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1、Electricity+:Electricity as the Backbone of an Integrated Energy SystemW H I T E P A P E RJ A N U A R Y 2 0 2 3ContentsImages:Getty Images 2023 World Economic Forum.All rights reserved.No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means,including photocopying and

2、 recording,or by any information storage and retrieval system.Disclaimer This document is published by the World Economic Forum as a contribution to a project,insight area or interaction.The findings,interpretations and conclusions expressed herein are a result of a collaborative process facilitated

3、 and endorsed by the World Economic Forum but whose results do not necessarily represent the views of the World Economic Forum,nor the entirety of its Members,Partners or other stakeholders.Executive summaryIntroduction1 Electricity+framework2 Electricity+framework and key integrations3 Systems enab

4、led by the integrations 4 Application of the frameworkConclusionAppendix:Integrated energy system foundationsContributorsEndnotes34567915161820Electricity+:Electricity as the Backbone of an Integrated Energy System2Executive summaryElectricity+is a new framework that highlights the opportunities to

5、create and optimize integrations between the electricity sector and other infrastructure to enable a transition to a net-zero economy.The framework has been developed during a series of dialogues with executives from the electricity industry and other sectors.It will serve as thought leadership to k

6、ick-start further planning and collaboration across sectors.The electricity system will evolve to be the backbone of the future energy system.To limit global temperature increases,a range of scenarios show that global final energy consumption must shift from 20%to 50-70%electricity by 2050.This is a

7、 massive economy transformation and will require a fulsome reimagining of global energy systems.A holistic vision for a future net-zero integrated energy system is needed,delivering broader system value across society,the economy,the environment and the energy system itself.The future integrated ene

8、rgy system will rely on a flexible,reliable,resilient and digital electricity backbone.The multi-directional electricity system will include,a)generation comprising significant renewable capacity from both large-scale and distributed energy resources,b)expanded and modernized transmission and distri

9、bution,plus increased interconnections,c)storage development,and d)electrification of end uses including heating,transport and industrial processes.Since the future system will be highly electric,integration with other key infrastructures must be designed to create collaborations and maximize value.

10、The key integrations are outlined as follows:Electricity+gas and storage Electricity+digital systems Electricity+transport and infrastructure Electricity+liquid fuels and chemicals Electricity+water and storage Electricity+waste and recyclingIn this paper,the Electricity+framework has been applied t

11、o three markets:Spain,the UK and California.Yet this framework can be applied to any market and be used to assess the current state of integrations and identify collaborations and opportunities to create more efficiency.Defining“Electricity+”:the integration of the electricity system with complement

12、ary infrastructures.Electricity+:Electricity as the Backbone of an Integrated Energy System3IntroductionElectricity will be the backbone of the future net zero integrated energy system.To limit global temperature increases to below 1.5 degrees Celsius,a range of scenarios show that global final ener

13、gy consumption must shift from 20%to 50-70%electricity by 2050.This will require a fulsome reimagining of global energy systems,including integrating historically separate systems.Todays energy systems are the result of century-old technologies and policies,built up in isolation and often based on p

14、oint-to-point connections or linear flows.In most jurisdictions,the building blocks of the net-zero future including waste,liquid fuels,gas and storage in addition to electricity,are subject to a patchwork of policies,market drivers and regulatory structures.There is no common,fundamental understand

15、ing of what is required for the net-zero integrated energy future nor of the value potential.A holistic vision for a future net-zero integrated energy system is needed,delivering broader system value across society,the economy,the environment and the energy system itself.By integrating across sector

16、s,collaborations will be created to help lift constraints linked to storage and use of excess capacity and flexibility in complementary infrastructures to promote the most efficient use of clean energy,supporting the uptake of clean electricity.This paper sets out a framework for the future energy s

17、ystem,which has clean electricity at its core and outlines integrations with complementary infrastructure:gas and storage,digital systems,transport infrastructure,e-fuels and chemicals,water and storage,and waste and recycling.The integration of electricity with complementary infrastructures occurs

18、in the end-use sectors,i.e.buildings,transport,industry and agriculture.Illustrating the value of integrating electricity with complementary infrastructures will inform the conversations on markets,including wholesale power markets,flexibility markets and carbon markets,that form the rules or frame

19、for how the infrastructures and their stakeholders operate together in an integrated energy system.The framework is underpinned by key enablers(see Appendix),including workforce skills development,technology innovation,and integrated system planning and operations.While further efforts will be essen

20、tial,this high-level framework aims to serve as thought leadership to kick-start dialogue and collaboration across sectors,which will be needed at a market,regional and global level.It can be used to assess individual nations energy systems and policies to gauge progress towards developing a future-

21、proofed electricity backbone in an integrated energy system.A holistic vision for a future net-zero integrated energy system is needed,delivering broader system value.Electricity+:Electricity as the Backbone of an Integrated Energy System4Electricity+framework1Clean electricity will provide the foun

22、dation of the future integrated energy system.Electricity+frameworkFIGURE 1The future integrated energy system will rely on a flexible,reliable,resilient and digital electricity backbone.Electricity generation,transmission,distribution and consumption must be optimized through multistakeholder colla

