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1、Demand-side data and energy efficiency indicatorsA guide to designing a national roadmapThe IEA examines the full spectrum of energy issues including oil,gas and coal supply and demand,renewable energy technologies,electricity markets,energy efficiency,access to energy,demand side management and muc

2、h more.Through its work,the IEA advocates policies that will enhance the reliability,affordability and sustainability of energy in its 31 member countries,11 association countries and beyond.This publication and any map included herein are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any t

3、erritory,to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory,city or area.Source:IEA.International Energy Agency Website:www.iea.orgIEA member countries:AustraliaAustriaBelgiumCanadaCzech RepublicDenmarkEstoniaFinlandFranceGermanyGreeceHungaryIrelandItalyJa

4、panKoreaLithuaniaLuxembourgMexicoNetherlandsNew ZealandNorwayPolandPortugalSlovak RepublicSpainSwedenSwitzerlandRepublic of TrkiyeUnited KingdomUnited StatesThe European Commission also participates in the work of the IEAIEA association countries:ArgentinaBrazilChinaEgyptIndiaIndonesiaMoroccoSingapo

5、reSouth AfricaThailandUkraineINTERNATIONAL ENERGYAGENCYDemand-side data and energy efficiency indicators Abstract A guide to designing a national roadmap PAGE|3 I EA.CC BY 4.0.Abstract Energy efficiency indicators are key to tracking energy efficiency progress for a variety of purposes(e.g.policy ma

6、king,monitoring targets,making energy projections,developing scenarios and planning,and benchmarking).This guide is for professionals and decision makers,describing options and good practices for the collection of energy end-use data and the development of energy efficiency indicators at the nationa

7、l level.In parallel,it can also be used as an assessment tool,helping countries/economies to locate their starting point,and to identify appropriate targets according to their respective national interests and priorities.The roadmap presented here encompasses the results of a consultation exercise a

8、cross countries and presents good practices and practical tips.It acknowledges that there is no single solution,but a number of possible pathways instead,depending on national contexts and priorities.The roadmap is a strategic document looking at the whole value chain in the development of efficienc

9、y indicators,from the initial point where the need for data and indicators arises up to the later dissemination and data use stages,and is meant to be a useful resource for practitioners across the globe in the development of energy efficiency indicators.Demand-side data and energy efficiency indica

10、tors Acknowledgements A guide to designing a national roadmap PAGE|4 I EA.CC BY 4.0.Acknowledgements,contributors and credits This report was co-ordinated by Domenico Lattanzio(Energy Data Centre),with guidance from Roberta Quadrelli,and based on the valuable input provided by Mafalda Coelho da Silv

11、a(INEGI Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering,Portugal).The authors are indebted to the support and guidance of Nick Johnstone(IEA Chief Statistician).Thanks also go to the IEA Energy Efficiency Division for their inputs,particularly to Melanie Slade,Edith Baye

12、r and Cornelia Schenk and to the IEA Communication and Digital Office for their help in producing the report,particularly Astrid Dumond,Isabelle Nonain-Semelin,Clara Vallois,Gregory Viscusi and Therese Walsh.The manuscript was edited by Justin French-Brooks.The IEA is grateful to the following contr

13、ibutors,who kindly gave their time to provide input:Valerija Tot,Nisha Dutta,Shamim Ahmad,Andrew Starr Department of Industry,Science,Energy and Resources(DISER),Australia Felipe Klein and Carla Acho EPE;Samira Sousa and Alexandra Maciel Ministry of Mines and Energy(MME),Brazil Mnika Forgo,Taran Sin

14、gh,Joe Wang,Naima Behidj,Fumiko Yamada,Liu Yantao and Robert Blain Demand Policy and Analysis Division,Office of Energy Efficiency,Natural Resources Canada(NRCAN)Hernn Sepulveda,Charlotte Pertier Navarrete,Luis Garca Picart Ministerio de Energa,Chile Victor Bazn and Catalina Villalobos Energy Planni

15、ng Secretariat(SEPSE),Costa Rica Leena Timonen and Virve Rouhiainen Statistics Finland;Lea Gynther Motiva Ltd,Finland Niklas Herzig Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action,Germany Electrical and Mechanical Services Department of the Government of Hong Kong,China Demand-side data and

