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1、2022 POSTAL DEVELOPMENT REPORTPostal journey towards a sustainable futurePublished by the Universal Postal Union(UPU)Berne,Switzerland Printed in Switzerland by the printing services of the UPU International Bureau Copyright 2022 Universal Postal Union All rights reserved Except as otherwise indicat

2、ed,the copyright in this publication is owned by the Universal Postal Union.Reproduction is authorized for non-commercial purposes,subject to proper acknowledgement of the source.This authorization does not extend to any material identified in this publication as being the copyright of a third party

3、(e.g.through an image credit).Authorization to reproduce such third party materials must be obtained from the copyright holders concerned.AUTHORS:Dr Jos Anson,UPU Economist|Saleh Khan,Programme Manager|Siva Somasundram,Director of Policy,Regulation and MarketsTITLE:2022 Postal Development Report-Pos

4、tal journey towards a sustainable future,2022ISBN:978-92-95116-26-9DESIGN:Sonja Denovski CONTACT:infoupu.int2022 POSTAL DEVELOPMENT REPORTPostal journey towards a sustainable futureFigure 1 Global 2IPD score distribution.9Figure 2 Growth trends and forecasts for domestic letter and parcel post 20192

5、022.10Figure 3 Statistical relationships between letter post and parcel post.12Figure 4 2021 2IPD scores by region.21Figure 5 Global postal development level distribution by region.22Figure 6 Distribution of 2021 2IPD scores by region.26 Figure 7 2021 postal development catch-up countries.30Figure 8

6、 Postal development and reliability catch-up.30Figure 9 Average delivery time per region over time.31Table 1 UPU postal development levels.15Table 2 Postal development levels and their corresponding 2IPD scores.15Table 3 The 4Rs of the 2IPD.16Table 4 Reliability catch-up stars.32LIST OF FIGURESLIST

7、OF TABLESTable of contentsExecutive summary.6Introduction.8Latest trends in the global postal sector.10 Global letter-post volume declines are easing.11 Letter-post losses from higher parcel-post gains are non-linear.11Measuring global postal development:(re)introducingthe 2IPD methodology.13 Challe

8、nges of a global“like for like”comparison.13 Incremental,achievable levels of development not a race to the top.14 A transparent,equitable and inclusive index for measuring postal progress.14 Peer group approach to analyzing 2IPD scores.18Postal development levels across regions and countries.20 Nea

9、rly half the countries achieved moderate or low 2IPD scores.20 Global reliability score distribution.23 Global reach score distribution.23 Global relevance score distribution.24 Global resilience score distribution.24Postal development gaps between regions and countries:a distribution analysis.25Pos

10、tal sector leaders.27 Leaders in postal excellence.27 Regional champions.28Postal development convergence worldwide:a catch-up assessment.29Green postal development:2IPD insights for better postal emissions measurement.33Conclusion.35List of annexes.36Annex 1 Postal development levels(PDLs)country a

11、nd regional breakdown.37 Annex 2 2IPD results across postal development levels(PDLs).38Annex 3 2IPD 4R components regional distribution.49 Annex 4 Postal reach,relevance and resilience“catch up”scores.53Annex 5 Postal carbon footprint by 2IPD sub-scores on reliability,reach and relevance.55Bibliogra

12、phy.58Disclaimers.58Acknowledgements.586|2022 Postal Development ReportEXECUTIVE SUMMARYThe 2021 Integrated Index for Postal Development(2IPD)provides the most comprehensive view on current global postal development.Relying on a unique combination of postal big data and statistics made available by

13、172 countries,it paints a picture of an asymmetric state of postal development across the world.Based on the analysis of 2IPD scores,we have peer grouped and categorized countries into 10 postal development levels.A clustering analysis reveals that a relatively large number of countries are classifi

14、ed in low or lower-middle postal development groups,highlighting significant postal service development gaps between nations.The key takeaways of the 2022 Postal Development Report are as follows:2021 was a relatively positive year for postal development worldwide.Quality of service has substantiall

15、y improved since postal services were hit by the waves of the COVID-19 pandemic.Structural declines in domestic letter-post volumes are slowing down for the first time in a decade and domestic parcel post is pursuing its steady growth.Many designated operators should benefit from profitability incre

16、ases in these circumstances as well.A majority of countries were able to make progress,at varying speeds,towards matching the performance of the best-in-class postal operators.Six countries achieved the highest level of postal excellence Austria,China(Peoples Rep.),France,Germany,Japan and Switzerla

17、nd with the highest 2IPD score going to Switzerland for the sixth consecutive year.Some countries are progressing faster than others.Armenia,Egypt and Estonia achieved record 2IPD score progressions in 2021.Other regional champions such as Saudi Arabia,Cameroon and Colombia made significant advances

18、,and even leapfrogged,in terms of postal development levels.Nevertheless,postal development in terms of reliability,reach,relevance and resilience remains skewed towards lower postal development levels thereby generating challenges across the global postal network in the provision of international p

19、ostal services.This underscores the intuition that the postal network is only as strong as its weakest link.7Postal journey towards a sustainable future|International postal connectivity was negatively impacted in 2021 even leaving some countries relatively disconnected from the rest of the global p

20、ostal network.This could eventually undermine its value proposition,since universal access to international logistics services is critical in a time of continuous cross-border e-commerce growth.The relevance of postal services should be further strengthened.Many countries ought to revisit their post

21、al business model and quickly adapt it to the needs of the next generation of postal customers.Commercial success can be exponential if action is taken at the right time in the right direction.Progress can only be built in a sustainable way to preserve our planet.Reducing the postal carbon footprint

22、 will be essential to stay on a successful postal development path in the coming decade.In this respect,the 2IPD components can provide insights for the preparation of mitigation plans to avoid negative environmental impacts of postal activities.Finally,greater progress by all and for all is only fe

23、asible if UPU member countries intensify their level of collaboration in the area of data sharing and,together,deliver the power of collective postal intelligence as a global public good.8|2022 Postal Development ReportINTRODUCTIONPosts are some of the most essential engines for sustainable growth a

24、nd inclusion in todays global digital economies.Every day,more than five million postal employees worldwide contribute to building a prosperous,inclusive and equitable future for all of us.In 2020 and 2021,the global postal infrastructure played a critical role by enabling governments to better resp

25、ond to COVID-19 pandemic challenges.Postal resilience the strongest component of the Integrated Index for Postal Development,or 2IPD defined the postal network during this time and reinforced its role in enabling a modern,equitable society.Postal resilience,for serving society beyond times of crisis

26、,needs to have at its foundation modern and reliable postal services that better connect different parts of the world.Posts need to be resilient by leveraging new business models and meeting the needs of a wider variety of customer types and demographics.The next generation of postal services was pr

27、obably born during the COVID-19 crisis,and the sector has already embarked on its next postal development journey.However,not all Posts are on an equal footing at the start of this new journey.As mapped by the 2IPD scores,(Figure 1)a large postal divide exists between countries.We find asymmetries i

28、n postal development levels for three out of the four main components of the 2IPD index the postal reliability,reach and relevance dimensions.Not all news is bad.We find that some postal operators are already leapfrogging their way towards the next generation of postal services.They have made great

29、advances in postal development scores,underpinned by bold changes in their business and operational models.These resilient,forward-looking Posts have adapted to their national development circumstances and are paving the way for their countrys socio-economic development success.As one can only impro

30、ve what can be measured,the 2IPD aims to deliver a data-driven roadmap for postal success worldwide.Increased data sharing with all postal sector stakeholders will further improve the quality of postal development measurement,thereby strengthening the collective value delivered by Posts in the digit

31、al economy and society.Data sharing is particularly important to enable the sectors response to climate change.A data-driven strategy is essential to substantially mitigate and ultimately eliminate the postal carbon footprint.The 2IPD can fill critical data gaps in measuring global postal emissions

32、and contribute to helping less advanced postal operators better measure their carbon footprint and set ambitious emission reduction goals.As the global postal network is only as strong as its weakest link,this years Postal Development Report represents a call for governments to renew their commitmen

33、t to the global postal network and empower their designated operators(DOs)to become best-in-class providers of postal services.This years Postal Development Report represents a call for governments to renew their commitment to the global postal network and empower their designated operators(DOs)to b