23、boration to efficiently allocate and exploit resources.The electricity backbone will be multi-directional and must be fully integrated across all electricity infrastructure and other infrastructures.Significant increases in renewable energy capacity will require timely onshore and offshore transmiss

24、ion and distribution development,modernization and deployment of flexibility solutions.Increased cross-border interconnections will be needed to manage the temporal and spatial complementarity of wind and solar while maintaining affordable supply.Additionally,developments in system operations,power

25、and balancing markets,enhanced system services and storage will be needed to support the move from centralized power generation(synchronous)to a more distributed and variable renewables(asynchronous)grid system.Distributed energy resources consumer devices,electric vehicles,heat pumps,batteries and

26、other storage devices,and rooftop solar will be widespread.Since many of these distributed resources both consume and provide electricity and can be aggregated,they contribute to increasing the systems flexibility but also the complexity of the system.This will require multi-directional and resilien

27、t grids and networks with local flexibility.System integration across distributed energy resources and green hydrogen provides economical electricity storage,supporting an affordable and resilient electricity backbone.The electricity backbone must support the rise in electricity demand and increased

28、 variability across domestic,commercial and industrial consumers.More active and automated demand-side management in these sectors will contribute to ensuring energy security,affordability and sustainability.Net-zero electricity backbone Value chain integration across generation,transmission,distrib

29、ution and consumption Increased renewable capacity,from utility scale sources and an increase in distributed energy resources Transmission development and modernization Distribution development and modernization Storage development to support stability Interconnections Electrification of end use(hea

30、ting,transport,industrial),with more active and automated energy demand Integrated with,supported and supporting other clean energy sourcesElectricity+gas and storageElectricity+digital systemsElectricity+transport infrastructureElectricity+liquid fuels and chemicalsElectricity+water and storageElec

31、tricity+waste and recyclingSource:World Economic ForumKey integrationsElectricity+:Electricity as the Backbone of an Integrated Energy System5Electricity+framework and key integrations2The Electricity+framework lays out the key areas of integration between the electricity backbone and other physical

32、 infrastructure.The framework has been applied to Spain,the UK and California,serving as case studies(see chapter 4).Gas and storageA forward-looking,integrated approach is needed when carrying out activities related to planning,operations and management of electricity and gas infrastructure.Gas inf

33、rastructure is primarily used today for transporting gas to industry for heating or as raw material,to domestic users for heating and cooking and to power stations for generating electricity.Greater gas and electricity infrastructure integration will provide additional medium/long-term storage optio

34、ns to support the electricity backbone.Green hydrogen,green ammonia and methane(i.e.green gases),produced with renewable electricity during times of excess supply,can be fed back into the energy system.Digital systemsThe pervasive use of data,analytics,artificial intelligence(AI)and internet of thin

35、gs sensors,enabled by Wi-Fi and 5G technology,will be key to automating and controlling the future energy system.A much larger number of more diverse and distributed resources will rely on wireless connectivity.Digital systems will enable more efficient operations,allowing supply and demand forecast

36、ing and optimized grid management.Holistic planning and maintenance of electrical and digital infrastructure will reduce permitting requirements,outage times and societal inconvenience(e.g.laying of fibre optic cables alongside/integrated into electrical cables enables more efficient fault finding).

37、Transport infrastructureRoad transport electrification is accelerating as battery costs fall and more charging infrastructure is deployed.Electric vehicles can eventually also act as a source of flexibility to the grid,using the properly planned deployment of vehicle-to-grid and other smart charging

38、 technologies.In many regions,rail transport is already electrified.For port and airport operations,ships and planes will increasingly plug into the grid(shore power,cold ironing)with high voltage connection requirements.Biofuels,clean hydrogen and e-fuels will also help decarbonize these hard-to-ab

39、ate sectors.Holistic planning of transport and electricity infrastructure,in close cooperation with system operators,will be crucial to maintain the speed and scale of the transport sectors decarbonization.Liquid fuels and chemicalsLiquid e-fuels(methanol and e-crude,also known as synthetic crude oi

40、l,which makes e-kerosene and e-diesel)and green hydrogen and green ammonia from renewable power will provide energy for hard-to-abate sectors,such as high-temperature industrial processes,marine,aviation and heavy goods transport.The planful build-out of large infrastructure to produce these fuels f

41、rom electricity will be critical,for example,electrolysers connected physically or virtually to wind farms/solar parks.In addition,further electrification of industrial processes via heat pumps and e-crackers,along with other technologies,will require significant collaboration among the chemicals,fu

42、els and electricity sectors.Water and storageElectricity and water infrastructures are already highly integrated.Water also plays a cooling function for both thermal and nuclear power plants.Hydroelectricity operations generate clean electricity while dam reservoirs and pumped hydro play a critical

43、role in electricity storage and provide flexibility to the grid.Electricity is essential for desalination and water purification plants to supply fresh water to agricultural and industrial uses and clean drinking water to growing populations.Multi-function systems can provide power while using exhau

