conversion facility

64、door.De-risk scale-up through R&D and integrated piloting of critical pathways by 2030(Workstreams CT.1CT.4)to accelerate fuel conversion technology scale-up and improve financeability of critical conversion pathways that utilize the full potential of an expanded feedstock supply.Build and support r

65、egional stakeholder coalitions through outreach,extension,and education(Workstream SC.1)to continue to expand an SAF industry that improves environmental and economic performance while supporting job creation and social equity in multiple regions of the country.Model and demonstrate sustainable regi

66、onal supply chains for critical pathways by 2035(Workstreams SC.2 and SC.3)to promote commercialization of SAF supply chains through process validation and risk reduction via access to critical data and tools that empower rapid,informed decision-making when evaluating SAF supply chain options.Contin

67、ue to invest in industry deployment(Workstream SC.4)to help overcome barriers to project financing through creative financing,government loans and loan guarantees,and outreach.Continue to inform SAF policy development(Workstream PA.3)to enable aligned policy incentives that will support long-term SA

68、F deployment.Support SAF qualification(Workstream EU.1)to accelerate fuel safety testing,evaluation,and specification activity;reduce the cost and time for new approvals;and expand the range of qualified fuels to include new critical pathways that will enable expansion of SAF supply.SAF Grand Challe

69、nge Roadmap xii Summary The ultimate goal of the SAF Grand Challenge is to reduce GHG emissions in the aviation sector by supporting the creation of an environment where feedstock producers adopt best practices to reduce emissions,regional collaborations come together to maximize economic and social

70、 benefits in developing SAF,and fuel producers ultimately choose to produce and sell SAF to aviation industry end users.As previously noted,further legislative action to reduce cost and risk will likely be necessary to meet the goals.The SAF Grand Challenge Roadmap creates a coordinated approach to

71、federal actions that will increase emissions reductions;de-risk technology,supply chains,and markets;and reduce barriers.This is being carried out with activities that support near-term production to meet 2030 goals,as well as ongoing innovation to support future production to meet 2050 goals.In add

72、ition,the roadmap provides a focus on setting up demonstrations of supply chains,investing in production infrastructure,collecting data and performing analysis to support markets for SAF through strong policies,and eliminating barriers to enable distribution and end use of SAF.Finally,the roadmap pr

73、ioritizes engagement with stakeholders to build support and communicate on progress of the SAF Grand Challenge.In combination,these actions can support industry to build out and use a dramatically expanded U.S.-based SAF supply.The Sustainable Aviation Fuel Grand Challenge Roadmap affirms that the?o

74、vernent,across multiple agencies,is committed to the substantial emissions reductions that can be achieved through SAF research,development,and deployment.It is a plan for continuing,long-term,and substantial assistance and action.SAF Grand Challenge Roadmap xiii Table of Contents Disclaimer.ii Ackn

75、owledgements.iii List of Acronyms.vi Executive Summary.vii SAF Grand Challenge Roadmap Overview.viii SAF Grand Challenge Actions and Impact.ix Table of Contents.xiii List of Figures.xv List of Tables.xv Introduction.1 Urgency of Action.2 Roadmap Overview.5 Roadmap Approach.5 Roadmap Action Areas.6 F

76、eedstock Innovation.12 FI.1.Understand Resource Markets and Availability.14 FI.2.Maximize Sustainable Lipid(FOG)Supply for 2030.16 FI.3.Increase Production of Purpose-Grown Biomass Resources and Collection of Wastes and Residues.18 FI.4.Improve Feedstock Supply Logistics.20 FI.5.Increase Reliability

77、 of Feedstock Handling Systems.23 FI.6.Improve Sustainability of Biomass and Waste Supply Systems.25 Conversion Technology Innovation.28 CT.1.Decarbonize,Diversify,and Scale Current Fermentation-Based Fuel Industry.29 CT.2.Develop Options To Increase Production and Reduce Carbon Intensity of Existin

78、g ASTM-Qualified Pathways.31 CT.3.Develop Biointermediates and Pathways for Compatibility With Existing Capital Assets.34 CT.4.Reduce Risk During Scale-Up and Operations.36 CT.5.Develop Innovative Unit Operations and Pathways.37 Building Supply Chains.39 SC.1.Build and Support Regional Stakeholder C

79、oalitions Through Outreach,Extension,and Education.40 SAF Grand Challenge Roadmap xiv SC.2.Model SAF Supply Chains.43 SC.3.Demonstration of SAF Supply Chains.44 SC.4.Invest in SAF Production Infrastructure To Support Industry Deployment.47 Policy and Valuation Analysis.49 PA.1.Develop Improved Envir

80、onmental Models and Data for SAF.49 PA.2.Conduct Techno-Economic and Production Potential Analysis.52 PA.3.Inform SAF Policy Development.54 Enabling End Use.57 EU.1.Support SAF Evaluation,Testing,Qualification,and Specification.58 EU.2.Enable Use of Drop-In Unblended SAF and SAF Blends up to 100%.59

81、 EU.3.Investigate Synthetic Aviation Turbine Fuels Offering Performance or Producibility Advantages.61 EU.4.Integrate SAF Into Fuel Distribution Infrastructure.62 Communicating Progress and Building Support.64 CP.1.Stakeholder Outreach and Engagement on Feedstock Sustainability.65 CP.2.Conduct Benef

82、its Assessment/Impact Analysis of SAF Grand Challenge.66 CP.3.Measure Progress of the SAF Grand Challenge.67 CP.4.Communicate Public Benefits of the SAF Grand Challenge.68 References.71 Appendix A:Detailed Roadmap Activities(Preliminary).75 Appendix A.1:Feedstock Innovation Detailed Activities.75 Ap

83、pendix A.2:Conversion Technology Innovation Activities.84 Appendix A.3:Building Supply Chains Detailed Activities.93 Appendix A.4:Policy and Valuation Analysis Detailed Activities.99 Appendix A.5:Enabling End Use Detailed Activities.104 Appendix A.6:Communicating Progress and Building Support Detail

84、ed Activities.109 SAF Grand Challenge Roadmap xv List of Figures Figure 1.Analysis of future U.S.domestic and international aviation CO2 emissions.3 Figure 2.Graphic representation of the SAF Grand Challenge Roadmap.8 Figure 3.Feedstock supply and logistics overview.13 Figure 4.Oilseed cover crop,Br

85、assica carinata.17 Figure 5.Example of advanced logistics depot system.22 Figure 6.Conversion pathways to SAF.34 Figure 7.USDA supports several SAF-related regional publicprivate partnerships under the National Institute of Food and Agriculture Coordinated Agricultural Projects.42 Figure 8.Objective

86、s and accomplishments through scale-up steps.45 Figure 9.Worlds first commercial flight using cellulosic-based SAF,produced by a Northwest Advanced Renewables Alliance project funded by USDA.60 Figure 10.Public outreach through field days and listening sessions.69 List of Tables Table 1.SAF Grand Ch

87、allenge Roadmap Action Areas and Workstream Summary.9 Table 2.Biomass Feedstock Potential.15 Table 3.ASTM Pathways.33 SAF Grand Challenge Roadmap 1 Introduction The aviation sector is an important contributor to the American economy but a significant source of greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions.Aviation g

88、enerates approximately 2%of U.S.human-made carbon dioxide(CO2)emissions and contributes additional global warming impacts through high-altitude nitrogen oxide emissions and aviation-induced cloudiness.U.S.commercial aviation currently consumes approximately 10%of U.S.transportation energy.Aviation d

89、rives about 6%of the U.S.gross domestic product and just under 7%of national employment.The 2019 jet fuel uplift5 in the United States was approximately 23 billion gallons and is expected to grow to about 34 billion gallons by 2050.6 Aviation is difficult to decarbonize because of the need for an en

90、ergy-dense liquid fuel to power an aircraft that will carry several hundred passengers and cargo thousands of miles at high speeds in a vehicle that can weigh several hundred tons.To understand the energy needs of aviation,it helps to consider that at takeoff,the jet engines of a Boeing 777 wide-bod

91、y jet are generating power levels comparable to a small nuclear reactor(e.g.,130 MW).7 Energy sources other than liquid hydrocarbon jet fuels,such as battery technologies and hydrogen,will thus be limited in the near and medium term to small aircraft flying short ranges and are not expected to contr

92、ibute to substantially reducing aviation emissions until after 2050.This makes widescale production and use of SAF the highest impact near-term strategy for significantly reducing aviation emissions and achieving the nations net zero emissions goals for aviation by 2050.In September 2021,the U.S.Dep

93、artment of Energy(DOE),U.S.Department of Transportation(DOT),and U.S.Department of Agriculture(USDA)launched a government-wide Sustainable Aviation Fuel(SAF)Grand Challenge8 to meet growing demand for sustainable aviation fuels by working with stakeholders to reduce costs,enhance sustainability,and

94、expand production and use of SAF.SAF is defined as drop-in fuel from wastes,renewable materials,and gaseous sources of carbon that achieves a minimum of 50%reduction in life cycle GHG emissions compared to conventional fuel.The SAF Grand Challenge adopted the goals of supplying at least 3 billion ga