34、ecome best-in-class providers of postal services.9Postal journey towards a sustainable future|2022 Mapbox OpenStreetMapFigure 1:Global 2IPD score distribution2021 2IPD MAP2IPD score(2021)010010|2022 Postal Development ReportDerived from a combination of 2021 postal big data and 2020 postal statistic

35、s,the 2021 UPU 2IPD scores evaluate the state of postal development across the world.We present the 2021 2IPD scores in the context of a very fast-evolving global digital economy environment.Over the course of the last two years,global consumer behaviour was heavily influenced by several waves of CO

36、VID-19-induced lockdowns despite extensive vaccination campaigns in many countries.Our data analysis is pointing to a partial return to pre-pandemic online shopping growth trends in several countries.Under these circumstances,we present recent key insights from UPU postal statistics and economic res

37、earch.These insights will provide the context for interpreting the latest 2IPD results.LATEST TRENDS IN THE GLOBAL POSTAL SECTORFigure 2:Growth trends and forecasts for domestic letter and parcel post 20192022Source:Universal Postal Union,202211Postal journey towards a sustainable future|GLOBAL LETT

38、ER-POST VOLUME DECLINES ARE EASINGAccording to our most recent estimations,global postal revenues stemming from parcels and logistics have reached a tipping point where they are larger than letter-post revenues for the first time as recorded in 147 years of UPU postal statistics.With steady e-commer

39、ce growth driven by COVID-19 restrictions,global domestic parcel volumes increased by 33.6%between 2019 and 2021.The highest year-on-year growth rate ever recorded for the domestic parcel-post stream in UPU postal statistics was achieved in 2020,with a 17.6%increase globally;this growth continued in

40、to 2021,with 13.6%year-on-year growth well above the pre-pandemic 7.5%yearly growth trend(See Figure 2).Unless macroeconomic conditions further worsen,we forecast domestic parcel-post volumes to reach high single-digit annual growth rates in main markets in 2022,consistent with a global forecasted p

41、arcel volume growth rate of approximately 7.5%.As expected with the huge economic slowdown,global domestic letter-post volumes recorded an overall decline of 13.6%between 2019 and 2021 a record in mail volume losses in the current century.However,the volume increased marginally,by 0.5%,over 2021 com

42、pared with the previous year representing the single largest increase in the last 15 years.We forecast a small single-digit decline for 2022,around 0.3%below the pre-pandemic 2.8%yearly decline trend.From our analysis,direct marketing and advertising mail seems to have started its recovery,signalled

43、 by 4%year-on-year growth between 2020 and 2021,thus continuing to help stem letter-post volume declines brought about by the negative impacts of digital substitution on commercial letter-post transactions.LETTER-POST LOSSES FROM HIGHER PARCEL-POST GAINS ARE NON-LINEARAfter modelling and analyzing p

44、re-and post-pandemic changes in domestic letter-post and parcel-post volumes between 2019 and 2021,we find that there is a median loss of 8.8 letters for each additional domestic parcel-post item sent during this period.This means that for each extra parcel delivered as a result of the change in onl

45、ine shopping behaviours,8.8 letters are lost,or equivalently,a postal revenue loss can be expected if the average price for a domestic parcel-post item is not 8.8 times the average price for a domestic letter-post item at least.However,our analysis has identified a remarkable,new,non-linear statisti

46、cal relationship between letter-post decline and parcel-post growth.The non-linear trend begins with an inverse relationship,where the higher the number of additional parcels per capita,the higher the loss in terms of letter volumes per capita(see Figure 3).The reason for this was that gains in parc

47、els per inhabitant also captured the acceleration in digitalization of the economy and the resulting e-commerce growth during the pandemic.However,once a critical threshold value was reached in terms of lost letter items per parcel gained,the statistical relationship between the two variables became

48、 negative after an estimated seven additional domestic parcel-post items per inhabitant,the declines in domestic letters per capita were decreasing.Almost no further loss in letter-post volumes occurred once the increase in parcel-post items reached the estimated threshold of 15 additional parcels p

49、er capita.In 2021,we observed that the largest letter-post markets in the world were close to this turning point and could soon benefit from an easing of their letter volume declines.Under these conditions,we anticipate that global postal profitability might improve,since the steady growth in parcel

50、 volumes would not be partially offset by the letter-post volume and revenue losses anymore.12|2022 Postal Development ReportFigure 3:Statistical relationships between letter post and parcel postSource:Universal Postal Union,2022In 2021,we observed that the largest letter-post markets in the world w

51、ere close to a turning point and could soon benefit from an easing of their letter volume declines.13Postal journey towards a sustainable future|CHALLENGES OF A GLOBAL“LIKE FOR LIKE”COMPARISONPostal development levels are heterogeneous and difficult to measure by nature.Measuring the levels of globa

52、l postal development is a true challenge that stems from multiple causes.To start with,postal business models vary considerably across the world,which makes sensible international comparisons more difficult than in other industries.Second,there is no one-size-fits-all solution to achieve postal deve

53、lopment gains,given the differing circumstances between developing and developed nations each with their own postal service cultures and ways of organizing their postal market.Third,the availability of official postal statistics is incomplete for some DOs.This is in spite of the UN mandate for the U

54、PU to collect data for more than 100 indicators and produce official statistical information on the sector every year.Fourth,for international postal exchanges,some DOs operate through different postal and logistics information technology systems outside the UPUs international standards for global e

55、lectronic data interchange(EDI).Bypassing the UPU standards and platforms complicates,or hinders,access to the data necessary to accurately capture postal development.Fifth,postal executives and policymakers may have different views about what really constitute postal progress and success stories in

56、 their respective countries.Sixth,postal sector boundaries may also change from country to country,with governments framing their regulatory approach in different ways.And finally,the postal debate is sometimes dominated by subjective views that tend to overlook efforts to achieve data-driven polici

57、es.For all these reasons,measuring postal development will always remain an imperfect yet most needed and useful exercise.The UPUs 2IPD methodology enables the creation of a composite index that comprises critical factors for successful postal development irrespective of the structural differences i

58、n postal policies and economic models between countries.The 2IPD highlights the most striking differences in postal achievements within and between UPU regions and countries,in turn facilitating more meaningful comparisons that consider the various stages of network development.It also strengthens t

59、he UPU postal statistics insights with big data“signals”found after analyzing billions of international data exchanges.Above all,it provides all postal sector stakeholders with a starting point for well-informed discussions and data-driven policymaking,particularly for those countries that suffer fr

60、om the“postal divide”and lower data intelligence capabilities.MEASURING GLOBAL POSTAL DEVELOPMENT:(RE)INTRODUCING THE 2IPD METHODOLOGY14|2022 Postal Development ReportINCREMENTAL,ACHIEVABLE LEVELS OF DEVELOPMENT NOT A RACE TO THE TOPThe main goal of the 2IPD methodology is to identify the level of p

61、ostal development for each country that regularly makes data available to the UPU data and statistical systems.A total of 172 countries did so in 2021.Data gathered by the UPU is a valuable public good for postal development worldwide.Every single additional data point in the UPU data systems or pos

62、tal statistics is equivalent to one more step in the production of key postal knowledge for progress by the less-developed Posts.With this unique wealth of industry data,the UPU has identified 10 postal development levels(PDLs).We ranked countries with their peers and classified each according to on

63、e of these 10 levels based on their respective 2IPD scores.Before describing the main components in the computation of the 2IPD scores,we must explore and introduce the PDL concept used in this report.The PDL approach classifies countries according to 10 postal development categories from level 1 to

64、 10(Table 1)These levels correspond to clusters of postal development that were statistically identified based on the analysis of the 2IPD scores.PDLs are determined based on the 2IPD scoring method.Scores result from the quantitative evaluation of each postal operators performance in the key compon

65、ents of postal development postal reliability,reach,relevance and resilience(Table 3).The main methodological principle consists in gathering all data and statistics available for a particular DO;identifying possible data inconsistencies across the postal development components(that might bias the s

66、core);and eliminating,to the extent possible,this risk.This data integrity exercise enables the use of data available for each operator with greater confidence.The major hurdle in conducting this exercise remains the partial availability of data and postal statistics for some operators.Therefore,som

67、e 2IPD results should be taken with this note of caution.We expect to overcome these potential pitfalls in future releases of the 2IPD,with the use of advanced artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms.A TRANSPARENT,EQUITABLE AND INCLUSIVE INDEX FOR MEASURING POSTAL PROGRESSThe 2IPD sc