44、sted steam to run district heating systems.Examples of these systems include waste incineration or concentrated solar plants(providing heating,cooling and power)integrated with desalination plants to provide drinking water.Waste and recyclingA circular economy produces zero waste by reusing or recyc

45、ling waste into new products.Waste can be used for power generation and heating.In addition,circular economy considerations are increasingly required from battery,solar panel and wind turbine manufacturers component recycling requirements will probably increase in the short term,resulting in compreh

46、ensive,integrated waste management plans for businesses.Electricity+:Electricity as the Backbone of an Integrated Energy System6Systems enabled by the integrations3Electricity+infrastructures will come together in four main systems.Efficient,connected buildings whether residential,commercial or indu

47、strial combine high-performance and low-carbon buildings materials with electric systems,distributed energy and intelligent management systems to maximize efficiency.Buildings are no longer simply a consumer of energy,they are an active participant as a producer through distributed renewable resourc

48、es such as solar rooftops,electric vehicle(EV)charging or even water heating.Self-generation will reduce pressure on transmission and distribution grids if integrated with the broader power system.Electrification of heat,adoption of heat pumps and implementation of district heating represent integra

49、tions of the energy system with buildings.Consumer waste,such as food waste,may be converted into bioenergy via feedstock provision for biofuels production.Example systems:Solar and wind farms providing renewable electricity for data centres.The heat from data centres is channelled through a heat pu

50、mp to provide water and space heating to local apartment blocks.Case study:In the Tallaght district of Dublin,Ireland,waste heat from a data centre is used for low-cost water and space heating to buildings in the local areas.1EV charging points and rail electrification represent an integration betwe

51、en the electricity and transport sectors,providing an opportunity for electric transport to be a source of flexibility and storage for the electricity system.Electrification mobility hubs and ports,alongside green hydrogen and e-fuels2 for heavy-duty vehicles,maritime and aviation,will support the d

52、ecarbonization of goods mobility.Example system:Electric vehicle charging systems combined with batteries,solar panels and control systems connected to the power system to manage peaks and troughs at the community level and/or at the individual level.Case study:A vehicle-to-grid charging infrastruct

53、ure project in the UK enabled over 3 million“free”miles for customers that made money from exporting electricity stored in their EV back to the grid at peak times.3Buildings and infrastructureMobility3.13.2Electricity+:Electricity as the Backbone of an Integrated Energy System7Industrial decarboniza

54、tion will include systemic efficiency and circularity,direct electrification,carbon neutral hydrogen(all colours of hydrogen)and carbon capture and storage(CCS).Waste heat from industrial processes(e.g.steel works)can be used in further industrial processes,and water can be used to store excess heat

55、 or electricity.Electrification of vehicles,industrial heat pumps and green hydrogen will enable the decarbonization of industrial fleets and industrial processes.There are efficiencies to be gained from pursuing decarbonization in clusters.Example systems:Solar and wind farms provide renewable elec

56、tricity for industry and green hydrogen production,which is used to produce green steel that can be used in car manufacturing.Case study:In the Basque Net-Zero Industrial SuperCluster,Iberdrola is helping the cement,steel,foundry and pulp and paper industries to reach net zero through direct electri

57、fication of processes and fuel switching.4Agricultural decarbonization will include electrifying equipment,vehicles and processes where possible,the use of green ammonia for fertilizer and the use of biomethane and green hydrogen.Agricultural waste is an opportunity as input for biomethane.Adoption

58、of agrivoltaic practices,where agricultural land is simultaneously used for solar photovolatic(PV)and agriculture,will enhance land use efficiency.Example system:Agricultural company powered by on-site solar energy,equipped with a control system to optimize energy consumption,and relying on a full e

59、lectric vehicle fleet.Case study:Genagricola,Italys largest agricultural company,partnered with Enel to install on-site solar PV capacity,combined with a control system to optimize consumption which will allow it to decarbonize processes and electrify its vehicle fleet.IndustryAgriculture3.33.4Elect

60、ricity+:Electricity as the Backbone of an Integrated Energy System8Application of the framework4The framework is an alignment tool for the public and the private sector to identify market improvement points.To test the framework and its application for policy-makers,example test cases have been cond

61、ucted for three markets:Spain (Figure 2),the United Kingdom(Figure 3)and California,US(Figure 4).This testing took place in August 2022 and has enabled the validation of the frameworks robustness and identified potential improvement points within the markets.SpainFIGURE 2Net-zero electricity backbon

62、eIncreased renewable energy capacity2030:74%renewable sources of electricity generation2050:100%renewable sources of electricity generation,net-zero carbon economy 2030 generation capacities:50 gigawatt(GW)wind,39 GW PV,14.6 GW hydro,9.5 GW pumping,7 GW concentrated solar power(CSP),3 GW nuclear plu

63、s 27 GW gas-fired combined cycle gas turbine(CCGT)2050:about 250 GW renewable generation capacityTransmission and distribution developmentIncreasing distributed energy sources with impact on low-medium voltage gridsRenewable energy sources self-consumption and demand side management promotionIntegra