95、llons of SAF per year by 2030 and sufficient SAF to meet 100%of aviation fuel demand by 2050,which is projected to be around 35 billion gal/yr.The SAF Grand Challenge affirmed to stakeholders that the U.S.government,across multiple agencies,is committed to SAF research,development,demonstration,and

96、deployment(RDD&D).5 Refers to fuel loaded onto aircraft at U.S.airports for all domestic flights(including general aviation,cargo,and passenger operations)and all international departures(including U.S.and foreign operators).6 Federal Aviation Administration(FAA).2021.United States 2021 Aviation Cli

97、mate Action Plan.Washington,D.C.:FAA.https:/www.faa.gov/sites/faa.gov/files/2021-11/Aviation_Climate_Action_Plan.pdf.7 Kellner,Thomas.2017.“GE Just Turned the Worlds Most Powerful Jet Engine Into A 65-Megawatt Power Plant.”GE News,Jan.30,2017.https:/ DOE.2021.“Memorandum of Understanding.”SAF Grand

98、Challenge Roadmap 2 The SAF Grand Challenge Roadmap provides an outline of actions by U.S.government agencies to support stakeholders in realizing the goals set forth in the SAF Grand Challenge.Under the roadmap,federal government agencies will collaborate and coordinate with the aviation industry,f

99、uel producers,agriculture,research,academia,state/local/tribal governments,and others to accelerate growth of a domestic SAF industry that utilizes U.S.manufacturing capacities and the U.S.workforce,contributes to U.S.energy security,aids economic growth in rural America,and supports a just transiti

100、on to a low-carbon aviation future.The roadmap will enable agencies to coordinate activities in RDD&D to catalyze technology innovation,publicprivate partnerships,policy frameworks,and investments needed to address barriers to realizing the SAF Grand Challenge goals.It is important to note that real

101、izing the goals of the SAF Grand Challenge will require actions outside of the roadmap scope.Namely,success will likely require legislative actions that invest in SAF RDD&D and create a policy environment where producers and end users choose to produce and use SAF,respectively.It will also require i

102、ndustry to build and purchase SAF supply.Furthermore,although the SAF Grand Challenge Roadmap will inform policy options,it is beyond the scope of the roadmap to suggest policy preferences,and no attempt is made to do so.This roadmap has and will continue to incorporate input from key stakeholders t

103、o ensure alignment of government and industry actions and coordination of government policies.This roadmap is the beginning of an evolving,collaborative,and necessarily dynamic process.Regular updates will be informed by technological progress,market developments,and analysis activities.Urgency of A

104、ction SAF production and use are critical to the aviation sector.In line with the Biden administrations goal for net-zero GHG emissions by 2050,9 the aviation industry has also committed to net-zero emissions by 2050.10,11 In 2019,prior to the COVID-19 pandemic,commercial aviation produced 2.5%of do

105、mestic GHG emissions and 11%of transportation sector GHG emissions.12 The aviation sector has and will continue to make significant improvements in fuel and operational efficiency improvements.However,this will only get the industry part of the way 9 The White House.2021.“Fact Sheet:Biden Administra

106、tion Advances the Future of Sustainable Fuels in American Aviation.”Briefing Room,Sept.9,2021.https:/www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/09/09/fact-sheet-biden-administration-advances-the-future-of-sustainable-fuels-in-american-aviation/.10 Airlines for America.2021.“Major U.S.

107、Airlines Commit to Net-Zero Carbon Emissions by 2050.”News Updates,March 30,2021.https:/www.airlines.org/news/major-u-s-airlines-commit-to-net-zero-carbon-emissions-by-2050/.11 IATA.2021.“Net-Zero Carbon Emissions by 2050.”Press Release No:66,Oct.4,2021.https:/www.iata.org/en/pressroom/2021-releases

108、/2021-10-04-03/.On October 4,2021,the International Air Transport Association and its member airlines committed to achieve net-zero-carbon emissions by 2050.12 EPA.2022.“Inventory of U.S.Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks:19902020.”Tables A-98 and ES-6,last updated July 13,2022.https:/www.epa.gov/gh

109、gemissions/inventory-us-greenhouse-gas-emissions-and-sinks-1990-2020.SAF Grand Challenge Roadmap 3 toward net-zero emissions.Unlike the on-road transportation sector,energy alternatives(e.g.,electricity and hydrogen)will not be viable for commercial aviation in the near term or midterm.The sector wi

110、ll remain reliant on high-energy-dense liquid fuels for years to come.13 As indicated by Figure 1,SAF is the only viable means of meeting net-zero-emission targets.Figure 1.Analysis of future U.S.domestic and international aviation CO2 emissions14 The SAF production goals set forth in the Grand Chal

111、lenge are ambitious and necessary for the aviation sector to achieve net-zero emissions by 2050.In 2021,approximately five million gallons of SAF were produced domestically.Going from 5 million to 3 billion gal/yr by 2030 is a 600-fold increase that requires a 122%year-over-year growth in production

112、 to 2030.It is critical this growth start immediately.Robust federal support for commercially proven technology pathways is necessary to achieve this growth.The U.S.airline industry has committed to work with the federal government and other stakeholders to make 3 billion gal/yr of cost-effective SA

113、F available to U.S.aircraft operators in 2030.15 At the same time and in parallel,the foundation must be set to achieve the longer-term 2050 goal.More than 400 biorefineries and 1 billion tons of biomass and/or gaseous carbon oxide feedstock will be needed to produce 35 billion gal/yr by 2050.This w

114、ill require RDD&D on the 13 As FAA notes,“there is no realistic option that could replace liquid fuels in the commercial aircraft fleet in the coming decades.”FAA.2021.United States 2021 Aviation Climate Action Plan.14 FAA.2021.United States 2021 Climate Action Plan.15 Airlines for America.2021.“U.S

115、.Airlines Announce 3-Billion-Gallon Sustainable Aviation Fuel Production Goal.”News Updates,Sept.9,2021.https:/www.airlines.org/news/u-s-airlines-announce-3-billion-gallon-sustainable-aviation-fuel-production-goal/.SAF Grand Challenge Roadmap 4 next generation of feedstocks and conversion technologi

116、es.It is crucial that demonstration projects prove technologies and supply chains in this decade if this level of industry buildout is to occur in the following two decades.In addition to making a major contribution to the nations overall climate goals,achieving the SAF Grand Challenge goals will dr

117、ive economic development along the entire supply chain from farm to flight.The SAF Grand Challenge will support jobs in agriculture,forestry,infrastructure,construction,transportation,research and development,and other areas where America already excels at manufacturing and production.Much of the jo

118、b creation will occur in rural America,where biomass is available and biorefineries will be located.Additional benefits include enhancing existing crop and forest productivity,providing opportunities for substantial engagement with and benefits to underserved communities and peoples,encouraging indu

119、stry commitments,and enhancing publicprivate partnerships.SAF Grand Challenge Roadmap 5 Roadmap Overview The SAF Grand Challenge Roadmap provides an outline of actions by U.S.government agencies to support industry in achieving the goals set forth in the SAF Grand Challenge:Enable scale-up of the pr

120、oduction and use of SAF to 3 billion gal/yr by 2030.Enable scale-up of the production and use of SAF to 35 billion gal/yr to meet 100%of domestic aviation fuel demand by 2050.16 The roadmap was developed with close collaboration between the sponsoring agenciesDOE,DOT/Federal Aviation Administration(

121、FAA),and USDAwith inputs from other federal agencies including the U.S.Environmental Protection Agency(EPA),Department of Defense,National Aeronautics and Space Administration(NASA),and others.The roadmap development process also included engagement with key stakeholder groups representing the aviat

122、ion industry(e.g.,Commercial Aviation Alternative Fuels Initiative CAAFI,Airlines for America,passenger and cargo airlines,manufacturers,and business aviation),fuel producers(e.g.,Advanced Biofuels Association,Renewable Fuels Association,and energy majors),nongovernmental organizations(NGOs)(e.g.,Wo

123、rld Wildlife Fund and International Council on Clean Transportation),national laboratories,and academia.Five stakeholder input sessions were held with federal agencies,national labs and agency-funded researchers,and industry and NGO stakeholders.The roadmap contains input from all key stakeholders t

124、o ensure alignment of government and stakeholder actions and coordination of government policies.Clearly,significant government and industry stakeholder support is crucial to achieve the goals and benefits of the SAF Grand Challenge.Federal government agencies intend to collaborate and coordinate wi

125、th the aviation industry,fuel producers,agriculture,research,academia,state/local governments,and others to accelerate growth of a domestic SAF industry that utilizes U.S.manufacturing capacities and the U.S.workforce,contributes to U.S.energy security,and supports a just transition to a low-carbon

126、aviation future.Going forward,the agencies will continue to seek and incorporate stakeholder input.Roadmap Approach Through this roadmap,the federal agencies will coordinate RDD&D activities to catalyze technology innovation,publicprivate partnerships,policy frameworks,and investments needed to addr