16、 energy efficiency indicators Acknowledgements A guide to designing a national roadmap PAGE|5 I EA.CC BY 4.0.Suhyeon Nam Korea Energy Economics Institute(KEEI),Korea Odn de Buen and Juan Ignacio Navarrete National Commission for the Efficient Use of Energy(Conuee),Mexico;Heberto Barrios Castillo,Vel

17、vet Rosemberg Fuentes,Juan Carlos Lopez Gavio and Brizian Renata Martnez SENER,Ministry of Energy,Mexico Gigih Udi Atmo,Qatro Romandhi,Robi Kurniawan,Nurcahyanto and Devi Laksmi Directorate General of Newand,Renewable Energy and Energy Conservation EBTKE,Indonesia;Evi Wahyuningsih,country consultant

18、,Indonesia Grayna Berent Enterprises Department,Statistics Poland and Ryszard Wnuk Department of Heating,Ministry of Climate and Environment,Poland Pilar de Arriba Segurado,Patricia Isabel Ban Institute for Diversification and Saving of Energy(IDAE),Ministry for the Ecological Transition and the Dem

19、ographic Challenge,Spain Sukanya Nanta Strategy and Planning Division;Pongpan Vorasayan and Nattapon Runprasaeng Energy Regulation and Conservation Division;Sasikarn Harnpradit and Suthanee Vechasit Energy Efficiency Promotion Division;Sutthasini Glawgitigul,Siriyaporn Petchumli,Wisaruth Maethasith,

20、Suthanee Wachasit,Siriphat Khwunpetch,Lumyai Mungpanklang and Siriyaporn Petchumli Department of Alternative Energy Development and Efficiency(DEDE),Ministry of Energy Thailand Bilal Dzgn,Hakan Kaya,Halil Oruc and Saniye Keser Department of Energy Efficiency and Environment,Republic of Trkiye Niklas

21、 Notstrand Swedish Energy Agency,Sweden Simon Parker and Elizabeth Waters BEIS,United Kingdom Ian Mead Office of Energy Demand and Integrated Statistics,US Energy Information Administration(EIA),United States.Demand-side data and energy efficiency indicators Tables of contents A guide to designing a

22、 national roadmap PAGE|6 I EA.CC BY 4.0.Table of contents Executive summary.7 1.End-use data and energy efficiency indicators.9 Disentangling the different drivers of final energy consumption.9 The importance of end-use data and energy efficiency indicators.12 2.Towards structured data collection.18

23、 Enablers for the development of energy efficiency indicators.18 3.Towards a national roadmap.23 Country-level assessment framework.23 Developing a roadmap for energy efficiency indicators at the national level.25 Roadmap validation.26 4.A roadmap for the development of energy efficiency indicators.

24、28 Building the roadmap.28 Plan.31 Do.39 Check.44 Act-adjust.46 Additional remarks.49 Conclusion.50 Surveys and best practices.51 Annex I:Country/economy survey on roadmap.51 Annex II:Survey responses from Australia.54 Annex III:Survey responses from Brazil.58 Annex IV:Survey responses from Canada.6

25、0 Annex V:Survey responses from Chile.63 Annex VI:Survey responses from Costa Rica.65 Annex VII:Survey responses from Hong Kong,China.67 Annex VIII:Survey responses from Indonesia.69 Annex IX:Survey responses from Mexico.71 Annex X:Survey responses from Thailand.74 Annex XI:Survey responses from the

26、 United Kingdom.76 Annex XII:Survey responses from the United States.79 Annex XIII:Results from the Menti survey.82 Annex XIV:Country assessment.86 Demand-side data and energy efficiency indicators Executive summary A guide to designing a national roadmap PAGE|7 I EA.CC BY 4.0.Executive summary Ener

27、gy efficiency is a central element of achieving carbon-neutral energy transitions.It also brings important co-benefits such as job creation,energy security,higher productivity,improved air quality,savings on energy bills,and improved comfort and wellbeing.Tracking efficiency progress is only possibl