68、oring system is built around the four key dimensions of postal development:postal reliability,reach,relevance and resilience,also referred to as the“4Rs”of postal development.Postal reliability is the first component of the general 2IPD score.Billions of electronic data interchanges and message reco

69、rds(EMSEVT)that feed the global track-and-trace system were explored,treated,cleaned and analyzed at the postal item level to separate all signals from noise in the data.This process allows us to keep the most relevant elements of information related to the speed of postal delivery,from an inbound p

70、erspective,as well as the variability in delivery times identified in the letter-post,parcel-post and EMS streams.In certain cases,customs clearance times also impacted the results of this analysis since the delivery of some items can be substantially delayed through customs procedures in some count

71、ries.Countries that annually provide the UPU with accurate data and statistics regarding their postal activities not only allow themselves to be reliably and independently benchmarked each year,but also enable other countries to measure their respective progress in their postal development journey.1

72、5Postal journey towards a sustainable future|Table 1:UPU postal development levelsPostal development level(PDL)COHORT CHARACTERISTICS10This is the highest level of postal success that can be achieved.PDL 10 represents a peer group of top postal performers whose DOs have fully leveraged the power of

73、their postal business models and substantially contribute to their countrys overall economic growth and social inclusion.9DOs of countries in this group are close to achieving their maximum potential.They positively impact societal development,leveraging their postal network strengths while mitigati

74、ng the effects of possible remaining weaknesses.8With an additional step towards reaching excellence,DOs of countries at this level typically provide a greater value proposition to citizens,leveraging their postal services portfolio.7DOs of countries at this level have likely achieved new milestones

75、 in their postal development journey.They play a prominent role in their respective markets.6DOs of countries in PDL 6 are taking steps to accelerate their development.They intensively work on improving performance in critical areas to ensure consistent performance.5The core requirements for postal

76、success are in play and a brighter postal future seems possible.4DOs of countries in PDLs 4 and 3 are approaching,at different speeds,the conditions that are necessary to serve their current and potential customers.32DOs of countries in this group are largely focused on operational objectives.They n

77、eed to undertake substantial service and business model improvements to achieve better postal prospects in the coming decade.1The DOs of PDL 1 countries are initiating their postal journey or are underperforming in terms of their potential.They must overcome structural challenges and modernize their

78、 postal infrastructure.INCREASING POSTAL MATURITY0.08.88.918.818.928.858.968.828.938.868.978.838.948.878.988.848.958.888.9100Table 2:Postal development levels and their corresponding 2IPD scoresPDL2IPD score4268153791016|2022 Postal Development ReportTable 3:The 4Rs of the 2IPDMeasures the relative

79、success of different postal business models and activities from a demand perspectiveEvaluates the level of postal connectivity of the country with the rest of the world from an outbound perspectiveAssesses the development of quality of service from a speed and predictability perspectiveEstimates the

80、 postal capacity to overcome economic,social,technology and environmental shocks in a sustainable wayIntegrated Index for Postal Development(2IPD)Score RELIABILITYRESILIENCEREACHRELEVANCE17Postal journey towards a sustainable future|Prior UPU research on predicting delivery times and estimating the

81、date of arrival of international postal shipments shows the importance of these signals in building more predictable delivery services and improving the customer experience.The 2IPD algorithm for postal reliability attributed a maximum score of 100 to the country that was identified as the best perf

82、ormer in 2021,securing the highest level of quality of service for its customers.The least performing countries with the lowest postal reliability level received a score of 0.The rest obtained intermediate scores according to their relative postal reliability achievements in 2021.A score higher than

83、 70 usually signals that a country is meeting the conditions for postal development in terms of service reliability.Postal reach is the second main component of the 2IPD scoring system.Millions of EDI messages related to international postal dispatch information(PREDES)undergo a statistical process

84、and treatment similar to the one applied for the postal reliability component(as described above).The purpose of this process is to measure the intensity of international postal connectivity,from an outbound perspective.We achieve this by identifying the key nodes of the international postal network

85、,the propensity of a DO to maintain active international postal routes,and traffic tonnage transported through these routes connecting the country to the rest of the world.As previously highlighted in joint UPU and UN Global Pulse research(Hristova,Rutherford,Anson,Luengo-Oroz and Mascolo,2016),the

86、breadth and depth of the international postal network is closely related to a nations well-being,thus underlining the importance of a global postal infrastructure for international trade development.Moreover,as shown by Anson,Arvis,Boffa,Helble and Shepherd(2020),international postal transit times c

87、an represent a significant trade cost,impacting the evolution of international exchanges and global supply chains.A score of 100 was attributed to the best in class in terms of international postal reach.The least connected networks received a score of 0,with all other countries getting intermediate

88、 scores depending on their level of relative performance in terms of international postal connectivity in 2021.A score higher than 50 can generally be interpreted as a fairly good state of international connectivity for postal development.Postal relevance is the third 2IPD component.To create this i

89、ndex,we combine the analysis from millions of EDI messages and thousands of UPU postal statistics records.We assess,from a customer demand perspective,the relative success of the different postal business segments,such as the domestic letter-post,parcel post,logistics,postal financial and internatio

90、nal postal services,as well as the provision of access to an extensive network of post offices and service points for a wide range of purposes.The strengths of each countrys postal business models are identified and compared with those of peers showing similar postal activity patterns in order to ev

91、aluate comparable postal business models.A score of 100 was assigned to the most successful postal business model in terms of relative demand levels,and a score of 0 to the most unsuccessful ones in 2021.Given the extreme differences between the postal business achievements of the most successful po

92、stal operators and their less successful peers,a score above 20 already sends very positive signals in terms of short-and medium-run business prospects.A score below 5 should prompt the DO to critically assess its long-term business survival.Finally,postal resilience is the fourth pillar of the 2IPD

93、.Postal resilience is defined as the ability of the DO to respond to unfavourable external economic,technological,societal and environmental shocks,and by so-doing,benefit the countrys development as a whole.There is strong evidence of the overall economic resilience benefits of protecting and provi

94、ding opportunities to the most vulnerable parts of society through powerful postal inclusion channels.The recent COVID-19 health crisis has largely demonstrated the postal value proposition in terms of resilience in a more volatile and uncertain world.The 2IPD postal resilience algorithm evaluates h

95、ow external economic risks could be better mitigated by diversifying ones business,as well as by preserving economies of scale achieved through different postal activities.It also assesses the postal capacity to respond to disruptive technologies with digital innovation,and looks at how the most vul

96、nerable parts of a countrys population can be better protected and given new opportunities for greater well-being with the inclusive provision of essential services such as financial services.A wide variety of data sources,comprising hundreds of thousands of records,are treated and analyzed,includin

97、g the UPU postal statistics and key UPU surveys such as the ones feeding the Global Panorama on Postal Financial Inclusion(2011,2016,and upcoming 2022)and the studies on innovation through digital postal services.Joint UPU and World Bank research(see Anson,Berthaud,Klapper and Singer,2013)has demons

98、trated the merits of postal networks in providing basic financial services to the most vulnerable populations.Anson,Caron and Bosch Gual(2008)have shown the positive local development 18|2022 Postal Development Reportimpacts of postal financial inclusion and trade facilitation policies in Brazil,wit

99、h the provision of first development opportunities for micro,small and medium-sized enterprises from remote communities.This result was confirmed by an Inter-American Development Bank study in Peru(Carballo,Schaur and Volpe Martincus,2016).A future iteration of the 2IPD will integrate data from the

100、UPUs carbon accounting tool(OSCAR)and social services development data in a single postal resilience data repository.For the 2IPD postal resilience score,the country with the most resilient Post in 2021 received a score of 100,while the countries with the least resilient Post received a score of 0.O

101、ther countries obtained intermediate scores as a function of their relative resilience performance.A score above 60 signals that the postal operator has reached high enough resilience levels to potentially contribute in a significant way to the trajectory of its country development path.PEER GROUP A

102、PPROACH TO ANALYZING 2IPD SCORESAfter the application of consistency treatments on UPU big data and the computation of the respective scores through a number of robust algorithms for each of the four main components of the 2IPD,countries final 2021 2IPD scores were obtained by aggregating the compon

103、ent scores.An equal weight is given to each of the four main components(postal reliability,reach,relevance and resilience)in the 2IPD formula.Eventually countries score sums are normalized,with the highest value rescaled to 100 and the lowest to 0.In order to determine each countrys postal developme

