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1、i2022 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT FOR BUILDINGS AND CONSTRUCTIONPhoto credit:Junar EliangDisclaimersThe designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the le

2、gal status of any country,territory or city or area or its authorities,or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.Mention of a commercial company or product in this document does not imply endorsement by the United Nations Environment Programme or the authors.The use of informatio

3、n from this document for publicity or advertising is not permitted.Trademark names and symbols are used in an editorial fashion with no intention on infringement of trademark or copyright laws.The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views o

4、f the United Nations Environment Programme.We regret any errors or omissions that may have been unwittingly made.Maps,photos and illustrations as specifiedSuggested citation United Nations Environment Programme(2022).2022 Global Status Report for Buildings and Construction:Towards a Zeroemission,Eff

5、icient and Resilient Buildings and Construction Sector.Nairobi.The electronic copy of this report can be downloaded at www.globalabc.org.Production Penrose CDB 2022 United Nations Environment ProgrammeISBN No:978-92-807-3984-8 Job No:DTI/2482/PAThis publication may be reproduced in whole or in part

6、and in any form for educational or non-profit services without special permission from the copyright holder,provided acknowledgement of the source is made.The United Nations Environment Programme would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this publication as a source.No use of th

7、is publication may be made for resale or any other commercial purpose whatsoever without prior permission in writing from the United Nations Environment Programme.Applications for such permission,with a statement of the purpose and extent of the reproduction,should be addressed to the Director,Commu

8、nication Division,United Nations Environment Programme,P.O.Box 30552,Nairobi 00100,Kenya.2022 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT FOR BUILDINGS AND CONSTRUCTION2022 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT FOR BUILDINGS AND CONSTRUCTIONACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The 2022 Global Status Report for Buildings and Construction was prepared by Prof.

9、Ian Hamilton and Dr.Harry Kennard from University College London(UCL)and Oliver Rapf,Dr.Judit Kockat,Dr.Sheikh Zuhaib,Dr.Zsolt Toth,Margaux Barrett and Caroline Milne from the Buildings Performance Institute Europe(BPIE),with contributions from Dr.Clara Delmastro,Yannick Monschauer and Dr.Chiara Cam

10、arasa and Rafael Martinez Gordon from the International Energy Agency(IEA)(The International Energy Agency(IEA)contributed to the 2022 Global Status Report for Buildings and Construction by providing data on key energy,emissions and activity metrics for the buildings sector.The IEA data used in this

11、 publication is part of the 2022 editions of IEAs Tracking Clean Energy Progress and the Africa Energy Outlook reports.);Ibtissem Bouattay from SC2A;Tunisia Green Building Council;Insaf Ben Othmane and Omar Wanas from Oecumene Spaces for Dignity;Prof.Anna Dyson,Dr.Mae-ling Lokko and Dr.Aly Mohamed f

12、rom Yale University;Dr.Naomi Keena from McGill University,and Prof Karen Scrivener and Hisham Hafez from cole Polytechnique Fdrale de Lausanne(EPFL);with support from Jonathan Duwyn,Pauline Guerecheau,Nora Steurer and Yijun Cui from the United Nations Environment Programme(UNEP)/Global Alliance for

13、Buildings and Construction(GlobalABC).The contents of this report do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of UNEP or contributory organizations.Mention of a commercial entity or product in this publication does not imply endorsement by UNEP.The designations employed and the presentations of

14、 material do not imply the expressions of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNEP or contributory organizations concerning the legal status of any country,territory,city area or its authorities,or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries or the designation of its name,frontiers,

15、or boundaries.The mention of a commercial entity or product in this publication does not imply endorsement by UNEP.The International Energy Agency(IEA)contributed to the 2022 Global Status Report for Buildings and Construction by providing insights and data on key energy,emissions and activity metri

16、cs for the buildings sector.The IEA data used in this publication is part of the 2022 editions of IEAs Tracking Clean Energy Progress and the Africa Energy Outlook reports.Photo credit:James Frewin2022 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT FOR BUILDINGS AND CONSTRUCTIONAbdou Idris Omar,Department of Energy Efficienc

17、y in Building,Faculty of Engineering,University of Djibouti Adriana Guadalupe Salazar Ruiz,GIZ Ade Awujoola,G C Modgil,Ahmed Bolbol,ASHRAEAishwarya Iyer,Yale School of the Environment Alejandra Acevedo,Universidad de LimaAndre-Daniel Mueller,Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation(SDC),Switzerl

18、and Angelica Ospina,Colombia Green Building Council(Colombia GBC)Anna Zinecker,Programme for Energy Efficiency in Buildings(PEEB)/Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Internationale Zusammenarbeit(GIZ)GmbH Brian Dean,Sustainable Energy for All Carl Elefante,Architecture 2030,Climate Heritage Network Carlos Boho

19、rquez,Municipality of Medellin,Colombia Christina Cheong,GGGI Christine Lemaitre,German Sustainable Building Council(DGNB)Daniel Rondinel,McGill UniversityDonavan Storey,Reall Duncan Gibb,REN21 Secretariat Edward De Werna Magalhaes,London Southbank UniversityEfren Franco,ICA Elizabeth Chege,Sustaina

20、ble Energy for All Faisal AlFadl,Saudi Green Building Foum(SGBF)Frederick Wireko Manu,Council for Scientific and Industrial Research-Building and Roads Research Institute(CSIR-BRRI,Ghana)G C Modgil,ASHRAE Grgoire Brethom,Construction21 Harvey Jones,World Green Building Council(WorldGBC)Ibrahim Niang

21、,AARMBN,SenegalIdriss Kathrada,Inoal/Novasirhe,Fidic Ilyas Essabai,Ministry of National Territory Planning,Urban Planning,Housing and City Policy(MUAT),Kingdom of Morocco Irem Gencer,Yildiz Technical University Jean Carroon,Goody ClancyJeff Littleton,ASHRAE Jrme Bilodeau,Natural Resources Canada(NRC

22、an)Kamel Sahnoun,President of the Tunisian Order of Engineers Karim Selouane,Resallience Kennedy Matheka,State Department for Public Works,Kenya Kiza Zehra,Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors(RICS)Kurt Emil Eriksen,VELUX A/S Luca De Giovanetti,World Business Council for Sustainable Development(

23、WBCSD)Ludwig Labuzinski,dena Mark Stewart,Scottish Government Melissa Lott,Centre on Global Energy Policy,CGEP Mina Hasman,SOM Efren Franco,ICA Mokolade Johnson,University of LagosMoses Itanola,BIM Africa Olu Soluade,AOS Consulting Peter Cox,Climate Heritage Network Peter Graham,Global Buildings Per

24、formance Network Rana Kachab,Oecumene Spaces For Dignity Rebecca Moir,WorldGBCRegis Meyer,Ministry for the Ecological Transition(MTES),French Republic Riadh Bhar,Guidehouse Germany GmbH Rob Bernhardt,Passive House Canada Robyn Pender,Historic England,Climate Heritage Network Roland Hunziker,World Bu

25、siness Council for Sustainable Development(WBCSD)Silke Krawietz,SETA Network Wolfram Schmidt,BAM York Ostermeyer,CUES analytics The authors would like to thank the following members and partners who supported this report with their important contributions,input,comments and reviews:2022 GLOBAL STATU

26、S REPORT FOR BUILDINGS AND CONSTRUCTIONFOREWORDThe warnings issued by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC)about the consequences of climate change are no longer warnings.They are reality.In 2022,we saw heatwaves across the globe.We saw wildfires that destroyed forests,homes,and lives.

27、We saw droughts that are threatening the food security of millions of people.If we do not rapidly cut emissions in line with the Paris Agreement,we will be in deeper trouble.Decarbonizing the buildings sector by 2050 is critical to delivering these emission cuts and to addressing the wider triple pl

28、anetary crisis of climate change,nature and biodiversity loss,and pollution and waste.However,as the 2022 Buildings Global Status Report shows,the sector is not making the deep systemic changes needed to get on the path to this goal.After the pandemic slowdown,the sectors operational emissions in 20

29、21 rebounded to two per cent more than the all-time high set in 2019.One positive sign is that investment in building energy efficiency grew around 16 per cent in 2021,but this growth is tentative in the face of a cost-of-living crisis in 2022 and must be sustained to achieve building sector decarbo

30、nisation.Building sector energy intensity did not improve in 2021 and renewable energy growth in buildings remains modest,although green building certification are improving.Yet,as the report shows,the sector can change.For example,rising fossil fuel costs make continued investment in energy efficie

31、ncy more attractive although the erosion of purchasing power might slow investment.The solution may lie in governments directing relief towards low and zero-carbon building Inger Andersen,Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations and Executive Director of the UN Environment Programmeinvestment a

32、ctivities through financial and non-financial incentives,particularly for those who are most vulnerable to energy price shocks.There are also opportunities in rethinking construction materials.Raw resource use is predicted to double by 2060 with construction materials such as concrete and steel alre

33、ady major contributors to greenhouse gas emissions.However,the sector can reduce its impact by,for example,looking at alternative materials and decarbonizing cement.The use of alternative materials is particularly relevant for the African continent,a special focus of the report.Much of the new housi

34、ng stock over the coming decades will be built in Africa.To avoid increasing emissions and create buildings that are resilient to the impacts of climate change,African countries should look at sustainable construction materials and techniques,in which the continent is rich.Yes,we are running out of

35、time to get on top of the triple planetary crisis.Yes,the buildings sector is not doing enough to change.However,by following the recommendations in this report,the sector can catch up and create buildings that are zero-carbon,resource-efficient and resilient.2022 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT FOR BUILDINGS

36、AND CONSTRUCTIONPhoto credit:UNEPAcknowledgements .iiiStatements of support from GlobalABC members.xExecutive summary.xv1.Disruptive trends impacting building and construction decarbonization in 2021 and 2022 .251.1.Emergent challenges for decarbonizing the building stock.271.2.Emissions rebound fro

37、m COVID and efforts for economic recovery.281.3.Solutions for governments and decision makers.282.Global Buildings Climate Tracker .322.1.Description of the Tracker.332.2.Status in 2021:Assessing progress towards the 2050 decarbonization goal .342.3.Post-pandemic rebound and economic recovery.342.4.