64、ting bulk renewables,like floating offshore,and reinforcing existing gridStorage2030:6 GW additional system capacity.In addition,distributed storage provided by electric vehicles,thermal storage in concentrating solar power systems,and hydrogen storage Total storage capacity:20 GW in 2030,30 GW in 2

65、050Interconnections2030:3,000 MW with Portugal,8,000 MW with France,to reach 15%interconnection capacity targetEnhancement of insular interconnectorsValue chain integrationsPromotion of independent aggregatorsRenewable energy communities promotionStreamlined administrative procedures for renewable s

66、ources of electricity integrationFinancing of energy efficiency measures(inclusive of electrification)through a dedicated fundElectrification of end use (domestic,commercial,industrial)Energy provided by heat pumps grows from 627 thousand tons of oil equivalent(ktoe)(2020)to 3,523 ktoe(2030)2030:bui

67、ldings electrification:53%2040:72%,2050:86%Electricity+:Electricity as the Backbone of an Integrated Energy System9Spain(continued)FIGURE 2Key integrations Further improvements in the permitting and consenting process for transmission,distribution,renewable energy,self-generation and EV charging inf

68、rastructure will enable faster deployment of the infrastructure required for the net-zero electricity backbone.Due to the increased prevalence of droughts,particularly in southern Spain,desalination using renewable energy is becoming more essential.However,the cost of desalination technology is high

69、,so more research and development(R&D)is needed to make it economically viable.Further support to incentivize waste integration and circular economy,such as recycling of batteries as EV deployment increases and wind turbine blades as the fleet ages.Improvements and risk reduction in distribution reg

70、ulation and review of the investment cap provision will enable an increase in investment to support the net-zero electricity backbone.Ensuring regulatory certainty will enable investor confidence required to build out the necessary infrastructure.Electricity and gas and storage2030 electrolysers cap

71、acity 4 GW,25%hydrogen consumption in industry is renewable,150-200 fuel cell electric vehicle(FCEV)buses,5,000-7,500 FCEV vehicles,two hydrogen railway lines.Renewable energy gases(biogas and renewable hydrogen)promotion(support mechanisms,guarantee of origin(GdO),transportation regulations).Operat

72、ing merchant projects to store electricity and/or avoid renewable spillage through hydrogen production.2050:large-scale renewable hydrogen production deployment to decarbonize hard-to-abate sectors.Electricity and digital systemsRegulation and systems to facilitate citizens access to the data genera

73、ted by advanced metering systems.Smart grids support measures.Projects and regulatory sandbox to structure and launch local flexibility markets.More than 99%penetration of smart meters across the country.Electricity and transport infrastructures2030:28%renewable energy sources transportation,mainly

74、through electrification and advanced biofuels.2030:5 million electric vehicles with optimized pricing,e.g.smart charging by time of use.2050:share of renewable energy at 79%.Development of charging infrastructures.Rules for access to urban areas that prioritize electric vehicles.Support to ease the

75、transition of the automotive sector from fossil to electric and connected vehicle manufacturing,including batteries and fuel cells.5G deployment in roads.Electricity and liquid fuels and chemicalsMeasures to ease advanced biofuel penetration in transport,inclusive of specific goals in aviation and l

76、abelling regulation.Electricity and water and storagePumping station investments.Desalination by using renewable energy,in turn,used as an input for green hydrogen production.Improved hydro management to deal with droughts.Regulations for electricity production and other uses.Electricity and waste a

77、nd recyclingBiogas production is expected to be dominated by anaerobic digestion of agricultural materials.10.4 terawatt-hour(TWh)production by 2030,to be used in heating,transport and electricity generation.Support measures and regulations for batteries recycling.Key recommendationsElectricity+:Ele

78、ctricity as the Backbone of an Integrated Energy System10United KingdomFIGURE 3Net-zero electricity backboneIncreased renewable energy capacityAmbitious renewables targets,including 50 GW offshore wind by 2030 and reforms to the planning system to cut approval times.Acceleration of nuclear power,wit

79、h one financial investment decision(FID)before the end of parliament and support for small nuclear reactors(SMRs).Transmission development2035 net zero electricity grid,90%net zero grid by 2030,no limit on wind and solar by 2025.StorageFlexibility Innovation Programme Longer Duration Energy Storage

80、Demonstration CompetitionRelaxation of planning legislation for easier battery construction at wind and solar sitesEV pathfindersInterconnectionsOffshore coordination projectDouble interconnection capacity(seven interconnectors providing 7%of UK electricity in 2020)Piloting a cap and floor scheme fo

81、r multiple-purpose interconnectors and incentivizing the development of meshed offshore gridsValue chain integrationsCreation of future system operatorElectricity market reformOpen data initiativeElectrification of end use (domestic,commercial,industrial)Heating:New heating appliances in homes and w

82、orkplaces to be low carbon from 2035.No new gas boilers will be sold by 2035.600,000 heat pump installations per year by 2028.450 million boiler upgrade scheme to incentivize domestic consumers to install low-carbon heating.Heat Pump Investment Accelerator Competition3 billion fund to address buildi