28、e with detailed data at end-use level and indicators that allow the disentangling of the effects of different energy consumption drivers(e.g.activity,structure and efficiency).Efficiency indicators serve many different purposes,for example in policy making,monitoring targets,making energy projection

29、s,developing scenarios and planning,and benchmarking.The collection of end-use data and the development of energy efficiency indicators is not a straightforward process for any country around the globe.It should be grounded on a robust and detailed data collection process and based on international

30、methodologies in order to allow for comparability and interpretation across countries.As a complement to the IEAs energy efficiency technical manuals(Fundamentals on Statistics and Essentials for Policy Making),this guide is a strategic document looking at the whole value chain in the development of

31、 efficiency indicators from the initial point where the need for data and indicators arises,to the later dissemination and data use stages.It is intended to be a useful resource for practitioners across the world,assisting them in the process of developing a roadmap to energy efficiency indicators a

32、t the national level.The development of this document followed a participatory approach and was grounded on consultation with a number of partner countries/territories for validation and to ensure its applicability to a diversity of contexts.This guide also reflects the national experiences gathered

33、 during the consultation process.They are recounted here to facilitate the sharing of best practices among countries.These experiences can be used as examples when establishing a new process or revamping an existing process.The guide is for professionals and decision makers in statistical offices,en

34、ergy ministries and efficiency agencies alike,describing options and good practices for the collection of energy end-use data and the development of energy efficiency indicators.In parallel,it can also be used as an assessment tool,helping countries/economies to locate their starting point,to assess

35、 their Demand-side data and energy efficiency indicators Executive summary A guide to designing a national roadmap PAGE|8 I EA.CC BY 4.0.strengths and weaknesses,and to identify appropriate targets according to their respective national interests and priorities.It is designed to be applicable to cou

36、ntries/territories regardless of whether they are still at initial stages of indicator development,or in contrast,they have completed previous work on the topic based on sound data collection processes.The approach to designing a national roadmap recognises that there can be alternative pathways tow

37、ards developing efficiency indicators,and lays out options to be considered based on successful experiences gathered from the countries/territories consulted.Chapter 1 introduces the concepts of end-use data and energy efficiency indicators with a view to creating a common understanding of the topic

38、,and highlights the importance of having detailed end-use data and indicators and understanding their application.Chapter 2 identifies a number of enablers to carrying out this process.Chapter 3 introduces the roadmap as an assessment tool.Chapter 4 describes the roadmap in detail and presents good

39、practices in the steps identified.Finally,a summary of all the interviews conducted with national experts is available in the annexes of this document,following a common template.Demand-side data and energy efficiency indicators 1.End-use data and energy efficiency indicators A guide to designing a

40、national roadmap PAGE|9 I EA.CC BY 4.0.1.End-use data and energy efficiency indicators Disentangling the different drivers of final energy consumption Robust energy efficiency indicators are those that allow you to track the progress of energy efficiency specifically,and not other factors that can h

41、ave an impact on energy use.While this may sound self-evident,energy intensity and other aggregate indicators are still widely used as a proxy for an energy efficiency indicator,due to the unavailability of more detailed data on a larger scale.A well-known example is the Sustainable Development Goal

42、(SDG)indicator SDG 7.3 on energy efficiency,which is defined as the total energy supply divided by national GDP.In other words,energy efficiency progress can only be tracked if data are available that allow you to track energy efficiency progress(e.g.in relation to national targets)and disentangle t

43、he effect of energy efficiency on energy use,distinct from the effects of changes in activity and structure,among other drivers.A generic energy efficiency indicator is defined as the ratio between the energy variable and the corresponding activity variable.For this,and in order to develop a proper

44、energy efficiency indicator,it is appropriate to consider either sub-sector or end-use data for both energy and activity(with similar boundaries),across the main final consumption sectors(e.g.residential,services,industry and transport).The figure below illustrates the disaggregation of end-use data

45、 required to build energy efficiency indicators and the table that follows provides examples of indicators that can be developed in this way.For more detail on methodologies,please refer to IEA Energy Efficiency Indicators:Fundamentals on Statistics.Demand-side data and energy efficiency indicators