38、Decarbonization progress since the Paris Agreement.352.5.Summary of the results.363.Global buildings and construction status.373.1.Construction activities global and regional.383.2.Energy in the buildings and construction sector.413.3.Emissions in the buildings sector .423.4.IPCC AR6 findings for bu

39、ildings.444.Sustainable buildings and construction policies .464.1.International policy and nationally determined contributions.474.2.Building energy codes.504.3.Zero-emission/energy codes and the Paris Agreement.524.4.Green building certification .534.5.Minimum energy performance standards and labe

40、ls.555.Investment and financing for sustainable buildings .57TABLE OF CONTENTSvi2022 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT FOR BUILDINGS AND CONSTRUCTION6.Regional focus:Africa .596.1.Introduction .606.2.Decarbonizing the African buildings and construction sector.656.3.The route to net zero through national initiati

41、ves .677.Topic focus:Building materials .717.1.Building materials and the climate:Status and solutions.727.2.Towards the adoption of a whole-life-cycle and systems-thinking approach .737.3.Challenge:Procurement and implementation of materials from data to actionable knowledge.747.4.Avoiding carbon e

42、missions by building better,and(with)less.757.5.Adapt and shift by using biobased processes to reduce carbon emissions .777.6.Reducing the carbon emissions and urban heat island effect of concrete surfaces through biomaterials(green roofs,facades and walls).777.7.Summary of industry trends and imped

43、iments to global decarbonization of building materials.797.8.Case study:Shift low-carbon building alternatives in West Africa .817.9.Case study:Adapt Carbon footprint of building materials and housing typologies in rapidly developing urban India .827.10.Case study:shift-Neighbourhood-level life-cycl

44、e carbon footprint in Finland .838.Roadmaps for buildings and construction .848.1.GlobalABC support and coordination on roadmaps.858.2.ASEAN Roadmap for Energy-Efficient Buildings and Construction.858.3.Danish National Strategy for Sustainable Construction.858.4.Colombia Net Zero Carbon Building roa

45、dmap.858.5.Roadmap for an Energy Efficient,Low-Carbon Buildings and Construction Sector in Indonesia.868.6.EU Policy Whole Life Carbon Roadmap for buildings.868.7.Emerging roadmap activities.869.Key recommendations for policy and decision makers .88References .91Annex:Global Buildings Climate Tracke

46、r.100vii 2022 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT FOR BUILDINGS AND CONSTRUCTIONFigure 1.Global buildings and construction key trends 2015 and 2021.16Figure 2.Direct reference path to a zero-carbon building stock target in 2050(left);zoom into the period between 2015 and 2021,comparing the observed Global Building

47、s Climate Tracker to the reference path(right).17Figure 3.Energy consumption in buildings by fuel,2010-2021(left)and CO2 emissions in buildings 2010-2021(right).18Figure 4.Mentions of buildings across all countries latest NDCs.19Figure 5.Africas final energy consumption by sector 2020-2030.21Figure

48、6.From data to actionable knowledge:How to get the right information to stakeholders at the right phase of the built environment process life cycle in order to facilitate maximum decarbonization through systems-thinking.22Figure 7.Global buildings energy demand and floor area growth under the IEA Ne

49、t Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario.26Figure 8.Composition of the Global Buildings Climate Tracker showing its elements and their weight.33Figure 9.Decarbonization of buildings using the Global Buildings Climate Tracker 2021.34Figure 10.Direct reference path to a zero-carbon building stock target in 2

50、050(left);zoom into the period between 2015 and 2021,comparing the observed Global Buildings Climate Tracker to the reference path(right).36Figure 11.Change in construction activities in selected G20 countries,2015-2021(relative to 2015).38Figure 12.Global floor area and buildings energy intensity,2

51、010-2021.38Figure 13.Different levels of zero-carbon buildings .40Figure 14.Energy consumption in buildings by fuel,2010-2021(left),and share of buildings in total final energy consumptions in 2021(right).41Figure 15.CO2 emissions in buildings 2010-2021(left)and share of buildings in global energy a

52、nd process emissions in 2021(right).42Figure 16.IPCC AR6 WGIII-Overview of A)Global building emission reduction scenarios and B)Mitigation options and their estimated ranges of costs and potentials in 2030.45Figure 17.NDC mentions of buildings.47Figure 18.Global status of building energy codes in 20

53、21 .50Figure 19.Share of energy consumption for selected end-uses covered by minimum energy performance standards(MEPS)or mandatory comparative labels,2000-2021.56Figure 20.Population growth per hour in African cities.60Figure 21.Global population living in slums 2018(per cent of population).61Figur

54、e 22.Vulnerability to climate change.The lowest level of vulnerability is given a score of 0,the highest 100 .61Figure 23.Africas final energy consumption by sector 2020-2030.62Figure 24.Green certification projects across Africa(blue labels)and initiatives relating to construction materials (orange

55、 labels).67Figure 25.Construction materials are set to dominate resource consumption in fast-growing developing economies,with building material-related emissions projected to increase by 3.5 to 4.6 Gt CO2eq/year by 2060.72Figure 26.Whole-life and systems-thinking approach to enable multiple stakeho

56、lders at each decision point .73Figure 27.Materials selection and implementation affects the carbon footprint of a building over its life cycle.75Figure 28.From data to actionable knowledge:How to get the right information to stakeholders at the right phase of the built environment process .76Figure

57、 29.Green infrastructure and biomaterial systems.78Figure 30.Annual building materials trade for Ghana(2020)and Senegal(2019)and corresponding CO2 emissions from cement building material production,based on data from Chatham House(2021)and Global Carbon Atlas 2019.81LIST OF FIGURESNote:Reference to

58、emissions in this report refers to direct or indirect CO2 emissions from buildings operations,or the CO2 from energy used in materials production,or the CO2 equivalent for materials process emissions,such as from concrete and steel.viii 2022 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT FOR BUILDINGS AND CONSTRUCTIONLIST OF

59、 TABLESLIST OF BOXESABBREVIATIONSC degrees CelsiusASEAN Association of Southeast Asian NationsBPIE Buildings Performance Institute EuropeCBECSCommercial Buildings Energy Consumption SurveyCO2 carbon dioxideEJ exajouleEU European UnionGBCT Global Buildings Climate TrackerGDP gross domestic productGlo

60、balABC Global Alliance for Buildings and ConstructionGt gigatonIEA International Energy AgencyIECC International Energy Conservation CodeIFC International Finance CorporationILOInternational Labour OrganizationIPCCIntergovernmental Panel on Climate ChangekWh kilowatt-hourLEED Leadership in Energy an

61、d Environmental Designm2 square metresMEPS minimum energy performance standardNDC Nationally Determined ContributionNZEnet zero emissionsOECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development PEEB Programme for Energy Efficiency in BuildingsPV photovoltaicSDG Sustainable Development Goalt tonTW

62、h terawatt-hourSEforAllSustainable Energy for AllUN United NationsUNEP United Nations Environment ProgrammeUNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change W wattBox 1.European response to the energy crisis.30Box 2.Declaration on Sustainable Urbanization.31Box 3.Explaining the Global Bui

63、ldings Climate Tracker.34Box 4.Defining net-zero-carbon buildings.39Box 5.Global CO2 emissions from brick,aluminium and glass production.43Box 6.Trends in production of low-carbon cement.43Box 7.Updated Framework Guidelines for Energy Efficiency Standards in Buildings.53Box 8.Examples of low-carbon

64、and traditional construction approaches in Africa .63Box 9.Net-zero construction methods in Africa.69Box 10.Advanced construction practices and sustainable and zero-carbon materials.70Table 1.Buildings-related statements in NDCs.48Table 2.Selected countries first,first updated,and second NDCs with b

65、uilding-focused actions,submitted since September 2021.49Table 3.Building energy codes status in 2022.51Table 4.Global building certification programmes.54Table 5.Challenges and opportunities for Africas buildings sector.64Table 6.Selection of African NDCs related to buildings.65ix2022 GLOBAL STATUS

66、 REPORT FOR BUILDINGS AND CONSTRUCTIONSTATEMENTS OF SUPPORT FROM GLOBALABC MEMBERSFaisal ALFADL Chief Representative to the United Nations Saudi Green Building ForumSaudi ArabiaOur prosperity and the planets future depend on how we treat our builtenvironment.It is a great concern that the greenhouse

67、 effect and climate changes will threaten our cities,neighborhoods and buildings for generations to come.No tracker exists like the Global Status Report for buildings and construction referencing trends,key data and actions taken by leading global champions to decarbonize the sector activities from

68、reporting,monitoring to certifications.Mara Fernanda AGUIRRE Executive Director of Chile Green Building Council/Chair of the Americas regional Network of the World Green Building CouncilChile Green Building Council ChileAlthough many countries have made progress in generating initiatives aligned wit

69、h carbon neutrality goals for the built environment,information provided by referring organizations such as GlobalABC through valuable resources such as the Global Status Report for Buildings and Construction,has made the urgency of accelerating the transformation of the construction sector towards

70、one that not only reduces its emissions but is also resilient and regenerative evident.The Global Status Report for Buildings and Construction tracks progress in the transition towards a sustainable and resilient building sector.And the reports insights help Autodesk as we work to empower our custom

71、ers to create solutions,connect data,and accelerate more sustainable outcomes such as net-zero buildings,resilient infrastructure,and waste reduction.As members,we are honored to contribute to the important work led by GlobalABC.Andrew ANAGNOST CEOAUTODESKUnited StatesWe are so glad that the 2022 ed

72、ition of GlobalABCs flagship Global Status Report for Buildings and Construction(GlobalABC)will be launched soon on November and would be available for all of us to use the benefits,discuss and learn from its example.Elena ANASTASIADOUArchitectPublic Works DepartmentMinistry of Communications and Wo

73、rkCyprusx2022 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT FOR BUILDINGS AND CONSTRUCTIONCongratulations for publishing the BuildingsGSR 2022.I hope that this report,which provides basic data and advanced case studies from a global perspective,will be widely read and used as a basis for understanding the need to achieve de

74、carbonization in the building and construction sector and for formulating policies to support it.As one of the construction companies,Sekisui House understands the climate crisis the planet faces,and is committed to leading the way in decarbonization.As Chairman of the Sustainable Construction Commi

75、ttee for Civil Buildings,I confirm my support for actions to achieve low carbon and sustainability in buildings.This includes:First working to update regulation texts and technical specifications to introduce ecological materials and procedures,second increase the renewable energy use and improve bu

76、ildings energy efficiency.Finally manage the waste construction site and develop a life cycle system for construction materials.Current circumstances require new structures and management methods to ensure climate and environmental governance.Reports such as the Buildings-GSR represent a key element

77、 to drive innovation through associative models,build alliances and launch platforms that enable the emergence of the required new structures to face actual challenges with greater dynamism and flexibility,drawing the attention of stakeholders to engage in this collective commitment.Lindsay BAKERCEO

78、International Living Future InstituteUnited StatesThe global buildings industry has an enormous responsibility to transform towards a regenerative and decarbonized future.The Global Status Report for Buildings and Construction is a critical resource that helps our movement understand how we are doin

79、g,where we need to focus,and whats next.It is an invaluable source of data that we use at the International Living Future Institute to inform our work and membership,and we commend the GlobalABC for its continued support and collaboration.Hernn BAULO DARHANPTechnical Specialist,Ministry of Environme

