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1、Markets of Tomorrow Report 2023:Turning Technologies into New Sources of Global GrowthI N S I G H T R E P O R TJ A N U A R Y 2 0 2 3ContentsImages:themefire,envato elements 2023 World Economic Forum.All rights reserved.No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by an

2、y means,including photocopying and recording,or by any information storage and retrieval system.Disclaimer This document is published by the World Economic Forum as a contribution to a project,insight area or interaction.The findings,interpretations and conclusions expressed herein are a result of a

3、 collaborative process facilitated and endorsed by the World Economic Forum but whose results do not necessarily represent the views of the World Economic Forum,nor the entirety of its Members,Partners or other stakeholders.Executive summaryIntroduction1 Purpose-driven market creation 1.1 Technologi

4、cal priorities1.2 Sectoral opportunities1.3 Market bottlenecks1.4 Conclusion 2 Data in focus AppendicesContributorsEndnotes34559111314485253Markets of Tomorrow Report 2023:Turning Technologies into New Sources of Global Growth2Markets of Tomorrow Report 2023:Turning Technologies into New Sources of

5、Global GrowthJanuary 2023Executive summaryThe advent of the Fourth Industrial Revolution has led to wide-ranging opportunities from advanced technologies for business and government.In recent decades these technologies have often failed to deliver the promised game-changing results for the benefit o

6、f society,but there is growing evidence that dynamic governments and purpose-driven businesses are willing to shape a new era of public-private cooperation.A proactive approach and greater strategic planning are now required in order to create the“markets of tomorrow”that meet key societal needs.Gov

7、ernments have the potential to serve as“investors of first resort”to crowd in wider private-sector interest and investment in technologies and sectors with the highest potential to build the markets of tomorrow.This kind of process could be seen during the pandemic,but there is a growing need to bui

8、ld on these ad hoc moves with more strategic,rather than crisis-driven,investment and incentives to build new markets.To develop a more nuanced overview of the technologies and sectors that are set to shape the markets of tomorrow,this report draws on more than 12,000 responses to the World Economic

9、 Forums Executive Opinion Survey.Carried out in more than 120 economies,the survey asked respondents about three key aspects of the markets of tomorrow:Which technologies are the strategic priority?Which sectors are most likely to generate new markets?What are the main obstacles to the growth of new

10、 markets?Globally,agricultural technologies were viewed as the most important strategic priority,followed by education and workforce development technologies,and then power storage and generation.When asked about the sectors where their chosen technologies might unleash new markets,respondents cited

11、 information and technology services first,reflecting the central importance of the Fourth Industrial Revolution to the markets of tomorrow.The agriculture sector came second,and the energy sector third.Finally,respondents were asked to select the three most frequently cited market bottlenecks,they

12、answered with:skills and talent,infrastructure and initiative from the public sector.These findings can be interpreted as a strong signal that the private sector would welcome a proactive public sector and that closer alignment on long-term strategic goals could unlock untapped potential for market

13、creation.Recent policy developments suggest this kind of public-sector dynamism may already be on an upswing.This bodes well for the co-creation of new markets,which ultimately rest on a shift towards dialogue and symbiotic public-private partnership,fuelled by the need to solve the most pressing pr

14、oblems.It is hoped that this report can serve to encourage some of that much-needed dialogue and partnership.Markets of Tomorrow Report 2023:Turning Technologies into New Sources of Global Growth3IntroductionCould the third decade of the 21st century mark the beginning of a new era of public-private

15、 economic cooperation?Against the backdrop of an increasingly contested geoeconomic world order,governments in many countries are restructuring industrial policies to serve well-defined strategic purposes.1 This is in line with historical precedent,as times of crisis or uncertainty tend to see gover

16、nments take the lead in prioritizing specific problems and marshalling the actors and resources required to solve them.In parallel,businesses are becoming more purpose-driven in their approach to markets,driven by investor movements prioritizing environmental,social and governance(ESG)investing as w

17、ell as by public pressure.This twin trend has the potential to underpin a new era of public-private convergence on addressing the most important problems facing humanity,with governments taking more initiative on market co-creation and businesses taking more responsibility for orienting their produc

18、ts and services towards social and environmental outcomes.However,more proactive and strategic planning is needed to create the“markets of tomorrow”to solve the most important national,regional and global problems.In this report,which builds on earlier Forum work in this area,2 data from the global

19、Executive Opinion Survey sheds light on three key questions:Which technologies have the highest strategic importance around the world?Which sectors enable the growth of new markets?And what are the bottlenecks obstructing the growth of new markets to act on these strategic priorities?The answers to

20、these questions provide an outline map of purpose-driven market opportunities around the world and a starting point for in-depth multistakeholder dialogue and action at the national level.The report contains two sections.The first discusses the key findings of the research:the top technologies,the m

21、ost important enabling sectors,and the key bottlenecks to market creation.Technologies related to economic foundations agriculture,education and energy feature prominently,while the information and technology services sector plays the largest role in enabling the growth of new markets.The key bottle

22、necks relate to talent,infrastructure and public-sector initiative.There is significant variation across economies at different income levels.The second chapter of the report provides a wider overview of the markets of tomorrow data,with profiles covering the top ten technologies,sectors and obstacl

23、es and a selection of G20 economies.Markets of Tomorrow Report 2023:Turning Technologies into New Sources of Global Growth4Purpose-driven market creation1The starting point for this analysis of the“markets of tomorrow”is a better understanding of the strategic priorities confronting economies across

24、 the world.In other words,the markets of tomorrow should be motivated by a clear sense of purpose,responding to clear strategic needs.A technology lens was applied to this,by asking businesses the following question:“Which technologies are of strategic importance for your country in the next 10 year

25、s?”At a time of rapid technological advance,it might have been expected that frontier technologies would be prominent on a 10-year time horizon,but the top three technologies globally relate to more foundational economic underpinnings:agriculture,education and energy(Figure 1).Figure 2 provides an i

26、nitial overview of which technology was cited most frequently in each economy.In total,agriculture topped the list of strategic priorities in 44 economies,and its regional clustering is prominent in both Sub-Saharan Africa and in Latin America.In Africa,numerous economies are on a trajectory towards

27、 increasing reliance on agricultural imports,leaving the region increasingly exposed to volatility in global food prices,4 as well as to the growing impact of climate change on domestic crop yields.5 Latin America,by contrast,boasts the worlds highest level of net food exports,and agriculture is an

28、important driver of growth and employment.6 So,while businesses in both regions see it as a strategic priority to use technology to increase agricultural productivity,the underlying economic conditions differ significantly.Elsewhere in the global map of top strategic priorities,there is greater hete

29、rogeneity than in Africa and Latin America.Every economy surveyed returned a unique list of priorities,so even where economies may share a highest-ranked technology in common,there are other important economy-level differences.The advent of the Fourth Industrial Revolution has led to wide-ranging op

30、portunities from advanced technologies for business and government.Yet,in many cases,these technologies fail to deliver the often-promised game-changing results for the benefit of society,and the 2000-2020 era has been defined by a productivity paradox.Over the last two decades,investment has tended

31、 to concentrate in digital frontier technologies promising high returns rather than in sectors that may generate immediate societal benefits,such as agriculture,education or healthcare.The pandemic has highlighted the risk of under-investment in societal building blocks and has led to some improveme

32、nt in related investment flows.However,there is still much to do;for example,current investment levels are still far from where they need to be to meet the Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs).3 This situation is most pronounced in developing economies,where potential benefits of redirected investmen

33、t flows may be even higher.Governments have the potential to serve as“investors of first resort”to crowd in wider private-sector interest and investment in technologies with the highest potential to build the“markets of tomorrow”,markets that address key societal needs.Over the course of the pandemi

34、c and recent geopolitical turmoil,many governments have exercised their fiscal power in supporting vaccine development and distribution,securing energy supplies and boosting food security.There is a growing need to build on this with more strategic,rather than crisis-driven,investment and incentives

35、 to build new markets that enhance societal resilience and lay the foundations for future growth.To develop a more nuanced overview of the technologies of national importance and the potential markets they may create and to understand the obstacles that hinder these new markets,new data was gathered

36、 through the World Economic Forums Executive Opinion Survey,carried out in more than 120 economies.The sections below outline the key results in these three areas.Results should be interpreted within the wider context of each economy and are designed to serve as a basis for further local and global

37、dialogue.Technological priorities1.1Markets of Tomorrow Report 2023:Turning Technologies into New Sources of Global Growth5Global top ten technologies of strategic importanceThe technology of highest strategic importance in each economyFIGURE 1FIGURE 2SourceExecutive Opinion Survey 2022.Education an

38、d workforce development technologiesHealth and care technologiesPower storage and generationAny other technologyAgriculture technologiesArtificial intelligenceClimate change mitigation technologyE-commerce and digital tradePercent of respondents(average)020304010SourceExecutive Opinion Survey 2022.N

39、oteRespondents were asked to provide up to three choices for technologies,sectors and obstacles.As a result,percentages displayed do not add up to 100.Environmental management technologiesDigital platforms and appsClimate change mitigation technologyHealth and care technologiesAgriculture technologi

40、esEducation and workforce development technologiesPower storage and generationE-commerce and digital tradeArtificial intelligenceInternet of things and connected devices29.7%25.8%24.5%22.8%21.3%18.2%16.8%15.7%13.5%11.1%Markets of Tomorrow Report 2023:Turning Technologies into New Sources of Global G

41、rowth6Looking more closely at the three top technologies globally,the current backdrop for agriculture is particularly challenging.Even before the war in Ukraine disrupted crucial supply chains,the Food and Agriculture Organization(FAO)was cautioning that levels of global hunger had reached new reco

42、rds in 2021,with nearly 193 million people in acute food insecurity across 53 territories.7 Moreover,the need for greater use of agricultural technology is highlighted by the fact that achieving the SDG-2 objective of zero hunger while remaining within Paris Agreement emissions targets would require

43、 an estimated increase of 28%in global agricultural productivity over the next decade.This is more than three times the productivity increase recorded in the last decade.8 The technological advances that might help to bridge this gap will differ between economies,and the category of“agricultural tec

44、hnologies”is broad.It includes basic techniques such as mechanization and irrigation it is worth noting that a country like Nigeria only had 1%of its arable land irrigated as recently as 20149 through to more cutting-edge developments,such as precision agriculture10 or the use of agricultural drones

45、.11 According to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD),investment in agricultural technologies could be expanded significantly.In 2018-2020,only 17%of budgetary support for agriculture across 54 economies studied was spent on research and innovation.This share could be dou

46、bled without requiring any net additional resources if governments reduced market-distorting agricultural support.12 Moreover,the gains from investment in technology are potentially very significant.For example,Ghanas investment in technology contributed to a sharp acceleration in agricultural outpu

47、t growth between 2014 and 2017,from 2.9%to 8.1%.13The second-most cited technological priority in the survey is in the field of education and workforce training,underlining the strategic importance of education,skills and talent to businesses and governments alike as economies evolve,particularly in

48、 response to the digital transformation.Accordingly,digital tools are central to this technology category,and in 2020 the International Labour Organization(ILO)highlighted the significance of the following five technologies:ubiquitous computing,collaboration technologies,extended reality,artificial

49、intelligence and blockchain.14 In many developing economies,the rollout of digital educational technologies will be conditional on first making progress on enabling technologies and infrastructure.For example,Ethiopias Education Development Plan for 2020-2030 highlights the need for high-speed conne

50、ctivity as well as improved digital policies and standards.15 The COVID-19 pandemic has exacted a significant cost in terms of lost education in places where online alternatives to in-person schooling were not available when schools closed across much of the world for public health reasons.16 Conseq

51、uently,the pandemic has intensified the pace of educational technologies being rolled out.17 However,the underlying drivers of this process are more structural in character,relating to the need to prepare students for labour markets in which digital skills are increasingly indispensable.Respondents

52、prioritizing educational technologies in the survey tend to also have concerns about whether the education system in their economy meets the needs of a competitive economy,reflecting the potential for education technologies to help these economies“leapfrog”in the field of skills development.The powe

53、r storage and generation technology category takes the third spot in the global ranking.While the energy disruptions triggered by the war in Ukraine may have elevated the immediate salience of these technologies(particularly in Europe,where they were the top priority in ten economies),their growing

54、prominence reflects the ongoing and increasingly urgent process of transitioning to a low-carbon energy system.The International Energy Agency(IEA)estimates that clean energy investment is going to have to triple under a net zero 2050 scenario.18 It also estimates that energy flexibility(i.e.the cap

55、acity to keep supply and demand in balance)will have to quadruple.Technologies for storage and flexibility are key to the global energy transition because they are the limiting factor for integrating renewables into the energy grid.19 At present,90%of grid-scale storage is accounted for by pumped-st