83、ng energy efficiencyBy 2030,expect 10 million battery EVs on the road(27%of todays total vehicles)and 300,000 public EV charge points at a minimumDistribution development Multiple distribution system operator(DSO)pathfinders and demand flex pathfinders.Electricity+:Electricity as the Backbone of an

84、Integrated Energy System11 The UK has ambitious hydrogen targets focused on supporting the decarbonization of industry in the UK.Further ambition is needed into the role that carbon neutral gas and hydrogen can play in storage for the electricity backbone and in clean electrification of industrial p

85、rocesses as green hydrogen will inevitably include hybrid systems.Further support is needed to enhance the distribution network capability(from a distribution network operator(DNO)to a distribution system operator(DSO)to ensure it can manage increasing electrification requirements,distributed energy

86、 resources and demand-side interaction.Further support is needed for networks and grids to enable tighter integration with other infrastructures,e.g.gas.Increased emphasis on energy efficiency measures alongside insulation and building standards to upgrade the UK building stock and support the imple

87、mentation of the net-zero electricity backbone infrastructure.Increased emphasis on valuing demand-side measures requiring further integration of digital systems,transport infrastructures and water and waste infrastructures.United Kingdom(continued)FIGURE 3Key integrationsElectricity and gas and sto

88、rageFuture system operator to integrate long/medium-term electricity and gas planning efficiently.Target for 10GW of low-carbon hydrogen production capacity by 2030,with at least half coming from green hydrogen and utilising excess offshore wind power to bring down costs.Definition of hydrogen and C

89、CUS business models.Three hydrogen innovation programmes to support development of the hydrogen market,including green hydrogen:Industrial Hydrogen Accelerator Programme,Low Carbon Hydrogen Supply 2,Hydrogen Skills and Standards for Heat.Electricity and digital systemsModernising Energy Data program

90、me working to embed data best practice,regulatory expectations for data and digitalization,and funding an energy data visibility service.Energy Digitalisation Taskforce was established to focus on modernizing the energy system to unlock flexibility and drive clean growth towards net zero.2 million i

91、nnovation competition called Modernising Energy Data Access.2.6 billion National Cyber Strategy 2022 to improve the cyber resilience of individuals and organizations across the UK.Virtual Energy System initiative from National Grid ESO to create a digital twin of the UK energy ecosystem.This will be

92、 a shared industry asset and improve simulation and forecasting to support system planning.Electricity and transport infrastructuresRail:Target for net-zero rail network by 2050,with ambition to remove all diesel only trains by 2040.Road:Target for all cars to be zero-emission capable by 2035.By 203

93、0,expect 10 million battery EVs on the road(27%of todays total vehicles)and 300,000 public EV charge points at a minimum.1.3 billion investment to accelerate charge point roll out and 500 million for development of electric vehicle batteries.Target for 4,000 new zero emissions buses and infrastructu

94、re by 2050.Hydrogen trials for buses and large goods vehicles(HGVs)are in progress,and trials for zero-emissions HGV technologies at scale on UK roads.Aviation:Jet Zero Strategy to help UK aviation reach net zero emissions by 2050.Waterborne transport:20 million for Clean Maritime Demonstration Comp

95、etition,Hydrogen trials for shipping in progress,ongoing public consultation on supporting the development of shore power.Electricity and liquid fuels and chemicalsRenewable Transport Fuel Obligation with biofuels blending mandates that increase the share of alternative fuels,including ethanol,bio/r

96、enewable diesel,biomethane.Electricity and water and storageHeat Networks Investment Project(HNIP):19 million investment into five new heat networks in UK announced 2021.These heat networks use hot water in pipes to deliver heating and can be powered by any dedicated source,e.g.heat pumps,biowaste,r

97、ecovered heat from industry,combined heat and power.The UK government estimates that heat networks could supply up to 20%of UK heat demand by 2050.Electricity and waste and recycling75 million on net-zero related R&D for natural resources,waste and fluorinated gases,which may include electricity gen

98、eration.Biomass Feedstocks Innovation Programme,which can be used for electricity,biogas and biofuels.Key recommendationsElectricity+:Electricity as the Backbone of an Integrated Energy System12California,USFIGURE 4Increased renewable energy capacityCalifornias Renewables Portfolio Standard(RPS)Prog

99、ram was established in 2002 by Senate Bill 1078(Sher,2002)with the initial requirement that 20%of electricity retail sales must be served by renewable resources by 2017.The RPS Program was accelerated in 2015 with Senate Bill 350(de Len,2015),which mandated a 50%RPS by 2030.In 2018,Senate Bill 100(d

100、e Len,2018)was signed into law,which again increases the RPS to 60%by 2030 and requires all the states electricity to come from carbon-free resources by 2045.InterconnectionsTBDValue chain integrationsTBDElectrification of end use (domestic,commercial,industrial)Transport electrification:100%of in-s