80、nt and Sustainable DevelopmentClimate Change and Innovation Secretariat(Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development)ArgentinaSondes BEJI KRAIEMProjects Director,Ministry of Equipment and HousingMinistry of equipment and housing TunisiaAref BOUALWANChief Initiatives and Startups OfficerConsol

81、idated Contractors CompanyGreeceThe CCC journey towards a zeroemission,efficient,and resilient construction sector would never be possible without GlobalABC active membership.With GlobalABC,we can work closely with private and public sector members for the benefit of the industry,stakeholders and de

82、finitely the environment.Dr.Toshiya CHIKADAChairperson of the Environmental SubcommitteeSekisui House,Ltd.Japanxi2022 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT FOR BUILDINGS AND CONSTRUCTIONThe Buildings-GSR provides every year an updated and credible source of information to all built environment stakeholders.Important

83、ly,this helps forge common understanding and action in a very fragmented economic system.Roland HUNZIKERDIRECTORSustainable Buildings and Cities,World Business Council for Sustainable Development(WBCSD)SwitzerlandThe findings of the BuildingsGSRs highlight the shortfall in the global built environme

84、nt sectors decarbonisation progress to date,urging actions to be implemented by all actors,with utmost priority.The lack of mandatory building codes in nearly 60 per cent of the countries worldwide,places greater emphasis,now more than ever before,on rapid upskilling and capacity building which will

85、 rely on radical collaborations across the industry and academia to advance the sectors decarbonisation consistently and at scale.With almost 40 per cent of global energy-related emissions coming from the built environment,governments everywhere must prioritise it as a way of scaling economic,social

86、 and climate resilience and keeping a 1.5 degree future within reach.As a supporter of the collaborative efforts of GlobalABC,WorldGBC welcomes the Global Status Report for Buildings and Construction 2022 as a resource for describing the state of play and opportunities to deliver a more sustainable

87、built environment.Cristina GAMBOACEOWorld Green Building CouncilUnited KingdomCarl ELEFANTEGlobalABC LiaisonClimate Heritage Network(CHN)United StatesCongratulations to GlobalABC on the 2022 Buildings-GSR,especially for advancing discourse on the Africa Region and Building Materials.As growth accele

88、rates in Africa,India,and elsewhere in the“Global South”,regionally appropriate solutions are essential.Embodied emissions from the vast construction industry are as crucial as operational emissions and,in many ways,more challenging to arrest.The 2022 BuildingsGSR opens longoverdue international dis

89、course on these important topics.Egypts 2021NDC focuses on decarbonising energyintensive industries.The buildings sector is one of its largest GHG emitters at 15 per cent,and represents 23 per cent of the energy GHG emissions.Actions for demand side mitigation of building materials is critical.It sh

90、ould include overcoming overbuilding practices with low-cost materials,alternative materials use,circular economy technology,efficient designs,incentives and policies setting to reach the global 40 per cent embodied carbon reduction threshold by 2030.May ELWANYCEOSals Global for Green Buildings and

91、Sustainable CitiesEgyptMina HASMANCAA Chair of Practice and GlobalABC Focal PointCommonwealth Association of ArchitectsUnited Kingdomxii 2022 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT FOR BUILDINGS AND CONSTRUCTIONThe intersecting of the economic,energy,security and climate crises is challenging the progress needed to d

92、ecarbonise the global buildings sector.Greater political and organizational leadership are required to further prioritize and implement actions supporting the decarbonisation and sustainability transition of the built environment.The BuildingsGSR 2022 describes also the essential investment and fina

93、ncing for sustainable buildings required in order to achieve the Paris Agreement goals.Dr.Arch.Silke A.KRAWIETZ(ARB/RIBA)CEO and FounderSETA NetworkUnited KingdomProf.Roberto LAMBERTSFederal University of Santa Catarina,Laboratory for Energy Efficiency in BuildingsBrazilThe Global Status Report for

94、Buildings and Construction is a very important report that monitors CO2 emissions by the building sector worldwide.It is written by top authors in the field and is a must read for people concerned with building decarbonization and resilience.This year it has included a very important topical deep di

95、ve on building materials that leads us to a whole lifecycle approach.Moses ITANOLA Executive DirectorBIM AfricaNigeriaThough rapidly industrializing,Africa contributes only 4 per cent of greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions.Yet,it is the most vulnerable to climate change.Alongside pressuring finance and sup

96、port for mitigation and adaptation,Africa must leapfrog since 50 per cent of potential 2050 GHGemitting industries are yet to be built.As an advocate of innovative approaches for a climate-smart construction sector,BIM Africa supports the policy guidance by the 2022 BuildingsGSR,particularly the reg

97、ional focus on Africa.Dr.Christine LEMAITRECEOGerman Sustainable Building Council(DGNB)Germany This report is totally important for creating transparency about where we stand in different countries around the world.It thus forms a resilient common basis for our international and national activities.

98、Congratulations to GlobalABC on the annual Global Status Report for Buildings and Construction,which charts progress on the transition to a carbon positive,energyefficient,resilient built environment.Its great to see the focus on carbon impacts of materials,as well as the focus on sustainable develo

99、pment examples in the global south.Now is the time to accelerate and expand our efforts,looking beyond buildings to opportunities for emission reductions in planning,infrastructure,and landscape design and construction.Vincent MARTINEZPresident and COOArchitecture 2030United StatesStphane POUFFARYCE

100、OENERGIES 2050FranceThis new report highlights and recalls the unique role of buildings in the transformative patterns toward the decarbonization of our economies.The sleeping giant remains insufficiently considered and has to be pushed upfront of political agendas to deliver concrete,immediate and

101、measurable cobenefits both on mitigation,adaptation and resilience while considering the just transition.Solutions are there and most of them are affordable or make economic and social sense.xiii 2022 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT FOR BUILDINGS AND CONSTRUCTIONBirgit SCHWENKDirector General for Climate Actio

102、nFederal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action GermanyThe buildings sector is essential for climate mitigation,resilience,and wellbeing.Germany is therefore committed to supporting the GlobalABC and its Global Status Report for Buildings and Construction.This 2022 edition highlights that

103、the carbon footprint of building materials needs to be drastically reduced to achieve our climate goals.We are convinced that the reports findings and policy recommendations will be key to inform stakeholders on the necessary steps to decarbonise the international buildings sector.Dominic SIMS,CBOCE

104、OInternational Code CouncilUnited StatesEach year the International Code Council anticipates the release of the Buildings-GSR as a tool to assess progress and identify work to do to decarbonize and increase the resilience of the building sector.We applaud this years focus on building materials,parti

105、cularly as we launch development of a new standard for measurement and verification of whole life carbon in buildings.We look forward to continued collaboration with GlobalABC to create adaptation and mitigation tools that assist the sector.Ian SHAPIRO CEOREALLUnited KingdomAs a social enterprise in

106、vesting in green and affordable homes in Africa and Asia,Reall welcomes the call of the Global Status Report for Buildings and Construction for an urgent reset in the way we plan,design and fund our built environments.The focus on Africa is particularly timely,given the significant opportunities whi

107、ch still exist to support and invest in innovative and creative solutions.We join the call to collectively scale up ambition,strengthen partnerships and unlock the investment needed.Max VIESSMANN Group CEOViessmann GroupGermanyThe report highlights that despite record investments into energy efficie

108、ncy and 15 per cent heat pump growth globally,buildings are still dramatically off track to reach the Paris goals.The reports message must be heard loud and clear:We cannot afford to slow down investment into sustainable buildings especially in times of crisis.Building decarbonisation must remain a

109、priority not only for our climate but also for energy resilience and better living conditions all over the world.At the U.S.Green Building Council,we are transforming buildings and communities through our LEED program,improving health and resilience while reducing carbon.Better buildings must be a c

110、ore solution to the climate crisis.The Global Status Report for Buildings and Construction underscores the urgency of momentum in investment and policy to drastically reduce building emissions.The Report is an important resource for all in the buildings and construction sector,adding critical accoun

111、tability to our collective effort.Peter TEMPLETONCEO and PresidentU.S.Green Building CouncilUnited Statesxiv 2022 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT FOR BUILDINGS AND CONSTRUCTION3EXECUTIVE SUMMARYIn 2021,construction activities rebounded back to pre-pandemic levels in most major economies,alongside more energy-i

112、ntensive use of buildings as workplaces reopened but hybrid working remained.In addition,more emerging economies increased their use of fossil fuel gases in buildings.As a result,buildings energy demand increased by around 4 per cent from 2020 to 135 EJ the largest increase in the last 10 years.CO2

113、emissions from buildings operations have reached an all-time high of around 10 GtCO2,around a 5 per cent increase from 2020 and 2 per cent higher than the previous peak in 2019.Photo credit:Gabriella Clare Marinoxv 2022 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT FOR BUILDINGS AND CONSTRUCTIONDISRUPTIVE TRENDS IMPACTING B

114、UILDING DECARBONIZATION The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in an unprecedented change across the world in the buildings and construction sector in 2020.This included a major drop in demand for construction across major economies,workplace shutdowns due to lockdown,labour and material shortages,changing

115、work patterns,and energy affordability challenges,which all still persist today.The result was the single largest drop in CO2 emissions in the last decade,as documented in the last Global Status Report for Buildings and Construction.In 2021,construction activities rebounded back to pre-pandemic leve

116、ls in most major economies(section 4.1),alongside more energy-intensive use of buildings as workplaces reopened but hybrid working remained(section 4.2).In addition,more emerging economies increased their use of fossil fuel gases in buildings.As a result,buildings energy demand increased by around 4

117、 per cent from 2020 to 135 EJ the largest increase in the last 10 years(International Energy Agency IEA 2022).The impact of this is that CO2 emissions from buildings operations have reached an all-time high of around 10 GtCO2,around a 5 per cent increase from 2020 and 2 per cent higher than the prev

118、ious peak in 2019.When including estimated CO2 emissions from producing buildings materials of around 3.6 GtCO2(i.e.concrete,steel,aluminium,glass,and bricks),buildings represented around 37 per cent of global CO2 emissions in 2021.Also in 2021,the goals of the Paris Agreement were reaffirmed at the

119、 26th Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change(UNFCCC COP26).The Glasgow Climate Pact agreed at COP26 emphasizes accelerating and rapidly scaling up energy efficiency measures(United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change UNFCCC 2022a).In additio

120、n,COP26 saw more than 120 events focused on the built environment and the launch of a number of important buildings initiatives.Nevertheless,the rebound in CO2 emissions shows that few structural changes have yet occurred within the buildings sector to reduce energy demand or cut emissions,and that

121、2020 was merely a pandemic-related outlier in building emissions trends.Overall,the key trends for the Global Status Report for Buildings and Construction highlight that since 2015,some progress has been made on the policy level and with an increase in investments,but there must be greater effort to

122、 reduce emissions overall and improve building energy performance alongside the continuing trend of increasing floor area(see figure 1).The 2022 update of the Global Buildings Climate Tracker confirms this observation and shows a growing gap between the actual climate performance of the sector and t