56、orage hydropower,with grid-scale batteries providing the remaining 10%.20 Looking at battery technologies more broadly,there is evidence of significant investment in innovation.Research conducted by the IEA and European Patent Office points to an average annual increase of 14%between 2005 and 2018 i

57、n global patenting activity related to batteries and other electricity storage technologies.That is four times the average rate of increase across all technology fields.21Disaggregating the economies surveyed into four income groups(low and lower-middle,upper-middle and high),there is strong consist

58、ency across them.On average,four of the top five technologies are the same in all three groups.The top eight technologies are the same across the low and lower-middle and upper-middle groupings(Figure 3),with the top of the rankings broadly mirroring the overall global prioritization of foundational

59、 technologies discussed above.In the upper-middle income category,e-commerce and digital trade moves into third position,highlighting the transformative potential of digital technologies as economies move up the value chain.The main difference in the technology results across the four income levels

60、relates to climate change mitigation technologies,which ranks first in the high-income economies and eighth in the other three groups.This is unsurprising given one of the defining tensions in global climate negotiations relates to less-developed economies wanting more time to prioritize growth and

61、development before being required to make the same kind of emissions reductions as their richer peers.Markets of Tomorrow Report 2023:Turning Technologies into New Sources of Global Growth7Top ten technologies of strategic importance,by income groupTop ten technologies of strategic importance in fiv

62、e high-innovation economiesFIGURE 3FIGURE 4SourceExecutive Opinion Survey 2022.Which technologies are of strategic importance for your country in the next 10 years?Low and lower middle incomeUpper middle incomeHigh income1Agriculture technologies2Education and workforce development technologies3Powe

63、r storage and generation4E-commerce and digital trade5Health and care technologies6Digital platforms and apps7Environmental management technologies8Climate change mitigation technology9Water-related adaptation technologies10Internet of things and connected devicesAgriculture technologiesEducation an

64、d workforce development technologiesE-commerce and digital tradePower storage and generationHealth and care technologiesDigital platforms and appsEnvironmental management technologiesClimate change mitigation technologyWater-related adaptation technologiesArtificial intelligenceClimate change mitiga

65、tion technologyPower storage and generationHealth and care technologiesEducation and workforce development technologiesE-commerce and digital tradeArtificial intelligenceEnvironmental management technologiesAgriculture technologiesDigital platforms and appsBiotechnologyUS,Japan,China,Germany,South K

66、oreaPercent of respondents(average)010152530520SourceExecutive Opinion Survey 2022.Environmental management technologiesRobots,non-humanoidBiotechnologyElectric and autonomous vehiclesArtificial intelligenceClimate change mitigation technologyHealth and care technologiesPower storage and generationB

67、ig data analyticsDigital platforms and apps26.0%25.7%21.4%18.2%17.6%15.3%13.1%12.8%12.7%12.7%Markets of Tomorrow Report 2023:Turning Technologies into New Sources of Global Growth8Finally,when sorting the findings of the survey by innovation capacity(see Figure 4),it can be seen that the top five ec

68、onomies for innovation(four of which are also high-income economies)have climate mitigation technologies as their number two priority.22 The top technological priority in the high-innovation economies is artificial intelligence,a finding that resonates strongly at a time when artificial intelligence

69、(AI)technologies appear poised to make another leap forward.23After asking respondents to select the technologies of greatest strategic importance in their countries,they were asked to choose the sectors in which their selected technologies were“most likely to enable the creation of new markets”.The

70、 results show a significant overlap with responses to the technology question(Figure 5),with the sectoral equivalents of the top three global technology domains agriculture,energy and education featuring in the global top five for sectoral market opportunities.First place among the sectoral opportun

71、ities is taken by information and technology services,reflecting the central importance of the Fourth Industrial Revolution to the markets of tomorrow.It is also in line with the fact that a range of digital technologies were cited by respondents as being strategic priorities even if they didnt brea

72、k into the global top three:including e-commerce and digital trade,digital platforms,artificial intelligence and the internet of things.Looking at the sectoral data disaggregated by income group,the information and technology services category features prominently in all,but with a pattern of increa

73、sing salience as income levels rise:IT services rank third for low income and lower-middle income economies,second in upper-middle income economies and first in the higher-income category(Figure 6).By contrast,across the low,lower-middle and upper-middle income categories,the agriculture sector rank

74、s first,a pattern that is evident in the global map of top sectoral opportunities(Figure 7).Another sectoral divergence that arises across income levels is in manufacturing.The low-and middle-income categories see significantly greater market opportunities in consumer goods production than do their

75、high-income peers(seventh rank respectively compared to 19th),whereas advanced manufacturing ranks fourth in high-income economies but ninth and tenth in the two lower-income categories.Sectoral opportunities1.2Global top ten sectors where new market creation is most likelyFIGURE 5Percent of respond

76、ents(average)015202530105SourceExecutive Opinion Survey 2022.Water and waste managementAdvanced manufacturingFinancial services and capital marketsEducationInformation and technology servicesAgriculture,forestry and fishingEnergy technology and utilitiesMedical and healthcare servicesSupply chain an

77、d transportEmployment,education and training services24.1%23.1%20.6%19.0%15.2%15.1%14.6%12.0%11.7%10.8%Markets of Tomorrow Report 2023:Turning Technologies into New Sources of Global Growth9Top ten sectors for market creation,by income groupThe top sector for market creation in each economyFIGURE 6F

78、IGURE 7SourceExecutive Opinion Survey 2022.Medical and healthcare servicesFinancial services and capital marketsInformation and technology servicesAdvanced manufacturingAgriculture,forestry and fishingAny other sectorEnergy technology and utilitiesSourceExecutive Opinion Survey 2022.Low and lower mi

79、ddle incomeUpper middle incomeHigh income1Agriculture,forestry and fishing2Education3Information and technology services456Energy technology and utilities7Production of consumer goods8910Agriculture,forestry and fishingInformation and technology servicesMedical and healthcare servicesEnergy technolo

80、gy and utilitiesEducationFinancial services and capital marketsProduction of consumer goodsSupply chain and transportEngineering and constructionAdvanced manufacturingInformation and technology servicesEnergy technology and utilitiesMedical and healthcare servicesAdvanced manufacturingFinancial serv

81、ices and capital marketsWater and waste managementAgriculture,forestry and fishingEngineering and constructionSupply chain and transportEducationMedical and healthcare servicesFinancial services and capital marketsAdvanced manufacturingEmployment,educationand training servicesAccommodation,food andl

82、eisure servicesIn which sectors are these technologies most likely to generate new market opportunities?Markets of Tomorrow Report 2023:Turning Technologies into New Sources of Global Growth10Having asked respondents to identify priority technologies as well as the sectors in which they are likely t

83、o cultivate new markets,they were also asked to identify the main obstacles to market creation.Globally,the top three results were:skills and talent,infrastructure and a lack of public sector initiative.The full top ten is listed in Figure 8,and Figure 9 provides a global map of the most prominent b

84、ottleneck in each economy.Regional clustering patterns emerge again.In North America and Europe,concerns about skills and talent stand out,while respondents in Latin America highlight a lack of infrastructure.In a range of economies in Sub-Saharan Africa,financial constraints(fiscal space and privat

85、e sector financing)are prominent,while in Asia and Oceania,respondents cite a lack of innovative breakthroughs as an obstacle to market creation.When the global results are again disaggregated by economies income level,there are some notable differences(Figure 10).The low-and lower-middle-income cat

86、egories rank infrastructure and finance as the two most significant obstacles to market creation,whereas in high-income economies,these are skills and talent and public sector initiative,respectively.Interestingly,the“lack of an innovative breakthrough”option does not rank in the top three in any of

87、 the three income groups,which suggests that adoption and diffusion of existing technologies are viewed as more of a problem than a lack of new inventions.However,there are notable economy-level results on this dimension:the lack of innovative breakthroughs is cited as the number one obstacle in bot

88、h China and India.Market bottlenecks1.3Global top ten obstacles to the growth of new marketsFIGURE 8Percent of respondents(average)02030405010SourceExecutive Opinion Survey 2022.mature firms to reliably produce products.clear market standards.legal frameworks for the product or asset.an innovative b

89、reakthrough.skills and talentLack of.needed complementary infrastructure.initiative from the public sector.fiscal space and private sector financing.demand to sustain a commercially viable market.agreement on the value of the product or asset42.9%38.6%35.4%32.2%29.0%21.9%21.4%21.3%19.9%11.1%Markets

90、of Tomorrow Report 2023:Turning Technologies into New Sources of Global Growth11The most significant obstacle to the growth of new markets in each economyTop ten obstacles to the growth of new markets,by income groupFIGURE 9FIGURE 10SourceExecutive Opinion Survey 2022.mature firms to reliably produc

91、e products.needed complementary infrastructure.skills and talent.an innovative breakthrough.clear market standards.demand to sustain a commercially viable market.initiative from the public sector.legal frameworks for the product or asset.fiscal space and private sector financingSourceExecutive Opini

92、on Survey 2022.Low and lower middle incomeUpper middle incomeHigh income1Lack of needed complementary infrastructure2Lack of fiscal spaceand private sector financing3Lack of initiative fromthe public sector4Lack of skills and talent5Lack of an innovative breakthrough6Lack of mature firms to reliably

93、 produce products7Lack of clear market standards8Lack of legal frameworksfor the product or asset9Lack of demand to sustaina commercially viable market10Lack of agreement on the value of the product or assetLack of skills and talentLack of needed complementary infrastructureLack of initiative fromth

94、e public sectorLack of fiscal spaceand private sector financingLack of an innovative breakthroughLack of legal frameworksfor the product or assetLack of clear market standardsLack of demand to sustaina commercially viable marketLack of mature firms to reliably produce productsLack of agreement on th

95、e value of the product or assetLack of skills and talentLack of initiative fromthe public sectorLack of needed complementary infrastructureLack of an innovative breakthroughLack of fiscal spaceand private sector financingLack of demand to sustaina commercially viable marketLack of mature firms to re

96、liably produce productsLack of legal frameworksfor the product or assetLack of clear market standardsLack of agreement on the value of the product or assetWhich existing bottlenecks could hinder the growth of these markets in your country?Markets of Tomorrow Report 2023:Turning Technologies into New

97、 Sources of Global Growth12Considering each of the top three global obstacles,in turn,the pattern of skills and talent cited in higher-income economies is very prominent.The economies with the strongest response on this obstacle are among the worlds richest:Luxembourg,Switzerland and Singapore.They

98、are also relatively small countries,which points to concerns about the size of the domestic labour market.This possibility is strengthened if viewing the bottleneck results alongside respondents perceptions of domestic educational and labour market conditions.Interestingly,economies highlighting tal

99、ent bottlenecks are ahead of the global average on most questions related to skills and work.However,there is a notable exception to this pattern on questions relating to access to skills in the local labour market and to the ease of hiring foreign labour,where these economies slip below the global

100、average.This is likely to be an area where there are synergies between economies,with digital technologies increasingly easing the process of sourcing skills and talent from a global labour pool,and there is evidence that this is happening to a greater extent than before as a result of the pandemic.