46、1.End-use data and energy efficiency indicators A guide to designing a national roadmap PAGE|10 I EA.CC BY 4.0.Schematic disaggregation of total final consumption into sectors and sub-sectors or end uses IEA.CC BY 4.0.Sector Example of indicator Residential Residential energy consumption per capita

47、Space heating energy consumption per m2 Services Services energy consumption per unit of value added Lighting energy consumption per employee Industry Industry energy consumption per industry unit of value added Iron and steel energy consumption per tonne of steel produced Demand-side data and energ

48、y efficiency indicators 1.End-use data and energy efficiency indicators A guide to designing a national roadmap PAGE|11 I EA.CC BY 4.0.Transport Transport energy consumption per vkm Transport energy consumption per pkm(for passenger)or per tkm(for freight)Other Other industries energy consumption pe

49、r unit of value added Agriculture consumption per agriculture unit of value added Notes:pkm=passenger-kilometre;tkm=tonne-kilometre;vkm=vehicle-kilometre.Source:IEA(2014),Energy Efficiency Indicators:Fundamentals on Statistics.It is important to highlight that to obtain a trustworthy energy efficien

50、cy indicator,the accuracy of both the numerator and denominator in the ratio is of critical importance.While solid and settled international methodologies and practices exist for the collection of the energy variable(numerator),the activity(denominator)part is more exposed to possible inaccuracies.T

51、his is because,first,the activity data usually come from other administrative sources and therefore assumptions and boundaries need to be assessed,and second,activity data need a careful review to remove the effects that do not influence efficiency.For instance,considering space heating indicators,i

52、t is important to collect data for occupied dwellings only(instead of the total)to obtain a meaningful indicator.This requires accurate analysis and strong co-ordination among different institutions and any necessary processing of the raw data.Similarly,the numerator and the denominator should have

53、the same boundaries,with a view to avoiding biased interpretations(e.g.the definition of the activities included in the energy numerator and value-added denominator when developing industrial sub-sector intensities).This may require strong collaboration and exchanges between the respective instituti

54、ons in charge.At the international level a number of initiatives have been supporting countries/economies with methodologies for the development of energy efficiency indicators,and they have been compiling end-use data and efficiency indicators following harmonised methodologies,for comparability.Th

55、e IEA has been closely collaborating with its counterparts on this topic.International initiatives on energy efficiency indicators A standardised approach is widespread amongst international organisations and projects or initiatives,such as IEA Energy Efficiency Indicators Data Collection,the Odysse

56、e-Mure Project at EU level,Eurostat Efficiency Data Collection,also at the EU level,the BIEE Project for Latin America,and the APEC efficiency indicators initiative for the ASEAN.Demand-side data and energy efficiency indicators 1.End-use data and energy efficiency indicators A guide to designing a

57、national roadmap PAGE|12 I EA.CC BY 4.0.The importance of end-use data and energy efficiency indicators Energy efficiency has been identified as a central driver for achieving clean energy transitions and a carbon-neutral world by 2050(IEA,2021).In addition to its effect in mitigating greenhouse gas

58、 emissions,energy efficiency has a number of additional benefits,such as the reduction of energy bills,improved air quality and quality of life(e.g.indoor comfort),and potentially job creation.The availability of detailed demand-side data enables a more robust assessment of these transitions and bot

59、tom-up modelling work.In particular,the development of energy efficiency indicators is essential to track energy efficiency progress.Detailed demand-side energy data coupled with activity data allow you to perform decomposition analysis to disentangle the actual effect of energy efficiency from thos

60、e of activity,structure and other drivers,and to estimate the energy savings that can be attributed to efficiency improvements.For more information on decomposition analysis,please see IEA Energy Efficiency Indicators:Essentials for Policy Making.In parallel with the energy efficiency indicators,the

61、 subsequent development of carbon emission indicators at the end-use level is of utmost importance to track decarbonisation efforts across countries.Because energy data are a prerequisite for deriving carbon emission estimates,this report focuses on the energy dimension.Accurate and effective effici

62、ency tracking,through end-use data and efficiency indicators,is important for a diversity of potential users(not only policy and decision makers,but also those in industry,markets,research and academia,and society at large).Users are interested in efficiency indicators for several reasons,including