123、he necessary decarbonization pathway.This is despite 2021 having seen a growing number of countries committing to energy efficiency and offering extensive details for decarbonization of buildings within their nationally determined contributions(NDCs)(section 5.1),and an approximate 16 per cent incre

124、ase in global investment in energy efficiency to over USD 230 billion(section 6).As we move forward through 2022,there are significant risks to the decarbonization trajectory due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine and the ensuing energy crisis in Europe.Further risks are posed by global energy price

125、 volatility,along with the cost-of-living crisis facing economies and the implications of interest rate rises on investment in building decarbonization from governments,households and businesses.The latest assessment report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC)for the mitigation F

126、igure 1.Global buildings and construction key trends 2015 and 20211Energyintensity(kWh/m2)-0.7%2015 1532021152Investment(2021 USD bn)+51.9%2015 1562021237Gross floorarea(bn m2)+11.0%2015 2182021242Number of NDCswhich mentionbuildings+79.5%2015 882021158Emissionintensity(kgCO2/m2)2015 432021-7.0%40Nu

127、mber of countrieswith buildingenergy codes+27.4%2015 622021791 Values included for the baselines have been updated from previous versions of the Buildings-GSR due to both historic input data updates for emissions and floorspace,and also deflation factors for USD.The proportional changes between prev

128、ious years remains similar.xvi 2022 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT FOR BUILDINGS AND CONSTRUCTIONworking group(AR6 WGIII)sent a clear message that the buildings and construction industry offer significant global mitigation potential for reaching the Paris Agreement.Opportunities include improving existing bui

129、ldings efficiency and use,high-performance new buildings,efficient lighting appliances and equipment in buildings,integrating renewables in buildings,and decarbonizing production of building materials.The consensus of the IPCC report is that buildings operational emissions will need to drop by more

130、than 95 per cent compared to current levels,and that these reductions are cost-effective and beneficial to building occupants and energy security(see section 2.3).The growing and intersecting economic,energy,security and climate crises both challenge and highlight the progress needed to decarbonize

131、and to improve the resilience of the global buildings sector.Greater political and organizational leadership is needed to further prioritize and implement actions that support the decarbonization and sustainability transition of the built environment and transformation of construction materials prod

132、uction.In 2021,many governments continued to act with a clear interest to address climate change and buildings sustainability.The European Unions REPowerEU initiative has sought to improve the energy performance of buildings by boosting the take-up of efficiency retrofits,renewables and heat pumps,a

133、nd the use of fiscal measures for energy efficiency products for buildings.Similarly,the US Inflation Reduction Act has also made specific reference to supporting energy efficiency and renewable energy in buildings.Multiplying such policy commitments and a focus on sustaining and increasing investme

134、nt will be critical to bending the emissions trajectory downward in the coming years.GLOBAL BUILDINGS CLIMATE TRACKERThe Global Buildings Climate Tracker(section 3)indicates that the buildings and construction sector remains off track to achieve decarbonization by 2050.The Global Buildings Climate T

135、racker monitors the progress of the buildings and construction sector towards achieving the Paris Agreement.In 2021,the decarbonization level decreased to 8.1 points,from a high point of 11.3 in 20202.The tracker shows that since the pandemic,building decarbonization activities have reverted to thei

136、r previous speed of change.20152016201720182019202020210246810121416182020150204060801002050Global BuildingsClimate TrackerDirect reference path to goalBCT IndexPer cent change comparedto the previous year%Zero-carbon building stocktarget4.11.8-56%4.2+2.2%4.88.19.011.3+165%+68%pandemicoutlier 6.6Fig

137、ure 2.Direct reference path to a zero-carbon building stock target in 2050(left);zoom into the period between 2015 and 2021,comparing the observed Global Buildings Climate Tracker to the reference path(right)Source:Adapted by the Buildings Performance Institute Europe.2 2021 Global Status Report for

138、 Buildings and Construction showed 17.3 points for 2020.The 2022 report uses updated historic data and indicators,which explains the discrepancies between the numbers in the two reports.For details,see Annex.xvii 2022 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT FOR BUILDINGS AND CONSTRUCTIONCurrent observations show a neg

139、ative rebound since 2020 in the decarbonization of the buildings sector,with increased energy intensity and higher emissions.This leads to a growing gap between the observed performance and the desired pathway,as shown in the lower part of figure 2.The gap grew from 6.6 points in 2019 to 9.0 points

140、in 2021.GLOBAL BUILDINGS AND CONSTRUCTION STATUSOperational energy demand in buildings(such as space heating and cooling,water heating,lighting and cooking)has grown to around 135 EJ,which is an increase of around 4 per cent from 2020 and exceeds the previous peak in 2019 by over 3 per cent(IEA 2022

141、f).Related to energy demand,the global buildings sector CO2 operational emissions have also rebounded from 2020 by about 5 per cent to a level of around 10 GtCO2.This increase in emissions exceeds the pre-pandemic all-time high in 2019 by 2 per cent(IEA 2022f)(see Figure 3).The increase reflects the

142、 reopening of the global economy as workplaces began to use more energy,alongside households continuing to work in hybrid mode,and a growth in economies using gas for heating.The energy intensity of buildings,representing the total final energy consumption per square metre,has remained unchanged ove

143、r the last three years at around 150kWh/m2.To achieve the needed pathway toward net zero carbon,the International Energy Agency estimates that intensity needs to drop by around 35 per cent of its current level to around 95 kWh/m2(IEA 2022f).Unfortunately,energy intensity has largely been unchanged s

144、ince 2019 and must improve at a rate of 5 per cent per year by 2030 to achieve these targets.To do so,alongside decarbonization of the grid,the building renovation rate must increase to 2.5 per cent per year(or 10 million dwellings per year)by 2030 in developed economies(IEA 2021b).SUSTAINABLE BUILD

145、INGS AND CONSTRUCTION POLICIESBuildings and construction policies saw progress in 2021,with 23 countries revising and updating their NDCs with a greater level of commitment to building efficiency and adaptation,and a greater level of detail.80 per cent of countries now refer to buildings as part of

146、their NDC action plans,compared to around 69 per cent in 2020(see Figure 4).This is a positive sign as more governments recognize and make commitments to the role buildings play in their decarbonization actions(see section 5.1).0306090120150EJ0246810GtCO22010201520192020202120102015201920202021Resid

147、ential(direct)Non-residential(indirect)Residential(indirect)Non-residential(direct)Biomass(traditional)ElectricityHeatRenewablesCoalOilNatural gasFigure 3.Energy consumption in buildings by fuel,2010-2021(left)and CO2 emissions in buildings 2010-2021(right)Source:International Energy Agency(2022).Tr

148、acking Clean Energy Progress.Paris.xviii 2022 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT FOR BUILDINGS AND CONSTRUCTIONBuilding codes are vital to addressing buildings sector emissions and providing clear guidelines on their features.They can be a main driver for improvements in energy performance.As of September 2022,40

149、 per cent of countries have mandatory or voluntary regulations or codes for building energy performance(see section 5.2)this marks an increase of only one country from last years Buildings Global Status Report,due to Georgia now formally applying the EU directive 2010/31/EU(European Parliament 2010)

150、.When looking at countries with mandatory codes or regulations for both residential and non-residential buildings,the proportion falls to 26 per cent.In 2021,seven US states adopted more stringent building codes for enforcement,including Washington and New York states,which have focused on promoting

151、 electrification and use of heat pumps,and geothermal heating and cooling systems,while Denmark and France implemented lifetime CO2 levels for new buildings(see section 5.2 and 5.3).As a priority,more jurisdictions need to align their building codes to meeting the Paris Agreement.In 2021,several org

152、anisations and jurisdictions undertook efforts to align their new building energy codes towards being zero carbon.For example,the new voluntary appendix to the 2021 International Energy Conservation Code(IECC)works towards providing a standard for achieving zero-carbon buildings(IECC 2021),and Washi

153、ngton DCs 2020 energy code includes a net-zero energy appendix for new buildings(Government of the District of Columbia 2017).NDC mentions of buildingsAdaptationFurther detail given in FourthBiennial Report(spot color corresponds to mentioncategory above)Building codesIncreased detail inNDC updateEn

154、ergyEfficiencyExtensivedetailLimitedreference to buildings No knownNDCNo mentionFigure 4.Mentions of buildings across all countries latest NDCsThis map is without prejudice to the status of or the sovereignty over any territory,to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries,and to the

155、 name of any territory,city,or area.Source:United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change UNFCCC.Notes:Adaptation can refer to any measures to improve resilience to the impacts of climate change,such as improved flood resilience for housing.Regions with fine lefthatching have specific referen

156、ce to building codes.Regions with dotted hatching have reported actions through the Biennial Report.xix 2022 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT FOR BUILDINGS AND CONSTRUCTIONAs a further tool for promoting building sustainability,green building certification offers a way to adopt and recognize higher standards of

157、 building energy performance and broader metrics of building sustainability.Since 2020,there has been a 19 per cent increase in certifications across the world among the tracked systems(section 5.4).Energy used for equipment and appliances represented around 18 per cent of building energy use in 202

158、1(IEA 2022f).To further address building emissions reductions,more countries have introduced minimum energy performance standards for equipment and appliances.These cover more than 80 per cent of refrigerators,75 per cent of lighting and 82 per cent of air conditioners globally by final energy use,a

159、nd are supported by a growing use of labels to indicate performance levels(IEA 2022f).INVESTMENT AND FINANCING FOR SUSTAINABLE BUILDINGSIn 2021,global buildings sector investment in energy efficiency increased by around 16 per cent from 2020 to a total of approximately USD 237 billion(IEA 2022g).Thi

160、s increase occurred primarily among European countries with existing programmes of public investment in efficiency,including Germany,UK and Italy,and sustained investment in USA,Canada and Japan(see section 6).The growth in construction activities also increased the investment in more efficient new

161、buildings and buildings covered under sustainability or“green”certifications,with an estimated 19 per cent growth in certified buildings compared to 2020.Investment in improving the energy performance of existing buildings and ensuring existing systems are operating as designed is critical to both r

162、educing energy demand and avoiding related CO2 emissions.Investing in fuel switching to clean fuels,such as through electrification and adoption of heat pumps for space heating and cooling,will play a major role in this transition,with the global heat pump market estimated to have grown by around 15

163、 per cent in 2021 (IEA 2022g).This increase in investment is welcome news but also highlights the challenge of needing to continue to increase investments in efficiency during a period of inflation that will cause increasing pressure on borrowing costs.Yet in the face of rising energy prices,investi

164、ng in efficiency is a way to avoid future energy price volatility as well as reducing emissions.A PATHWAY TOWARDS SUSTAINABILITY FOR AFRICAS BUILDINGS AND CONSTRUCTION SECTORAround 56 per cent of the African population lives in informal housing(UN Habitat 2016).The population across Africa is expect