101、24 It also points to the need for greater domestic investment in enabling the talent that can convert technologies into successful markets,as well as wider international cooperation on transferring the lessons of technology use and building the markets of tomorrow.The second global obstacle relates

102、to the infrastructure required to unlock market creation.This bottleneck is particularly prominent in Latin America and the Caribbean where respondents in 18 of the 20 economies surveyed cited infrastructure among the top three bottlenecks.The region needs to invest an estimated 3.1%of gross domesti

103、c product(GDP)each year until 2030 if it is to expand and maintain the infrastructure necessary to meet the SDGs.25 In that context,public-private collaboration already has an important role to play and the Brazilian Investment Partnerships Program(IPP)is a prominent example that has mobilized signi

104、ficant private resources for infrastructure development in a country economy where respondents cite this as the greatest bottleneck for market creation.26 Across Africa and the Middle East,more than half of the economies surveyed place infrastructure in the top three bottlenecks.The African Developm

105、ent Bank estimates Africas infrastructure investment gap at more than$100 billion per year and underlines the potential of public-private partnerships to close it.27 Precise estimates of growth opportunities foregone are difficult to obtain,but it is undisputed that infrastructure is a key foundatio

106、n on which new markets can be built.The third most frequently cited obstacle relates to the importance of the public sector in the creation of new markets.In total,77 economies in the survey cited a lack of public sector initiative in the top three of their list of bottlenecks.This suggests that pro

107、gress on this dimension could unlock significant economic gains.Arguably,this is an inflection point for the global economy on this question,with a recalibration of the relationship between the public and private sectors more likely than has been the case for decades.There is little consensus yet as

108、 to what the future of economic growth will look like,but an increasing number of voices argue that it will involve a stronger role for governments in creating and maintaining markets.In part,this reflects the confluence of two mega-trends:the growth of state-led models of capitalism in economies su

109、ch as China;and the ebbing of the free-market strand of western capitalism,which is evident in a country like the US enacting strongly interventionist new policies such as the Creating Helpful Incentives to Produce Semiconductors(CHIPS)and Science Act.28 Different economies are certain to resolve th

110、e balance of public and private collaboration in different ways,but the basic principle is full of possibility and,if used wisely,may unleash the economic benefits that stem from a dynamic,enabling public sector and from a reinvigorated ethos of public-private collaboration.29It is hoped that the re

111、search findings summarised in this report will inform discussion and action around charting new pathways for economic growth and transformation and underpinning an era of intensified public-private collaboration on market co-creation.These findings present some clear initial signals on the potential

112、 for deploying ubiquitous and emerging technologies for public good.On technological priorities,the results highlight the need to ensure that technology is being deployed to meet key societal needs,with respondents stressing the importance of agriculture,education and energy.These three domains also

113、 featured prominently when respondents were asked to identify the sectors where their chosen technologies would enable market creation,but the top global result here was the information and technology services category.On market bottlenecks,the three most frequently cited were talent,infrastructure

114、and the need for public sector initiative.The findings from leading executives around the world can be interpreted as a strong signal from the private sector that a dynamic public sector would be welcome as a means of unlocking untapped potential for market creation.The evidence of new approaches to

115、 industrial and investment policy around the world suggest that this kind of public-sector dynamism may be on an upswing.This may augur well for the markets of tomorrow,which will ultimately rest on a shift towards identifying and solving the key strategic challenges in different national contexts a

116、nd building dialogue and symbiotic partnerships between public and private sectors,fuelled by the need to solve the most pressing problems.Conclusion1.4Markets of Tomorrow Report 2023:Turning Technologies into New Sources of Global Growth13Data in focus2This chapter of the report presents the data i

117、n the form of technology,sector and obstacle world maps,as well as economy-level data for a select number of G20 economies.No two economies are alike,and strategic technology priorities,enabling sectors and obstacles to market creation differ.The patterns identified in the first chapter are compleme

118、nted with a more granular perspective to allow readers to dig deeper and gain additional insights.There are four sections in chapter 2.In the first,the global picture is presented for the top ten strategically important technologies.Technology maps illustrate regional patterns for each technology an

119、d are accompanied by lists showing the ten economies in which each technology is cited most frequently as a strategic priority.For example,in this section,it is possible to observe where health and care technologies matter,how the strategic divide on climate change mitigation technology manifests it

120、self and where respondents see the greatest future role for artificial intelligence.In the second section,there is a similar data presentation relating to the sectors viewed as offering the most potential for market creation.Again,there are maps for each of the top ten sectors,as well as lists displ

121、aying the ten economies where each of these sectors is afforded the most importance.From these,patterns can be seen in the global results,such as the fact that the information and technology services sector is cited on all continents as being likely to enable the growth of new markets,while the fina

122、ncial services and capital markets sectors rank more highly in South Asia than elsewhere.In the third section,the most likely bottlenecks hindering the growth of new markets are presented in a similar fashion.Among other things,the section highlights the demand for skills and talent in high-income e

123、conomies while also giving a clear overview of the economies in need of infrastructure upgrades or additional fiscal space.In the final section of chapter 2,the top technologies,sectors and obstacles are reported for a select number of G20 economies.Each of these rankings is different and points tow

124、ards unique opportunities.This section sheds light on the priorities within economies and on the differences between them.These data can serve as a first overview,providing initial direction and helping identify patterns for further investigation.The results highlight a clear need for further consul

125、tations and research at the economy level as well as dialogue to help navigate trade-offs and align investment goals with national priorities.Markets of Tomorrow Report 2023:Turning Technologies into New Sources of Global Growth14TechnologiesSectorsObstaclesG20 overviewOverview of the most-cited tec

126、hnologiesWhich technologies are of strategic importance for your country in the next 10 years?Agriculture technologiesWORLD AVERAGE29.7%Share of respondents0%100%Top ten economiesciting agriculture technologies as a strategic priorityRankEconomyShare of respondentsCompare with regional average0%100%

127、Diff.Income groupCompare with income group average0%100%Diff.1Angola61.7%+19.0%Lower middle income+24.6%2Argentina61.1%+20.7%Upper middle income+22.6%3Chad58.5%+15.8%Low income+12.8%4Kazakhstan58.3%+11.3%Upper middle income+19.9%5Namibia57.6%+14.9%Upper middle income+19.2%6Zimbabwe56.9%+14.2%Lower m

128、iddle income+19.8%7Malawi56.5%+13.8%Low income+10.8%8Guatemala55.1%+14.7%Upper middle income+16.6%9Ecuador54.3%+14.0%Upper middle income+15.9%10Rwanda53.4%+10.7%Low income+7.7%RegionCentral AsiaEast Asia and the PacificEuropeLatin America and the CaribbeanMiddle East and North AfricaNorth AmericaSou

129、th AsiaSub-Saharan AfricaIncome groupLow incomeLower middle incomeUpper middle incomeHigh incomeSource:Executive Opinion Survey 2022.TechnologiesSectorsObstaclesG20 overviewMarkets of Tomorrow Report 2023:Turning Technologies into New Sources of Global Growth15TechnologiesSectorsObstaclesG20 overvie

130、wOverview of the most-cited technologiesWhich technologies are of strategic importance for your country in the next 10 years?Education and workforce development technologiesWORLD AVERAGE25.8%Share of respondents0%100%Top ten economiesciting education and workforce development technologies as a strat

131、egic priorityRankEconomyShare of respondentsCompare with regional average0%100%Diff.Income groupCompare with income group average0%100%Diff.1Jamaica54.1%+16.9%Upper middle income+21.5%2Paraguay52.6%+15.5%Upper middle income+20.1%3Ghana52.2%+21.4%Lower middle income+24.7%4Angola50.6%+19.8%Lower middl

132、e income+23.1%5Bosnia and Herzegovina49.4%+29.1%Upper middle income+16.8%6Liberia48.1%+17.4%Low income+14.9%7Honduras47.8%+10.6%Lower middle income+20.2%8Bolivia(Plurinational State of)47.7%+10.6%Lower middle income+20.2%9Guatemala47.2%+10.0%Upper middle income+14.7%10Sierra Leone45.6%+14.8%Low inco

133、me+12.4%RegionCentral AsiaEast Asia and the PacificEuropeLatin America and the CaribbeanMiddle East and North AfricaNorth AmericaSouth AsiaSub-Saharan AfricaIncome groupLow incomeLower middle incomeUpper middle incomeHigh incomeSource:Executive Opinion Survey 2022.TechnologiesSectorsObstaclesG20 ove

134、rviewMarkets of Tomorrow Report 2023:Turning Technologies into New Sources of Global Growth16TechnologiesSectorsObstaclesG20 overviewOverview of the most-cited technologiesWhich technologies are of strategic importance for your country in the next 10 years?Power storage and generationWORLD AVERAGE24

135、.5%Share of respondents0%100%Top ten economiesciting power storage and generation as a strategic priorityRankEconomyShare of respondentsCompare with regional average0%100%Diff.Income groupCompare with income group average0%100%Diff.1Poland62.2%+32.3%High income+36.4%2Estonia57.9%+28.0%High income+32

136、.1%3Nigeria57.0%+28.3%Lower middle income+33.4%4South Africa53.8%+25.2%Upper middle income+33.2%5Greece53.2%+23.3%High income+27.4%6Austria53.0%+23.1%High income+27.2%7Malawi51.1%+22.5%Low income+18.5%8Denmark48.7%+18.8%High income+22.9%9Zimbabwe48.0%+19.4%Lower middle income+24.5%10Barbados46.4%+20

137、.9%High income+20.6%RegionCentral AsiaEast Asia and the PacificEuropeLatin America and the CaribbeanMiddle East and North AfricaNorth AmericaSouth AsiaSub-Saharan AfricaIncome groupLow incomeLower middle incomeUpper middle incomeHigh incomeSource:Executive Opinion Survey 2022.TechnologiesSectorsObst

138、aclesG20 overviewMarkets of Tomorrow Report 2023:Turning Technologies into New Sources of Global Growth17TechnologiesSectorsObstaclesG20 overviewOverview of the most-cited technologiesWhich technologies are of strategic importance for your country in the next 10 years?E-commerce and digital tradeWOR

139、LD AVERAGE22.8%Share of respondents0%100%Top ten economiesciting e-commerce and digital trade as a strategic priorityRankEconomyShare of respondentsCompare with regional average0%100%Diff.Income groupCompare with income group average0%100%Diff.1Albania74.7%+54.8%Upper middle income+48.1%2Trinidad an

140、d Tobago48.6%+20.0%High income+29.4%3Panama48.0%+19.3%High income+28.8%4Ghana46.7%+22.9%Lower middle income+22.8%5Latvia43.6%+23.7%High income+24.5%6Kosovo*43.3%+23.4%Upper middle income+16.7%7Cambodia42.9%+20.7%Lower middle income+19.0%8Guatemala42.7%+14.1%Upper middle income+16.1%9Malawi42.4%+18.6

141、%Low income+17.2%10Cyprus41.0%+21.1%High income+21.9%RegionCentral AsiaEast Asia and the PacificEuropeLatin America and the CaribbeanMiddle East and North AfricaNorth AmericaSouth AsiaSub-Saharan AfricaIncome groupLow incomeLower middle incomeUpper middle incomeHigh incomeSource:Executive Opinion Su

142、rvey 2022.*This designation is without prejudice to positions on status,and is in line with UNSC 1244 and the ICJ Opinion on the Kosovo declaration of independenceTechnologiesSectorsObstaclesG20 overviewMarkets of Tomorrow Report 2023:Turning Technologies into New Sources of Global Growth18Technolog

143、iesSectorsObstaclesG20 overviewOverview of the most-cited technologiesWhich technologies are of strategic importance for your country in the next 10 years?Health and care technologiesWORLD AVERAGE21.3%Share of respondents0%100%Top ten economiesciting health and care technologies as a strategic prior

144、ityRankEconomyShare of respondentsCompare with regional average0%100%Diff.Income groupCompare with income group average0%100%Diff.1Hong Kong SAR,China43.9%+21.6%High income+22.7%2Chad41.5%+14.8%Low income+14.2%3Liberia40.7%+14.0%Low income+13.4%4Botswana38.8%+12.0%Upper middle income+18.6%5Sierra Le

145、one38.6%+11.9%Low income+11.3%6Angola37.0%+10.3%Lower middle income+16.3%7Qatar36.5%+13.2%High income+15.2%8Zimbabwe36.3%+9.5%Lower middle income+15.6%9Portugal34.8%+14.0%High income+13.5%10Egypt34.7%+11.4%Lower middle income+14.0%RegionCentral AsiaEast Asia and the PacificEuropeLatin America and th

146、e CaribbeanMiddle East and North AfricaNorth AmericaSouth AsiaSub-Saharan AfricaIncome groupLow incomeLower middle incomeUpper middle incomeHigh incomeSource:Executive Opinion Survey 2022.TechnologiesSectorsObstaclesG20 overviewMarkets of Tomorrow Report 2023:Turning Technologies into New Sources of

147、 Global Growth19TechnologiesSectorsObstaclesG20 overviewOverview of the most-cited technologiesWhich technologies are of strategic importance for your country in the next 10 years?Climate change mitigation technologyWORLD AVERAGE18.2%Share of respondents0%100%Top ten economiesciting climate-change m

148、itigation technology as a strategic priorityRankEconomyShare of respondentsCompare with regional average0%100%Diff.Income groupCompare with income group average0%100%Diff.1Barbados60.7%+42.4%High income+34.1%2Denmark57.9%+32.7%High income+31.3%3Iceland53.8%+28.7%High income+27.3%4Finland53.3%+28.2%H

149、igh income+26.8%5Japan48.0%+28.3%High income+21.4%6Austria47.8%+22.6%High income+21.3%7Slovenia41.6%+16.4%High income+15.0%8Ireland40.6%+15.4%High income+14.0%9Netherlands35.7%+10.5%High income+9.1%10Switzerland33.8%+8.6%High income+7.2%RegionCentral AsiaEast Asia and the PacificEuropeLatin America