63、those summarised below.Evidence-based policy making The design of tailored and effective energy efficiency policies and their monitoring and evaluation should be grounded in a factual understanding of the behaviour of demand-side patterns.The collection of detailed data allows you to identify the pr

64、iority sectors and end uses to target,for example.As for policy evaluation,this normally requires specific indicators to assess policy effectiveness(paring data from beneficiaries and others).Furthermore,the availability of official efficiency indicators at national level strongly supports longer-te

65、rm analysis of energy use trends and further decision making.Demand-side data and energy efficiency indicators 1.End-use data and energy efficiency indicators A guide to designing a national roadmap PAGE|13 I EA.CC BY 4.0.The SEAD initiative and UK-IEA Product Efficiency Call to Action The SEAD(Supe

66、r-Efficient Equipment and Appliance Deployment)initiative is an international forum for exchange on policy making on product energy efficiency.Through the SEAD initiative,the IEA is working closely with the UK government to encourage a higher level of ambition on product efficiency,from COP26 and be

67、yond.In particular,it seeks to double the efficiency of four key product types by 2030:industrial motors,air conditioners,refrigerators and lighting.In order to monitor whether these targets are met,significant emphasis has been put on the availability of disaggregated data on energy consumption,sto

68、cks by appliance type,and the efficiency levels of appliances being sold in the market.The availability of such data allows the tracking of energy consumption per appliance and hence the estimation of efficiency progress over time.Whereas several countries are already collecting data on air conditio

69、ners,refrigerators and lighting,the same data for industrial motors may be more difficult to obtain,and hence,it is important to keep data availability in mind when assessing new data collection opportunities.Monitoring progress against targets Regardless of the status of energy efficiency policies,

70、a large number of countries have adopted targets such as for the reduction of the overall economys energy intensity or even sectoral targets for the reduction of energy use.The availability of detailed end-use data allows you to monitor,from a bottom-up perspective,the progress made against such tar

71、gets.Indonesias General Plan for National Energy Indonesias Presidential Regulation No.22 Year 2017,the so-called General Plan for National Energy,foresees among other goals a reduction in final energy consumption of 17%,a reduction in energy intensity of 1%per year,and the improvement of labelling

72、for energy efficiency on electrical appliances.Specifically regarding appliance standards and labelling schemes,it is important to monitor energy consumed by appliance type,in order to understand how effective such programmes have been in delivering energy efficiency savings,and how to adjust the pr

73、ogramme in the market to promote continued savings over time.Demand-side data and energy efficiency indicators 1.End-use data and energy efficiency indicators A guide to designing a national roadmap PAGE|14 I EA.CC BY 4.0.Making energy projections,developing scenarios and planning Many decisions tak

74、en today will affect energy systems in the coming decades.For example,whether(and by how much)new energy production capacity should be added or electrical grids strengthened.The existence of robust and detailed data allows you to better understand how energy is consumed across final consumption sect

75、ors and better supports longer-term energy planning.In particular,up-to-date information reflecting the latest trends(e.g.the digitalisation of society)plays an important role in allowing for robust projections and planning.Forecasts of electricity demand in Australias national electricity market Th

76、e Australian Energy Market Operator(AEMO)also provides strategic forecasting and planning advice.Energy efficiency is the first fuel and hence a key factor in flattening the growth of electricity consumption(along with other benefits).Understanding the efficiency effect is of major importance to dev

77、eloping reliable projections of energy savings.This is only possible if detailed data are available.The absence or inaccuracy of data may lead to very costly decisions such as overestimating future loads and overinvesting in the grid.The top figure shows how AEMO revised their forecast in 2016 to ta

78、ke into account the effect of energy efficiency in future energy consumption.The overall expected efficiency effect is in orange.This shows how reliable and disaggregated data are key to planning investment in assets and avoiding investment in assets that will not be used.The figure at the bottom sh

79、ows the contribution of each appliance type given their household diffusion.Demand-side data and energy efficiency indicators 1.End-use data and energy efficiency indicators A guide to designing a national roadmap PAGE|15 I EA.CC BY 4.0.Forecasts for Australian operational consumption to 2035 Source