165、ed to reach 2.4 billion people by 2050 and 80 per cent of this growth will occur in cities(African Development Bank ADB 2019).The need to provide housing now and in the future is a major driver of growth for buildings across the African continent.There are enormous opportunities for these buildings

166、and urban environments to be built to a high-quality and sustainable standard,to be zero carbon(or zero carbon ready)and to be capable of adapting to a changing climate.Photo credit:Kevin Grievexx 2022 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT FOR BUILDINGS AND CONSTRUCTIONAfrica accounts for around 6 per cent of global

167、 energy demand and contributed to less than 3 per cent of global greenhouse gas emissions in 2021(IEA 2022b).Households in Africa accounted for 56 per cent of total final energy consumption in 2021,but only 43 per cent of the continents population had access to electricity.The IEA estimates that hou

168、sehold energy demand by 2030 for cooling and appliances will more than double,though the energy intensity of lighting in the residential sector will decrease due to the movement towards energy-efficient lamps(IEA 2022b).Further,Sustainable Energy for All highlights that of the 54 high-impact and hig

169、h-temperature risk countries,24 are on the African continent(Sustainable Energy for All SEforALL 2022).This means that the need for cooling is a major future challenge for residential energy demand,with ownership of fans standing at 0.6 units per household and current cooling device ownership standi

170、ng at only 0.06 units per household (IEA 2022b).Since the 2021 Buildings-GSR,ten African countries provided further detail within their NDC update regarding commitments to decarbonizing the building stock(see section 5.2 and section 7.2).However,only five African countries(9 per cent)have a mandator

171、y building code(section 5.2).As a priority,it will be critical for those nations that do not yet have mandatory codes to develop both the codes and their regulatory framework and the skills and capacity to implement energy efficient and sustainable building codes that make use of local best practice

172、s and traditions.As part of this effort,energy efficient traditional and sustainable construction and building practices,which are a cornerstone of African cultural heritage,should be promoted and formalized in building codes so that housing is constructed within the local context and acts to preser

173、ve African culture while being of a high quality and affordable.CONSTRUCTION WITH WHOLE LIFE CYCLE APPROACHES TO BUILDING MATERIALSThe global consumption of raw materials will almost double by 2060 as the world economy grows and living standards rise,exacerbating the environmental overloading we are

174、 experiencing today(Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development OECD 2019).The International Resource Panel has underlined the massive greenhouse gas emissions reduction potential from material efficiency strategies applied across the building stock(Hertwich et al.2020).In G7 countries al

175、one,material efficiency strategies,including the use of recycled materials,could reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the material cycle of residential buildings by over 80 per cent in 2050.153045 GJ102030EJAfricaNorthAfricaSouthAfricaSub-SaharanAfrica2020 20302020 20302020 20302020 2030HouseholdTradi

176、tional useof biomassHouseholdmodernfuelsOtherproductiveusesIndustryMobilityFigure 5.Africas final energy consumption by sector 2020-2030Source:IEA Africa Energy Outlook 2022(IEA 2022b).Notes:TUOB=traditional use of biomass.Other productive uses include services and agriculture.Household modern fuels

177、 include fossil fuels,electricity and renewables,such as the use of biomass in modern stoves.xxi 2022 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT FOR BUILDINGS AND CONSTRUCTIONTransitioning to a future of low-carbon buildings requires the design of multi-beneficial material strategies that take a whole building life cycle

178、 and systems-thinking approach.The longevity of buildings infrastructure needs to be incentivized financially and legislatively to encourage low-carbon adaptation and refurbishment that extends building lifespans without locking in operational energy inefficiencies.Despite its massive contribution t

179、o global greenhouse gas emissions,embodied carbon has previously been under addressed in strategies to reduce building emissions.A(whole)life cycle analysis approach is increasingly being adopted by industry leaders to guide strategies to simultaneously address embodied and operational carbon.These

180、can be clustered in three strategies “avoid”,“shift”and“improve”all of which lead to“adaptability”.Measures range from building less,requiring less material and using low-carbon materials,to circular approaches and improved designs that have a longer lifetime and lower operational emissions during b

181、uilding use.To decarbonize the building materials sector,all stakeholders need to take greater responsibility to understand the environmental impact of their decisions regarding material selections across the life cycle.Doing so requires getting the right data to the right stakeholders at consequent

182、ial stages of decision-making(see Figure 6).Built environment carbon rating systems need to include better rewards for avoiding new construction where possible,for shifting to low-carbon biobased solutions,and for improving production methods for conventional materials.Avoiding carbon emissions by P

183、RODUCTIONEXTRACTIONTRANSPORTATIONMANUFACTURING+AVOIDSHIFTIMPROVEADAPTWORK OF THE GEO-BIOSPHEREFOSSIL FUELSSOILS MANAGEMENTAGRICULTURE MANAGEMENTRAW MATERIALSMinerals(Metals,Ceramics)Polimers and Fossil-BasedNatural MaterialsEARTH+ECO-SCIENCE PROFESSIONALSARCHITECTUREFIRMSCONSTRUCTION FIRMS+CONTRACTO

184、RSBUILDINGOCCUPANTSWASTE MANAGEMENTSERVICESEXTRACTION,AGRICULTURE+FORESTRY INDUSTRIESENGINEERINGFIRMSDEVELOPERSCOMMUNITIESSECONDARY PRODUCTION SPECIALISTSCONSTRUCTIONINITIATIONPLANNINGIMPLEMENTATIONPERFORMANCECLOSINGUSEMAINTENANCEREPAIRREFURBISHMENTREPLACEMENTWATER USEEND OF X USEREUSEREDESIGNRECYCL

185、INGINCINERATIONLANDFILLTRANSITIONBUILDING LIFE CYCLE(LCA PHASES)STAKEHOLDERSRESEARCHPOLICYFINANCEFigure 6.From data to actionable knowledge:How to get the right information to stakeholders at the right phase of the built environment process life cycle in order to facilitate maximum decarbonization t

186、hrough systems-thinkingxxii 2022 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT FOR BUILDINGS AND CONSTRUCTIONbuilding better-designed,resource-efficient buildings is key to reducing raw material consumption and related emissions.However,the most urgent priority must be to increase the longevity of existing and new building

187、stock and reuse existing components whenever possible.CHARTING THE PATHWAY TO SUSTAINABLE,ZERO-CARBON,EFFICIENT AND RESILIENT BUILDINGS THROUGH BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION ROADMAPSTo support countries and regions in developing a clear set of actions towards enabling a sustainable,zero-carbon and resil

188、ient buildings and construction sector,the roadmap development process provides a way to build targets,strategies and partnerships through a collaborative approach.A growing number of countries and regions are using the roadmap process for charting the path to a sustainable buildings and constructio

189、n sector.Roadmaps already published include the GlobalABC and IEAs jointly published global,Asia,Africa and Latin America roadmaps along with country and regional roadmaps,including for the ASEAN region,Indonesia and Colombia(see section 9).In addition,roadmaps are being developed for more than 30 c

190、ountries and regions,highlighting the importance of national governments and regional cooperation and partnerships in efforts to decarbonize the building sector.Planned roadmaps include Trkiye,Sri Lanka,Burkina Faso,Senegal,Ghana,India,Bangladesh,22 countries and territories in the Arab League,China

191、s Greater Bay Area(GuangdongHong KongMacau),Cambodia and Viet Nam.The GlobalABC provides support through the Roadmap Coordination Hub,which is a group of country and non-state stakeholders working together to“build synergies between the different initiatives ensuring that the lifespan of the roadmap

192、s extends well beyond the projects,through local engagement and implementation.”Photo credit:Pedro Mirandaxxiii 2022 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT FOR BUILDINGS AND CONSTRUCTION Coalitions of national stakeholders should be developed to set targets and strategy towards a zero-emission,efficient and resilient

193、 buildings and construction sector through building decarbonization and resilience roadmaps and in line with the Marrakech Partnership Global Climate Action Human Settlements Pathway.National and sub-national governments must put in place mandatory building energy codes and set out a pathway for the

194、ir new building codes and standards to be performance based and to achieve zero carbon across a buildings life cycle as quickly as possible.For jurisdictions without building energy codes,these need to be formulated and adopted.Codes should consider the Guidelines for Energy Efficiency Standards in

195、Buildings(United Nations Economic Commission for Europe UNECE 2020).Governments and non-state actors must increase their investment in energy efficiency.This investment needs to target all businesses and households.Governments will need to use financial and non-financial incentives to encourage inve

196、stment and provide support for vulnerable households.The construction and real estate industries must develop and implement zero-carbon strategies for new and existing buildings in all jurisdictions,in order to effectively support government policies.The building materials and construction industrie

197、s must commit to reducing their CO2 emissions throughout their value chain in line with the Paris Agreement,supporting government policies towards a carbon neutral building stock.Increased funding is urgently required for publicprivate research partnerships to accelerate the development,demonstratio

198、n and commercialization of innovations to reduce embodied carbon in building materials.For governments aiming to achieve a net-zero-carbon built environment,regulations and assessment of emissions need to take a life cycle approach that considers both materials embodied carbon emissions and operatio

199、nal emissions.Governments,especially cities,need to implement policies that promote the shift to circular economies that replace linear,non-renewable,toxic material processes with sustainable renewable materials that can sequester carbon and be managed sustainably over their life cycles.In parallel,

200、for materials that cannot(yet)be replaced,their use and their carbon footprint should be reduced as much as possible.Fast-growing countries and economies,including in Africa and Southeast Asia,need investment to build capacity,resources and supply chains to promote energy-efficient designs and low-c

201、arbon and sustainable construction.KEY RECOMMENDATIONS FOR POLICY AND DECISION MAKERSThe structural changes needed in the buildings and construction sector are not yet showing,as is clearly documented in the series of Global Status Reports for Buildings and Construction.While the increase in investm

202、ent in energy efficiency among existing buildings and a greater number of new buildings being constructed to higher energy performance standards are welcome trends,the impact on energy use and energy intensity is not yet showing,nor is there any sign of emissions from the buildings sector being deco

203、upled from energy or construction.Policymakers and decision makers must urgently implement definitive near-term actions that deliver the needed emissions reductions while achieving the objectives of a sustainable and resilient buildings and construction sector.The buildings sector will continue to g

204、row to meet citizens needs for safe housing and workplaces,but its growth must be in alignment with the Paris Agreement.The following recommendations are designed to respond to these challenges:1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.xxiv 2022 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT FOR BUILDINGS AND CONSTRUCTION1.DISRUPTIVE TRENDS IMPACTI

205、NG BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION DECARBONIZATION IN 2021 AND 2022 The decarbonization and sustainability transition of the built environment remains“not on track”.Building operational emissions are at an all-time high,exceeding the 2019 peak.The“perfect storm”of the concurrent economic,energy,security a