150、and the CaribbeanMiddle East and North AfricaNorth AmericaSouth AsiaSub-Saharan AfricaIncome groupLow incomeLower middle incomeUpper middle incomeHigh incomeSource:Executive Opinion Survey 2022.TechnologiesSectorsObstaclesG20 overviewMarkets of Tomorrow Report 2023:Turning Technologies into New Sour

151、ces of Global Growth20TechnologiesSectorsObstaclesG20 overviewOverview of the most-cited technologiesWhich technologies are of strategic importance for your country in the next 10 years?Digital platforms and appsWORLD AVERAGE16.8%Share of respondents0%100%Top ten economiesciting digital platforms an

152、d apps as a strategic priorityRankEconomyShare of respondentsCompare with regional average0%100%Diff.Income groupCompare with income group average0%100%Diff.1Senegal35.4%+20.6%Lower middle income+18.5%2Kazakhstan34.7%+13.1%Upper middle income+15.3%3Armenia33.3%+11.7%Upper middle income+14.0%4Kosovo*

153、33.3%+15.6%Upper middle income+14.0%5El Salvador30.2%+13.7%Lower middle income+13.2%6Bosnia and Herzegovina28.6%+10.8%Upper middle income+9.2%7Cambodia28.6%+11.0%Lower middle income+11.6%8Cyprus28.2%+10.5%High income+12.4%9Malta28.2%+10.5%High income+12.4%10Jordan27.5%+8.8%Upper middle income+8.2%Re

154、gionCentral AsiaEast Asia and the PacificEuropeLatin America and the CaribbeanMiddle East and North AfricaNorth AmericaSouth AsiaSub-Saharan AfricaIncome groupLow incomeLower middle incomeUpper middle incomeHigh incomeSource:Executive Opinion Survey 2022.*This designation is without prejudice to pos

155、itions on status,and is in line with UNSC 1244 and the ICJ Opinion on the Kosovo declaration of independenceTechnologiesSectorsObstaclesG20 overviewMarkets of Tomorrow Report 2023:Turning Technologies into New Sources of Global Growth21TechnologiesSectorsObstaclesG20 overviewOverview of the most-cit

156、ed technologiesWhich technologies are of strategic importance for your country in the next 10 years?Environmental management technologiesWORLD AVERAGE15.7%Share of respondents0%100%Top ten economiesciting environmental management technologies as a strategic priorityRankEconomyShare of respondentsCom

157、pare with regional average0%100%Diff.Income groupCompare with income group average0%100%Diff.1Albania36.7%+17.2%Upper middle income+20.3%2Liberia35.2%+20.7%Low income+21.3%3Cape Verde32.6%+18.1%Lower middle income+18.6%4Switzerland32.5%+13.0%High income+15.8%5Denmark31.6%+12.1%High income+14.9%6Aust

158、ria31.3%+11.8%High income+14.7%7Ukraine31.0%+15.8%Lower middle income+17.0%8Slovenia30.3%+10.8%High income+13.7%9Serbia29.8%+10.3%Upper middle income+13.4%10Montenegro29.3%+9.8%Upper middle income+12.8%RegionCentral AsiaEast Asia and the PacificEuropeLatin America and the CaribbeanMiddle East and No

159、rth AfricaNorth AmericaSouth AsiaSub-Saharan AfricaIncome groupLow incomeLower middle incomeUpper middle incomeHigh incomeSource:Executive Opinion Survey 2022.TechnologiesSectorsObstaclesG20 overviewMarkets of Tomorrow Report 2023:Turning Technologies into New Sources of Global Growth22TechnologiesS

160、ectorsObstaclesG20 overviewOverview of the most-cited technologiesWhich technologies are of strategic importance for your country in the next 10 years?Artificial intelligenceWORLD AVERAGE13.5%Share of respondents0%100%Top ten economiesciting artificial intelligence as a strategic priorityRankEconomy

161、Share of respondentsCompare with regional average0%100%Diff.Income groupCompare with income group average0%100%Diff.1Japan40.0%+19.6%High income+21.7%2United Arab Emirates35.8%+17.6%High income+17.5%3Taiwan,China35.2%+14.8%High income+17.0%4Singapore34.4%+14.1%High income+16.2%5Switzerland32.5%+17.7

162、%High income+14.2%6Saudi Arabia30.7%+12.5%High income+12.4%7Netherlands29.8%+15.0%High income+11.5%8South Korea29.0%+8.6%High income+10.7%9Malta28.2%+13.5%High income+9.9%10Israel28.0%+9.9%High income+9.8%RegionCentral AsiaEast Asia and the PacificEuropeLatin America and the CaribbeanMiddle East and

163、 North AfricaNorth AmericaSouth AsiaSub-Saharan AfricaIncome groupLow incomeLower middle incomeUpper middle incomeHigh incomeSource:Executive Opinion Survey 2022.TechnologiesSectorsObstaclesG20 overviewMarkets of Tomorrow Report 2023:Turning Technologies into New Sources of Global Growth23Technologi

164、esSectorsObstaclesG20 overviewOverview of the most-cited technologiesWhich technologies are of strategic importance for your country in the next 10 years?Internet of things and connected devicesWORLD AVERAGE11.1%Share of respondents0%100%Top ten economiesciting internet of things and connected devic

165、es as a strategic priorityRankEconomyShare of respondentsCompare with regional average0%100%Diff.Income groupCompare with income group average0%100%Diff.1Botswana26.5%+16.2%Upper middle income+15%2Cambodia23.8%+9.9%Lower middle income+13.2%3Latvia21.3%+9.9%High income+10.0%4Indonesia21.2%+7.3%Lower

166、middle income+10.6%5Malta20.5%+9.2%High income+9.3%6Liberia20.4%+10.1%Low income+10.7%7Uruguay20.0%+8.1%High income+8.8%8Bolivia(Plurinational State of)18.2%+6.2%Lower middle income+7.6%9Taiwan,China18.2%+4.3%High income+6.9%10Viet Nam17.2%+3.3%Lower middle income+6.6%RegionCentral AsiaEast Asia and

167、 the PacificEuropeLatin America and the CaribbeanMiddle East and North AfricaNorth AmericaSouth AsiaSub-Saharan AfricaIncome groupLow incomeLower middle incomeUpper middle incomeHigh incomeSource:Executive Opinion Survey 2022.TechnologiesSectorsObstaclesG20 overviewMarkets of Tomorrow Report 2023:Tu

168、rning Technologies into New Sources of Global Growth24TechnologiesSectorsObstaclesG20 overviewOverview of the most-cited sectorsIn which sectors are these technologies most likely to generate new market opportunities?Information and technology servicesWORLD AVERAGE24.1%Share of respondents0%100%Top

169、ten economieswhere information and technology services are likely to generate new market opportunitiesRankEconomyShare of respondentsCompare with regional average0%100%Diff.Income groupCompare with income group average0%100%Diff.1Uruguay54.9%+32.2%High income+25.5%2Armenia50.8%+23.2%Upper middle inc

170、ome+26.5%3Ireland46.2%+16.1%High income+16.8%4Malta45.9%+15.8%High income+16.5%5Lithuania45.1%+14.9%High income+15.6%6Luxembourg44.2%+14.0%High income+14.7%7Albania41.8%+11.6%Upper middle income+17.5%8Israel41.6%+19.6%High income+12.1%9Iceland41.0%+10.9%High income+11.6%10South Korea41.0%+13.3%High

171、income+11.5%RegionCentral AsiaEast Asia and the PacificEuropeLatin America and the CaribbeanMiddle East and North AfricaNorth AmericaSouth AsiaSub-Saharan AfricaIncome groupLow incomeLower middle incomeUpper middle incomeHigh incomeSource:Executive Opinion Survey 2022.TechnologiesSectorsObstaclesG20

172、 overviewMarkets of Tomorrow Report 2023:Turning Technologies into New Sources of Global Growth25TechnologiesSectorsObstaclesG20 overviewOverview of the most-cited sectorsIn which sectors are these technologies most likely to generate new market opportunities?Agriculture,forestry and fishingWORLD AV

173、ERAGE23.1%Share of respondents0%100%Top ten economieswhere agriculture,forestry and fishing are likely to generate new market opportunitiesRankEconomyShare of respondentsCompare with regional average0%100%Diff.Income groupCompare with income group average0%100%Diff.1Mali58.6%+22.3%Low income+19.7%2L

174、iberia53.7%+17.4%Low income+14.8%3Angola52.2%+15.9%Lower middle income+21.2%4Argentina50.5%+19.5%Upper middle income+24.6%5United Republic of Tanzania50.5%+14.2%Lower middle income+19.5%6Ecuador48.8%+17.7%Upper middle income+22.8%7Nigeria48.1%+11.8%Lower middle income+17.1%8Ukraine47.0%+12.1%Lower m

175、iddle income+16.0%9New Zealand46.8%+33.1%High income+33.6%10Brazil44.8%+13.7%Upper middle income+18.9%RegionCentral AsiaEast Asia and the PacificEuropeLatin America and the CaribbeanMiddle East and North AfricaNorth AmericaSouth AsiaSub-Saharan AfricaIncome groupLow incomeLower middle incomeUpper mi

176、ddle incomeHigh incomeSource:Executive Opinion Survey 2022.TechnologiesSectorsObstaclesG20 overviewMarkets of Tomorrow Report 2023:Turning Technologies into New Sources of Global Growth26TechnologiesSectorsObstaclesG20 overviewOverview of the most-cited sectorsIn which sectors are these technologies

177、 most likely to generate new market opportunities?Energy technology and utilitiesWORLD AVERAGE20.6%Share of respondents0%100%Top ten economieswhere energy technology and utilities are likely to generate new market opportunitiesRankEconomyShare of respondentsCompare with regional average0%100%Diff.In

178、come groupCompare with income group average0%100%Diff.1Denmark63.2%+34.6%High income+35.9%2Finland51.7%+23.2%High income+24.4%3Iceland51.3%+22.8%High income+24.0%4Austria47.7%+19.2%High income+20.5%5Netherlands47.6%+19.0%High income+20.3%6Czechia43.5%+15.0%High income+16.3%7Spain42.7%+14.2%High inco

179、me+15.5%8Ireland40.9%+12.3%High income+13.6%9South Africa40.0%+24.6%Upper middle income+23.2%10Portugal38.0%+9.5%High income+10.8%RegionCentral AsiaEast Asia and the PacificEuropeLatin America and the CaribbeanMiddle East and North AfricaNorth AmericaSouth AsiaSub-Saharan AfricaIncome groupLow incom

180、eLower middle incomeUpper middle incomeHigh incomeSource:Executive Opinion Survey 2022.TechnologiesSectorsObstaclesG20 overviewMarkets of Tomorrow Report 2023:Turning Technologies into New Sources of Global Growth27TechnologiesSectorsObstaclesG20 overviewOverview of the most-cited sectorsIn which se

181、ctors are these technologies most likely to generate new market opportunities?Medical and healthcare servicesWORLD AVERAGE19.0%Share of respondents0%100%Top ten economieswhere medical and healthcare services are likely to generate new market opportunitiesRankEconomyShare of respondentsCompare with r

182、egional average0%100%Diff.Income groupCompare with income group average0%100%Diff.1Israel42.9%+22.5%High income+20.7%2Hong Kong SAR,China42.3%+17.4%High income+20.2%3Taiwan,China40.0%+15.1%High income+17.9%4Costa Rica39.8%+21.1%Upper middle income+21.4%5Thailand39.7%+14.8%Upper middle income+21.3%6J

183、apan36.4%+11.5%High income+14.2%7Switzerland36.0%+16.0%High income+13.9%8Portugal35.9%+15.9%High income+13.7%9Singapore35.8%+10.9%High income+13.6%10Denmark32.9%+12.9%High income+10.7%RegionCentral AsiaEast Asia and the PacificEuropeLatin America and the CaribbeanMiddle East and North AfricaNorth Am

184、ericaSouth AsiaSub-Saharan AfricaIncome groupLow incomeLower middle incomeUpper middle incomeHigh incomeSource:Executive Opinion Survey 2022.TechnologiesSectorsObstaclesG20 overviewMarkets of Tomorrow Report 2023:Turning Technologies into New Sources of Global Growth28TechnologiesSectorsObstaclesG20

185、 overviewOverview of the most-cited sectorsIn which sectors are these technologies most likely to generate new market opportunities?EducationWORLD AVERAGE15.2%Share of respondents0%100%Top ten economieswhere the education sector is likely to generate new market opportunitiesRankEconomyShare of respo