101、tate sales of passenger vehicles to be zero emission by 2035,100%medium and heavy-duty zero-emission vehicles(ZEVs)in California by 2045 where feasible.Transmission developmentStreamlined federal permitting proposal,federal return on equity“adders”for participating in regional transmission organizat

102、ions or independent system operations.Distribution development State-based regulations and legislation for safety,investment,etc.(various)StorageAs part of Assembly Bill 2514 and implemented by the California Public Utilities Commission(CPUC),set an energy storage procurement target of 1,325 megawat

103、ts(MW)by 2020.Numerous hydrogen production,storage and blending demonstration projects and proposals are underway.Net-zero electricity backboneElectricity+:Electricity as the Backbone of an Integrated Energy System13 Companies are investing in digital and cyber on an individual basis,but there needs

104、 to be more central backing or policy to support the development of the digital systems required in the integrated energy system.Further clarity and support are required for the build-out of the transmission and distribution infrastructure to support the net-zero electricity backbone and enable tigh

105、ter integration with other infrastructures,e.g.gas.Encouraging investments in the built environments end use of electricity,particularly heating and cooling,is required to enable the electrification of end-use required in the integrated energy system.California,US(continued)FIGURE 4Key integrationsK

106、ey recommendationsElectricity and gas and storageSenate Bill 1440:CPUCs decision to establish renewable gas standards has set targets for California gas utilities to supply 12.2%renewable natural gas(RNG)by 2030.Senate Bill 32 requires state-wide greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions to be 40%below 1990 leve

107、ls by 2030.SB 100 requires that renewable energy and zero-carbon resources supply 100%of the electric retail sales to end-use customers by 2045.Senate Bill 1369 requires the CPUC,California Air Resources Board(CARB),and California Energy Commission(CEC)to consider green electrolytic hydrogen as an e

108、ligible form of energy storage and to consider other potential uses of green electrolytic hydrogen.Joint IOU Hydrogen Blending Demonstration Application seeks CPUC authorization to establish multiple hydrogen blending projects in California to inform a future hydrogen injection standard and will tes

109、t hydrogen blends between 5%and 20%hydrogen by volume.Utility to construct first-in-US“hydrogen home”showcasing how a microgrid composed of solar arrays,a battery,an electrolyser and a fuel cell can provide clean,reliable energy to the homes of the future.Angeles Link:Utility is proposing to develop

110、 the nations largest green hydrogen energy infrastructure system to safely deliver hydrogen from outside of the Los Angeles Basin to industries that need it most.Assembly Bill 2514,as implemented by the CPUC,set an energy storage procurement target of 1,325 MW by 2020.In 2017,a utility completed wha

111、t was then the largest lithium-ion battery storage facility in the world,Escondido Energy Storage project(30MW/120 MW-hour).Reliability-related installations,such as a replacement for the decommissioning of San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station(SONGS),have led to significant additions to energy stor

112、age.Electricity and digital systems No clear targetsElectricity and transport infrastructuresAdvanced Clean Cars II Regulation sets 100%of in-state sales of passenger vehicles to be zero emission by 2035.Advance Clean Fleets Regulation 100%medium and heavy-duty ZEVs in California by 2045 where feasi

113、ble.Executive Order B-48-18 doubled the states construction goal for hydrogen stations,establishing new targets of 200 stations,250,000 light-duty EV chargers,and 5 million ZEVs by 2030.Assembly Bill 841 requires utilities to cover the front-of-the-meter costs of grid upgrades and infrastructure rel

114、ated to EV charging.Senate Bill 1505 requires no less than 33%of the hydrogen produced for,or dispensed by,fueling stations that receive state funds be made from eligible renewable energy resources.Hydrogen Fuel Cell Yard Truck at the Port of Los Angeles:Public-private collaboration to develop and d

115、emonstrate two zero-emission hydrogen fuel cell yard trucks at the Port of Los Angeles.This project is part of the Zero-Emissions for California Ports(ZECAP)programme,funded in part by the California Air Resources Board.Electricity and liquid fuels and chemicalsIncentives earned through the low carb

116、on fuel standard(LCFS)provide steady financial support to low-carbon fuel producers,distributors and blenders in California.In 2019,about 81.3%of LCFS credits were granted for biofuels including biomethane,ethanol,biodiesel and renewable diesel.Electricity and water and storageHybrid direct air capt

117、ure:Private sector demonstration of a technology that simultaneously captures CO2 and water from the air.Direct ocean capture:A university-backed startup is working to design,develop and demonstrate operationof an electrochemical system capable of capturing CO2from ocean water.Electricity and waste

118、and recyclingSenate Bill 1383 requires the CPUC,CARB and the California Department of Food and Agriculture(CDFA),to direct utilities to implement at least five dairy biomethane pilot projects to demonstrate interconnection to the common carrier pipeline system.Requires diversion of 75%of organic was

119、te by 2025,in partnership with Calrecycle.Assembly Bill 2313 offers monetary incentives for biomethane projects for individual and dairy cluster biomethane projects.Carbon-negative waste-to-energy technology:Private sector demonstration of technology designed to divert organic waste from landfills a