127、ess barriers to realizing the SAF Grand Challenge goals.These activities will span the entire supply chain from farm to flight.The SAF Grand Challenge Roadmap outlines actions to address three key themes necessary to realize the emissions reductions expected from the Grand Challenge goals:16 The Whi

128、te House.2021.“Fact Sheet.”SAF Grand Challenge Roadmap 6 1.Expanding SAF supply and end use through support for regional feedstock and fuel production development;outreach,extension,and workforce development;new infrastructure and commercialization support through federal programs;implementation of

129、supporting policies that may be enacted;enabling approvals of diverse SAF pathways;and continued outreach and coordination with military and industry end users.2.Reducing the cost of SAF through critical activities that drive down cost of production across the supply chain,expand the feedstock and c

130、onversion technology portfolio,leverage and repurpose existing production infrastructure,reduce risk to industry,and provide incentives for production.3.Enhancing sustainability of SAF by maximizing the environmental co-benefits of production,reducing the carbon intensity(CI)of SAF supply chains,ens

131、uring robust standards that guarantee high environmental integrity,and enabling approvals of higher blend levels of SAF.Roadmap Action Areas The SAF Grand Challenge Roadmap lays out a plan of six action areas in which the federal government and stakeholders will collaborate to support achieving thes

132、e SAF production levels.Feedstock Innovation The Feedstock Innovation Action Area lays out R&D workstreams facilitating sustainable feedstock supply system innovations across the range of SAF-relevant feedstocks,as well as enabling supply chain optimization to reduce cost,technology uncertainty,and

133、risk;increase yield and sustainability;and optimize SAF precursors(e.g.,ethanol and isobutanol).Using an evolving approach,feedstock supply systems will be developed to interface with existing or emerging conversion technologies to enable SAF production to meet near-term(2030)and longer-term(2050)U.

134、S.SAF production targets.The Feedstock Innovation Action Area overlaps with other action areas in the roadmap,including Conversion Technology Innovation,Building Supply Chains,and Policy and Valuation Analysis.Conversion Technology Innovation The Conversion Technology Innovation Action Area covers R

135、&D through pilot scale from the receipt of biomass at the refinery gate through finished fuel to achieve technology improvements and carbon intensity reductions.The effort includes processes that are already commercialized,such as the hydroprocessed esters and fatty acids(HEFA)pathway,or nearing com

136、mercialization(e.g.,the alcohol-to-jet ATJ pathway),and addresses work on processes that will be ready for commercialization beyond 2030 but need to be developed now.Workstreams between the Conversion Technology Innovation and Feedstock Innovation action areas will need to collaborate to ensure the

137、delivery of feedstock suitable for conversion and conversion processes that maximize retainment of emissions reductions achievable through feedstock.Technology that is developed through integrated piloting is handed off to the Building Supply Chains area workgroups for regional supply chain demonstr

138、ation projects.SAF Grand Challenge Roadmap 7 Building Supply Chains The SAF supply chains area encompasses feedstock production,collection,and distribution to SAF production facilities;conversion of feedstock to fuel;and transport of finished fuel to the infrastructure required to fuel aircraft.Beca

139、use current fuel certifications require SAF to be blended with conventional fuels,the SAF supply chain also requires coordination with conventional jet fuel industries.As SAF production is a nascent industry,SAF supply chains are immature,may be regionally unique,and will likely require significant

140、resources and investment to establish.This action area will support SAF production expansion through R&D transitions from pilot to large scale,demonstration projects to validate supply chain logistics and business models,and publicprivate partnerships and collaboration with regional,state,and local

141、stakeholders.Policy and Valuation Analysis The objective of this action area is to provide data,tools,and analysis to support policy decisions and maximize social,economic,and environmental value of SAF.Workstreams in this action area will evaluate the impact of existing and new policies to address

142、key barriers that prevent production and use of SAF.Data and analytical tools will be used to demonstrate where policy needs to be developed to address major production challenges and enhancements to emission reductions.Workstreams will develop improved environmental models and data for SAF,conduct

143、techno-economic and production potential analysis,and inform SAF policy development.Key activities include engagement and collaboration with key stakeholder groups,including NGOs and international organizations such as the International Civil Aviation Organization(ICAO),on data and method developmen

144、t.Enabling End Use The Enabling End Use Action Area focuses on RDD&D activities to facilitate the end use of SAF by civilian and military users.The action area focuses on addressing critical barriers and requirements for safe and cost-effective use of SAF via standards development and critical R&D a

145、nd analysis.The workstreams include SAF qualification,reaching 100%drop-in SAF,fuel performance evaluation,and SAF integration with existing fuel distribution infrastructure.Efforts spanning these key areas will address critical barriers to SAF deployment.Communicating Progress and Building Support

146、Effective communication that transparently demonstrates the environmental,climate,and economic benefits of SAF is vital to building public trust and increasing support.For the SAF Grand Challenge to be successful,public awareness of SAF as one of the solutions to reduce net GHG emissions from aviati

147、on,while also simultaneously investing in the U.S.domestic economy,will be critical.This includes making transparent,science-based analysis and data on the impacts and benefits of SAF and progress toward SAF Grand Challenge goals available to the public.Communication activities will support workstre

148、ams across the other five action areas,including engagement with key stakeholder groups such as NGOs.SAF Grand Challenge Roadmap 8 Figure 2.Graphic representation of the SAF Grand Challenge Roadmap Each of the six action areas is further broken down into workstreams.These workstreams define critical

149、 high-level activities within each action area.Action areas and the related workstreams are summarized in Table 1.Appendix A provides a more granular description of the roadmap activities,including potential deliverables and possible timelines for action.The activities currently defined in Appendix

150、A are a preliminary list of possible activities under each workstream.During fiscal year 2023,publicprivate implementation teams will be formed around these action areas and workstreams.These implementation teams will further develop and refine these lists of specific activities and timelines.The ro

151、admap is intended to be the beginning of an evolving,collaborative,and necessarily dynamic process.This will require regular updates at least every 2 years,informed by analysis activities.These periodic reviews will assess progress and redirect activities,as necessary and appropriate,to optimize ada

152、ptation to changing technology,markets,and political factors.The next six sections provide a higher level of explanation for each of the action areas of the SAF Grand Challenge Roadmap and provide detail on the workstreams that have been identified for each action area.SAF Grand Challenge Roadmap 9

153、Table 1.SAF Grand Challenge Roadmap Action Areas and Workstream Summary 1.Feedstock Innovation(FI)WORKSTREAM FI.1:Understand resource markets and availability.Develop databases and market analysis(including competitive uses)for commodity and commercially available feedstocks under increased demand f

154、or SAF and assess and analyze the factors affecting the availability of non-commodity/commercial feedstocks.WORKSTREAM FI.2:Maximize sustainable lipid(fats,oils,and greases FOG)supply for 2030.Given near-term relevance of SAF conversion of lipids to meeting 2030 goals,take a coordinated approach to

155、lipid feedstock research,development,and demonstration(RD&D)to support expansion to meet 2030+goal,development of a lipid multigenerational project plan,and coordination of U.S.government support for near-term lipid crop expansion(e.g.,oilseed cover crops).WORKSTREAM FI.3:Increase production of purp

156、ose-grown biomass resources and collection of wastes and residues.Increase the production and collection of biomass resources(besides lipids)for 2030 and beyond by conducting/supporting R&D on crop genetic development,sustainable production and management,and crop harvest or residual/waste collectio

157、n.WORKSTREAM FI.4:Improve feedstock supply logistics.Support the development of supply chain systems,including transportation,storage,and preprocessing logistics,to increase efficiencies and decrease cost and carbon intensity of supply logistics from the producers field to the conversion facility do

158、or.WORKSTREAM FI.5:Increase reliability of feedstock handling systems.Acquire a deep understanding of the behavior and characteristics of solid feedstocks and enable development of computational models that inform R&D to increase the reliability of feedstock handling operations.WORKSTREAM FI.6:Impro

159、ve sustainability of biomass and waste supply systems.Develop an understanding of how biomass production and waste collection for use as a biofuel feedstock impact air,water,soil,biodiversity,and social/environmental justice.2.Conversion Technology Innovation(CT)WORKSTREAM CT.1:Decarbonize,diversify

160、,and scale current fermentation-based fuel industry.This workstream will reduce the carbon intensity of the existing starch ethanol industry while increasing its production capacity,without requiring the planting of additional corn.This workstream will also further improve the economics and CI of al

161、cohol-to-jet processes and other pathways that utilize fermentation to make SAF molecules or precursor molecules.WORKSTREAM CT.3:Develop biointermediates and pathways for compatibility with existing capital assets.The focus area of this workstream is on various biointermediate streams that are likel

162、y to be transferred between entities for processing from feedstock to finished fuel.This workstream will(1)investigate opportunities to integrate with industry both on the upstream and downstream ends by identifying priority intermediates,(2)determine value added due to industry integration and comp

163、elling business opportunities and business models,(3)determine critical material attributes at interfaces with industry partners,and(4)develop R&D plans to achieve intermediate conversion for industry engagement.SAF Grand Challenge Roadmap 10 WORKSTREAM CT.2:Develop options to increase production an