206、nd climate crises is challenging the necessary progress to decarbonize and improve the resilience of the global buildings and construction sector,but presents an opportunity as well.Political and organizational leadership must prioritize actions that support the decarbonization and sustainability tr

207、ansition of the built environment.Photo credit:Mitch Hodge25 2022 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT FOR BUILDINGS AND CONSTRUCTIONThe global buildings sector consumes an estimated 30 per cent of global energy(135 EJ),in the form of electricity and gaseous,liquid and solid fuels and district energy for building e

208、nergy uses(e.g.heating,cooling,cooking,lighting and equipment),and is responsible for around 27 per cent of global operational related CO2 emissions(10 GtCO2)(IEA 2022f).The production of concrete,steel and aluminium,important materials used in the construction of buildings,added a further 4 per cen

209、t of global energy use and 6 per cent of global emissions in 2021(IEA 2022f).The production of glass and bricks could amount to a further 2-4 per cent of global emissions.Combined,CO2 emissions from buildings operations and the materials used in the construction of buildings are estimated to account

210、 for around 37 per cent per cent of global energy and process-related emissions.To be aligned with reaching net zero carbon emissions by 2050,emissions would need to fall by over 98 per cent from 2020 levels(see figure 10).02468100100200300400500GtCO2billion m22020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050Resid

211、ential(direct)Non-residential(direct)Non-residential(indirect)Residential(indirect)Floor areaFigure 7.Global buildings energy demand and floor area growth under the IEA Net Zero Emissions by 2050 ScenarioDecarbonizing the global buildings sector is therefore critical to preventing catastrophic clima

212、te change.To achieve the Paris Agreement,the global buildings and construction sector must become net zero-carbon by 2050,and all new buildings must be net-zero carbon from 2030(United Nations Environment Programme UNEP 2021;United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change UNFCCC et al.2021).Th

213、e Marrakech Partnership for Global Climate Action Human Settlements Pathway,which is co-led by GlobalABC,has explicitly called for the following targets:1)By 2030,the built environment should halve its emissions whereby 100 per cent of new buildings must be net-zero carbon in operation;2)By 2050,all

214、 new and existing assets must be net zero across the whole life cycle,including operational and embodied emissions (Marrakech Partnership for Global Climate Action MPGCA 2021).Most countries recognize this challenge and around sixty per cent of countries that have submitted NDCs(196)have cited impro

215、ving building energy performance as a way to tackle emissions(UNFCCC 2021).Non-state organizations continue to make commitments to address their emissions through partnership initiatives,such as Science-Based Targets.Yet efforts to address buildings sector energy performance and CO2 emissions have n

216、ot kept pace with the Paris Agreement targets,with the IEA describing the sector as“not on track”in 2022(IEA 2022f).Investment in energy efficiency remains low,buildings sector energy intensity is only slightly improving,and growth in integrating renewable energy into buildings and cities is modest,

217、though green building certification and NDCs are improving(United Nations Environment Programme 2021).Most challenging is that only 35 per cent of countries have mandatory building energy regulations or codes for some or all building types that regulate how energy efficient a building needs to be wh

218、en constructed;this drops to 26 per cent for those with mandatory codes for both residential and non-residential buildings.When combined with countries with available performance standards,this amounts Source:IEA 2021.All rights reserved.Adapted from“Tracking Clean Energy Progress”(IEA 2021c).26 202

219、2 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT FOR BUILDINGS AND CONSTRUCTIONto 40 per cent of countries(see section 5.2).It is estimated that 82 per cent of the population to be added by 2030 will be living in countries without any building energy codes or only voluntary codes(United Nations Environment Programme 2021).Bu

220、ilding codes need to be designed to ensure buildings are fit for purpose,energy efficient,and resilient to future change in climate and should take into account existing best practices for energy efficiency standards in buildings(see Box 7).Further,the overwhelming majority of current building codes

221、 fail to consider embodied carbon in building construction,which is critical to achieving the sector-and energy-system wide targets and adopting whole-life-cycle thinking(see section 7).There are significant challenges to addressing these ambition gaps.These include the political capital needed to a

222、ddress regulatory barriers and financing for building energy efficiency and decarbonization;promoting behaviour changes to reduce unnecessary energy demand;improving skills around designing new buildings and refurbishing existing ones;and the technological requirements of recommissioning and replaci

223、ng heating and cooling systems and refurbishing hundreds of millions of buildings around the world.Finally,there is a need to ensure climate actions in the built environment support equity and justice as part of the transition to a sustainable buildings stock that is net zero carbon by 2050.1.1.EMER

224、GENT CHALLENGES FOR DECARBONIZING THE BUILDING STOCKThe Russian invasion of Ukraine and the impact on energy supply and prices,alongside an existing cost of living crisis and the continued pressures of the COVID-19 pandemic on supply chains,present major political challenges but also opportunities f

225、or the transition of the global building stock.European countries are having to make difficult choices about how to continue to provide security of supply for households and businesses,while energy prices and materials and equipment costs for investing in energy efficiency rise.The circumstances ari

226、sing from these converging crises show the fragility of a volatile,fossil-fuel-based energy system and its limited resilience to shocks.Yet they also highlight the opportunity and urgency of investing in buildings sector energy efficiency to both reduce current emissions and improve energy security

227、and resilience to climate change.Since the start of 2022,the cost of fossil-based energy has accelerated at rates not seen since the onset of the global financial crisis in 2008(Trading Economics 2022b;Trading Economics 2022a).Between February and August 2022,fossil(natural)gas prices doubled in the

228、 US and increased by 2.5 times in Europe(Trading Economics 2022b).These steep rises in fossil-fuel-based energy costs have been a shock to households and businesses around the world,with increasing monthly energy expenditure adding to the impact of inflation eroding purchasing power(Trading Economic

229、s 2022c).Across OECD countries,for the first two quarters of 2022,the annual growth rate for consumer prices index3 was up to 10 per cent and 36 per cent for energy(OECD 2022).Europes energy cost increases are even higher than the OECD average at 50 per cent(or 70 per cent in the Netherlands)(OECD 2

230、022)due to their energy markets close connection to Russia,with the European Union receiving 40 per cent of its energy from Russia in 2021(IEA 2022a).Much of this energy price inflation was due to fossil gas and gasoline price increases that affect both direct consumer fuel prices and gas used for e

231、lectricity generation.With greater adoption of renewables,building energy use would be less impacted by fossil fuel price volatility.Adding to these cost pressures,the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic through 2021 continued to constrain supply chains.Increased transport costs(shipping costs surged b

232、y over 500 per cent by May 2019(Freightos 2022),limited production and shortages of manufactured goods,and work stoppages or slowdowns due to pandemic restrictions(International Labour Organization ILO 2021)have all made getting materials and goods to markets more costly.The pandemic has also shown

233、the vulnerabilities and divides that exist among urban and rural households,who have very different costs and levels of access to services that can address energy insecurity and vulnerability(Memmott et al.2021).To calm inflation,central banks across the OECD have taken action to start raising inter

234、est rates,which increases the cost of borrowing and has a dampening effect on business and household expenditure and investment.These converging energy and living cost crises have significant implications for decarbonizing the global building stock.Although high energy costs are an incentive to inve

235、st in energy efficiency,the erosion of purchasing power due to inflation and the impact of labour and materials,alongside the sustained high price of goods due to logistical pressures,will all add pressure to slow investment,especially in the face of higher borrowing costs.Recommissioning existing b

236、uildings systems is one important action that does not rely on substantial upfront investment and can maintain system performance as designed,though ultimately considerable refurbishment will be needed to meet decarbonization goals.3 OECD define Inflation measured as Consumer Price Index(CPI)as:“the

237、 change in the prices of a basket of goods and services that are typically purchased by specific groups of households.Inflation is measured in terms of the annual growth rate and in index,2015 base year with a breakdown for food,energy and total excluding food and energy.Inflation measures the erosi

238、on of living standards.”(OECD 2022)27 2022 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT FOR BUILDINGS AND CONSTRUCTIONThe political solutions may lie in the ability of governments to direct support towards a broad range of low-and zero-carbon building investment activities,standards and delivery systems through education,p

239、artnerships,financial and non-financial incentives for households and businesses,and their own leadership through policies and international commitments.Governments have a duty to be efficient with public expenditures,so supporting private households and businesses to make choices to reduce energy d

240、emand and to make their own investments in energy efficiency and low-carbon technologies and materials should be a priority.1.2.EMISSIONS REBOUND FROM COVID AND EFFORTS FOR ECONOMIC RECOVERYThe global pandemic precipitated the largest annual reduction in global CO2 emissions,falling 6 per cent from

241、their 2019 peak of 35 GtCO2 to 33.3 GtCO2(Davis et al.2022).However,as economies have reopened,work and production patterns(such as hybrid working and increased product demand following delays)have adapted.Estimates for 2021 show that overall global emissions have rebounded to less than 1 per cent b

242、elow their 2019 all-time high to 34.9 GtCO2,and residential and industrial emissions rebounded to their 2019 levels,while power sector emissions from China and India increased(Davis et al.2022).For the buildings sector,emissions have rebounded:supressed demand for new buildings re-emerged as countri

243、es began to reopen their economies,and simultaneously households and businesses began to make use of their buildings more intensively than during the height of the pandemic.Estimates for the buildings sector operational CO2 emissions showed a 3 per cent drop in 2020 from 2019 levels,followed by arou

244、nd 5 per cent increase in CO2 emissions in 2021(IEA 2022f).The latest estimates for mid-2022 suggest a levelling of residential emissions(Carbon Monitor 2022).This appears to be related to cost-of-living and inflation effects,which have a tendency to reduce energy demand in new and existing building

245、s.The slow nature of structural changes in the buildings sector means that actions that support dramatic emissions reductions,such as behaviour change,energy efficiency refurbishment,and widespread fuel switching to zero-carbon-ready heating and cooling systems,have not been realized during this per

246、iod of health,economic and energy crises.1.3.SOLUTIONS FOR GOVERNMENTS AND DECISION MAKERSIncremental improvements in the energy efficiency of the existing building stock may even at an accelerated rate take a decade to substantially reduce carbon emissions across the buildings sector.Actions for ne

247、w buildings will avoid unnecessary future emissions but will have limited impact on emissions being generated from the buildings sector today.Creating benchmarks and performance standards for existing buildings,such as those used in Europe under the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive,and deve

248、loping building codes for existing buildings are an important step towards the necessary structural changes needed.Developing codes and standards that account for operational and embodied carbon when constructing new buildings and refurbishing existing buildings will ensure whole-life-cycle thinking

249、 is addressed.With open and transparent information on a buildings energy performance,building owners and managers will be able to better understand the options available to them to reduce energy demand through investment and improving existing building control systems.Photo credit:Darshan Gajara28