120、nd convert it into carbon-negative hydrogen and RNG,which can be used for power generation.Electricity+:Electricity as the Backbone of an Integrated Energy System14ConclusionThe past decade,and especially the past year,saw transformative changes across the energy system.There is significant momentum

121、 for the build-out of net-zero electricity and related infrastructure,as well as further electrification of the economy.Electricity is expected to be the backbone of the future integrated energy system.The Electricity+framework highlights key integration opportunities between the electricity sector

122、and other infrastructures to enable a transition to a net-zero economy.The energy transition aims to accelerate transformation whilst addressing the dimensions of the“energy trilemma”energy security,sustainability and climate impact,and an affordable and just system.Yet there is an opportunity to ta

123、ke this a step further.It will be easier to manage reliability and resiliency,identify opportunities for flexibility and improve overall energy productivity and systemic efficiency by examining and planning for the physical integrations of infrastructures and making targeted investments and system u

124、pgrades accordingly.Government and business can pursue solutions and pathways that deliver broader system value across the economy,environment and society.The outcomes can include job creation,economic development and improved health through reduced air pollution.The Electricity+framework encourages

125、 stakeholders to consider the system value framework while assessing opportunities to plan and deploy key integrations.It is hoped that this high-level framework can serve as a guide for dialogue,collaboration and planning across sectors to gauge progress and highlight opportunities to create a net-

126、zero integrated energy system for the future.Electricity+:Electricity as the Backbone of an Integrated Energy System15Appendix:Integrated energy system foundationsThe Electricity+framework is underpinned by enabling elements critical to the transition to an integrated energy system as well as to ens

127、ure its enduring success.Enablers of an integrated energy systemFIGURE 5Labour force and skill development Data and digitalizationTechnology and innovationDemand dynamicsIntegrated system planning and operationsSustainable and secure supply chainsValuing carbonLabour force and skill developmentLabou

128、r force needs to be planned to ensure that employees have the skills needed to plan,design,operate,maintain and evolve the future integrated energy system.Adequate education,training and retraining need to be provided to ensure a sufficiently skilled workforce and an inclusive and just transition.Th

129、e energy sector needs to be attractive to younger generations and their career expectations.Overlooking this aspect may cause decades of delay in deploying the transition due to the long lead time of the education cycle.Data and digitalizationData and digital processes will play a foundational role

130、in providing visibility,automation and control,as well as enhancing user interfaces and improving consumer engagement,for example,digital twins can not only be used for better management of the energy ecosystem but to tell a story to improve consumer consent for new assets.Digital will be a critical

131、 enabler of system integration by enabling predictive algorithms and automation.Technology and innovationMany of the technologies necessary for the integrated energy system exist today but need the effort to scale at speed.Moreover,there will be a need for ongoing innovation in technologies and othe

132、r areas,such as business models and planning,to support the new system.Demand dynamicsBehavioural change from consumers(residential,commercial and industrial)to reduce waste,implement energy efficiency behaviours and technologies,and be more flexible across all infrastructures and technologies in or

133、der to optimize demand.Alongside this,energy communities are a powerful way for consumers to drive change Source:World Economic ForumElectricity+:Electricity as the Backbone of an Integrated Energy System16in supply.Market design and regulatory and commercial reform should value actions to optimize

134、demand side capabilities in a similar way to how supply is valued,incentivizing consumers to flex load to support the grid,defer capital investment,reduce mismatch with the variable generation,and support distributed resilience and security of supply.Integrated system planning and operationsMarkets

135、must move away from one-off infrastructure project approvals.The development of holistic forward-looking,integrated system plans,combining and connecting different infrastructures by taking into account their different characteristics as well as considering flexibility and resilience solutions,is im

136、perative.Non-wire options should be considered to ensure a holistic and technology-neutral approach.These types of long-term,integrated plans will help overcome supply chain cost increases and delays,as well as allow for taking advantage of economies of scale.Integrated system plans also enable a“di

137、g once”approach,e.g.installing or maintaining electrical cables,fibre optic cables and completing road civil works in parallel.In addition,other planning approaches,such as climate,cyber and physical risk-related resilience plans,must take an overall integrated energy system approach.This should con

138、sider the impact of an outage of one critical infrastructure on the broader ecosystem.A large-scale electricity outage would have ramifications on telecommunications,ports and airports,the role of water storage for flood management,energy system flexibility,and the impact of climate change-induced d

139、roughts on hydropower sources.Sustainable and secure supply chainsSecuring the supply of metals and materials critical to net-zero infrastructure,for example,nickel,copper or aluminium,is crucial to support the increase in renewables deployment,grid and network infrastructure development and moderni

140、zation,as well as demand electrification.These materials must be mined and produced sustainably,using clean power,with emissions profiles minimized across multiple locations.Sustainable working practices,particularly in mining,must be embedded.Circularity,recycling and disposal of materials,for exam

141、ple,batteries,must be considered.Longer-term visibility of project needs,e.g.larger tenders,will help suppliers offset delays and cost increases through resourceful materials ordering.Valuing carbonCarbon targets coupled with a negative value for carbon through carbon markets,carbon tax and carbon b