104、nt level,critical values separating the different groups were identified through statistical analysis.The 2021 conversion table between the PDLs and 2IPD scores is shown in Table 2.A 2IPD score equal to or above the final threshold value of 38.9 led to a classification of countries in the groups cor

105、responding to postal development levels 5 to 10,which represent countries with upper-middle and high postal development achievements.Countries with scores below 38.9 were classified in groups corresponding to postal development levels 1 to 4,namely,those countries with low to lower-middle postal dev

106、elopment performances.The general 2IPD scores then allowed us to peer-group countries according to their postal development achievements into 10 groups corresponding to 10 different levels of postal development.Through this approach,countries have the opportunity to benchmark themselves with their p

107、eers in a meaningful way,and to set their next postal development targets.Most importantly,member countries can draw insights from both their PDL and their 2IPD component scores to create a performance gap analysis for improvement.With the right investment,technical assistance and resourcing plans,c

108、ountries can create a roadmap for progress within and beyond their PDL thus being an increasingly valuable player in the global postal network.19Postal journey towards a sustainable future|To conclude this section on the 2IPD methodology and its application to the 172 relevant countries,it is worth

109、stressing that this unique big data approach to measure postal development also unifies,in a single framework,several theories resulting from almost two decades of economic modelling and empirical testing under the auspices of the UPU.This“knowledge for all”journey will soon be strengthened by the m

110、ost recent advances in artificial intelligence and machine learning to help shape sensible and ambitious changes for the postal sector of the 21st century.In this way,the wealth of postal knowledge,produced over the course of many years,can be used and shared with all sector stakeholders to design a

111、 better postal future.However,improved postal data sharing by UPU member countries is critical for the success of this evidence-based approach to postal development.Governments must recognize the role of postal data as a global public good and ensure that their DOs are meeting their UPU obligations

112、on data sharing.A current mathematical description is available in the 2021 Postal Development Report,with technical details related to the 2IPD score calculations.An explanatory memorandum on the 2IPD score calculation will be published by the UPU towards the end of 2022.This unique big data approa

113、ch to measure postal development also unifies,in a single framework,several theories resulting from almost two decades of economic modelling and empirical testing under the auspices of the UPU.This“knowledge for all”journey will soon be strengthened by the most recent advances in artificial intellig

114、ence and machine learning to help shape sensible and ambitious changes for the postal sector of the 21st century.20|2022 Postal Development ReportThe 2021 2IPD scores show a clear divide in terms of postal development between advanced economies and most of the developing regions.In the official UPU

115、terminology,developed countries are classified in the“industrialized countries”(IC)grouping.The“Europe and CIS region”is made up of developing countries from Eastern Europe and the CIS.The“Arab region”comprises nations from North Africa and the Middle East.The“Africa region”corresponds to countries

116、in Sub-Saharan Africa.The“Asia-Pacific region”covers countries of Southern and South-East Asia as well as Pacific islands.The“Latin America and Caribbean region”refers to South and Central America,Mexico and the Caribbean.NEARLY HALF THE COUNTRIES ACHIEVED MODERATE OR LOW 2IPD SCORESLevels of postal

117、 development vary significantly from one region to another.While countries could achieve a maximum score of 100 for their postal development achievements,we find a global median 2IPD score of 30.0 in 2021.As shown in Figure 4,high-income economies(grouped in the IC category in most cases)led global

118、postal development with a median 2IPD score of 70.2.The Europe and CIS region,with a median 2IPD score of 53.4,was also well above the world median.The Arab region score of 29.5 was the closest to the global median value,followed by the Asia-Pacific region at 23.6.The Africa region,with a median 2IP

119、D score of 16.3,was well below the global median score.Likewise,Latin America and the Caribbean had a median 2IPD score of 16.1,mostly driven by low postal development in many Caribbean countries.The 2IPD score distribution is clearly reflected in the PDL clustering by region(Figure 5).A relatively

120、large number of countries are classified in PDLs 1 and 2,while very few countries are in PDLs 7 and 8,and even fewer in PDLs 9 and 10.POSTAL DEVELOPMENT LEVELS ACROSS REGIONS AND COUNTRIESAlmost half of UPU member countries are in low postal development groups,i.e.PDLs 1,2 and 3.Annex 2 presents a c

121、omplete listing of UPU member countries by 2IPD scores and PDL.21Postal journey towards a sustainable future|Figure 4:2021 2IPD scores by regionSource:Universal Postal Union,202222|2022 Postal Development ReportFigure 5:Global postal development level distribution by regionSource:Universal Postal Un

122、ion,2022 Africa Region Arab Region Asia Pacific Region Europe and CIS Region IC Group Latin America and Caribbean Region23Postal journey towards a sustainable future|GLOBAL RELIABILITY SCORE DISTRIBUTIONThe analysis of global and regional postal reliability patterns also showed striking differences

123、in the quality of service achievements of postal operators across the world in 2021.In response to the pandemic-driven surge in online shopping,postal delivery networks invested in additional capacity throughout the year to better handle the surge in parcel volumes:customers benefited from improveme

124、nts in speed and predictability of delivery in many countries.However,the global median reliability score of 28.4/100 remained low(Figure 4),with the IC group and the Europe and CIS region being the only country groupings consistently achieving high median levels of postal reliability as highlighted

125、 by their scores of 88.5 and 76.8 respectively.The other regions remained closer to or well below the world median,with median scores of 36.1 for the Arab region,22.3 for Asia-Pacific,10.4 for Latin America and the Caribbean,and only 6.7 for Africa.Postal reliability was still one of the biggest pos

126、tal development challenges in 2021;the results point to the continued need for policymakers and DOs to focus on quality of service issues.GLOBAL REACH SCORE DISTRIBUTIONAs for the reach component of the 2IPD,the global median score of 20.5/100 signals major international postal connectivity issues a

127、cross the world in 2021(Figure 4).During the COVID-19 pandemic,the international postal supply chain suffered from structural changes in the ways of handling,processing and governing cross-border postal exchanges.A perfect storm combining changes in inbound termination charges(the terminal dues),new

128、 customs regulations and regimes in the United States of America and the European Union,and business shifts from B2C to B2B2C cross-border e-commerce models has generated difficulties for the development of international postal reach.From a regional perspective,the IC group achieved the highest medi

129、an score with a value of 67.6,followed by the Europe and CIS region with a much lower score of 36.4.The Arab region attained a median reach score of 23.3,thus sitting above the world median.The developing regions of Asia-Pacific,Latin America and the Caribbean,and Africa obtained median reach scores

130、 of 13.1,8.1 and 4.5 respectively.24|2022 Postal Development ReportGLOBAL RELEVANCE SCORE DISTRIBUTIONRegional differences were most acute for the postal relevance scores.Asymmetries between postal business model successes achieved by the best global performers and their peers from other regions wer

131、e extreme:one of the main reasons is that success in network and platform business development is often exponential,and even more so in global crisis times when the leading market players tend to further strengthen their position.While the global median relevance score reached the extremely low valu

132、e of 3.03/100 in 2021(Figure 4),IC group median relevance was 10 times higher with a score close to 30.Except for the Europe and CIS region,with a median relevance score of 13.4,all other developing regions featured extremely low postal relevance scores with median values ranging from 0.3 in Africa

133、to 3.3 in Asia-Pacific.The Latin America and Caribbean region was slightly below the world relevance median with a score of 2.7.GLOBAL RESILIENCE SCORE DISTRIBUTIONRegional differences were the least significant for the postal resilience score values made available in Annex 3.The capacity of postal

134、networks to maintain,preserve and adapt their activities,shock after shock,and crisis after crisis,is almost an intrinsic feature of the Post.The continuation of the global COVID-19 pandemic in 2021 allowed postal services to once again demonstrate their unique value proposition,through numerous ini

135、tiatives and a systemic role in the provision of essential services for a more resilient society in crisis time.The global median postal resilience score,with a value of 53.9/100,was the highest of the four median 2IPD component scores in the 2021 worldwide assessment of postal development(Figure 4)

136、.The IC group led the median resilience score with a value of 81.8,closely followed by the Europe and CIS region with a score of 69.3.The Arab,Africa and Asia-Pacific regions got scores of 50.8,47.9 and 47.1 respectively.The Latin America and Caribbean region achieved a score of 42.3,its highest sco