250、2022 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT FOR BUILDINGS AND CONSTRUCTIONBuilding performance and embodied carbon information can also provide the necessary evidence for consumers,lenders and investors to direct funds to improve building energy performance through recommissioning and refurbishment.Additionally,integ

251、rating sustainability,low-energy design and understanding of embodied carbon into training programmes will normalize the concepts of sustainable and zero-carbon buildings.Commitments from governments and heads of state affirm the importance of built environment sustainability in supporting their man

252、dates to protect citizens,increase energy system resilience and security,and address climate change.For example,the European Commission,working with European governments,has launched REPowerEU,which aims to reduce EU dependence on Russian fossil fuels and tackle the climate crises through energy sav

253、ings,diversification of energy supplies and accelerated roll-out of renewable energy(see Box 1)(European Commission 2022d).The US Inflation Reduction Act 2022 has also set out clear support for buildings decarbonization through energy efficiency and renewable energy adoption(United States of America

254、,The White House 2022b).Additionally,the recent Declaration on Sustainable Urbanization from the leaders of Commonwealth governments acknowledged the relationship between a sustainable built environment and citizen safety and well-being,and looked to support and encourage cities to work together to

255、address climate risks and reduce their emissions(see Box 2)(The Commonwealth 2022).National-level actions continue to play a critical part in addressing the buildings sector and regulations.Laws that support NDCs must now be implemented to chart a pathway to a decarbonized and resilient buildings an

256、d construction sector.For example,Colombias Law 2169 2021 sets out targets to achieve its NDC and includes the construction sector,with guidance for building certifications,local appliance labels and certificates(El Congreso de Colombia 2021).A further example is the Saudi Green Initiative,which is

257、promoting green buildings concepts,methodologies,applications and technologies through more than 1,000 projects in buildings,neighbourhoods and cities(Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 2021).Photo credit:Gary Butterfield29 2022 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT FOR BUILDINGS AND CONSTRUCTIONThe Russian invasion of Ukraine

258、,which has caused devastating impacts and loss of human life in Ukraine,has also precipitated an energy crisis in Europe.Energy prices in most of Europe have increased dramatically,causing rising costs for electricity,natural gas and fuel oil in the building sector.In February 2022,approximately 43

259、per cent of imported natural gas in Europe came from Russia;by the end of June,Russian imports had been halved with gas increasingly coming from other sources(Simson 2022).However,to further reduce imported Russian energy and continue to secure energy supplies for the coming winter period,demand red

260、uctions are critical.The buildings sector represents 40 per cent of Europes energy demand;80 per cent of this is generated by fossil fuels.This makes the sector an area for immediate action,investment and policies to promote short-and long-term energy security.The IEA produced a 10-point plan settin

261、g out how Europe could manage and reduce Russian gas from the energy mix(IEA 2022a).It highlighted actions that included speeding up the replacement of gas boilers with heat pumps;accelerating energy efficiency improvements in the buildings sector,increasing renovation rate from 1 per cent to 1.7 pe

262、r cent;and demand-side management to reduce indoor temperatures when safe to do so.More specific to the buildings sector,a report by the Building Performance Institute Europe focused on four cluster areas for change and a set of supporting actions(Building Performance Institute Europe BPIE 2022):1.S

263、howing leadership with innovative organizational machinerya.Create a task force for building renovation in the European Commissionb.Set up a“Renovation Compact”uniting business and social representatives in the construction value chain2.Telling the story,promoting the new visiona.Run an all-media co

264、mmunication campaignb.Promote all new and existing renovation and decarbonization programmesc.Enhance the mapping of the building stock,especially at regional and local levels3.Making financing easily availablea.Reallocate EU and national fundingb.Reduce VAT on renovation products and worksc.Mobiliz

265、e private sector financial solutions4.Preparing the supply chain to delivera.Boost upskilling activities to have a workforce ready to renovate and install quicklyb.Create a special initiative for energy-saving coachesc.Set up a special funding line called the Industrial Renovation Alliance,managed b

266、y the European Investment Bank,to boost investments in these types of renovations and scale them up quicklyd.Roll out one-stop-shops throughout Europe Box 1.European response to the energy crisis30 2022 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT FOR BUILDINGS AND CONSTRUCTIONBox 2.Declaration on Sustainable UrbanizationD

267、eclaration on Sustainable Urbanization 25 June 2022(The Commonwealth 2022)We,the Commonwealth Heads of Government:Acknowledge the need for integrated strategies for safe and sustainable urban development that enhance community wellbeing and security;Support cities,municipalities,and other urban auth

268、orities to mobilise resources to develop comprehensive,scalable programmes to address key challenges of sustainable urbanization and build climate resilience to reduce risk and vulnerability;Encourage cities to create an enabling environment that support local economic development,job creation,and a

269、ttract investment;and Encourage sharing of knowledge and experience including through Commonwealth dialogue;twinning of cities,and increased opportunities for professional training in urban development,including town planning.Photo credit:Nerea Marti Sesarino31 2022 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT FOR BUILDING

270、S AND CONSTRUCTION2.GLOBAL BUILDINGS CLIMATE TRACKER After the improvement of decarbonization progress reported in the 2020 Global Status Report for Buildings and Construction an effect of the COVID-19 pandemic the Global Buildings Climate Tracker finds that the buildings sector remains off track to

271、 achieve decarbonization by 2050.While decarbonization efforts have marginally improved since 2019,the observed emissions and energy consumption continued to increase in 2021 even beyond pre-pandemic levels.The decarbonization of the building stock is“not on track”to reach the goals of the Paris Agr

272、eement.In 2021,the buildings decarbonization index is only at 8.1 points out of 100 while it should be at over 17.1 points out of 100.This shows that the sector is achieving about half of the necessary decarbonization.The gap between the actual decarbonization performance and the desired pathway has

273、 been widening since 2018.The significant rebound in building sector emissions confirms that the boost in decarbonization during the pandemic was temporary.No structural,systemic improvement was achieved in the buildings sector,leaving it vulnerable to external factors,such as fluctuating consumer p

274、rices,inflation and temperature changes.Photo credit:Steven Pecoraro32 2022 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT FOR BUILDINGS AND CONSTRUCTIONThe Global Buildings Climate Tracker(GBCT),first published in 2020,aims to monitor progress towards decarbonizing the construction and operation of buildings.It provides a s

275、napshot of the status of building stock emissions as compared to a scenario for the future(2050).To do this,the GBCT uses a set of indicators covering emissions,energy intensity,investments and policy to identify global trends in decarbonization action and impacts.2.1.DESCRIPTION OF THE TRACKERThe G

276、lobal Buildings Climate Tracker is a seven-part composite index created to track the progress towards decarbonization of buildings.It includes three indicators CO2 emissions4,energy intensity5 and renewable energy share6 that together show the impact of decarbonization efforts.In addition,it include

277、s four indicators that measure the actions taken towards decarbonization:building regulations,energy efficiency investments,green building certifications and building 37%IMPACTGreen building certification(cumulative growth)Building codesand regulations(per cent)63%ACTIONIncremental Energy efficiency

278、 investment in buildings(global,USD bn)Building sector energy unit intensity(kWh/m)Renewable share in global final energy demand in buildings(per cent)NDC with building sector action(number of countries)Figure 8.Composition of the Global Buildings Climate Tracker showing its elements and their weigh

279、tSource:Adapted by the Buildings Performance Institute Europe(BPIE)2022.Note:The weighting of individual indicators in the decarbonization index,and their data sources,are as follows:energy intensity 19 per cent(IEA 2022f);renewable share 19 per cent(IEA 2022f);building regulations 18 per cent(autho

280、r analysis);energy efficiency investments 19 per cent(IEA 2022f);green building certifications 15 per cent(author analysis);building measures in NDCs 11 per cent(author analysis7).Instead of a weighted share,CO2 emissions are used as a factor because they are the main measurement for decarbonization

281、(IEA 2022f).For more information,see the Annex.4 Global buildings sector(residential and non-residential)energy-related emissions(direct and indirect)5 Final energy used in buildings globally per unit of floor area 6 Share of renewables in the final energy use of the buildings sector globally 7 Perc

282、entages shown are rounded 33 2022 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT FOR BUILDINGS AND CONSTRUCTIONmeasures in NDCs.These indicators are normalized and aggregated according to their weight(see Figure 8)to construct the decarbonization index.For more information,see the annex.The GBCT is updated with the latest da

283、ta from 2021 and adjustments in historic data for 2019 and 2020(from updated and new statistics that became available in 2021).New indicators were not included in the index;however,a major building certification scheme(BREEAM)was added to the green building certifications indicator and a sub-element

284、(quality control in construction8)in the building codes and regulations indicator was excluded as its source was discontinued.The data on emissions related to global building materials is not sufficiently comprehensive,so these emissions are currently not reflected in the GBCT.Chapter 8 provides det

285、ailed insights on this topic.2.2.STATUS IN 2021:ASSESSING PROGRESS TOWARDS THE 2050 DECARBONIZATION GOAL As shown in last years Global Status Report for Buildings and Construction,the decarbonization level in 2020 was calculated at 11.3 points9(the highest since 2015).In 2021,the decarbonization lev

286、el decreased to 8.1 points,which indicates a lower progress compared to 2019(see Figure 9 in box 3),driven mainly by the return of the sector to its pre-pandemic operation levels.This years analysis confirms that the progress recorded in 2021 was an outlier due to the impact of COVID-19,with no last

287、ing effect as it was disconnected from true improvement in buildings energy efficiency.A strong rebound in the global buildings sector is visible,especially in the operation of non-residential buildings and associated greenhouse gas emissions.2.3.POST-PANDEMIC REBOUND AND ECONOMIC RECOVERYDue to per

288、iods of economic slowdown during 2020,a strong decline in global emissions was observed in the Global Status Report for Buildings and Construction 202110.However,in 2021 construction projects restarted and supply chains were revived,with higher inflation and consumer prices discouraging energy effic

289、iency measures in buildings.The economic recovery and the Box 3.Explaining the Global Buildings Climate TrackerThe GBCT tracks decarbonization progress in the buildings sector from 2015.The decarbonization status is therefore set at 0 for 2015,which was defined as the base year.The target value in t

290、he year 2050 is set at 100 to reflect the maximum decarbonization needed in the sector*.A linear pathway for decarbonization was defined between 2015 and 2050.The house image below represents the 2050 goal,and its green portion represents the achieved progress in decarbonization.The bar on the scale

291、 to the right mark the progress achieved towards that goal.In 2021,8.1 points were reached.DECARBONIZATION1008.10Figure 9.Decarbonization of buildings using the Global Buildings Climate Tracker 20218 For more on the methodology,see the Annex and a detailed description in BPIE(2020).9 The Buildings G

292、lobal Status Report 2021 showed 17.3 points for 2020.The 2022 report uses updated historic data and indicators,which explains the discrepancies between the numbers in the two reports.For details,see Annex.10 The emissions reported for 2020 have since been corrected,showing that the pandemic did not