186、ndentsCompare with regional average0%100%Diff.Income groupCompare with income group average0%100%Diff.1Chad37.6%+17.9%Low income+13.1%2Cape Verde37.0%+17.3%Lower middle income+20.5%3Paraguay32.0%+13.4%Upper middle income+15.4%4Mali31.0%+11.3%Low income+6.5%5Bolivia(Plurinational State of)29.5%+11.0%

187、Lower middle income+13.1%6Sierra Leone28.8%+9.1%Low income+4.3%7Honduras27.9%+9.4%Lower middle income+11.5%8Yemen27.4%+10.4%Low income+2.9%9Peru25.8%+7.3%Upper middle income+9.2%10Romania25.2%+12.5%High income+13.2%RegionCentral AsiaEast Asia and the PacificEuropeLatin America and the CaribbeanMiddl

188、e East and North AfricaNorth AmericaSouth AsiaSub-Saharan AfricaIncome groupLow incomeLower middle incomeUpper middle incomeHigh incomeSource:Executive Opinion Survey 2022.TechnologiesSectorsObstaclesG20 overviewMarkets of Tomorrow Report 2023:Turning Technologies into New Sources of Global Growth29

189、TechnologiesSectorsObstaclesG20 overviewOverview of the most-cited sectorsIn which sectors are these technologies most likely to generate new market opportunities?Financial services and capital marketsWORLD AVERAGE15.1%Share of respondents0%100%Top ten economieswhere financial services and capital m

190、arkets are likely to generate new market opportunitiesRankEconomyShare of respondentsCompare with regional average0%100%Diff.Income groupCompare with income group average0%100%Diff.1Luxembourg60.5%+49.0%High income+45.8%2Hong Kong SAR,China51.0%+33.9%High income+36.3%3Bahrain43.7%+27.1%High income+2

191、9.0%4India41.4%+26.5%Lower middle income+26.0%5Barbados35.7%+17.8%High income+21.0%6Singapore30.1%+13.0%High income+15.4%7Malta29.7%+18.3%High income+15.0%8Mauritius29.7%+13.6%Upper middle income+14.4%9Liberia29.6%+13.5%Low income+14.2%10El Salvador29.5%+11.6%Lower middle income+14.1%RegionCentral A

192、siaEast Asia and the PacificEuropeLatin America and the CaribbeanMiddle East and North AfricaNorth AmericaSouth AsiaSub-Saharan AfricaIncome groupLow incomeLower middle incomeUpper middle incomeHigh incomeSource:Executive Opinion Survey 2022.TechnologiesSectorsObstaclesG20 overviewMarkets of Tomorro

193、w Report 2023:Turning Technologies into New Sources of Global Growth30TechnologiesSectorsObstaclesG20 overviewOverview of the most-cited sectorsIn which sectors are these technologies most likely to generate new market opportunities?Advanced manufacturingWORLD AVERAGE14.6%Share of respondents0%100%T

194、op ten economieswhere advanced manufacturing is likely to generate new market opportunitiesRankEconomyShare of respondentsCompare with regional average0%100%Diff.Income groupCompare with income group average0%100%Diff.1Estonia44.7%+26.5%High income+27.1%2Taiwan,China41.2%+22.8%High income+23.6%3Czec

195、hia38.8%+20.6%High income+21.2%4Poland37.3%+19.1%High income+19.7%5Slovenia35.2%+17.0%High income+17.6%6Lithuania35.2%+16.9%High income+17.6%7Latvia34.8%+16.6%High income+17.2%8Singapore34.1%+15.7%High income+16.5%9Bangladesh32.9%+16.0%Lower middle income+19.9%10Denmark30.3%+12.0%High income+12.7%Re

196、gionCentral AsiaEast Asia and the PacificEuropeLatin America and the CaribbeanMiddle East and North AfricaNorth AmericaSouth AsiaSub-Saharan AfricaIncome groupLow incomeLower middle incomeUpper middle incomeHigh incomeSource:Executive Opinion Survey 2022.TechnologiesSectorsObstaclesG20 overviewMarke

197、ts of Tomorrow Report 2023:Turning Technologies into New Sources of Global Growth31TechnologiesSectorsObstaclesG20 overviewOverview of the most-cited sectorsIn which sectors are these technologies most likely to generate new market opportunities?Water and waste managementWORLD AVERAGE12.0%Share of r

198、espondents0%100%Top ten economieswhere water and waste management are likely to generate new market opportunitiesRankEconomyShare of respondentsCompare with regional average0%100%Diff.Income groupCompare with income group average0%100%Diff.1Chile33.0%+19.5%High income+19.1%2Netherlands31.7%+18.1%Hig

199、h income+17.9%3Tunisia30.3%+17.1%Lower middle income+19.7%4Chad30.1%+18.5%Low income+18.5%5Barbados28.6%+15.2%High income+14.7%6Israel27.3%+14.2%High income+13.5%7Finland25.0%+11.4%High income+11.2%8France24.1%+10.5%High income+10.2%9Hungary23.1%+9.5%High income+9.3%10Denmark22.4%+8.8%High income+8.

200、5%RegionCentral AsiaEast Asia and the PacificEuropeLatin America and the CaribbeanMiddle East and North AfricaNorth AmericaSouth AsiaSub-Saharan AfricaIncome groupLow incomeLower middle incomeUpper middle incomeHigh incomeSource:Executive Opinion Survey 2022.TechnologiesSectorsObstaclesG20 overviewM

201、arkets of Tomorrow Report 2023:Turning Technologies into New Sources of Global Growth32TechnologiesSectorsObstaclesG20 overviewOverview of the most-cited sectorsIn which sectors are these technologies most likely to generate new market opportunities?Supply chain and transportWORLD AVERAGE11.7%Share

202、of respondents0%100%Top ten economieswhere supply chain and transport are likely to generate new market opportunitiesRankEconomyShare of respondentsCompare with regional average0%100%Diff.Income groupCompare with income group average0%100%Diff.1Panama37.8%+21.2%High income+25.7%2Greece35.5%+24.5%Hig

203、h income+23.5%3Jordan30.0%+18.4%Upper middle income+17.2%4Netherlands26.8%+15.9%High income+14.8%5Bolivia(Plurinational State of)25.0%+8.4%Lower middle income+13.7%6Guatemala23.6%+7.0%Upper middle income+10.8%7Spain22.7%+11.8%High income+10.7%8Dominican Republic22.4%+5.9%Upper middle income+9.6%9Phi

204、lippines22.2%+8.2%Lower middle income+10.9%10Mexico22.1%+5.5%Upper middle income+9.3%RegionCentral AsiaEast Asia and the PacificEuropeLatin America and the CaribbeanMiddle East and North AfricaNorth AmericaSouth AsiaSub-Saharan AfricaIncome groupLow incomeLower middle incomeUpper middle incomeHigh i

205、ncomeSource:Executive Opinion Survey 2022.TechnologiesSectorsObstaclesG20 overviewMarkets of Tomorrow Report 2023:Turning Technologies into New Sources of Global Growth33TechnologiesSectorsObstaclesG20 overviewOverview of the most-cited sectorsIn which sectors are these technologies most likely to g

206、enerate new market opportunities?Employment,education and training servicesWORLD AVERAGE10.8%Share of respondents0%100%Top ten economieswhere employment,education and training services are likely to generate new market opportunitiesRankEconomyShare of respondentsCompare with regional average0%100%Di

207、ff.Income groupCompare with income group average0%100%Diff.1Liberia27.8%+12.1%Low income+12.5%2Nigeria26.6%+10.9%Lower middle income+13.7%3Botswana24.5%+8.8%Upper middle income+13.1%4Jamaica21.9%+10.5%Upper middle income+10.5%5Cameroon21.2%+5.6%Lower middle income+8.4%6Brazil21.2%+9.8%Upper middle i

208、ncome+9.8%7Bangladesh20.0%+6.1%Lower middle income+7.2%8Trinidad and Tobago20.0%+8.6%High income+11.7%9South Africa20.0%+4.3%Upper middle income+8.6%10Democratic Republic of the 18.6%+2.9%Low income+3.3%RegionCentral AsiaEast Asia and the PacificEuropeLatin America and the CaribbeanMiddle East and N

209、orth AfricaNorth AmericaSouth AsiaSub-Saharan AfricaIncome groupLow incomeLower middle incomeUpper middle incomeHigh incomeSource:Executive Opinion Survey 2022.TechnologiesSectorsObstaclesG20 overviewMarkets of Tomorrow Report 2023:Turning Technologies into New Sources of Global Growth34Technologies

210、SectorsObstaclesG20 overviewOverview of the most-cited bottlenecksWhich existing bottlenecks could hinder the growth of these markets in your country?Lack of skills and talentWORLD AVERAGE42.9%Share of respondents0%100%Top ten economieswhere a lack of skills and talent is the most likely bottleneckR

211、ankEconomyShare of respondentsCompare with regional average0%100%Diff.Income groupCompare with income group average0%100%Diff.1Luxembourg84.6%+34.3%High income+31.6%2Switzerland82.4%+32.1%High income+29.3%3Singapore79.7%+27.4%High income+26.6%4Netherlands78.9%+28.7%High income+25.9%5Japan77.8%+25.5%

212、High income+24.8%6Mauritius76.3%+43.5%Upper middle income+33.7%7Ireland74.5%+24.2%High income+21.4%8Austria72.7%+22.5%High income+19.7%9Hong Kong SAR,China72.7%+20.5%High income+19.7%10Lithuania69.8%+19.5%High income+16.7%RegionCentral AsiaEast Asia and the PacificEuropeLatin America and the Caribbe

213、anMiddle East and North AfricaNorth AmericaSouth AsiaSub-Saharan AfricaIncome groupLow incomeLower middle incomeUpper middle incomeHigh incomeSource:Executive Opinion Survey 2022.TechnologiesSectorsObstaclesG20 overviewMarkets of Tomorrow Report 2023:Turning Technologies into New Sources of Global G

214、rowth35TechnologiesSectorsObstaclesG20 overviewOverview of the most-cited bottlenecksWhich existing bottlenecks could hinder the growth of these markets in your country?Lack of needed complementary infrastructureWORLD AVERAGE38.6%Share of respondents0%100%Top ten economieswhere a lack of needed comp

215、lementary infrastructure is the most likely bottleneckRankEconomyShare of respondentsCompare with regional average0%100%Diff.Income groupCompare with income group average0%100%Diff.1Guatemala85.0%+31.3%Upper middle income+42.7%2Paraguay76.9%+23.2%Upper middle income+34.6%3Nigeria71.8%+31.9%Lower mid

216、dle income+30.9%4Brazil71.8%+18.1%Upper middle income+29.5%5Peru71.3%+17.5%Upper middle income+28.9%6Philippines69.3%+33.9%Lower middle income+28.4%7Liberia64.7%+24.8%Low income+22.4%8Yemen64.2%+29.4%Low income+21.9%9Colombia63.7%+10.0%Upper middle income+21.4%10Costa Rica62.5%+8.8%Upper middle inco

217、me+20.2%RegionCentral AsiaEast Asia and the PacificEuropeLatin America and the CaribbeanMiddle East and North AfricaNorth AmericaSouth AsiaSub-Saharan AfricaIncome groupLow incomeLower middle incomeUpper middle incomeHigh incomeSource:Executive Opinion Survey 2022.TechnologiesSectorsObstaclesG20 ove

218、rviewMarkets of Tomorrow Report 2023:Turning Technologies into New Sources of Global Growth36TechnologiesSectorsObstaclesG20 overviewOverview of the most-cited bottlenecksWhich existing bottlenecks could hinder the growth of these markets in your country?Lack of initiative from the public sectorWORL

219、D AVERAGE35.4%Share of respondents0%100%Top ten economieswhere a lack of initiative from the public sector is the most likely bottleneckRankEconomyShare of respondentsCompare with regional average0%100%Diff.Income groupCompare with income group average0%100%Diff.1Trinidad and Tobago66.7%+22.1%High i

220、ncome+30.8%2Chad63.4%+31.4%Low income+29.2%3Barbados59.3%+14.7%High income+23.3%4Thailand56.9%+22.7%Upper middle income+20.9%5Philippines56.0%+21.8%Lower middle income+21.5%6Cyprus55.1%+20.4%High income+19.2%7Mexico54.4%+9.9%Upper middle income+18.4%8Jamaica54.3%+9.8%Upper middle income+18.3%9Hondur

221、as53.1%+8.5%Lower middle income+18.6%10Ukraine51.0%+14.3%Lower middle income+16.5%RegionCentral AsiaEast Asia and the PacificEuropeLatin America and the CaribbeanMiddle East and North AfricaNorth AmericaSouth AsiaSub-Saharan AfricaIncome groupLow incomeLower middle incomeUpper middle incomeHigh inco

222、meSource:Executive Opinion Survey 2022.TechnologiesSectorsObstaclesG20 overviewMarkets of Tomorrow Report 2023:Turning Technologies into New Sources of Global Growth37TechnologiesSectorsObstaclesG20 overviewOverview of the most-cited bottlenecksWhich existing bottlenecks could hinder the growth of t

223、hese markets in your country?Lack of fiscal space and private sector financingWORLD AVERAGE32.2%Share of respondents0%100%Top ten economieswhere a lack of fiscal space and private sector financing is the most likely bottleneckRankEconomyShare of respondentsCompare with regional average0%100%Diff.Inc

224、ome groupCompare with income group average0%100%Diff.1Chad81.7%+39.2%Low income+38.8%2Venezuela,Bolivarian Republic69.4%+30.4%n.a.3Cte DIvoire65.4%+22.9%Lower middle income+29.5%4Tunisia65.3%+31.9%Lower middle income+29.4%5Zimbabwe64.6%+22%Lower middle income+28.7%6Portugal64.3%+36.4%High income+37.