164、d reduce carbon intensity of existing ASTM-qualified pathways.This workstream will investigate options to accelerate deployment of pathways that already have an approved specification under ASTM International.This workstream will also cover the conversion efforts needed to allow these pathways to ac

165、cept additional feedstocks(e.g.,sustainable oilseeds and brown grease)to increase volumes at existing facilities and to improve the CI of these technologies.WORKSTREAM CT.4:Reduce risk during scale-up and operations.This workstream will proactively address resiliency in process and equipment design,

166、in addition to conventional risk assessment methods such as bowtie.Note that this approach will be in addition to the project scale-up through integrated pilot and demo.Where possible,process performance and intermediate quality guarantees are needed to limit risk.WORKSTREAM CT.5:Develop innovative

167、unit operations and pathways.Additional pathway development and deployment will be needed to broaden the availability of SAF.This workstream will explore next-generation or disruptive technologies that,when integrated in pathways,yield a CI of zero or less.3.Building Supply Chains(SC)WORKSTREAM SC.1

168、:Build and support regional stakeholder coalitions through outreach,extension,and education.Convene regionally specific stakeholder efforts to lead exploration of SAF production and provide outreach,extension,and education necessary to support the entire supply chain from feedstock producers to end

169、users.WORKSTREAM SC.2:Model SAF supply chains.Develop and apply comprehensive and updated data,transparent analyses,and tools as a foundation for how best to build SAF supply chains for cost-effective,optimal GHG reduction and expedited deployment of feedstock and fuel technologies.WORKSTREAM SC.3:D

170、emonstration of regional SAF supply chains.Support feedstock-to-fueling demonstration projects to de-risk and mature key elements in the supply chain from feedstock through airport distribution.WORKSTREAM SC.4:Invest in SAF production infrastructure to support industry deployment.Invest in SAF produ

171、ction infrastructure and facility development with existing and new grant and support programs.Utilize loans and loan guarantees,production payments,assistance grants,government funding mechanisms,and other opportunities to enable rapid scaling of commercial technologies.4.Policy and Valuation Analy

172、sis(PA)WORKSTREAM PA.1:Develop improved environmental models and data for SAF.Develop and utilize modeling capabilities,data,and analyses to quantify SAF greenhouse gas and other environmental impacts.This will ensure environmental integrity and appropriately account for SAF emission reduction benef

173、its.WORKSTREAM PA.2:Conduct techno-economic and production potential analysis.Develop and utilize techno-economic analysis and resource WORKSTREAM PA.3:Inform SAF policy development.Identify opportunities and strategies to improve existing policy and regulatory mechanisms that can increase availabil

174、ity of SAF.Identify gaps,needs,and impact of new policies on SAF availability and quality.SAF Grand Challenge Roadmap 11 assessment models.Expand and refine modeling capabilities and generate analyses to inform RDD&D of SAF.Evaluate the opportunities and scenarios necessary to meet SAF Grand Challen

175、ge goals and provide direction to the effort to ensure optimum conditions for production expansion.5.Enabling End Use(EU)WORKSTREAM EU.1:Support SAF evaluation,testing,qualification,and specification.Lead a coordinated approach to support civil and military aircraft and engine fuel performance,safet

176、y testing,and specification approval;improve test methods;and enable coordination with aviation stakeholders.WORKSTREAM EU.2:Enable use of drop-in unblended SAF and SAF blends up to 100%.Lead a coordinated approach to enable drop-in SAF that can be used at up to 100%,beyond the current maximum blend

177、 limit of 50%by volume.WORKSTREAM EU.3:Investigate synthetic aviation turbine fuels offering performance or producibility advantages.Analyze potential and challenges of new fuels with unique compositions for use in aviation that have enhanced performance benefits(e.g.,emissions and energy density).W

178、ORKSTREAM EU.4:Integrate SAF into fuel distribution infrastructure.Conduct analysis on technical and capacity potential and challenges of the existing fuel distribution infrastructure for SAF integration.6.Communicating Progress and Building Support(CP)WORKSTREAM CP.1:Stakeholder outreach and engage

179、ment on feedstock sustainability.Consultations will be held with NGOs and other stakeholder groups to exchange information about best practices to reduce life cycle GHG emissions from agricultural-and forest-derived feedstocks.WORKSTREAM CP.2:Conduct benefits assessment/impact analysis of SAF Grand

180、Challenge.Develop analysis of SAF Grand Challenge impacts(e.g.,jobs,fuel,and environment).WORKSTREAM CP.3:Measure progress of the SAF Grand Challenge.Track progress against the SAF Grand Challenge goals and publish information on progress and outcomes on a regular basis.WORKSTREAM CP.4:Communicate p

181、ublic benefits of the SAF Grand Challenge.Maintain public support via a communication plan,including education on sustainability and jobs.SAF Grand Challenge Roadmap Feedstock Innovation|12 Feedstock Innovation Using an evolving approach,feedstock supply systems will interface with extant or emergin

182、g conversion technologies to enable SAF production to meet near-term(2030)and longer-term(2050)SAF Grand Challenge production targets.The Feedstock Innovation Action Area interacts with other action areas in the roadmap,including Conversion Technology Innovation,Building Supply Chains,and Policy and

183、 Valuation Analysis.Expanding feedstock supply to meet the 2030 and 2050 goals will take a coordinated effort to reduce feedstock cost,increase feedstock yield,improve sustainability,and provide profitable opportunities for feedstock producers.In the near term,policy support for SAF is needed to ena

184、ble production and use of expanded lipid-based feedstocks.R&D is needed to improve the sustainability parameters(e.g.,carbon intensity,water conservation,reduction of inputs,soil improvement,and biodiversity)of existing commodity feedstocks.Also,the full potential of double cropping with oilseeds ne

185、eds to be reached.Midterm and longer term,the trajectory is for growing expansion into feedstocks from waste streams,including agricultural and forest residuals,food waste,municipal solid waste(MSW),industrial waste gases,and dedicated herbaceous and woody crops.RD&D is needed to reduce feedstock pr

186、oduction/collection,transportation,and preprocessing costs.In fact,feedstock supply chain logistics and the introduction of solid feedstocks into biorefinery processing systems remain key areas for continued RD&D.Dedicated feedstock crop production on marginal and degraded lands(e.g.,strip mines)wil

187、l add to feedstock availability while potentially improving these lands by preventing erosion and increasing soil organic matter.The challenge here is to develop cost-effective systems and business models for the production,management,and harvesting of these challenging feedstock production sites.To

188、 reach 2050 targets,an“all-of-the-above”approach is needed.This would necessarily include the collection and use of currently nonmarketable woody biomass.Enhanced use of this biomass would help solve current problems like catastrophic wildfires.In the western United States,there are 60 million acres

189、 of Support and conduct R&D on sustainable feedstock supply that enables system innovations across the range of SAF-relevant feedstocks and identify optimization to reduce cost,technology uncertainty,and risk;increase yield and sustainability;and optimize SAF precursors(e.g.,ethanol and isobutanol).

190、SAF Grand Challenge Roadmap 13|Feedstock Innovation insect-damaged conifers that contribute significantly to wildfires and ultimately biodegrade,releasing additional GHGs.17 Work is ongoing to determine economic technology and business models to responsibly and sustainably remove these woody biomass

191、 assets for conversion to fuels and products.Although the challenges for expanding feedstock supplies are many,so are the opportunities.Investing in RD&D to reduce cost and improve sustainability will be paramount to reach the stated SAF Grand Challenge goals,along with optimized policy and incentiv

192、e support.Figure 3.Feedstock supply and logistics overview.Figure by Idaho National Laboratory 17 BANR.2022.“The Mountain Pine Beetle Epidemic.”Accessed July 20,2022.http:/banr.nrel.colostate.edu/the-mountain-pine-beetle-epidemic/.2030 Feedstock Innovation Impact Highlights Maximize sustainable lipi

193、d supply Increasing the supply of sustainable lipid feedstocks to support near-term SAF production has been identified as a critical need.As an element of a coordinated approach to lipid feedstock RDD&D,USDA will work with U.S.farmers to develop and improve sustainable oilseed supply through expande

194、d R&D and pilot trials for emerging oilseed cover crops.Expanding cover crops with low land-use-change impact will be vital to support the 2030 SAF production goal of 3 billion gal/yr(see Activity FI.2.4:Develop new sustainable oilseed cover crops).SAF Grand Challenge Roadmap Feedstock Innovation|14

195、 The key actions supporting SAF feedstock innovation are:Understand resource markets and availability to foster an understanding of supply and demand dynamics for feedstocks under the proposed production levels for SAF and develop common and accessible databases for SAF feedstock.Maximize sustainabl

196、e lipid supply for 2030 through a coordinated approach to lipid feedstock RDD&D.Increase production of purpose-grown biomass resources and collection of wastes and residues by enabling innovations that will lead to the development of technologies and strategies that will increase the availability of

197、 biomass and waste resources for use as biofuel feedstocks at reduced carbon intensity,inputs,and cost.Improve feedstock supply logistics with R&D to support the development of collection and harvesting systems,including transportation,storage,and preprocessing to increase efficiencies and decrease