80、:Australian Energy Market Operator(2016),National Electricity Forecasting Report.Change in demand for energy services in Australia for different appliances Source:Australian Energy Market Operator(2016),National Electricity Forecasting Report.Demand-side data and energy efficiency indicators 1.End-u

81、se data and energy efficiency indicators A guide to designing a national roadmap PAGE|16 I EA.CC BY 4.0.Benchmarking Benchmarking is becoming popular in several countries.One way to assess national performance is to compare it with other countries,highlighting the need for comparable indicators acro

82、ss geographies through harmonised data and methodologies.Benchmarking helps in the selection of critical areas that need to be prioritised and the identification of opportunities where potential benefit-cost ratios are greatest.New benchmarking report on the pulp and paper sector in Brazil developed

83、 jointly by EPE and the IEA In the case of economically important industry sectors,countries may be interested in deepening their analysis and seeing how they compare with other countries worldwide.This allows for the identification and adoption of good practices towards improved energy efficiency.B

84、razil published a benchmarking report for the pulp and paper industry,which is highly important in the Brazilian economy.The pulp and paper industry has been increasing its relevance in Brazil,and its energy consumption has increased from 5%of final industrial consumption in 1970 to 16%in 2020.The r

85、eport is one of a series of international benchmarking analyses developed jointly by EPE and the IEA,with key industry organisations,to evaluate progress on energy efficiency in key sectors and identify opportunities for improvement.EPE(Empresa de Pesquisa Energtica)is Brazils government-funded agen

86、cy to support energy policy makers with studies and research related to energy planning.Naturally,there are costs inherent in data collection and countries are often faced with budgetary constraints.Data collection in this report refers to the four main methodologies for collecting data according to

87、 IEA Energy Efficiency Indicators:Fundamentals on Statistics,being administrative sources,surveys,modelling and metering.Specifically for the residential sector,Eurostats MESH Manual for Statistics on Energy Consumption in Households can also be useful.However,as demonstrated above,the cost of havin

88、g no data,or inadequate data,may be even higher.Decisions(and investments)made on the basis of inaccurate or defective information may be significantly costlier than accurately monitoring efficiency progress.Furthermore,energy efficiency financing programmes are often used as a way to achieve energy

89、 efficiency improvements.The existence of background information is a clear asset for the stakeholders involved,especially lenders.Demand-side data and energy efficiency indicators 1.End-use data and energy efficiency indicators A guide to designing a national roadmap PAGE|17 I EA.CC BY 4.0.Demand-s

90、ide data coupled with activity data allow you to perform decomposition analysis in order to disentangle the actual effect of energy efficiency from those of activity,structure and other drivers,and to estimate the energy savings that can be attributed to efficiency improvements.In order to support c

91、ountries in energy efficiency tracking,Chapter 2 presents key enablers for the development of energy efficiency indicators,while Chapters 3 and 4 present a strategic roadmap to illustrate how data can be used as an assessment tool and as a guide for developing efficiency indicators at a national lev

92、el,respectively.Demand-side data and energy efficiency indicators 2.Towards structured data collection A guide to designing a national roadmap PAGE|18 I EA.CC BY 4.0.2.Towards structured data collection Enablers for the development of energy efficiency indicators The development of energy efficiency

93、 indicators at a national level is often a multi-stakeholder effort,as data(especially activity data)are typically scattered and collected by different institutions.Energy statisticians and analysts aiming to develop such indicators acknowledge the existence of several barriers in this process.This

94、section identifies and presents key enablers that may be useful in helping overcome existing barriers.Political will and awareness An important enabler of the development of energy efficiency indicators is the degree of priority given to the subject matter energy efficiency.In many countries,energy

95、efficiency is high on the political agenda and seen as an important means of decarbonisation(along with its wider benefits,as described above).The prioritisation of energy efficiency at a national level requires continuous awareness-raising among policy and decision makers about its importance and m

96、ultiple benefits,particularly for people-centred clean energy transitions:job creation,improved quality of life and comfort standards,poverty alleviation(lower bills),and so on.The basic pillar for the development of energy efficiency indicators at a national level is the acknowledgement of energy e