142、order adjustments need to be in place to economically incentivize investment in components of the integrated energy system.Electricity+:Electricity as the Backbone of an Integrated Energy System17ContributorsLisa Larroque AlexanderSenior Vice-President and Chief Sustainability Officer,Sempra Louise

143、Anderson Assistant Vice-President,Government and Institutional Relations,Hitachi EnergyHarmeet Bawa Senior Vice-President and Global Head,Government and Institutional Relations,Hitachi Energy Agustin DelgadoChief Innovation and Sustainability Officer,IberdrolaFrancesca GostinelliHead,Group Strategy,

144、Economics and Scenario Planning,EnelAlex HodgsonEnergy Transition Consultant,AccentureAntonio IlicetoInternational Grid Operators Organisations,TernaWorld Economic ForumKristen PaneraliHead,Energy,Materials and Infrastructure programme,Clean Power and Electrification,World Economic Forum Melissa Sta

145、rkPlatform Fellow,Energy Materials and Infrastructure Platform,World Economic Forum;Global Energy Transition Services Lead,Accenture AcknowledgementsThe World Economic Forum would like to thank contributors,including members of the Electricity Industry Strategy Officer community and others:Doug Aren

146、tDistinguished Fellow,Energy,Materials and Infrastructure Platform,World Economic Forum;Executive Director,Strategic Public Private Partnerships,National Renewable Energy LaboratoryLuiz AvelarStrategy Senior Director,Envision DigitalJohan BastinChair,Supervisory Board,DTEK Renewables,DTEKChris Braue

147、rDirector of Innovation,Institute of Management Studies(IMS),Goldsmiths,University of LondonThekla von BlowPrinciple,Aurora Energy ResearchNorela ConstantinescuResearch and Innovation Manager,European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity(ENTSO-E)Alan CreosEnergy System Planner,Te

148、nnetPeter Fox-PennerChief Impact Officer,Energy Impact PartnersVikramadithya GourineniManaging Director,Amara Raja GroupRob GramlichFounder and President,Grid StrategiesJacob Bech HansenHead,Corporate Strategy,rsted Services Huang HanDeputy Director-General,Global Energy Interconnection Development

149、and Cooperation Organization(GEIDCO)Pedro JatobChief Generation Officer,EletrobrasHitoshi KaguchiChief Strategy Officer,President and Chief Executive Officer,Energy Systems,Mitsubishi Heavy IndustriesElectricity+:Electricity as the Backbone of an Integrated Energy System18Melanie KenderdinePrincipal

150、,Energy Futures InitiativeSam KimminsHead,RE100,The Climate GroupJan KostevcTeam Leader,Energy Infrastructure,Agency for the Cooperation of Energy RegulatorsFrancisco Laveron SimavillaHead,Energy Prospective,Innovation and Sustainability,IberdrolaFergal McNamaraRepresentative,EDSO for Smart GridsMic

151、hael MieszczanskiBrussels Representative,Transnet BW GmbHHisahide OkudaCorporate Vice-President and Managing Executive Officer,Corporate Strategy Department,JERA Vincent PetitSenior Vice-President,Climate and Energy Transition Research,Schneider ElectricDavide PuglielliHead,Scenario Planning and Gro

152、up Strategic Positioning,Enel SpAManya RanjanSenior Vice-President and Head,Corporate Strategy,ReNew PowerCharlotte RouleGroup Chief Strategy Officer,ENGIE Michael WalshChief Commercial Officer,Smart Wire Grid EuropeEditing and designLaurence DenmarkDesigner,Studio Miko Martha HowlettEditor,Studio M

153、iko George MesserDesigner,Studio MikoElectricity+:Electricity as the Backbone of an Integrated Energy System19Endnotes1.“How district heating could play a key part in decarbonisation”,Engineers Ireland,23 February 2020,https:/www.engineersireland.ie/Covid-19-information-base/how-district-heating-cou

154、ld-play-a-key-part-in-decarbonisation.2.E-fuels,like e-methane,e-kerosene and e-methanol,are all fuels in gas or liquid form that are produced from zero-carbon electricity.3.“Case study(UK):Electric vehicle-to-grid(V2G)charging”,Ofgem,6 July 2021,https:/www.ofgem.gov.uk/publications/case-study-uk-el

155、ectric-vehicle-grid-v2g-charging.4.SPRI,Working together to achieve net-zero:Basque Net-Zero Industrial SuperCluster,https:/www.spri.eus/archivos/2022/02/pdf/bnzisc-documento-para-cop26_glasgow-2021_v13.pdf.Electricity+:Electricity as the Backbone of an Integrated Energy System20World Economic Forum

156、9193 route de la CapiteCH-1223 Cologny/GenevaSwitzerland Tel.:+41(0)22 869 1212Fax:+41(0)22 786 2744contactweforum.orgwww.weforum.orgThe World Economic Forum,committed to improving the state of the world,is the International Organization for Public-Private Cooperation.The Forum engages the foremost political,business and other leaders of society to shape global,regional and industry agendas.