198、cost and carbon intensity.Increase reliability of feedstock handling systems through understanding how feedstock composition,structure,and behavior impact system performance.Improve sustainability of biomass and waste supply systems through understanding how biomass production and waste collection f

199、or use as a biofuel feedstock impacts air,water,soil,biodiversity,and social/environmental justice.Detailed activities and suggested timelines are identified for each workstream in Appendix A.1.FI.1.Understand Resource Markets and Availability To reduce SAF cost and expand production,it is important

200、 to understand resource markets and availability.It is imperative to develop databases and implement market analysis for commodity and other commercially available feedstocks(e.g.,crops,wood pellets,pulp chips,and algae)under increased demand for SAF and to assess and analyze the factors affecting t

201、he availability of non-commodity feedstocks(e.g.,wood chips and landscape trimmings).Table 2 quantifies our current understanding of feedstock availability.These activities will foster an understanding of supply and demand dynamics for feedstocks under the proposed production levels for SAF,includin

202、g evaluation of alternative and competing uses(e.g.,biomass heat and power,biochemicals,bioproducts,and other biofuels),and develop common and accessible databases for SAF feedstocks.These activities will enhance identification of feedstock availability and limitations for SAF conversion technologie

203、s and supply/cost curves.Feedstocks for 2030 Lipids are the feedstock to produce SAF through the HEFA pathway and will make up the vast majority of feedstock to meet the U.S.goal of 3 billion gal/yr by 2030(90%based on analysis of announced projects that could go into operation by 2030).However,star

204、ch-and sugar-based feedstocks are emerging as potential near-term feedstock for SAF through the ATJ pathway(s).SAF Grand Challenge Roadmap 15|Feedstock Innovation Utilizing lignocellulosic feedstock from MSW,woody biomass,forest operation residuals,mill waste,and agricultural residuals has the poten

205、tial to add marginally to the 2030 feedstock pool through gasification and pyrolysis SAF conversion pathways.Table 2.Biomass Feedstock Potential Feedstock Potential(million dry tons/year)Biomass based on 2021 ethanol and biodiesel production capacity a Seed oils 9 Corn grain 148 Biomass based on 201

206、6 Billion-Ton Report b Forestry resources and woody wastes 133 Woody energy crops 71 MSW 55 Agricultural residues 176 Herbaceous energy crops 340 Algae input based on 2017 Algae Harmonization Study c Algae 235 Biomass based on 2017 Biofuels and Bioproducts from Wet and Gaseous Wastes d Fats,oils,and

207、 greases(FOG)7 Wet wastes(animal waste,food waste,wastewater solids)78 TOTAL 1,252 a Feedstock input based on existing production capacity divided by yield.2019 biodiesel production capacity of 2.54 billion gal/yr18 with assumed biodiesel yield of 281 gallons of gasoline equivalent per ton seed oil.

208、Ethanol production capacity of 17.44 billion gal/yr19 with yield of 118 gal ethanol/dry ton.b Feedstock inputs are from the 2016 Billion-Ton Report.20 All pathways assume reference case 2040 projections at$60/ton.c Algae feedstock is based on 2017 Algae Harmonization Study.21 Total 235 million tons/

209、yr based on the cumulative volume from the saline scenario,Table 11.d Wet waste volume is from Biofuels and Bioproducts from Wet and Gaseous Waste Streams22;includes wastewater residuals,animal wastes,and food waste from Table 2-1.Total volume is scaled up by 9%for assumed population growth between

210、2017 and 2030.18 U.S.Energy Information Administration.2021.“Monthly Biodiesel Production Report.”Accessed Feb.2021.https:/www.eia.gov/biofuels/biodiesel/production/.19 Renewable Fuels Association.2021.Essential Energy:2021 Ethanol Industry Outlook.Ellisville,MO:RFA.https:/ethanolrfa.org/file/1007/R

211、FA_Outlook_2021_fin_low.pdf.20 DOE.2016.2016 Billion-Ton Report.21 ANL,NREL,and PNNL.2017.Algae Harmonization Study:Evaluating the Potential for Future Algal Biofuel Costs,Sustainability,and Resource Assessment from Harmonized Modeling.Golden,CO:National Renewable Energy Laboratory.NREL/TP-5100-7071

212、5.https:/www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70715.pdf.22 DOE.2017.Biofuels and Bioproducts from Wet and Gaseous Waste Streams:Challenges and Opportunities.Washington,D.C.:DOE.DOE/EE-1472.https:/www.energy.gov/eere/bioenergy/downloads/biofuels-and-bioproducts-wet-and-gaseous-waste-streams-challenges-and.SAF

213、Grand Challenge Roadmap Feedstock Innovation|16 Feedstocks for 2030 to 2050 To meet longer-term(2050)targets,the aforementioned feedstocks will be joined by dedicated herbaceous and woody biomass crops(e.g.,switchgrass,miscanthus,and hybrid poplars),agricultural residuals(e.g.,corn stover,cover crop

214、s,and livestock manure),invasive species(sourced though landscape restoration projects),micro-and macroalgae,wet wastes(e.g.,food waste,municipal wastewater sludge,and animal manures),renewable natural gas and renewable hydrogen,and carbon-containing gases from waste and other sources(e.g.,CO2,carbo

215、n monoxide,and landfill methane),and direct air capture.Resource availability and market analyses need to be conducted and periodically updated(e.g.,Billion-Ton Report and updates23).The Feedstock Readiness Level tool24,25 can be used to provide insight into the readiness level of emerging feedstock

216、s.WORKSTREAM FI.1:Understand resource markets and availability Develop databases and market analysis(including competitive uses)for commodity and commercially available feedstocks under increased demand for SAF and assess and analyze the factors affecting the availability of non-commodity/commercial

217、 feedstocks.DELIVERABLE IMPACT A periodically updated understanding of the supply and demand dynamics for feedstocks under the proposed production levels for SAF and development of common databases for SAF feedstocks.Identification of feedstock availability and limitations for SAF conversion technol

218、ogies and supply/cost curves.KEY THEMES:Reduce cost,expand production FI.2.Maximize Sustainable Lipid(FOG)Supply for 2030 Expanding SAF production to meet the 2030 goal requires a coordinated approach to lipid feedstock RD&D to increase sustainable lipid availability for the HEFA conversion pathways

219、.Toward this end,a lipid multigenerational project plan will be developed,which will include evaluation of lipid feedstock using the Feedstock Readiness Level tool and coordination of U.S.government support for near-term lipid crop expansion(e.g.,oilseed cover crops).23 DOE.2016.2016 Billion-Ton Rep

220、ort.24 USDA.2022.“Farm 2 Fly.”Accessed July 20,2022.https:/data.nal.usda.gov/farm-2-fly.25 Steiner,Jeffrey J.,Kristin C.Lewis,Harry S.Baumes,and Nathan L.Brown.2012.“A Feedstock Readiness Tool to Complement the Aviation Industry Fuel Readiness Level Tool.”BioEnergy Research 5:492503.https:/doi.org/1

221、0.1007/s12155-012-9187-1.SAF Grand Challenge Roadmap 17|Feedstock Innovation Figure 4.Oilseed cover crop,Brassica carinata.Photo courtesy of University of Florida Expand the Lipid Supply for SAF Production Understanding lipid aggregation potential through data collection and analysis of lipid types,

222、characteristics,costs,quantities,and locations will allow optimization of diverse lipid aggregation for regional SAF production.A diverse array of lipids should be studied,including but not limited to oilseed crops(including soybean and canola),oilseed cover crops,food waste(e.g.,used cooking oil/br

223、own grease),distillers corn oil,and animal fat/tallow.Expanded use of commodity vegetable oils including soybean and canola could play a role in growing SAF volumes.An important near-term activity under the Feedstock Innovation Action Area will be to improve the CI scores through RD&D that improves

224、cultivation practices,increases yield,and decreases inputs.Another important activity is gaining a better understanding of indirect land use change parameters and ramifications for expanded cultivation for soybean and canolafor example,understanding whether increasing lipid use will result in import

225、ation of palm oil for food applications in the United States.An important long-term activity will be expansion of oil feedstock resources beyond 2030,such as tree/bush oils,algae(microalgae and macroalgae),advanced microbial conversion of lignocellulosic wastes to lipids,and engineered oil excrescen

226、ce in biomass itself.SAF Grand Challenge Roadmap Feedstock Innovation|18 WORKSTREAM FI.2:Maximize sustainable lipid(FOG)supply for 2030 Given near-term relevance of SAF conversion of lipids to meeting 2030 goals,take a coordinated approach to lipid feedstock RDD&D to support expansion to meet 2030+g

227、oal,develop a lipid project plan,and coordinate U.S.government support for near-term lipid crop expansion(e.g.,oilseed cover crops).DELIVERABLE IMPACT More lipids available for qualified conversion pathways.Increase the probability to produce 3 billion gal/yr of SAF by 2030 and beyond.KEY THEMES:Exp