137、re across all 2IPD components.25Postal journey towards a sustainable future|POSTAL DEVELOPMENT GAPS BETWEEN REGIONS AND COUNTRIES:A DISTRIBUTION ANALYSISWe also analyzed the distribution of the 2IPD scores and related PDLs to get a better picture of the development gaps between regions and countries

138、.The median scores,presented in the previous section,often reflect only part of the postal development story across the world.It is equally interesting to observe the variations in the different 2IPD component scores across regions since the larger the variability of development scores,the higher th

139、e level of difficulty to provide global customers with a more homogenous portfolio of international postal services throughout the UPU network,or to foster a greater convergence in regulations of cross-border postal services.Similarly,the larger the postal development inequalities between countries,

140、the more complex it becomes to optimally design future international postal exchange platforms integrating stakeholders at very different stages in their postal development journey.In Figure 6,the box-plot analysis shows the level of dispersion of the 2021 2IPD scores around the most representative

141、regional score.For each region,most countries scores can be found in the range of values corresponding to the two blue“boxes”,with the remaining exceptionally high or low values(i.e.the outliers)being plotted out of the boxes.The Asia-Pacific region showed the largest dispersion of its postal develo

142、pment scores and is the only region in the world with countries spread out across almost all levels of postal development.The next largest dispersion was in the IC group,which showed that,even for more advanced levels of postal development,a greater homogeneity in postal development patterns is stil

143、l to be secured.Although the Europe and CIS region showed a similar pattern of postal development among countries,a large gap between the highest and lowest postal development performers was also found.The Arab region showed a lower level of postal development heterogeneity across countries compared

144、 with the Asia-Pacific region or the IC group.Latin American and Caribbean countries as well as African ones showed more homogeneous scores within their regions of relatively low level of postal development.If global postal development were to follow a balanced state across the world,a“postal bell c

145、urve”distribution would be expected after classifying each country in one of the 10 PDL groups.This would mean that while some countries would show some very high levels in terms of postal excellence at the one end of the distribution(on the right-hand side of the chart,Figure 5),on the lower end of

146、 it would have been just a few countries(on the left-hand side of the chart,Figure 5).Instead,the PDL clustering for 2021 is clearly skewed towards the low or very low levels of postal development performance.This triggers huge postal development imbalances between countries.The opportunity cost of

147、these postal development imbalances can already be found in many past UPU activities and projects through delayed implementation,or lack of dramatic improvements of the global postal network brought about by the lack of readiness of some countries to adopt critical operational and business model cha

148、nges.26|2022 Postal Development ReportFigure 6:Distribution of 2021 2IPD scores by regionSource:Universal Postal Union,2022This fosters a vicious“lack of postal development”circle where all UPU countries remain trapped.One can better understand the source of these global development imbalances by fu

149、rther examining the distribution of the postal reliability,reach,relevance and resilience achievements across countries in 2021.Detailed figures in Annex 3 allow us to visualize the classification of countries in 10 levels of development for each of the 4R components of the 2IPD.Postal reliability h

150、ighlights the existence of two poles of development in terms of quality of service.On the one hand,a significant number of countries were shaping up to be a group having very reliable providers of delivery services,while at the other end of the distribution,an even larger group of countries remained

151、 stuck at low levels of postal reliability.For postal reach,the distribution of countries is even more skewed towards the left-hand side,with a vast majority of countries suffering from low to very low international postal connectivity from an outbound perspective.Postal relevance clearly shows that

152、 most DOs are yet to benefit from greater business development in terms of transaction volumes and revenue diversification.Only a minority of DOs are able to fully seize the exponential growth opportunities related to the digital economy in spite of the COVID-19-driven e-commerce surge.The postal re

153、silience component is the strongest contributor to a more balanced postal development across the world.This component features a more symmetric distribution of countries in the 10 different levels of development and is thus closer to the ideal bell-curve shape that should be targeted for postal reli

154、ability,reach and relevance in a rebalancing process.However,even within this fragmented distribution we can clearly identify leaders both at a global level and within their regional peer groups,as will be shown in the next section.27Postal journey towards a sustainable future|POSTAL SECTOR LEADERSL

155、EADERS IN POSTAL EXCELLENCECountries that have reached the highest group,PDL 10,are the leaders in postal excellence.These countries can be considered to provide best-in-class postal services in the world.Countries in the postal excellence group PDL 10Countries in the postal excellence group PDL 102

156、021 2IPD score2021 2IPD scoreAUSTRIAGERMANYCHINAJAPANFRANCESWITZERLAND96.897.591.191.792.9100.0Notable among this peer group are:Switzerland,which has received the highest 2IPD score in the world for the sixth time in a row,consistently holding the top spot since the launch of the 2IPD index.China s

157、ecured a 2IPD score above 90 for the first time in 2021.We present 172 UPU member countries categorized across the 10 PDLs in Figure 5 and Annex 1.A complete listing is presented in Annex 2.28|2022 Postal Development ReportREGIONAL CHAMPIONSRegional champions represent the best in class within their

158、 postal peer groups.While at varying levels in the PDL classification,they are the leaders within their own regions.CountryRegion2021 2IPD scorePDL classificationCAMEROONCHINACOLOMBIASAUDI ARABIAESTONIASWITZERLANDAFRICAASIA-PACIFICLATIN AMERICA&CARIBBEANARABEUROPE AND CISINDUSTRIALIZED COUNTRIES47.0

159、91.153.250.080.0100.0PDL 5PDL 10PDL 6PDL 6PDL 9PDL 1029Postal journey towards a sustainable future|POSTAL DEVELOPMENT CONVERGENCE WORLDWIDE:A CATCH-UP ASSESSMENTAfter considering the different levels of postal development across the world and the asymmetries in DO achievements,we also analyzed the p

160、ostal“catch up”process between countries.Imbalances in postal development can only be addressed through an ambitious convergence roadmap enabling the global postal network to move to the next level of service excellence.In spite of remaining COVID-19 challenges,2021 was a year of convergence in post

161、al development:124 out of 172 countries were catching up,to different degrees,with the best in class in 2021,as visualized in Figure 7.Africa was the region with the highest number of countries(28)catching up with Switzerland.More generally,countries were achieving the largest 2IPD score increases b

162、etween 2020 and 2021.However,in spite of these positive developments,only 28 countries were progressing at a faster pace than the United States which is progressing the most in the group of advanced economies.This meant that the postal development gap between the most developed DOs and the least dev

163、eloped DOs(in PDL groups 1 and 2)was actually further widening.A number of other countries were moving in a similar positive direction.They were catching up with Switzerland,the global leader,as well as with at least one of the four countries with the highest 2IPD specific component scores.The leade

164、rs per 4R component score are:RELIABILITY:SINGAPOREREACH:UNITED STATES OF AMERICARELEVANCE:AUSTRIARESILIENCE:BELARUS Armenia,Egypt and Estonia achieved the highest positive progress in their 2021 2IPD scores.30|2022 Postal Development ReportFigure 7:2021 postal development catch-up countriesFigure 8

165、:Postal development and reliability catch-upSource:Universal Postal Union,2022Source:Universal Postal Union,202231Postal journey towards a sustainable future|We categorize countries that are catching up fast with their peers as“catch-up stars”.Postal services from these countries were usually able t

166、o combine their improvements in quality of service,international connectivity and resilience levels to move up the postal development ladder.The major source of global postal convergence in 2021 can be found in the postal reliability dimension as shown in Figure 8.Average delivery times were improvi

167、ng in almost all regions,with the largest year-on-year decrease recorded in the Latin America and Caribbean region.Delivery speed has even substantially increased in the Asia-Pacific,Arab and Africa regions compared with their pre-pandemic performances(Figure 9).Investments in quality of service hav

168、e started to pay off in many regions across the world.Table 4 lists countries that were able to combine progress in terms of general postal development,as reflected by their 2IPD scores,with substantial advances in their postal reliability scores.The higher quality of service levels achieved in 2021

169、 should eventually benefit the global postal network provided that the worsening in postal reach convergence can be fixed.As can be seen from the figures in Annex 4,the year-on-year changes in postal reach scores were mostly negative,with few countries in the“catch-up stars”category.The reasons for

170、this deterioration in international postal connectivity must be studied in more depth so as to understand how the international postal supply chain could be better designed in the coming years.The catch-up process outcomes were very weak for the postal relevance dimension:only a small group of count