97、fficiencys importance,backed up by a strong policy framework,an understanding of the need for data1 to track its progress,and evidence-based policy design and evaluation.Once this recognition is established(both in terms of the subject matter and the related data needs),it becomes easier to justify

98、proper resource allocation to the collection of end-use data and the development of efficiency indicators.1 This presupposes that energy efficiency statistics,as with statistics in general,are acknowledged as a public good(according to the Fundamental Principles of Official Statistics of the UN).Dem

99、and-side data and energy efficiency indicators 2.Towards structured data collection A guide to designing a national roadmap PAGE|19 I EA.CC BY 4.0.A trusted and empowered data collection system Statistical data collection should be grounded on a solid framework mandated and enforced by law.This allo

100、ws there to be,simultaneously,one or more government institutions with clearly established responsibilities and tasks for data collection,and an obligation on businesses,industry and citizens(depending on the data collection target)to collaborate and provide the requested data in an accurate and tim

101、ely manner,making data collection efforts feasible.Another relevant consideration is the need for responsible institutions(e.g.statistical offices)to be seen as independent and trusted bodies,increasing social acceptance of official statistics in general,and efficiency indicators in particular.For e

102、nergy efficiency statistics,given the high granularity or resolution of the data at stake,trust becomes of utmost importance to ensure that respondents continue to collaborate.Data sharing is often formalised through non-disclosure agreements.Proper resource allocation All statistical programmes and

103、 data collection processes rely on an officially allocated budget.Statistical officers and efficiency professionals often argue that the resources allocated to this topic are insufficient.It is important that governments allocate appropriate resources to energy data collection,and in particular dema

104、nd-side energy consumption patterns,as these require additional detail and effort.The appropriate level of funding depends on a number of aspects related to the context.For example,the size of the country,existing data sources,how advanced data collection is and what the data gaps are,all represent

105、important variables.It is likely that the resources available will be insufficient to cover all data needs in the first year(s).That is why creating a longer-term data collection strategy,which identifies priority indicators to reflect the national/regional background,may help set a coherent budget

106、for a longer time frame.The necessary resources include a proper budget allocation for data collection,having sufficient(and qualified)human capital to do the job,and even the essential basic infrastructure,such as offices,computers and other ICT(e.g.a solid data management infrastructure).In order

107、to avoid unnecessary new data collection costs,we recommend thoroughly investigating existing data collection processes and data,building on them wherever feasible(adjusting,if necessary),and only thereafter adding to existing processes.More specifically,this means taking advantage of existing data(

108、e.g.administrative data)and data collection processes(e.g.existing surveys).Demand-side data and energy efficiency indicators 2.Towards structured data collection A guide to designing a national roadmap PAGE|20 I EA.CC BY 4.0.While all countries operate with limited resources,raising the profile and

109、 awareness of the importance of data and evidence-based policies is a key enabler of the proper allocation of funds to data collection.In cases where national resources are truly constrained,countries may consider looking at options for external financing.Funds may be available from international or

110、ganisations to support energy data collection in developing countries(sometimes under a different scope from energy,such as living standards measurement surveys),or for broader collaboration programmes or projects in which data collection can be included as an individual component.For example,the En

111、ergy Sector Management Assistance Program(ESMAP)is a partnership between the World Bank and other partners to help low-and middle-income countries reduce poverty and boost growth through sustainable energy solutions,including an energy data and analytics component.Another source of potential financi

112、ng may be regional banks(such as the African Development Bank or the Asian Development Bank).These institutions provide loans,technical assistance,grants and equity investment to promote social and economic development.One option to explore would be adding a data component to energy efficiency finan

113、cing projects.Also,by linking the development of energy efficiency indicators with climate reporting and tracking,there may be opportunities under the Global Environmental Facility(GEF).The IEA is keen to provide technical assistance and methodological support for data collection and management.Staf

114、f capacity and stability Qualified staff who understand key efficiency concepts and the methodological particularities of efficiency indicators(including methodological differences when reporting more aggregated data)are an absolute requirement for the development of energy efficiency indicators at

115、a national level.In addition,it is important to build capacity in different data collection methodologies(including administrative sources,surveys,modelling and metering),and how to derive indicators from the raw data collected.Longer-term visibility and planning are only possible if staff are provi