228、and production(for 2030 goal)FI.3.Increase Production of Purpose-Grown Biomass Resources and Collection of Wastes and Residues SAF production needs to be expanded exponentially;therefore,means to reduce SAF cost to approach/reach parity with petroleum-based jet fuel are critical to achieve long-term

229、(2050)success.The U.S.government needs to support R&D to increase the production and collection of biomass resources(beyond lipids).This means enabling innovations that will lead to the development of technologies and strategies that will increase the availability of biomass and waste resources for

230、use as biofuel feedstocks at reduced CI,inputs(e.g.,water,fertilizer,and pesticide),and cost.Policy(e.g.,eligibility for low-carbon fuel incentives)and incentive programs for feedstock production support(e.g.,Biomass Crop Assistance Program),as well as crop insurance and pesticide/herbicide labeling

231、,should be studied in support of feedstock production systems.Municipal Solid Waste MSW is a potentially important SAF feedstock from the perspectives of abundance,low costs,and reduction of other environmental challenges associated with current disposal methods.In addition,MSW is a resource that do

232、es not require the use of arable land or land for food production.R&D is needed on collection,sorting,decontamination,and reduction of cost of disposal or recycling for non-biogenic waste.Strategies and technologies need to be optimized to increase the amount and purity of waste resources that can b

233、e collected at a reduced cost and CI for use as SAF feedstock.Agricultural Residuals Agricultural residuals such as corn stover have promise as feedstock that can be obtained at a scale to significantly support expansion of SAF production.Necessary R&D includes improved collection strategies,technol

234、ogies,and demonstrations that reduce cost,improve or do not harm subsequent crop yield,improve soil and water quality,and optimize biodiversity.SAF Grand Challenge Roadmap 19|Feedstock Innovation Woody Biomass,Forest Operation Residuals,and Mill Waste Woody biomass is a key feedstock available at sc

235、ale where harvest,handling,and storage is well understood.However,R&D is needed on cost-effective forest management and collection paradigms enabling the use of greater quantities of sustainable forest health thinnings,forest operation residuals(e.g.,slash and bark),and wildland fire mitigation mate

236、rial.Strategies,technologies,and demonstrations should be optimized that increase the amount of available woody biomass while improving forest health and reducing wildfire risk.Also,similar R&D is needed to reduce the cost and improve quality for wood-based feedstock from landscape,construction,and

237、demolition wastes.Dedicated Energy Crops Significant funding and resources have gone into systems using dedicated energy crops(e.g.,DOE Regional Feedstock Partnership,26 Idaho National Lab Bioenergy Feedstock Library,27 Biofuels Feedstock Development Program at Oak Ridge National Lab,28 DOE Office o

238、f Science Center for Bioenergy Innovation,29 and USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture Coordinated Agricultural Projects30),but continued genetic enhancements,production,and management optimization,as well as improved logistics,are still needed.Long-term regional production trials/demonstr

239、ations are needed for dedicated energy crops(e.g.,switchgrass,miscanthus,energy cane,hybrid poplars,and selected oilseed crops).Micro-and macroalgae production trials and cost-effective processing scenarios are needed for these aquatic feedstocks to reach their potential as dedicated biomass/oil fee

240、dstocks.Wet Waste,Industrial and Waste Gases,Power-to-Liquid Municipal wastewater sludge,livestock and poultry manure,and industrial wet processing and food wastes can be processed into renewable natural gas(methane)that can be used for energy,renewable hydrogen production,fertilizer production,and

241、SAF production and coproducts.Although anaerobic digestion systems for animal manure are not uncommon,R&D is needed to enable the sustainable and economical digestion or co-digestion of other methanogenic feedstocks.Logistics paradigms need to be explored relative to integration and colocation with

242、existing processing/collection facilities.Industrially generated CO2 and carbon monoxide also have potential as SAF feedstocks near and beyond 2030.Further out,but under development by 26 South Dakota State University.2022.“DOE Regional Feedstock Partnership.”Accessed July 20,2022.https:/www.sdstate

243、.edu/north-central-regional-sun-grant-center/doe-regional-feedstock-partnership.27 Biomass Feedstock National User Facility.2022.“Bioenergy Feedstock Library.”Accessed July 20,2022.https:/bioenergylibrary.inl.gov/.28 Wright,L.L.,J.H.Cushman,A.R.Ehrenshaft,S.B.McLaughlin,W.A.McNabb,J.W.Ranney,G.A.Tus

244、kan,and A.F.Turhollow.1992.Biofuels Feedstock Development Program Annual Progress Report for 1991.Oak Ridge,TN:Oak Ridge National Laboratory.ORNL-6742.https:/doi.org/10.2172/6941410.29 DOE.2022.“CBI:Center for Bioenergy Innovation.”Accessed July 20,2022.https:/genomicscience.energy.gov/cbi/.30 USDA.

245、2022.“AFRI Regional Bioenergy System Coordinated Agricultural Products.”Accessed July 20,2022.https:/www.nifa.usda.gov/afri-regional-bioenergy-system-coordinated-agricultural-projects.SAF Grand Challenge Roadmap Feedstock Innovation|20 industry,is direct air capture of atmospheric CO2.Power-to-liqui

246、d(i.e.,PtL,e-fuels)are also under development.WORKSTREAM FI.3:Increase production of purpose-grown biomass resources and collection of wastes and residues Provide the R&D to increase the production and collection of biomass resources(besides lipids).DELIVERABLE IMPACT Development of technologies and

247、 strategies that will increase the availability of biomass and waste resources for use as biofuel feedstocks.More biomass and waste resources are available at an acceptable carbon intensity and price for the production of SAF.KEY THEMES:Reduce cost,expand production FI.4.Improve Feedstock Supply Log

248、istics Biomass supply chain logistics are critical to the economic,environmental,and social sustainability of SAF feedstocks.These logistics chains are diverse and often fine-tuned to a particular local set of biomass infrastructure,conversion technology,and distribution network.Some forms of biomas

249、s can be delivered directly to the biorefinery as fungible feedstocks(e.g.,vegetable oils),while others may need significant preprocessing to reach feedstock status(e.g.,lignocellulosics).R&D is needed to support the development of collection and harvesting systems,including transportation,storage,a

250、nd preprocessing to increase efficiencies and decrease cost and carbon intensity.Localized densification related to energy derived from feedstocks is needed for all feedstocks.For oilseed,crushing or extraction needs to be done close to feedstock production.Lignocellulosic feedstocks require local m

251、ethods of densification and moisture reduction(e.g.,on-farm drying methods)to reduce transport costs.Improve Conventional Supply Systems The diverse feedstock resources required to meet the SAF supply goals have supply systems with vastly different levels of maturity and sophistication.Mature conven

252、tional supply systems for commodity crops such as corn(which supplies starch for ethanol production)and soybeans(which supply vegetable oil for hydrotreating into SAF)are well established.These established supply systems tend to improve efficiencies and reduce cost incrementally over time with impro

253、vements in the technologies that make up the supply chain.This is expected to remain true with these mature systems in the coming years with better materials of construction,electrification of some unit processes,improvements in artificial intelligence and sensor technology,advancements in cover cro

254、p use in soybean production systems,and other advancements that will reduce cost and carbon intensity.Other feedstock resource supply systems are less mature and sophisticated.These conventional supply systems tend to be designed for collection of a biomass feedstock resource for purposes SAF Grand

255、Challenge Roadmap 21|Feedstock Innovation that do not require large amounts of a commodity-quality feedstock.Such systems provide a basic background in the processes required to collect,field-process,handle bulk materials,store,and transport;however,the cost,carbon intensity,and quality of the feeds

256、tock resource typically is well below that required for conversion technologies.Examples of such systems are baled herbaceous materials,MSW,hog fuel,and wood chips.These less sophisticated conventional supply systems can provide feedstock resources to local plants with incremental improvements to lo

257、wer cost and carbon intensity and meet feedstock specifications.All supply systems have exposure to supply risk due to local weather conditions,human and equipment resources,fire,and biomass resource competition.In addition,the conversion facility typically must manage biomass resource contracts,inc

258、luding verifying quality targets,and requires extensive storage and preprocessing facilities to ensure supply and that the biomass resource meets feedstock specifications.The research and development that results in incremental change is being supported by both the public and private sector.In gener

259、al,the private sector focuses on more applied science and engineering for well-established biomass feedstock resources where the return on investment will be quicker.The public sector,often in conjunction with the private sector,tends to focus on biomass feedstock resources that currently have minim

260、al or no biofuel markets.Develop Advanced Supply Systems Innovative disruptive strategies and technologies rapidly improve the prospects for optimized supply chains.This can be true for established conventional biomass resource supply systems that produce a well-defined commodity,as well as supply s

261、ystems that are not as mature.It is highly likely that a disruptive strategy will produce an advanced supply system that will redistribute the biomass resource supply risk within a newly formed supply chain.Examples of this are the depot system proposed by Idaho National Laboratory for herbaceous an

262、d woody feedstock(Figure 5).The depot approach moves feedstock supply risk to an intermediate facility,the depot,that will process biomass into a format that meets verifiable specifications and is more easily transported long distances.Another example is direct air capture,which will create an entir