225、0%7Ghana60.0%+17.5%Lower middle income+24.1%8Democratic Republic of the 59.1%+16.5%Low income+16.2%9Senegal57.1%+14.6%Lower middle income+21.2%10Argentina54.2%+15.2%Upper middle income+22.0%RegionCentral AsiaEast Asia and the PacificEuropeLatin America and the CaribbeanMiddle East and North AfricaNo

226、rth AmericaSouth AsiaSub-Saharan AfricaIncome groupLow incomeLower middle incomeUpper middle incomeHigh incomeSource:Executive Opinion Survey 2022.TechnologiesSectorsObstaclesG20 overviewMarkets of Tomorrow Report 2023:Turning Technologies into New Sources of Global Growth38TechnologiesSectorsObstac

227、lesG20 overviewOverview of the most-cited bottlenecksWhich existing bottlenecks could hinder the growth of these markets in your country?Lack of an innovative breakthroughWORLD AVERAGE29.0%Share of respondents0%100%Top ten economieswhere a lack of an innovative breakthrough is the most likely bottle

228、neckRankEconomyShare of respondentsCompare with regional average0%100%Diff.Income groupCompare with income group average0%100%Diff.1Japan74.7%+35.8%High income+42.8%2Singapore59.9%+20.9%High income+28.0%3India58.5%+21.7%Lower middle income+32.3%4Mali57.3%+29.3%Low income+28.6%5Hong Kong SAR,China55.

229、6%+16.6%High income+23.6%6Taiwan,China55.3%+16.3%High income+23.4%7Slovenia52.9%+22.2%High income+20.9%8Malaysia52.3%+13.3%Upper middle income+24.3%9Uruguay47.7%+23.8%High income+15.8%10Namibia46.4%+18.4%Upper middle income+18.4%RegionCentral AsiaEast Asia and the PacificEuropeLatin America and the

230、CaribbeanMiddle East and North AfricaNorth AmericaSouth AsiaSub-Saharan AfricaIncome groupLow incomeLower middle incomeUpper middle incomeHigh incomeSource:Executive Opinion Survey 2022.TechnologiesSectorsObstaclesG20 overviewMarkets of Tomorrow Report 2023:Turning Technologies into New Sources of G

231、lobal Growth39TechnologiesSectorsObstaclesG20 overviewOverview of the most-cited bottlenecksWhich existing bottlenecks could hinder the growth of these markets in your country?Lack of legal frameworks for the product or assetWORLD AVERAGE21.9%Share of respondents0%100%Top ten economieswhere a lack o

232、f legal frameworks for products or assets is the most likely bottleneckRankEconomyShare of respondentsCompare with regional average0%100%Diff.Income groupCompare with income group average0%100%Diff.1Bolivia(Plurinational State of)56.1%+23.1%Lower middle income+30.6%2Ecuador49.3%+16.3%Upper middle in

233、come+24.0%3India48.5%+19.2%Lower middle income+23.0%4Argentina47.0%+14%Upper middle income+21.7%5Honduras45.9%+12.9%Lower middle income+20.4%6Venezuela,Bolivarian Republic44.9%+11.9%n.a.7Mexico42.2%+9.2%Upper middle income+16.9%8Chile40.5%+7.5%High income+22.0%9El Salvador40.0%+7.0%Lower middle inco

234、me+14.5%10Kenya38.1%+19.4%Lower middle income+12.6%RegionCentral AsiaEast Asia and the PacificEuropeLatin America and the CaribbeanMiddle East and North AfricaNorth AmericaSouth AsiaSub-Saharan AfricaIncome groupLow incomeLower middle incomeUpper middle incomeHigh incomeSource:Executive Opinion Surv

235、ey 2022.TechnologiesSectorsObstaclesG20 overviewMarkets of Tomorrow Report 2023:Turning Technologies into New Sources of Global Growth40TechnologiesSectorsObstaclesG20 overviewOverview of the most-cited bottlenecksWhich existing bottlenecks could hinder the growth of these markets in your country?La

236、ck of clear market standardsWORLD AVERAGE21.4%Share of respondents0%100%Top ten economieswhere a lack of clear market standards is the most likely bottleneckRankEconomyShare of respondentsCompare with regional average0%100%Diff.Income groupCompare with income group average0%100%Diff.1Saudi Arabia44.

237、6%+15.2%High income+26.9%2North Macedonia43.8%+24.8%Upper middle income+20.8%3Malawi42.2%+18.7%Low income+17.4%4Botswana40.9%+17.4%Upper middle income+17.9%5Egypt39.4%+10.0%Lower middle income+14.7%6United Republic of Tanzania37.6%+14.1%Lower middle income+13.0%7Kyrgyzstan36.7%+10.7%Lower middle inc

238、ome+12.1%8Algeria36.4%+7.0%Lower middle income+11.7%9Sri Lanka36.4%+11.2%Lower middle income+11.7%10Serbia36.2%+17.2%Upper middle income+13.3%RegionCentral AsiaEast Asia and the PacificEuropeLatin America and the CaribbeanMiddle East and North AfricaNorth AmericaSouth AsiaSub-Saharan AfricaIncome gr

239、oupLow incomeLower middle incomeUpper middle incomeHigh incomeSource:Executive Opinion Survey 2022.TechnologiesSectorsObstaclesG20 overviewMarkets of Tomorrow Report 2023:Turning Technologies into New Sources of Global Growth41TechnologiesSectorsObstaclesG20 overviewOverview of the most-cited bottle

240、necksWhich existing bottlenecks could hinder the growth of these markets in your country?Lack of mature firms to reliably produce productsWORLD AVERAGE21.3%Share of respondents0%100%Top ten economieswhere a lack of mature firms to reliably produce products is the most likely bottleneckRankEconomySha

241、re of respondentsCompare with regional average0%100%Diff.Income groupCompare with income group average0%100%Diff.1Ukraine64.0%+32.3%Lower middle income+41.0%2Senegal50.0%+22.6%Lower middle income+27.0%3Cameroon42.4%+15.0%Lower middle income+19.4%4Mali41.3%+13.9%Low income+9.0%5Rwanda40.9%+13.5%Low i

242、ncome+8.6%6Democratic Republic of the 39.4%+12.0%Low income+7.1%7Liberia39.2%+11.8%Low income+6.9%8Egypt38.3%+10.3%Lower middle income+15.3%9Hungary36.6%+14.9%High income+15.9%10Botswana36.6%+9.1%Upper middle income+19.1%RegionCentral AsiaEast Asia and the PacificEuropeLatin America and the Caribbea

243、nMiddle East and North AfricaNorth AmericaSouth AsiaSub-Saharan AfricaIncome groupLow incomeLower middle incomeUpper middle incomeHigh incomeSource:Executive Opinion Survey 2022.TechnologiesSectorsObstaclesG20 overviewMarkets of Tomorrow Report 2023:Turning Technologies into New Sources of Global Gr

244、owth42TechnologiesSectorsObstaclesG20 overviewOverview of the most-cited bottlenecksWhich existing bottlenecks could hinder the growth of these markets in your country?Lack of demand to sustain a commercially viable marketWORLD AVERAGE19.9%Share of respondents0%100%Top ten economieswhere a lack of d

245、emand to sustain a commercially viable market is the most likely bottleneckRankEconomyShare of respondentsCompare with regional average0%100%Diff.Income groupCompare with income group average0%100%Diff.1Albania66.7%+45.8%Upper middle income+45.8%2Singapore39.0%+13.9%High income+17.3%3Mongolia38.9%+1

246、3.8%Lower middle income+22.9%4Taiwan,China37.6%+12.6%High income+16.0%5Bahrain36.5%+14.9%High income+14.8%6Finland36.2%+15.3%High income+14.5%7Qatar34.5%+12.9%High income+12.9%8Georgia33.8%+12.2%Upper middle income+12.9%9Cape Verde32.6%+13.0%Lower middle income+16.6%10Malaysia32.3%+7.3%Upper middle

247、income+11.4%RegionCentral AsiaEast Asia and the PacificEuropeLatin America and the CaribbeanMiddle East and North AfricaNorth AmericaSouth AsiaSub-Saharan AfricaIncome groupLow incomeLower middle incomeUpper middle incomeHigh incomeSource:Executive Opinion Survey 2022.TechnologiesSectorsObstaclesG20

248、 overviewMarkets of Tomorrow Report 2023:Turning Technologies into New Sources of Global Growth43TechnologiesSectorsObstaclesG20 overviewOverview of the most-cited bottlenecksWhich existing bottlenecks could hinder the growth of these markets in your country?Lack of agreement on the value of the pro

249、duct or assetWORLD AVERAGE11.1%Share of respondents0%100%Top ten economieswhere a lack of agreement on the value of new products or assets is the most likely bottleneckRankEconomyShare of respondentsCompare with regional average0%100%Diff.Income groupCompare with income group average0%100%Diff.1Chin

250、a31.1%+18.1%Upper middle income+21.3%2United Kingdom27.6%+16.3%High income+15.3%3Botswana24.7%+13.5%Upper middle income+15.0%4Saudi Arabia24.6%+9.0%High income+12.3%5Australia24.1%+11.1%High income+11.8%6Indonesia23.7%+10.7%Lower middle income+13.2%7Netherlands23.7%+12.4%High income+11.4%8Qatar23.6%

251、+8.0%High income+11.4%9United Arab Emirates23.2%+7.6%High income+10.9%10Ukraine23.0%+9.6%Lower middle income+12.5%RegionCentral AsiaEast Asia and the PacificEuropeLatin America and the CaribbeanMiddle East and North AfricaNorth AmericaSouth AsiaSub-Saharan AfricaIncome groupLow incomeLower middle in

252、comeUpper middle incomeHigh incomeSource:Executive Opinion Survey 2022.TechnologiesSectorsObstaclesG20 overviewMarkets of Tomorrow Report 2023:Turning Technologies into New Sources of Global Growth44TechnologiesSectorsObstaclesG20 overviewOverview of selected G20 economies top technologiesPercentage

253、 of respondents by countryTechnologyARGAUSBRACANCHNDEUFRAGBRIDNINDITAJPNKORMEXSAUTURUSAZAF3D and 4D printing and modelling03.50.43.32.83.45.86.61.215.14.801.0001.14.61.3Agriculture technologies61.111.651.611.211.87.216.36.612.93.814.35.05.027.88.049.510.621.8Artificial intelligence13.712.816.413.424

254、17.919.812.111.89.310.740.029.013.430.722.6196.4Augmented and virtual reality1.15.82.54.77.72.904.43.520.92.43.011.001.31.17.63.8Big data analytics8.43.58.29.121.15.810.512.18.28.87.111.016.06.212.08.69.510.3Biodiversity protection technologies2.15.87.48.75.35.876.67.12.56.02.004.11.36.56.82.6Biotec

255、hnology25.310.513.57.211.014.517.49.93.57.114.312.029.04.14.05.49.91.3Climate change mitigation technology12.629.117.625.49.830.419.830.818.81.110.748.022.018.614.724.718.317.9Cloud computing3.212.83.76.513.44.84.714.35.90.810.72.01.06.213.33.210.31.3Cryptocurrencies3.22.30.86.22.03.92.38.85.90.37.1

256、1.02.03.106.510.66.4Digital platforms and apps16.8799.114.26.33.515.424.71.99.517.017.010.322.715.18.720.5Distributed ledger technology2.12.31.23.34.12.92.35.58.23.37.13.01.04.12.74.34.93.8E-commerce and digital trade15.814.013.111.211.43.43.59.928.23.615.53.011.028.925.320.46.811.5Education and wor

257、kforce development31.614.038.913.817.11414.013.224.73.01911.08.033.020.015.111.830.8Electric and autonomous vehicles4.210.510.21717.916.920.914.35.91.410.716.028.010.39.315.19.12.6Encryption and cybersecurity1.19.33.712.34.19.27.013.25.91.17.16.06.06.233.35.412.52.6Environmental management technolog

258、ies9.517.418.015.99.818.823.320.911.81.920.210.012.016.518.710.813.311.5Health and care technologies7.423.313.923.915.916.926.717.615.33.316.722.027.019.618.721.525.520.5Internet of things and connected devices5.312.813.111.211.816.98.16.621.26.611.911.06.08.210.76.511.410.3Nanotechnology4.24.73.36.