171、ries could be categorized as“catch-up stars”,with Egypts and Estonias stellar catch-up performance notable.As for postal resilience,a limited number of countries were able to further improve their relatively high score,as was the case for China and Egypt.Some countries were confronted with negative

172、changes to their 2021 2IPD component scores compared with the previous year,and some lost gains achieved over previous years.This demonstrates once more that,in the postal sector,progress is never eternal and can be particularly volatile in developing regions.Figure 9:Average delivery time per regio

173、n over timeSource:Universal Postal Union,202232|2022 Postal Development ReportTable 4:Reliability catch-up starsIt is clear that providing a stable change management framework is paramount to meeting current and future challenges.In this context,moving faster towards a decarbonized postal future wil

174、l also matter for successful postal development,as discussed in the next section.Postal development efforts need to be sustained over time to maintain consistent performance improvements in the medium and long run.RegionCountry 2IPD+Reliability Scores Changes PDLAFRICA REGIONEthiopia32.285Kenya31.63

175、5Dem.Rep.of the Congo28.003Togo19.984South Africa19.894Nigeria19.085Mauritius14.334Gabon11.392Cameroon10.385Burkina Faso10.112ARAB REGIONEgypt65.585United Arab Emirates37.255Saudi Arabia19.266Bahrain17.473Jordan13.214ASIA PACIFIC REGIONPhilippines45.484India33.086Pakistan23.015Maldives20.373Iran(Isl

176、amic Rep.)18.636Indonesia12.995EUROPE AND CIS REGIONArmenia77.456Azerbaijan32.425Kazakhstan20.106Belarus15.208RussianFederation12.517Slovenia11.136IC GROUPAustria12.1810Belgium11.108United States of America10.769LATIN AMERICA AND CARIBBEAN REGIONMexico50.965Paraguay25.013Jamaica24.324Brazil17.606Aru

177、ba17.422Argentina15.104Honduras14.132Dominican Republic13.36333Postal journey towards a sustainable future|GREEN POSTAL DEVELOPMENT:2IPD INSIGHTS FOR BETTER POSTAL EMISSIONS MEASUREMENTDOs throughout the world are advancing an ambitious carbon emission reduction agenda to fight against climate chang

178、e.The UPU is currently scaling up its ambition and actions to support the transition to low-emission and climate-resilient postal operations.This is reflected in the deliverables associated with Abidjan Congress resolution C 17/2021,which include voluntary target setting for global UPU greenhouse ga

179、s emissions,and capacity building to reach these targets.Data is central to the success of this work.First,the UPU International Bureau(IB)needs to establish a baseline for the total combined emissions of the DOs of UPU member countries.It is essential that all DOs engage with carbon accounting,idea

180、lly through the UPUs OSCAR(Online Solution for Carbon Analysis and Reporting)tool.Secondly,the IB needs to clarify what levels of emission reduction are feasible for DOs to achieve,at different levels of postal development.Finally,annual updates on emission data will be needed to track global progre

181、ss in emission reduction over time.Currently,the UPU does not have comprehensive carbon emission data for all DOs.This is a barrier to the target-setting work of the IB.This also presents a missed opportunity for DOs,as the process of carbon accounting generates valuable summary information for DOs

182、on their energy use and infrastructure performance.We have therefore explored the use of 2IPD scores to fill some of these gaps,and to provide the entire postal community with a global perspective on postal greenhouse gas emissions(expressed as CO2 equivalent).The 2IPD methodology itself could becom

183、e more comprehensive in the way it integrates DOs decarbonization efforts in its future assessment of the postal resilience component(reflecting the benefits of increasing energy efficiency).Therefore,for the first time,the UPU is assessing the statistical relationship between each of the 2IPD compo

184、nents and the level of postal carbon emissions per capita.Leveraging the latest Scope 1,2 and 3,anonymized,postal carbon emissions data(combining the direct and indirect emissions generated by a given designated operator for 2020),a multivariate regression analysis was conducted to test the impact t

185、hat developing greater postal reliability,reach and relevance has on the postal carbon emissions in a given country.As it can also be intuitively expected,moving to a higher PDL also leads to a higher level of carbon emissions.Together,the postal reliability,reach and relevance scores explained almo

186、st 80%of the variance in postal carbon emissions per capita(R2 of 0.77 in a multiple regression estimated with heteroskedasticity-consistent standard errors).34|2022 Postal Development ReportBroadly speaking,it would appear that for postal operators to achieve high reliability,relevance and reach,th

187、ey currently need to emit high levels of greenhouse gases.This simply reflects the importance of implementing a high density of post offices and a broad and active delivery network,in order to offer postal services at an adequate standard throughout the territory.However,the key insight to be gained

188、 from this analysis is related to the range of emission values for any specific 2IPD value.As shown by the figures in Annex 5,a 2IPD reliability score of(log)3.5 has been achieved by a number of DOs.Critically,some of them achieved this score with low emissions per capita(-7.5),and others with much

189、higher emissions per capita(-4.0).This demonstrates that the correlation between emissions and 2IPD scores is not deterministic it is not precise or set in stone.Some countries are working to decouple this relationship by adopting greener delivery fleets and securing their electricity from renewable

190、 sources.The graphs in Annex 5 can be used to visualize this principle;those DOs found below the regression line can be allocated to the low emissions category achieving their 2IPD score at a low environmental cost.In contrast,those above the regression line have achieved their 2IPD score in an envi

191、ronmentally inefficient way.A second insight concerns the proportional growth in carbon emissions related to 2IPD scores.When one examines the results of the regression analysis using the different 2IPD components as the main explanatory variables in the estimated equation,it can be concluded that a

192、 10%increase in the 2IPD reliability score leads to a 13.3%rise in postal CO2 pollution emissions level per capita a more than proportional increase in emissions resulting from greater speed or predictability of delivery.Increasing postal excellence therefore currently comes with an environmental co

193、st related to the organization of transportation through the network,particularly in the last mile.In turn,this underlines the critical importance of integrating decarbonization into quality of service improvements to ensure more sustainable delivery services.Another way towards greener postal devel

194、opment is the use of special slow delivery products that do not undermine the 2IPD reliability score.As for postal reach,a 10%increase in the postal reach score of a country is associated with an 11%increase in its postal CO2 emissions per capita.This indicates a need for greater efforts to decouple

195、 any growth in postal reach from increasing emissions,for example,through smarter multimodal transportation systems and greater use of low-emission freight options(e.g.rail).A greener postal reach could therefore be achieved through innovation and intense collaboration between all postal sector stak

196、eholders.The correlation between the 2IPD relevance score and the postal CO2 emissions per capita is the strongest of all.Interestingly,a 10%rise in a countrys postal relevance score only generates a 7.7%increase in postal carbon emissions,that is,a less than proportional increase in terms of negati

197、ve externalities related to business development.This reveals the environmental benefits from increasing the variety of services offered by post offices.In many cases,it is possible to offer new over-the-counter services using the existing physical and digital infrastructure;growth in the relevance

198、score can thus be achieved with relatively little increase in environmental cost.Finally,the very strong statistical relationships revealed in this analysis could be used to support the broader UPU goal of establishing a reliable estimation of its global baseline emissions,helping to fill gaps in ca

199、rbon emission data collection.For now,the 2IPD analysis only considers CO2 emissions to assess a countrys“postal carbon emissions footprint”.A broader inclusion of greenhouse gases will be done in upcoming iterations,to address the demand from member countries as outlined in Abidjan Congress resolut

200、ion C 17/2021.Our analysis,presented in Annex 5,identifies the existence of a positive and statistically significant relationship between an increase in the 2IPD postal reliability,reach and relevance scores and the level of postal CO2 emissions per capita in a country.35Postal journey towards a sus

201、tainable future|CONCLUSIONPostal development is a complex journey that requires accurate data,continuous measurement and consistent analysis.The 2IPD intends to build such a framework for global postal progress given the impact of well-functioning postal services for citizens well-being and prosperi

202、ty.Encouragingly,2021 can be seen as a positive year for postal development across the world in a number of areas.The reliability of postal services increased in many countries:quality of service was higher than before the pandemic,and DOs were innovating in their way of delivering items and communi