293、cause the emission reductions initially assessed.As a result,this years Global BCT shows that even during the pandemic the net-zero pathway was not reached.Source:Adapted by the Buildings Performance Institute Europe.*Note:Each indicator has an individual goal,which is assigned a certain value.Indic

294、ators together agglomerate to the maximum decarbonization levels.Details on the methodology can be found in BPIE(2020).34 2022 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT FOR BUILDINGS AND CONSTRUCTIONconnected rebound in energy use in buildings caused an increase in CO2 emissions11 and moved the index further away from t

295、he reference path than during the pandemic,showing the lack of lasting progress in the sector in 2020 and 2021.Emissions went beyond a simple rebound to exceed the pre-pandemic levels,showing that policy and investment measures are not materializing fast enough to counteract increases in energy use

296、and emissions.2.4.DECARBONIZATION PROGRESS SINCE THE PARIS AGREEMENTThe yearly index has improved from 4.8 in 2019 to 8.1 in 2021 but the overall operational emissions from buildings have increased by about 5 per cent compared to 2020 and 2 per cent compared to 201912,showing no real progress toward

297、s the 2050 goal.To put these results into context,Figure 10 shows the direct path to the goal of the Paris Agreement on the left.The blue dot illustrates the target of a zero-carbon building stock by 2050 as defined by the GBCT.The direct path to goal connects the starting point 0 in the base year 2

298、015 with the target point 100 in 2050.In 2021,the tracker is at 8.1 points while it should be at over 17.1 points.The sector is achieving about half of the necessary decarbonization.The gap between the actual decarbonization performance and the desired pathway has been widening since 2018.This requi

299、res bolder actions by policymakers and the private sector.Figure 10 zooms into the period from 2015 to 2021.The dotted dark blue line serves as a benchmark.To be on track,the lighter blue line must be on or above the dotted blue line.In 2020,the GBCT index moved closer to the reference path,as indic

300、ated by the grey dashed line that approaches the blue line.This is due to the exceptional slowdown of large parts of the economy,including the construction sector,and the limited use of non-residential buildings such as offices during the COVID-19 pandemic.As this would give a false positive message

301、 of decarbonization moving towards being“on track”,the 2020 observation is treated as an outlier.In fact,buildings decarbonization progress is slowing down and the decarbonization gap is increasing.Despite the 68 per cent improvement shown in the GBCT index between 2019 and 2021,the index has fallen

302、 further away from the path to a zero-carbon building stock:the distance between the orange and the blue line has increased from 6.6 in 2019 to 9.0 in 2021.This observation represents the rebound in CO2 emissions described in section 4.3.The numbers confirm the slowing down of decarbonization and pr

303、ovide evidence that the reduction of emissions in 2020 was temporary and no lasting progress was achieved.11 Find more details on the energy consumption development in section 4.2 12 Find more details on the emissions development in section 4.3 Photo credit:Jose Llamas35 2022 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT FO

304、R BUILDINGS AND CONSTRUCTION201520162017201820192020202102468101214161820201520202025203020352040204520500204060801002050Global BuildingsClimate TrackerDirect reference path to goalBCT IndexPer cent change comparedto the previous year%Zero-carbon building stocktarget4.11.8-56%4.2+2.2%4.88.19.011.3+1

305、65%+68%pandemicoutlier 6.6Figure 10.Direct reference path to a zero-carbon building stock target in 2050(left);zoom into the period between 2015 and 2021,comparing the observed Global Buildings Climate Tracker to the reference path(right)Source:Adapted by the Buildings Performance Institute Europe 2

306、022.2.5.SUMMARY OF THE RESULTSSome positive developments can be highlighted in the buildings decarbonization index in 2021.For example,a 19 per cent cumulative growth(compared to 2020)is observed in green building certifications indicating significant progress in energy-efficient buildings,even if t

307、his is only reflected in schemes that made their data transparent and available13.In addition,energy efficiency investments went up by around 16 per cent14(compared to 2020),one country has put in place a law that regulates energy performance of buildings,and two have published new draft building co

308、des that are not yet in force15;a growing number of countries are aligning their existing codes towards being net-zero;and 23 more countries have mentioned or expanded their focus on buildings in their NDCs16.The pandemic also accelerated awareness of the influence of buildings on health and well-be

309、ing and deepened the consideration of occupants comfort along with energy efficiency(Awada et al.2021).Decarbonization measures will need to take these aspects into account.However,after the temporary improvement in decarbonization levels estimated in the Global Status Report for Buildings and Const

310、ruction 2021,the observed emissions and energy consumption have continued to increase in 2021 even beyond pre-pandemic levels,indicating the decarbonization of the building stock is“not on track”to reach the goals of the Paris Agreement.The significant rebound in buildings sector emissions confirms

311、that the boost in decarbonization during the pandemic was temporary.No structural,systemic improvement was achieved in the buildings sector,leaving it vulnerable to external factors such as fluctuating consumer prices,inflation and temperature changes.An increase in investments and progress of natio

312、nal policies is essential to reduce future emissions,given that they have an impact over the long term.However,investment and policy improvements are not yet triggering the necessary impacts to comply with the Paris Agreement pathway.13 Schemes that made their certification data available were:LEED(

313、USA),BREEAM(UK),MINERGIE(Switzerland),WELL(USA),Passive House(Germany),EDGE(UK),DGNB(Germany),IGBC(India),GREEN STAR(Australia),CASBEE(Japan),SGBC(Sweden),SGBF(Saudi Arabia),GRIHA(India)and BEAM Plus(Hong Kong).14 Find more details on investment in section 6.15 Find more details on building energy c

314、odes in section 5.2.16 This progress is linked to the NDC update for the COP26,the first update including buildings since 2017(refer section 5.1).36 2022 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT FOR BUILDINGS AND CONSTRUCTIONThe global buildings sectors operational energy use grew by around 4 per cent from 2020 levels,

315、and CO2 operational emissions increased by around 5 per cent,reaching approximately 10 GtCO2 an increase that exceeds the pre-pandemic 2019 peak by 2 per cent.This reflects both the reopening of the global economy and the lack of structural changes to support buildings sector decarbonization during

316、the period of the pandemic.The buildings and construction industry represents an estimated 37 per cent of global operational energy and process-related CO2 emissions.3.GLOBAL BUILDINGS AND CONSTRUCTION STATUSPhoto credit:Jenny Theolin37 2022 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT FOR BUILDINGS AND CONSTRUCTION3.1.CON

317、STRUCTION ACTIVITIES GLOBAL AND REGIONALBuilding construction activities have rebounded from their pandemic lows and have been a driver behind both the growing investment in more efficient buildings(see section 5)and the increased global energy demand and related emissions(see section 3.2 and 3.3).T

318、he IEA estimates that building floor space grew by around 1 per cent from 2021 to just over 242 billion m2 of constructed buildings17.Proportionally more construction occurred among high-income countries,which reflected strong investment through 2021.Across Europe,construction sector expenditure,whi

319、ch drives the increase in floorspace,has varied due to their differences in pandemic economic recovery.For example,the increase in construction sector activities compared to 2020 for Italy was 23 per cent,the UK 12 per cent,Hungary 11 per cent and France 10 per cent(see Figure 11).Others have seen m

320、ore modest increases,such as Australia(5 per cent),Canada(6 per cent),South Africa(8 per cent)and the United States of America(8 per cent).Some economies continued to struggle with construction and show no growth(Germany and Switzerland at 1 per cent or Poland at 0 per cent)or even continued decline

321、 as in Spain(-6 per cent),Brazil(-1 per cent)or Morocco(-4 per cent).It is expected,however,that the majority of future buildings construction growth overall will be in Sub-Saharan Africa(see section 6)and Asia.Yet despite this rebound in growth in buildings construction activities in 2021,a differe

322、nt situation is unfolding through 2022.The increased level of inflation could put downward pressure on construction through increased labour and material costs alongside increased borrowing costs for building purchasers and construction companies,though such effects may be temporary for construction

323、 trends overall(Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors RICS 2022).Housing unaffordability across a range of countries has risen by more than 10 per cent compared to Q1 of 2021 though has slowed from previous growth peaks across 2021(Knight Frank 2022).This adds to what is already a housing afforda

324、bility crisis and the challenge of addressing housing informality and land insecurity,which the COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated by making living conditions more precarious due to reduced incomes among poor households across the globe(Cities Alliance 2021).A key challenge that must be addressed is how

325、this anticipated growth in construction activities will deliver net-zero-carbon buildings both now and in the future and what these concepts mean in different locations around the world.The IEA has suggested a definition of working towards whole-life zero-carbon buildings(see box 4).-200+20+40%chang

326、e relative to 20152015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021United Statesof AmericaGermanyUnited KingdomAustraliaFranceSpainMexicoNetherlandsCanadaItalyFigure 11.Change in construction activities in selected G20 countries,2015-2021 (relative to 2015)Source:OECD 2022.0501001502502003000306090150120180billion

327、 m2KWh/m22020203020402045 2050Advanced economiesEmerging anddeveloping economiesEnergyintensityFigure 12.Global floor area and buildings energy intensity,2010-2021Source:IEA 2021.All rights reserved.Adapted from“Tracking Clean Energy Progress”(IEA 2021c).17 As a result of data and model updates,the

328、floorspace value for 2021 and previous years baseline data has changed for this report.38 2022 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT FOR BUILDINGS AND CONSTRUCTIONBox 4.Defining net-zero-carbon buildingsThere are a number of terms that describe the CO2 emissions of buildings and construction.In the recently publishe

329、d Roadmap for Energy-Efficient Buildings and Construction in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations(IEA 2022e),these different terms,which can apply to different scopes and site boundaries,are provided as examples.The definitions are drawn from the Net Zero by 2050 report(IEA 2021b)and Zero Ener

330、gy Building Definitions and Policy Activity an International Review(Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development OECD and International Partnership for Energy Efficiency Cooperation IPEEC 2018).The progress to net-zero-carbon buildings can cover:Energy-efficient:a building with a high degr

331、ee of energy efficiency in its fabric and building services that consume energy,e.g.heating,cooling,cooking,lighting,ventilation,hot water and appliances.Low-carbon:a building that is energy efficient(low energy)and is supplied by low-carbon energy.Some building services equipment may not be capable

332、 of decarbonizing without being replaced(e.g.fossil gas boilers).Nearly zero-carbon:a building that is energy-efficient and may have some available zero-emission energy supply(onsite or offsite),but that does not offset 100 per cent of the buildings energy demand.Net zero-carbon:a building that is e

333、nergy efficient and relies on zero-emission energy sources that meet the energy demand over the course of a year(or another established timeline,e.g.a month).Zero-carbon:a building that is energy efficient and has its energy demand completely met through zero-emission energy generated either onsite or offsite.Carbon-negative:an energy-efficient building that generates renewable energy onsite that