259、27.33.43.55.58.21.413.14.09.02.11.35.43.40New materials1.19.36.64.013.85.38.12.25.943.48.38.08.01.01.31.16.55.1Power storage and generation44.223.330.315.98.942.024.416.59.420.316.718.07.038.121.310.814.853.8Quantum computing04.70.43.65.73.410.55.52.432.46.015.05.002.71.16.11.3Robots,humanoid1.14.70

260、3.35.31.41.24.45.941.82.46.010.02.11.36.54.93.8Robots,non-humanoid2.11.24.56.514.27.74.73.35.945.36.017.018.04.12.75.48.42.6Satellite services and space flight1.13.50.8414.23.44.76.64.70.56.02.07.0047.57.22.6Text,image and voice processing01.20.43.32.82.95.802.46.34.81.0001.31.13.02.6Water-related a

261、daptation technologies9.55.86.19.13.38.75.89.95.910.419.03.03.024.71.314.08.425.6Other1.12.30.83.30.41.42.301.20.31.22.01.03.1001.50Source:Executive Opinion Survey 2022.TechnologiesSectorsObstaclesG20 overviewMarkets of Tomorrow Report 2023:Turning Technologies into New Sources of Global Growth45Tec

262、hnologiesSectorsObstaclesG20 overviewOverview of selected G20 economies top sectorsPercentage of respondents by countrySectorsARGAUSBRACANCHNDEUFRAGBRIDNINDITAJPNKORMEXSAUTURUSAZAFAccommodation,food and leisure services5.44.84.13.36.30.51.34.510.716.611.31.06.08.415.711.84.44.0Advanced manufacturing

263、6.59.611.25.218.615.911.49.017.921.810.024.223.012.630.021.513.510.7Agriculture,forestry and fishing50.513.344.88.69.710.817.76.79.533.412.57.19.021.11.433.36.026.7Arts,entertainment and recreation01.21.74.57.23.11.33.49.56.97.53.028.01.112.91.13.61.3Automotive and aerospace4.34.82.98.214.315.920.31

264、1.27.17.27.523.232.021.17.121.58.75.3Business support and premises maintenance2.23.62.14.58.02.12.56.710.7185.01.01.01.14.31.16.30Care and social work services1.17.21.28.99.711.36.35.66.014.42.520.211.06.31.42.27.52.7Chemical and advanced materials3.26.03.74.810.519.55.19.004.15.012.113.01.14.34.35.

265、65.3Education17.28.422.08.215.27.212.76.77.113.813.87.11.013.715.73.27.518.7Electronics3.23.64.611.511.87.210.17.911.913.818.814.13.06.32.94.39.55.3Employment,education and training services2.27.221.211.28.98.23.810.110.718.22.51.03.08.410.09.76.020.0Energy technology and utilities24.724.117.819.724

266、.535.427.827.015.535.917.534.328.015.810.023.716.740.0Engineering and construction11.87.2129.75.920.07.67.91.21.16.36.13.06.38.610.813.19.3Extraterritorial organizations and bodies1.11.201.91.30.501.13.619.36.302.001.403.62.7Financial services and capital markets6.59.68.39.311.87.75.112.411.941.46.3

267、12.14.011.615.79.711.110.7Government and public sector6.510.85.09.37.67.27.64.58.30.86.36.104.217.14.38.38.0Information and technology services22.619.327.420.119.024.120.318.023.83.316.336.441.015.825.733.325.014.7Insurance and pensions management02.40.84.89.72.106.72.405.01.02.02.11.41.14.41.3Media

268、 and publishing04.81.23.75.93.15.19.03.60.62.503.005.73.26.04.0Medical and healthcare services9.712.020.320.119.816.430.415.711.93.015.036.431.023.212.911.813.910.7Mining and Metals14.016.96.68.64.61.03.81.14.85.07.51.007.45.75.47.117.3Non-profit organizations,prof.bodies and unions04.804.54.23.15.1

269、3.415.52.25.0003.202.24.81.3Oil and gas35.515.75.013.08.04.15.112.43.62.87.52.02.07.414.309.59.3Personal care,well-being and repair services7.57.24.68.67.65.610.113.58.30.37.510.133.05.34.34.36.34.0Production of consumer goods19.47.214.58.28.04.17.66.713.108.84.0020.012.99.77.98.0Real estate1.14.80.

270、84.83.81.003.46.006.31.01.03.24.32.22.81.3Rental,reservation and leasing services02.402.63.42.61.34.53.61.41.32.03.02.11.41.12.80Research,design and business management5.48.45.47.13.46.211.46.76.00.66.305.03.210.09.76.71.3Retail and wholesale of consumer goods5.49.68.76.75.14.65.15.68.31.78.82.01.08

271、.44.310.86.76.7Supply chain and transport6.510.814.910.05.17.210.110.19.51.112.512.12.022.18.616.112.710.7Telecommunications8.69.68.310.85.55.65.119.19.52.510.09.13.010.514.35.46.75.3Water and waste management5.49.614.110.05.59.724.111.22.44.715.07.14.020.04.316.18.717.3Source:Executive Opinion Surv

272、ey 2022.TechnologiesSectorsObstaclesG20 overviewMarkets of Tomorrow Report 2023:Turning Technologies into New Sources of Global Growth46TechnologiesSectorsObstaclesG20 overviewOverview of selected G20 economies obstacles to market creationPercentage of respondents by countryLack of.ARGAUSBRACANCHNDE

273、UFRAGBRIDNINDITAJPNKORMEXSAUTURUSAZAF.skills and talent24.133.754.244.738.754.151.343.731.628.326.777.850.044.435.443.835.565.8.needed complementary infrastructure56.634.971.830.220.341.019.732.223.721.833.320.235.752.223.137.123.143.8.initiative from the public sector38.624.141.432.125.230.640.834.

274、523.75.634.734.341.854.415.428.124.838.4.fiscal space and private sector financing54.222.936.622.516.220.830.325.322.46.43214.142.933.340.039.324.020.5.an innovative breakthrough8.436.126.928.243.725.738.218.434.258.534.774.729.623.312.339.329.815.1.legal frameworks for the product or asset47.014.52

275、0.715.322.515.85.317.231.648.522.719.234.742.230.821.317.419.2.clear market standards36.115.714.119.525.213.715.816.125.015.124.019.214.313.344.619.121.521.9.mature firms to reliably produce products7.219.39.319.824.324.623.713.818.426.116.04.016.36.724.629.226.015.1.demand to sustain a commercially

276、 viable market10.819.39.716.427.915.815.820.722.415.117.322.222.411.121.511.213.627.4.agreement on the value of the product or asset4.824.13.518.331.113.113.227.623.710.118.76.110.24.424.614.619.89.6Source:Executive Opinion Survey 2022.Selected G20 economiesARGArgentinaAUSAustraliaBRABrazilCANCanada

277、CHNChinaDEUGermanyFRAFranceGBRUnited KingdomIDNIndonesiaINDIndiaITAItalyJPNJapanKORSouth KoreaMEXMexicoSAUSaudi ArabiaTURTrkiyeUSAUnited States of AmericaZAFSouth AfricaTechnologiesSectorsObstaclesG20 overviewMarkets of Tomorrow Report 2023:Turning Technologies into New Sources of Global Growth47Thi

278、s report draws on the data collected through the World Economic Forums Executive Opinion Survey 2022.Conducted annually in collaboration with the Forums Partner Institutes Community,the Survey captures the perceptions of senior business executives from around the world about socio-economic developme

279、nt in their country.The dataset used for this report includes 12,036 responses from 126 economies.30 Cross-country and group averages have been calculated as simple averages without reweighting.The boundaries shown in this map do not imply official acceptance or endorsement by the World Economic For

280、um.The report outlines in detail the results of the following three questions:AppendicesMethodologyA1“Which technologies are of strategic importance for your country in the next 10 years?(Please select the top three)”3D and 4D printing and modellingAgriculture technologiesArtificial intelligence(e.g

281、.machine learning,neural networks)Augmented and virtual realityBig data analyticsBiodiversity protection technologiesBiotechnologyClimate change mitigation technology(alternative energy,greenhouse gases,transport,buildings)Cloud computingCryptocurrenciesDigital platforms and appDistributed ledger te

282、chnology(e.g.blockchain)E-commerce and digital tradeEducation and workforce development technologiesElectric and autonomous vehiclesEncryption and cyber security,Environmental management technologies(pollution abatement,recycling)Health and care technologiesInternet of things and connected devicesNa

283、notechnologyNew materials(e.g.nanotubes,graphene)Power storage and generationQuantum computingRobots,humanoidRobots,non-humanoid(e.g.industrial automation,drones)Satellite services and space flightText,image and voice processingWater-related adaptation technologies(e.g.conservation,availability)Othe

284、r(please,fill)“Which are the top three constraints with the potential to hinder the growth of new markets in your economy?(Please select the top three)”Lack of an innovative breakthroughLack of mature firms to reliably produce productsLack of demand to sustain a commercially viable marketLack of cle

285、ar market standardsLack of agreement on the value of the product or assetLack of legal frameworks for the productor assetLack of needed complementary infrastructureLack of fiscal space and private sector financingLack of skills and talentLack of initiative and financing from the public sector“In whi

286、ch three sectors are these technologies most likely to generate new market opportunities?”Accommodation,food and leisure servicesAdvanced manufacturingAgriculture,forestry and fishingArts,entertainment and recreationAutomotive and aerospaceBusiness support and premises maintenance servicesCare and s

287、ocial work servicesChemical and advanced materialsEducationElectronicsEmployment,education and training servicesEnergy technology and utilitiesEngineering and constructionExtraterritorial organizations and bodiesFinancial services and capital marketsGovernment and public sectorInformation and techno

288、logy servicesInsurance and pensions managementMedia and publishingMedical and healthcare servicesMining and metalsNon-profit organizations,professional bodies and unionsOil and gasPersonal care,well-being and repair servicesProduction of consumer goodsReal estateRental,reservation and leasing servic

289、esResearch,design and business management servicesRetails and wholesale of consumer goodsSupply chain and transportTelecommunicationsWater and waste managementMarkets of Tomorrow Report 2023:Turning Technologies into New Sources of Global Growth48Partner institutesA2The World Economic Forums Centre

290、for the New Economy and Society is pleased to acknowledge and thank the following organizations as its valued partner institutes,without which the realization of this report would not have been feasible:AlbaniaInstitute for Contemporary Studies,Tirana Business University and CollegeAlgeriaCentre de

291、Recherche En Economie Applique Pour Le Dveloppement(CREAD)AngolaJobartisArgentinaIAE Business School,Universidad AustralArmeniaEconomy and Values Research CenterAustralia,Belgium,Canada,Indonesia,Italy,Sweden,United Kingdom,United States DynataAustriaAustrian Institute of Economic Research(WIFO)The

292、BahamasThe Government and Public Policy Institute,University of the BahamasBahrainBahrain Economic Development BoardBangladeshCentre for Policy Dialogue(CPD)Barbados University of West Indies BeninInstitut de Recherche Empirique en Economie Politique(IREEP)Bolivia,Costa Rica,Dominican Republic,El Sa

293、lvador,Honduras,PanamaINCAE Business SchoolBosnia and HerzegovinaSchool of Economics and Business,University of SarajevoBotswanaBotswana National Productivity CentreBrazilFundao Dom Cabral BulgariaCenter for Economic DevelopmentCambodiaNuppun Research and ConsultingCameroonComite de Competitivite,Se

294、cretariat Permanent Cape Verde INOVE ResearchChad Groupe de Recherches Alternatives Et de Monitoring Du Projet Ptrole-Tchad-CamerounChileSchool of Government,University Adolfo Ibaez ChinaBeijing Dataway Horizon ColombiaNational Planning Department of ColombiaDemocratic Republic of Congo Congo-Invest