263、ely new feedstock supply chain along with a new set of feedstock conversion interface issues that will depend on the production of any intermediate products and the conversion technology.SAF Grand Challenge Roadmap Feedstock Innovation|22 Figure 5.Example of advanced logistics depot system.Figure by

264、 Idaho National Laboratory Like incremental improvements,disruptive advancements typically come from public and private sector R&D.In addition,disruptive advancements may come from the application of technology or strategy developed for other applications.No matter the source of the disruptive appro

265、ach,it results in dramatic change and a redistribution of risk and rewards.SAF Grand Challenge Roadmap 23|Feedstock Innovation WORKSTREAM FI.4:Improve feedstock supply logistics Support the development of collection and harvesting systems,including transportation logistics,to increase efficiencies a

266、nd decrease cost and carbon intensity of supply logistics from the producers field to the conversion facility door.DELIVERABLE IMPACT Technologies and strategies that will increase the availability of low-cost and low-CI biomass and waste resources for use as a biofuel feedstock.More biomass and was

267、te resources are available at an acceptable carbon intensity,quality,and price.KEY THEMES:Reduce cost,expand production FI.5.Increase Reliability of Feedstock Handling Systems Many of the process bottlenecks and difficulties experienced in the nascent bioenergy industry are centered on feedstock han

268、dling and preprocessing operations,specifically where the feedstock supply system interfaces with the conversion process.Feedstock issues arise from the complexity and variability in feedstock dimensional,physical,chemical,and mechanical attributes that complicate feeding the material into the conve

269、rsion process,as well as recalcitrance of feedstocks that prevents efficient conversion into fuels and products.Operational difficulties come from conversion equipment operation and reliability,process integration,and operational difficulties encountered with handling of solids,which can result in n

270、onuniform conversion or heterogeneity of intermediates.A key hypothesis of the roadmap framework is that poor quantification,understanding,and management of variability in biorefinery streams contributes significantly to the inability of biorefineries to operate continuously and profitably.Due to th

271、e increasing importance of these issues,there is a need to quantify,understand,and manage variability in biomass from field through downstream conversion and to understand how feedstock composition,structure,and behavior impact system performance.Materials of Construction The development of material

272、s that resist wear and can tolerate the range of variability in feedstocks and operating parameters expected for biomass refineries is essential.Current biomass preprocessing/preconversion equipment was designed for different raw biomass materials and feedstock specifications(e.g.,processing of agri

273、cultural products or paper pulp operations)but are not appropriate for biomass such as MSW,corn stover,forest residues,and dedicated energy crops.There is a lack of study of the materials of construction in this area,and equipment materials are often selected by trial and error.R&D is required to co

274、mpare both the performance and cost trade-offs using techno-economic analysis to ensure improved performance on one surface is not at a potentially higher expense of the opposing surface.SAF Grand Challenge Roadmap Feedstock Innovation|24 Feedstock Variability It is important to understand the level

275、 of variability in biomass materials and how it relates to the level of preprocessing required to meet feedstock quality and quantity specifications.The complexity of lignocellulosic biomass poses significant challenges to handling,preprocessing,and conversion operations.Industry lacks understanding

276、 of material and quality attributes;their magnitude,range,and distribution in available resources;tools for rapidly quantifying feedstock quality;and their impact to integrated feeding,preprocessing,and conversion.The multiscale approach will enable a fundamental understanding of how the structural

277、and physicochemical attributes of cell wall composition and architecture underpin flow behavior,as well as mechanical,biochemical,and thermochemical deconstruction in preprocessing and conversion of biomass to product.It will also provide insight into how molecular and microscale attributes(composit

278、ional,structural,and physicochemical)manifest in macroscale biomass behavior in feeding,preprocessing,and conversion operations.Material Handling All currently accepted methods to quantitatively design bins and hoppers to feed particulate materials are based upon assumptions that the material behave

279、s like a MohrCoulomb continuous material.This approach does not apply well for elastoplastic particulate materials like biomass,which has mechanical behavior far more complex than that of MohrCoulomb materials.There is a need to develop a set of modeling tools for gravity-driven bins and hoppers,mec

280、hanically assisted flow in atmospheric pressure augers,and mechanically assisted compression screw augers into pressurized reactors to enable consistent performance for a defined biomass material.These tools will be necessary to design a facility where general material heuristics are used,as well as

281、 to adapt enhanced process control and optimization across a defined specification of material quality.Preprocessing Preprocessing equipment,techniques,and strategies using science-based design and operation principles that result in predictable,reliable,and scalable performance of preprocessing uni

282、t operations are lacking,as is the understanding of their direct impact on primary biomass deconstruction.Through the development of first-principle models for select unit operations in relevant conversion pathways,equipment needs that relate feedstock specifications to biomass properties for prepro

283、cessing equipment can be determined.R&D should include process design,parameters,and control,which are multidisciplinary topics that include computational modeling,materials science,and mechanical,chemical,and control engineering.SAF Grand Challenge Roadmap 25|Feedstock Innovation WORKSTREAM FI.5:In

284、crease reliability of feedstock handling systems Acquire a deep understanding of the behavior and characteristics of solid feedstocks and enable development of computational models that inform R&D to increase the reliability and performance of feedstock handling operations.DELIVERABLE IMPACT Develop

285、ment of technologies and strategies that will increase SAF plant efficiency and decrease downtime.Reduction in feedstock uncertainty.KEY THEMES:Reduce cost,expand production FI.6.Improve Sustainability of Biomass and Waste Supply Systems Sustainability(economic,environmental,and social)is pivotal to

286、 the success of existing and emerging SAF supply chains,production systems,and value propositions.From the perspective of feedstock innovation,all three parameters play important roles that cannot be ignored.Economics drive the feedstock supply chain,whether for cultivated feedstocks or collected re

287、siduals and waste streams.Compensating feedstock producers for dedicated feedstocks resulting in environmental benefits will be important for widespread adoption.From an environmental perspective,there is a strong need to develop an understanding of how biomass production and waste collection for us

288、e as a biofuel feedstock impacts air,water,soil,and biodiversity.Social sustainability may be framed at the community and individual levels and includes both the social capital for communities and individuals to participate in facilitating designs for new agro-industrial footprints that may affect t

289、hem,but also participating in and benefitting from SAF production and being protected from health,environmental,social(e.g.,environmental justice),and fiscal risks that may emerge.R&D and analysis is needed to provide a better understanding of the environmental and social impacts of producing SAF fe

290、edstock from biomass and waste resources,leading to reduction in the uncertainty of environmental and social effects of SAF production systems.Research and analysis of systems-level sustainability practices that lower CI scores will have to be conducted with a strategy to deploy best practices,which

291、 includes engagement with the NGO community and feedstock producers(see Workstream CP.1).For example,research to improve plant genetics and optimal agronomic practices will be necessary to continuously improve yields and sustainability.Current commodity crops with new oilseed or biomass crops grown

292、over winter may provide environmental benefits(e.g.,reduction in erosion and pollinator forage)that should be measured.SAF Grand Challenge Roadmap Feedstock Innovation|26 Environmental Data Collection and Analysis Previous work on sustainability needs to be revisited and updated(e.g.,2016 Billion-To

293、n Report,Volume 231).A comprehensive regional and,as needed,subregional examination of environmental impacts of using agricultural and forest residues,agricultural and forest waste,MSW,dedicated energy crops,and algae to produce SAF feedstocks is needed.There is a large body of completed or ongoing

294、work for perennial grasses,32 oilseed cover crops,33 energy cane,34 short-rotation woody crops,35 forest operation and mill residuals,36 insect-damaged conifers,37 and other feedstocks.38 Data are needed to enable defensible feedstock production decisions and inform policy based on an understanding

295、of the environmental and social implications and trade-offs for the use of biomass and waste resources to produce SAF.Also,research is needed to provide insight into(1)targeting the appropriate places to produce or harvest biomass to deliver ecosystem services,and(2)measuring,verifying,and valuing t

296、hose services.Providing this important valuation information for policymakers will enable additional income sources related to ecosystem services for feedstock producers.Social Data Collection and Analysis Studies need to assess the trade-offs of social implications from the use of biomass and waste

297、 resources to produce SAF feedstock.Understanding how SAF feedstock production can benefit equity and what environmental social barriers may exist would be highly desirable and facilitate a more equitable distribution of benefits and impacts from the production/collection of biomass and waste resour

298、ces to produce SAF feedstock.31 DOE.2017.2016 Billion-Ton Report,Volume 2:Environmental Sustainability Effects of Select Scenarios from Volume 1.Jan.13,2017.https:/www.energy.gov/eere/bioenergy/downloads/2016-billion-ton-report-volume-2-environmental-sustainability-effects.32 Iowa State University.2

299、022.“CenUSA Bioenergy.”Accessed July 20,2022.https:/cenusa.iastate.edu/;PennState Extension.2013.“NEWBio Energy Crop Profile:Switchgrass.”Last updated Aug.22,2013.https:/extension.psu.edu/newbio-energy-crop-profile-switchgrass;West Virginia University.2022.“MASBio at West Virginia University.”Access