203、cating with their customers.Moreover,letter-post volume declines started to slow down after the most challenging decade in mail history.Combined with a steady growth in parcel volumes,these developments could move more DOs closer to greater profitability.This revenue surplus is needed to fund invest

204、ments in network infrastructure and design the next generation of postal services.In spite of these improvements in many regions,very important catch-up challenges remain open for less-developed DOs in order to achieve greater and consistent successes over time.Postal development imbalances are perv

205、asive and should impel regulators and governments to review their national postal sector policy in many cases.Yet some operators are starting to show more encouraging prospects for the coming years and are now catching up faster with their best-in-class peers.Reaching significantly higher postal dev

206、elopment levels remains the main goal for most DOs in the world though.While the best roadmap for this purpose can vary from country to country,sustainable success is more likely through greater and greener collaboration among all postal stakeholders.Ultimately,global sustainability for the sector w

207、ill only be reached by scaling up collective data intelligence for all.UPU member countries hold the keys to unleash the collective power of their postal data to ensure an enabling policy and operational environment that delivers best-in-class sustainable postal services to their citizens.ANNEXES37P

208、ostal journey towards a sustainable future|Annex 1:Postal development levels(PDLs)country and regional breakdownSource:Universal Postal Union,2022 Africa Region Arab Region Asia Pacific Region Europe and CIS Region IC Group Latin America and Caribbean Region38|2022 Postal Development ReportAnnex 2:2

209、IPD results across postal development levels(PDLs)2021 2IPD Scores:Countries at Postal Development Levels 7,8,9 and 10 Asia Pacific Region Europe and CIS Region IC Group39Postal journey towards a sustainable future|2021 2IPD Scores:Countries at Postal Development Levels 7,8,9 and 10 CountryPDL2IPD S

210、coreReliabilityReachRelevanceResilienceAustralia768.890.164.222.079.8Austria1096.890.372.6100.096.6Belarus875.192.363.024.2100.0Belgium873.975.879.531.388.6Canada981.988.773.248.594.3China1091.181.594.794.368.0Czech Rep.869.088.462.324.182.0Estonia980.083.335.989.888.4France1092.996.190.764.194.3Ger

211、many1097.589.398.898.575.5Great Britain984.998.593.731.292.2Ireland870.596.847.424.394.0Israel759.377.450.89.183.8Italy872.875.775.326.093.8Japan1091.797.568.999.774.5Korea(Rep.)759.099.442.612.365.7Latvia762.089.559.717.464.5Malaysia763.586.672.63.573.9Moldova761.397.543.114.373.6Netherlands986.289

212、.095.547.089.1New Zealand869.697.752.921.187.5Poland765.577.963.713.289.2Portugal766.165.364.325.291.4Russian Federation767.781.365.812.992.3Serbia765.291.641.811.598.0Singapore878.7100.088.813.890.2Slovakia765.895.144.218.287.9Spain760.077.273.69.263.9Sweden760.585.363.628.548.0Switzerland10100.096

213、.481.096.997.0Thailand761.399.444.48.076.7United States of America987.588.5100.077.459.340|2022 Postal Development Report2021 2IPD Scores:Countries at Postal Development Levels 5 and 6 Africa Region Arab Region Asia Pacific Region Europe and CIS Region IC Group Latin America and Caribbean Region41Po

214、stal journey towards a sustainable future|2021 2IPD Scores:Countries at Postal Development Levels 5 and 6 CountryPDL2IPD ScoreReliabilityReachRelevanceResilienceArmenia651.577.335.411.368.4Azerbaijan543.679.530.55.747.6Bosnia and Herzegovina543.626.624.615.196.9Brazil649.052.943.34.982.1Bulgaria652.

215、668.944.618.464.5Cameroon547.084.337.90.353.4Colombia653.280.440.11.376.9Croatia656.387.036.819.067.4Cyprus653.932.630.156.681.9Denmark652.588.566.417.523.6Egypt545.375.532.915.945.0Ethiopia539.966.631.00.351.6Finland657.386.842.541.243.5Georgia544.567.431.01.466.8Greece651.866.752.86.967.1Hungary65

216、7.087.863.626.934.4India657.374.572.96.160.3Indonesia540.247.428.93.071.6Iran(IslamicRep.)651.679.734.95.872.3Kazakhstan653.076.441.115.165.2Kenya543.172.228.60.560.1Kyrgyzstan543.051.727.47.274.7Lebanon539.767.745.00.735.6Lithuania658.573.154.69.281.2Malta539.119.618.126.182.8Mexico546.869.140.12.6

217、63.3Mongolia540.766.936.34.744.8Nigeria543.775.434.10.853.3Norway545.548.828.327.066.2Pakistan546.278.643.46.044.7Qatar539.558.931.30.457.4Romania651.784.745.912.949.5Saudi Arabia649.583.843.50.956.7Slovenia653.937.034.264.066.1Tunisia543.849.022.717.674.7Turkey657.378.762.12.970.1Ukraine649.666.532

218、.711.574.6United Arab Emirates544.390.048.91.425.6Viet Nam546.579.632.06.555.842|2022 Postal Development Report2021 2IPD Scores:Countries at Postal Development Levels 3 and 4 Africa Region Arab Region Asia Pacific Region Europe and CIS Region IC Group Latin America and Caribbean Region43Postal journ

219、ey towards a sustainable future|2021 2IPD Scores:Countries at Postal Development Levels 3 and 4 CountryPDL2IPD ScoreReliabilityReachRelevanceResilienceAlbania326.719.818.29.553.4Algeria430.739.723.84.847.3Argentina430.034.035.93.140.0Bahrain321.516.014.70.650.3Benin320.48.07.40.461.9Cambodia321.645.

220、311.00.225.4Chile438.442.830.72.767.9Congo(Dem.Rep.)321.919.421.60.242.0Costa Rica325.929.715.51.051.8Cote d lvoire324.313.312.30.366.3Djibouti319.46.25.70.461.8Dominican Republic325.125.511.30.657.8El Salvador318.915.214.10.742.2Ghana438.660.527.70.456.2Iceland429.211.410.623.664.5Jamaica438.059.52

221、2.96.953.4Jordan432.548.925.81.046.5Lao325.740.57.50.948.2Luxembourg433.915.914.753.143.8Madagascar322.116.114.80.552.4Maldives328.615.214.112.666.0Mauritius437.928.426.36.081.4Montenegro429.017.215.913.662.8Morocco438.132.430.06.774.0North Macedonia437.949.927.08.357.1Oman328.345.326.01.034.6Paragu

222、ay324.829.517.61.145.6Peru326.526.524.50.249.1Philippines435.756.126.60.550.8Rwanda321.19.28.50.162.4Senegal432.455.422.30.643.5South Africa438.735.740.92.765.7Sri Lanka433.628.328.410.059.8Sudan322.98.17.52.768.6Tanzania(United Rep.)319.316.22.90.154.5Togo430.217.416.11.778.844|2022 Postal Developm

223、ent Report2021 2IPD Scores:Countries at Postal Development Level 2(Part I of II)Africa Region Arab Region Asia Pacific Region Europe and CIS Region Latin America and Caribbean Region45Postal journey towards a sustainable future|Africa Region Arab Region Asia Pacific Region Latin America and Caribbea

224、n Region2021 2IPD Scores:Countries at Postal Development Level 2(Part II of II)46|2022 Postal Development Report2021 2IPD Scores:Countries at Postal Development Level 2(Part I of II)CountryPDL2IPD ScoreReliabilityReachRelevanceResilienceAfganistan212.61.21.10.546.1Angola215.79.99.20.141.3Antigua and

225、 Barbuda211.90.00.03.842.6Aruba218.712.811.82.943.9Bahamas213.20.00.04.546.8Bangladesh213.916.315.11.720.7Barbados217.10.00.03.861.8Belize212.59.89.11.628.0Botswana215.60.00.02.657.3Burkina Faso215.44.33.90.250.8Burundi216.90.00.00.664.3Cape Verde216.421.019.41.920.7Comoros217.20.00.01.364.5Congo(Re

226、p.)213.50.00.00.351.8Cuba216.016.51.15.138.9Dominica210.80.00.03.638.6Eritrea29.10.00.00.735.2Fiji29.36.86.22.821.0Gabon213.25.34.91.139.8Guyana212.00.00.04.342.4Honduras213.527.419.20.45.2Iraq218.59.99.20.251.2Kiribati210.70.00.07.834.2Lesotho215.60.00.00.859.247Postal journey towards a sustainable