295、 Consulting Cte dIvoireCentre for Promotion of Investments In Cote dIvoire CyprusCyprus Employers and Industry Confederation(OEB)CyprusBank of CyprusCzech Republic CMC Graduate School of BusinessDenmarkDanish Technological InstituteEcuadorESPAE Graduate School of Management(ESPOL)EgyptEgyptian Cente

296、r for Economic Studies(ECES)Markets of Tomorrow Report 2023:Turning Technologies into New Sources of Global Growth49Estonia Estonian Institute of Economic Research(EKI)Finland ETLA Research Institute of the Finnish EconomyFranceBusiness FranceGeorgiaTSU Center for Analysis and ForecastingGermanyInst

297、itute for Innovation and Technology within the VDI/VDE Innovation+Technik GmbHGhanaAssociation of Ghana Industries Greece SEV Hellenic Federation of EnterprisesGuatemalaFUNDESAHong Kong SAR,China Hong Kong General Chamber of CommerceHungary KOPINT-TRKI Economic ResearchIcelandThe Icelandic Centre fo

298、r Future StudiesIndiaLeadCap Knowledge Solutions Pvt,LeadCap VenturesIrelandIrish Business and Employers Confederation(IBEC)IsraelManufacturers Association of Israel(MAI)JamaicaMona School of Business and Management(UWI)Japan Waseda UniversityJordan Ministry of Planning and International Cooperation

299、 of JordanKazakhstanCenter for Strategic InitiativesKenyaUniversity of NairobiRepublic of KoreaKorea Development InstituteKosovo*,North MacedoniaEconomic Chamber of North-West MacedoniaKuwaitKuwait UniversityKyrgyz RepublicEconomic Policy InstituteLao PDREnterprise and Development Consultants(EDC)La

300、tviaStockholm School of Economics in RigaLesothoPrivate Sector Foundation of Lesotho(PSFL)Liberia,Sierra Leone GQRDOTCOM(GQR)LithuaniaInnovation Agency LithuaniaLuxembourgChamber of Commerce of LuxembourgMalawi Malawi Confederation of Chambers of Commerce and IndustryMalaysiaMalaysia Productivity Co

301、rporation MaliMali Applied and Theoretical Economics Research Group(GREAT)MaltaCompetitive Malta,Foundation for National CompetitivenessMauritius Economic Development BoardMexico Instituto Mexicano para la Competitividad(IMCO)MexicoMinistry of the EconomyMongolia Open Society Forum(OSF)Montenegro Th

302、e Institute for Strategic Studies and Prognoses(ISSP)Morocco The Policy Centre for the New SouthNamibia Institute for Public Policy Research(IPPR)Nepal Competitiveness and Development Institute(CODE)*This designation is without prejudice to positions on status,and is in line with UNSC 1244 and the I

303、CJ Opinion on the Kosovo declaration of independence.Markets of Tomorrow Report 2023:Turning Technologies into New Sources of Global Growth50Netherlands Amsterdam Centre for Business Innovation,University of AmsterdamNew ZealandBusinessNZNigeriaNigerian Economic Summit Group(NESG)Oman National Offic

304、e for CompetitivenessPakistanMishal PakistanParaguayParaguayan Foundation for Cooperation and DevelopmentPeruIndustrial Development Center of the National Society of IndustriesPhilippinesMakati Business Club(MBC)PolandNational Bank of PolandPortugalBusiness Administrators Forum(FAE)PortugalPROFORUM

305、Association for the Development of EngineeringQatar Social and Economic Survey Research Institute,Qatar UniversityRomaniaAssociation for Women Entrepreneurship Development(ADAF)RomaniaThe Chamber of Commerce and Industry of RomaniaRwandaRwanda Development BoardSaudi ArabiaAlfaisal University and Nat

306、ional Competitiveness CentreSenegalUniversit Cheikh Anta Diop of DakarSerbiaFoundation for the Advancement of Economics(FREN)Singapore Singapore Economic Development BoardSlovak RepublicBusiness Alliance of Slovakia(PAS)Slovenia Institute for Economic Research and University of Ljubljana,Faculty of

307、EconomicsSouth AfricaBusiness Unity South Africa(BUSA)SpainIESE Business SchoolSri LankaInstitute of Policy Studies of Sri Lanka(IPS)SwitzerlandUniversity of St.Gallen,Center for Financial Services InnovationTaiwan,China Taiwan Institute of Economic ResearchTanzaniaREPOAThailandChulalongkorn Busines

308、s SchoolTrinidad and TobagoArthur Lok Jack Global School of Business TunisiaInstitut Arabe des Chefs dEntreprisesTurkeyTSIAD,Sabanci University Competitivness Forum(REF)UkraineCASE Ukraine,Center for Social and Economic ResearchUnited Arab EmiratesFederal Competitiveness and Statistics CentreUruguay

309、Universidad ORT UruguayVenezuela Venezuelan Council for Investment PromotionViet NamHo Chi Minh City Institute for Development Studies(HIDS)YemenYemeni Business Club(YBC)ZambiaUniversity of ZambiaZimbabweNational Competitiveness CommissionMarkets of Tomorrow Report 2023:Turning Technologies into New

310、 Sources of Global Growth51ContributorsAcknowledgementsWorld Economic Forum Aengus Collins Head,Economic Growth,Revival and Transformation,Centre for the New Economy and SocietyPhilipp Grosskurth Insight Lead,Economic Growth,Revival and Transformation,Centre for the New Economy and SocietySaadia Zah

311、idi Managing Director and Head,Centre for the New Economy and SocietyWe are grateful to our colleagues in the Centre for the New Economy and Society,in particular to Roberto Crotti,Kateryna Karunska and Sriharsha Masabathula,as well as Attilio Di Battista,Guillaume Hingel,Ricky Li,Dorsey P Lockhart,

312、Vesselina Stefanova Ratcheva and Mark Rayner for valuable feedback and support at different stages of the project.We thank Martha Howlett for her editing and Accurat for their design and layout work.The views expressed in this briefing do not necessarily represent the views of the World Economic For

313、um nor those of its members and partners.This briefing is a contribution to the World Economic Forums insight and interaction activities and is published to elicit comments and further debate.Finally,we express our deepest appreciation for the organizations listed on the previous pages as our valued

314、 partner institutes,which help administer the Executive Opinion Survey.Markets of Tomorrow Report 2023:Turning Technologies into New Sources of Global Growth52Endnotes1.Key examples are the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act and the Creating Helpful Incentives to Produce Semiconductors(CHIPS)and

315、 Science Act in the US,but one can also point to initiatives such as the EUs Horizon 2020 programme.See:Cincera,M.,Frietsch,R.,Leijten,J.,Montalvo,C.,Pelle,A.,Rammer,C.,Renda,A.,Schubert,T.,Veugelers,R.,The Impact of Horizon 2020 on Innovation in Europe”,Intereconomics,2015,pp.4-30;US Government,H.R

316、.4346.117th Congress(2021-2022):Supreme Court Security Funding Act of 2022,2022,https:/www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-bill/4346;US Government,H.R.3684-117th Congress(2021-2022):Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act,2021.2.World Economic Forum,Building Back Broader:Policy Pathways for an

317、 Economic Transformation,2015,https:/www.weforum.org/whitepapers/building-back-broader-policy-pathways-for-an-economic-transformation/;World Economic Forum,Markets of Tomorrow:Pathways to a New Economy,2020,https:/www.weforum.org/reports/markets-of-tomorrow-pathways-to-a-new-economy/.3.According to

318、UNCTAD Secretary-General Rebeca Grynspan,the annual investment gap in developing countries in sectors relevant for the Sustainable Development Goals stands at$4 trillion.See:“Closing investment gap in global goals key to building better future”,UNCTAD,2020,https:/unctad.org/news/closing-investment-g

319、ap-global-goals-key-building-better-future.4.Unsal,C.O.,John A.Spray and Filiz D.,Staple Food Prices in Sub-Saharan Africa:An Empirical Assessment,International Monetary Fund(IMF),2022.https:/www.imf.org/en/Publications/WP/Issues/2022/07/08/Staple-Food-Prices-in-Sub-Saharan-Africa-An-Empirical-Asses

320、sment-520567.5.Sultan,B.,Defrance,D.,Iizumi,T.,“Evidence of crop production losses in West Africa due to historical global warming in two crop models”,Scientific Reports,no.12834,issue 9,2019,https:/doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-49167-0.6.Morris,M.,Sebastian,A.R.,Perego,V.M.E.,Nash,J.D.,Diaz-Bonilla,E.

321、,Pineiro,V.,Laborde,D.,Chambers,T.T.,Prabhala,P.,Arias,J.,De Salvo,C.P.and Centurion,M.E.,Future Foodscapes:Re-imagining Agriculture in Latin America and the Caribbean,World Bank Group,2020.7.Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations(FAO),2022 Global Report on Food Crises:Joint analysi

322、s for better decisions,2022.8.Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD)and FAO,OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook 2022-2031,2022,https:/doi.org/10.1787/f1b0b29c-en.9.Malabo Montpellier Panel,Water-Wise:Smart Irrigation Strategies for Africa:Nigeria,2018,https:/www.mamopanel.org/media/u

323、ploads/files/Water-wise_case_study_Nigeria.pdf.10.World Intellectual Property Organization(WIPO),Green Technology Book:Solutions for climate change adaptation,2022,https:/doi.org/10.34667/TIND.47093.11.World Economic Forum,Using Technology to Improve a Billion Livelihoods,2022.12.OECD,Agricultural P

324、olicy Monitoring and Evaluation 2022:Reforming Agricultural Policies for Climate Change Mitigation,2022,https:/doi.org/10.1787/7f4542bf-en.13.Osei,S.K.,“How Ghana is harnessing technology for food security”,CGIAR Research Program on Water,Land and Ecosystems,https:/wle.cgiar.org/thrive/2019/04/10/ho

325、w-ghana-harnessing-technology-food-security.14.International Labour Organization(ILO),The Digitization of TVET and Skills Systems,2020.15.ILO,Digitalization in teaching and education in Ethiopia,Kenya,Malawi,Rwanda and the United Republic of Tanzania,2021.16.United Nations Department of Economic and

326、 Social Affairs(UN DESA),The sustainable development goals report 2022,2022.17.For an overview of the role of EdTech during the pandemic see:Williamson,B.,Hogan,A.,Commercialisation and privatisation in/of education in the context of Covid-19,Educational Internation Research,2020.18.International En

327、ergy Agency(IEA),World Energy Outlook 2022,2022.19.Costs for battery storage have already decreased rapidly.See:Ziegler,M.S.,Trancik,J.E.,“Re-examining rates of lithium-ion battery technology improvement and cost decline”,Energy Environmental Science,no.14,2021,pp.1,635-1,651,https:/doi.org/10.1039/

328、D0EE02681F.20.IEA,Grid-Scale Storage,2022.21.IEA,Innovation in Batteries and Electricity Storage,2020.22.Defined in terms of patents filed abroad(to proxy the international relevance of innovation within a country),these are,in descending order,the US,Japan,China,Germany and South Korea.See(WIPO,Wor

329、ld Intellectual Property Indicators,2022,https:/doi.org/10.34667/TIND.47082.23.Metz,C.,“The New Chatbots Could Change the World.Can You Trust Them?”,N.Y.Times,2022.;“How good is ChatGPT?”,The Economist,2022.24.OECD,Teleworking in the COVID-19 Pandemic:Trends and Prospects,2021.Markets of Tomorrow Re

330、port 2023:Turning Technologies into New Sources of Global Growth5325.Brichetti,J.P.,Mastronardi,L.,Rivas,M.E.,Serebrisky,T.,Sols,B.,The infrastructure gap in Latin America and the Caribbean:investment needed through 2030 to meet the sustainable development goals,Inter-American Development Bank,2021.

331、https:/doi.org/10.18235/0003759.26.Programa de Parcerias de Investimentos(PPI),Programa de Parcerias de Investimentos(Investment Partnership Program)Projects in Progress,2022.It is also an example for the need to consider social and environmental trade-offs.See:Abdenur,A.E.,Santoro,M.,Folly,M.,What

332、Railway Deals Taught Chinese and Brazilians in the Amazon,Carnegie Endowment for International Peace,2021.27.“African Development Bank sets course to close infrastructure gap with Board approval of its first public private partnerships strategic framework”,African Development Bank(AfDB),2 February 2

333、022,https:/www.afdb.org/en/news-and-events/press-releases/african-development-bank-sets-course-close-infrastructure-gap-board-approval-its-first-public-private-partnerships-strategic-framework-48875.28.“The CHIPS and Science Act:What is it and what is in it?”,McKinsey&Company,4 October 2022,https:/ CHIPS Act:What it means for the semiconductor ecosystem”,PwC,n.d.,https:/ Z.,“The potential of the C