300、ed July 20,2022.https:/masbio.wvu.edu/;Southeastern Partnership for Integrated Biomass Supply Systems.2022.“Southeastern Partnership for Integrated Biomass Supply Systems.”Accessed July 20,2022.http:/se-ibss.org/.33 IPREFER.2022.“IPREFER Integrated Pennycress Research Enabling Farm&Energy Resilience

301、.”Accessed July 20,2022.https:/www.iprefercap.org/;Southeastern Partnership for Advanced Renewables from Carinata.2022.“SPARC.”Accessed July 20,2022.https:/sparc-cap.org/.34 LSU AgCenter.2022.“Sustainable Bioproducts Initiative.”Accessed July 20,2022.https:/ Washington State University.2020.“Advance

302、d Hardwood Biofuels Northwest Archived.”Last updated April 2020.https:/hardwoodbiofuels.org/;PennState Extension.2013.“NEWBio”;IBSS.2022.“Southeastern Partnership”;West Virginia University.2022.“MASBio.”36 Washington State University.2022.“NARA.”Accessed July 20,2022.https:/nararenewables.org/.37 BA

303、NR.2022.“Bioenergy Alliance Network of the Rockies.”Accessed July 20,2022.http:/banr.nrel.colostate.edu/.38 The University of Arizona.2022.“Sustainable Bioeconomy for Arid Regions.”Accessed July 20,2022.https:/sbar.arizona.edu/.SAF Grand Challenge Roadmap 27|Feedstock Innovation WORKSTREAM FI.6:Impr

304、ove sustainability of biomass and waste supply systems Develop an understanding of how biomass production and waste collection for use as a biofuel feedstock impact air,water,soil,biodiversity,and social/environmental justice.DELIVERABLE IMPACT R&D and analysis that will provide a better understandi

305、ng of the environmental and social impacts of producing SAF feedstock from biomass and waste resources.A reduction in the uncertainty of environmental and social effects from the production/collection of biomass resources and waste for SAF feedstock.KEY THEMES:Enhance sustainability SAF Grand Challe

306、nge Roadmap Conversion Technology Innovation|28 Conversion Technology Innovation Conversion technologies and processes constitute the steps required to convert feedstocks into a fuel that meet required specifications as an aviation fuel.These conversion technologies include the pretreatment of feeds

307、tock,biological and/or catalytic processes for conversion,and separations or purification steps to recover intermediates or finished fuels,among others.The configuration of these operations varies significantly depending on the feedstock type or quality,scale of operations,access to other infrastruc

308、ture,carbon intensity requirements,and many other factors.Impacts to 2030 goals discussed herein are predominantly related to improvements to existing processes.Given the amounts of time required to properly de-risk and scale up new processes,it is anticipated that conversion technology innovations

309、in the near term are most likely to be incremental yield and sustainability improvements in fermentation processes,technologies that can expand the feedstock pool for HEFA processes,and utilization of existing refining capacity to coprocess intermediates.Common to each of these technologies is the f

310、act that they leverage existing capital investments,making these pathways to sustainable aviation fuel volumes more economically viable.These improvements are also anticipated to improve the carbon intensity of existing processes to enable compliance with greenhouse gas reduction goals for particula

311、r pathways.Ultimately,there are limits to the amount of fuel that can be derived from fats,oils,greases,lipids,and starch sugars.Progress beyond 2030 volumes will require research,development,and scale-up of wholly new technologies and processes to realize the goal of 35 billion gallons of sustainab

312、le aviation fuel per year.These processes will enable the United States to mobilize other feedstock resources identified in the Feedstock Innovation Action Area,as well as other carbon sources such as waste gases.A diversity of technologies and pathways will be needed,and no single process will be c

313、apable of realizing the goal of 35 billion gallons on its own.This is dictated by the need for a variety of end molecule types to achieve fuel properties for safe operation of airplanes.For example,feedstocks such as waste oils and lipids are well Support and conduct R&D,through pilot scale,on unit

314、operations(and integration thereof)from the receipt of biomass at the refinery gate through to finished fuel for technology improvements/carbon intensity reductions.The effort includes processes that are already commercial,such as HEFA,or nearing commercialization(ATJ)and considers work on processes

315、 that will be ready for commercialization beyond 2030 but need to be developed now.SAF Grand Challenge Roadmap 29|Conversion Technology Innovation suited to produce paraffinic hydrocarbons,whereas forest residues that contain lignin might be better suited to produce the cyclic compounds and aromatic

316、s required for fuel combustion and sealing properties.A multitude of technology pathways also enables fuel supply chain resilience by broadening the feedstock pool.The key actions supporting the Conversion Technology Innovation Action Area are:Improvements to fermentation fuel industry to reduce the

317、 carbon intensity of the existing starch ethanol industry and increase its production capacity without requiring the planting of additional corn.Improvements to existing ASTM-qualified pathways to accelerate deployment of pathways that have already been qualified.Development of biointermediates and

318、pathways for compatibility with existing capital assets to accelerate production and reduce cost of SAF.Reduce scale-up and operational risk by proactively addressing resiliency in process and equipment design.Develop innovative unit operations and pathways to broaden the availability of SAF.Detaile

319、d activities and suggested timelines are identified for each of workstreams in Appendix A.2.CT.1.Decarbonize,Diversify,and Scale Current Fermentation-Based Fuel Industry There is significant potential for producing SAF volumes by leveraging existing starch ethanol capacity and other fermentative pro

320、cesses(e.g.,isobutanol).Although the ethanol sector is 2030 Conversion Technology Innovation Impact Highlights Enable alcohol-to-jet and coprocessing pathways The existing corn ethanol industry has tremendous near-term potential to increase SAF production volumes through the ATJ pathway.Reducing the

321、 carbon intensity and increasing the carbon efficiency of corn ethanol are key barriers to realizing this potential.Activities under Workstream CT.1 focus on improving the CI of existing corn ethanol facilities through carbon-smart technologies and agricultural practices(see Activity CT.1.1).Additio

322、nally,dramatic improvements in water balances and energy intensity of the ATJ process are possible through development of water-tolerant catalysts(see Activity CT.1.4)and advanced separation technologies(see Activity CT.1.5).The utilization of bio-derived intermediates in existing capital assets may

323、 also contribute to the 2030 production goal.Developing processes to produce such intermediates that are“drop-in”substitutes for FOG or bio-oil in petroleum hydrotreaters(see Activity CT.3.3),identifying insertion and blending points(see Activity CT.3.4),and working with industry partners to determi

324、ne critical material attributes of bio-derived intermediates(see Activity CT.3.5)are key examples of activities with potential impact on 2030 production goals.SAF Grand Challenge Roadmap Conversion Technology Innovation|30 mature,there are improvements that can be made to improve the sustainability

325、of these fuels and the conversion to SAF molecules or precursor molecules.Near-term carbon intensity improvements in the alcohol production process can be realized in several ways,as identified by recent analyses using the Greenhouse Gases,Regulated Emissions,and Energy Use in Technologies(GREET)mod

326、el.39 These improvements are in addition to some of the agricultural practices identified in Workstream FI.6.These opportunities include integrating carbon capture and sequestration technologies with ethanol facilities,reducing the energy required for separations/concentration of alcohols following

327、fermentation,and improving the tolerance of ATJ catalysts to impurities and water.Development and piloting of these process improvements is needed to validate CI reductions and plant-scale energy use before existing biorefineries are likely to implement them on a large scale.In addition to these pro

328、cess improvements to carbon intensity,there are opportunities to reduce GHG emissions via the agricultural practices of corn production;these are discussed in Workstream FI.6.In the longer term,there are other steps that can be taken to further decarbonize the fermentation-based fuel industry withou

329、t additional corn acreage.This can be accomplished through increased fuel yields from existing sugars.In addition,use of the agricultural residues remains a critical component of expanding the volumetric capacity of the fermentation fuel industry and yield of fuels from the existing acreage.2050 SAF

330、 goals cannot be reached without the use of agricultural residues such as corn stover or energy crops(see Workstream FI.3).At this time,lignocellulosic feedstocks continue to have materials handling,pretreatment,and convertibility issues.Integrated process robustness on these steps has been elusive,

331、and pilot systems that can operate reliably need to be demonstrated to enable confident design and operation of commercial-scale plants.Moving beyond carbon capture and sequestration,there may be potential for the utilization of CO2 waste.Such integrated use of CO2 can reduce the carbon intensity of

332、 the fuel produced while also generating molecules that can be biologically or chemically upgraded to improve system-level yields.There is also potential to convert biomass-derived sugars to intermediates other than ethanol that can be more readily upgraded to SAF.These example technologies are in e

333、xperimental development,and more investment is necessary before these can be piloted and ultimately demonstrated.39 Wang,Michael,Uisung Lee,Hoyoung Kwon,and Hui Xu.2021.“Life-Cycle Greenhouse Gas Emission Reductions of Ethanol with the GREET Model.”Presented at the 2021 National Ethanol Conference,Feb.17,2021.https:/afdc.energy.gov/files/u/publication/ethanol-ghg-reduction-with-greet.pdf.SAF Grand