227、 future|2021 2IPD Scores:Countries at Postal Development Level 2(Part II of II)CountryPDL2IPD ScoreReliabilityReachRelevanceResilienceEswatini217.20.00.01.863.9Liberia213.44.54.10.242.9Libya211.80.00.01.244.6Malawi218.30.00.00.369.5Mali211.23.43.10.137.2Mauritania217.70.00.00.467.5Myanmar215.13.93.6

228、1.049.5Nepal214.85.45.010.735.8Niger211.10.00.00.143.3Panama(Rep.)214.07.77.11.038.3Papua New Guinea213.30.00.00.451.0Saint Lucia213.50.00.010.142.0Seychelles211.80.00.03.642.2Sierra Leone210.18.07.40.223.9Solomon Islands214.213.112.16.523.0Tajikistan217.716.214.92.734.0Tonga217.110.79.91.843.1Trini

229、dad and Tobago218.40.60.66.762.2Tuvalu29.73.02.83.029.3Uganda216.211.510.60.140.0Uruguay216.110.910.14.436.4Uzbekistan217.715.814.62.434.9Zambia216.526.210.90.325.8Zimbabwe211.80.00.00.945.048|2022 Postal Development Report Africa Region Arab Region Asia Pacific Region Latin America and Caribbean Re

230、gion2021 2IPD Scores:Countries at Postal Development Level 12021 2IPD Scores:Countries at Postal Development Level 2(Part II of II)CountryPDL2IPD ScoreReliabilityReachRelevanceResilienceBhutan18.61.11.12.329.8Brunei Darussalam17.30.90.82.924.6Central African Rep.10.00.00.00.12.3Chad16.90.00.00.227.5

231、Equatorial Guinea12.40.00.00.211.2Gambia16.70.00.00.326.7Guatemala10.40.00.00.23.6Guinea17.20.00.00.128.9Haiti13.50.00.00.115.4Kuwait16.77.06.40.612.9Mozambique13.60.00.00.115.7Nicaragua17.80.00.01.030.2Saint Vincent and the Grenadines16.70.00.05.821.4Samoa18.41.81.61.428.5St.Christopher and Nevis15

232、.60.00.04.019.1Suriname14.50.00.01.018.1Vanuatu15.19.18.40.73.049Postal journey towards a sustainable future|Annex 3:2IPD 4R components regional distribution Africa Region Arab Region Asia Pacific Region Europe and CIS Region IC Group Latin America and Caribbean Region2021 Postal Reliability Develop

233、ment Levels Across Countries and Regions50|2022 Postal Development Report Africa Region Arab Region Asia Pacific Region Europe and CIS Region IC Group Latin America and Caribbean Region2021 Postal Reach Development Levels Across Countries and Regions51Postal journey towards a sustainable future|Afri

234、ca Region Arab Region Asia Pacific Region Europe and CIS Region IC Group Latin America and Caribbean Region2021 Postal Relevance Development Levels Across Countries and Regions52|2022 Postal Development Report Africa Region Arab Region Asia Pacific Region Europe and CIS Region IC Group Latin America

235、 and Caribbean Region2021 Postal Resilience Development Levels Across Countries and Regions53Postal journey towards a sustainable future|2021 Postal Development and Reach Catch Up StarsAnnex 4:Postal reach,relevance and resilience“catch up”scoresRegionCountry 2IPD+Reliability Scores Changes PDLAFRIC

236、A REGIONTogo18.664Uganda12.892Mauritius12.194Kenya11.095Gabon10.992Nigeria10.005ARAB REGIONBahrain16.263ASIA PACIFIC REGIONMaldives19.213India12.396EUROPE AND CIS REGIONArmenia35.586Azerbaijan10.065IC GROUPPortugal11.247LATIN AMERICA AND CARIBBEAN REGIONParaguay18.623Aruba16.452Mexico14.96554|2022 P

237、ostal Development Report2021 Postal Development and Relevance Catch Up Promises and Stars2021 Postal Development and Resilience Catch Up StarsRegionCountry 2IPD+Reliability Scores Changes PDLAFRICA REGIONTogo12.314ARAB REGIONEgypt35.895ASIA PACIFIC REGIONPakistan10.695India10.436EUROPE AND CIS REGIO

238、NEstonia76.199Armenia21.736Belarus14.348IC GROUPAustria16.4210United States of America12.239Belgium11.118RegionCountry 2IPD+Reliability Scores Changes PDLAFRICA REGIONMalawi23.972Togo22.894Eswatini20.282ARAB REGIONEgypt37.655Mauritania24.772Sudan12.673ASIA PACIFIC REGION China40.6010EUROPE AND CIS R

239、EGIONEstonia27.729Lithuania13.426Montenegro12.124Belarus12.068IC GROUPNetherlands10.089LATIN AMERICA AND CARIBBEAN REGIONColombia25.576Panama(Rep.)17.122Bahamas15.02255Postal journey towards a sustainable future|Annex 5:Postal carbon footprint by 2IPD sub-scores on reliability,reach and relevancePos

240、tal Carbon Footprint and Reliability Score in 202156|2022 Postal Development ReportExported Postal Carbon Footprint and Reach Score in 202157Postal journey towards a sustainable future|Postal Carbon Footprint and Relevance Score in 202158|2022 Postal Development ReportBIBLIOGRAPHY Anson J.,Arvis J.-

241、F.,Boffa M.,Helble M.,and Shepherd B.“Time,uncertainty and trade flows”.The World Economy,vol.43(9),pages 23752392,2020.Anson J.,Berthaud A.,Klapper L.,and Singer D.“Financial inclusion and the role of the post office”.World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 6630,2013.Anson J.,Bosch Gual L.,and Car

242、on J.“Financial and trade inclusion through postal networks”in“Postal economics for developing countries”.Ed.Jolle Toledano,UPU,2008.Carballo J.,Schaur G.,and Volpe Martincus C.“Posts as trade facilitators”.IDB Working Paper Series 701,2016.Hristova D.,Rutherford A.,Anson J.,Luengo-Oroz M.,and Masco

243、lo C.“The international postal network and other global flows as proxies for national wellbeing”.PloS ONE 11(6),e0155976,2016.DISCLAIMERSExcept as otherwise indicated,the copyright in this publication is owned by the Universal Postal Union(UPU).Reproduction is authorized for non-commercial purposes,

244、subject to proper acknowledgement of the source.This authorization does not extend to any material identified in this publication as being the copyright of a third party.Authorization to reproduce such third-party materials must be obtained from the copyright holders concerned.This publication by th

245、e UPU constitutes research in progress of an informational character for which no guarantees or assurances are provided;in this regard,it shall not be deemed to represent the official position or opinions of the UPU or its staff members or of UPU member countries.Moreover,the depiction and use of bo

246、undaries,geographic names and related data shown on maps and included in lists,tables,documents and databases are not warranted to be error-free and do not necessarily imply official endorsement or acceptance by the UPU.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe Postal Development Report and the Integrated Index for Posta

247、l Development are the result of teamwork across various units of expertise at the UPU International Bureau.The 2022 Postal Development Report was prepared by Dr Jos Anson,UPU Economist,under the guidance and supervision of Saleh Khan,Programme Manager,and Siva Somasundram,Director of Policy,Regulati

248、on and Markets.This report is possible thanks to the work conducted by the International Bureaus postal statistics team.We are particularly grateful to Lukasz Piotrowski and Jessika Brena in this respect.The authors also wish to thank Mauro Boffa and Fernao De Borba for their invaluable contribution

249、 in the production process of the 2021 2IPD scores and analyses.Section IX on postal carbon emissions was prepared with input and guidance from James Hale,UPU Sustainability Expert.We would like to thank him for his time and availability.The International Bureaus communications team played a critica

250、l role,we particularly thank Kayla Redstone and Gisle Coron;as well as Sonja Denovski for a giving the 2022 PDR a new look.Finally,we thank the International Bureaus editing and translation services for their work in ensuring that this report is accessible by all.Integrated Index for Postal Development(2IPD)Score RELIABILITYRESILIENCEREACHRELEVANCE Universal Postal Union October 2022Design Universal Postal UnionUNIVERSAL POSTAL UNION International BureauWeltpoststrasse 43015 BERNESWITZERLANDTel:+41 31 350 31 11E-mail:infoupu.int