116、ded with the right conditions.For instance,contract durations should be no shorter than the time needed to undertake the tasks inherent to a data cycle(e.g.design,collection,processing and dissemination)and should be resilient to higher-level changes,such as those related to political changes in the

117、 government.In addition,there is also the need to ensure backup capacity.In smaller or developing economies,staff working on efficiency indicators or even energy indicators may be very limited in number(sometimes it can be a single responsible Demand-side data and energy efficiency indicators 2.Towa

118、rds structured data collection A guide to designing a national roadmap PAGE|21 I EA.CC BY 4.0.person).For this reason,the existence of a backup resource and detailed documentation is an important source of resilience in the case of staff changes.Capacity building on efficiency indicators needs to be

119、 a continuous effort,and in particular it should be planned so as to compensate for staff turnover,to avoid the loss of important knowledge.The IEA has been actively supporting countries with capacity building on energy efficiency indicators,both with in-person training courses and making available

120、a range of resources(e.g.manuals and online training)including a database featuring methodologies for collecting data on energy end uses across sectors(transport,industry,residential,services).This helps promote the adoption of the UN International Recommendations for Energy Statistics(IRES)and othe

121、r relevant international methodologies,to allow for comparable data and insights across countries.Data collection strategy A well-developed data collection strategy means one that:Is planned in accordance with the national context and allocated budget.Promotes dialogue between statistics and policy

122、making to raise awareness of existing data needs.Facilitates institutional arrangements for data collection.Embeds data into the different stages of the policy cycle.Albeit not specifically focused on end-use data and efficiency indicators,nor energy at large,the Partnership in Statistics for Develo

123、pment in the 21st Century,Paris21,helps low-income and lower middle-income countries design,implement and monitor national strategies for the development of statistics,and to have data for all SDG indicators.Paris21 may be a useful resource for countries looking for support to strengthen their stati

124、stical system,which will in due course facilitate the development of efficiency indicators.In order to shed further light on the development of energy efficiency indicators at a national level,this document proposes a roadmap to guide countries along the way.Multilateral collaboration both at nation

125、al and international level Given the scattered nature of the end-use data and corresponding activity data needed to develop efficiency indicators,the promotion of strong institutional collaboration and communication is essential.In addition,organisational Demand-side data and energy efficiency indic

126、ators 2.Towards structured data collection A guide to designing a national roadmap PAGE|22 I EA.CC BY 4.0.structures with a clear definition of responsibilities and clear communication channels can provide strong support for the development and updating of efficiency indicators.These enable an easie

127、r and less costly data acquisition process,for example through the existence of data sharing agreements.There is a strong rationale for staff in one ministry knowing who their counterpart is for a specific topic in another ministry(e.g.road vehicle stocks in the transport ministry).However,even if t

128、he relevant contacts are known,where there is significant bureaucracy to overcome for each data sharing request,continued collaboration is likely to become quite burdensome and challenging.To avoid this,institutional collaboration should be fostered at a high level(regardless of whether the approach

129、 is more or less formal),enabling a higher level of engagement and accountability among stakeholders.This is believed to improve the consistency and efficiency of statistical systems.At the international level,co-operation is also an important driver of improved data collection processes.This can be

130、 done,for instance,by inviting countries to share their experiences of data collection methodologies or the financing of data collection.It can also be done by the development of joint work and common methodological frameworks for the development of indicators,in line with international methodologie

131、s,allowing for comparable data and findings.Sharing expertise across countries and organisations is key to learning good practices,and the IEA is keen to facilitate these exchanges.The links between the enablers listed above and the roadmap stages are defined in Chapter 4.Demand-side data and energy

132、 efficiency indicators 3.Towards a national roadmap A guide to designing a national roadmap PAGE|23 I EA.CC BY 4.0.3.Towards a national roadmap Country-level assessment framework This document presents a roadmap for the development of energy efficiency indicators at a national level.But before intro

133、ducing and applying a roadmap to a specific country,it is important to understand the current availability of end-use data and the stage of development of energy efficiency indicators in the country of analysis.To help with this,presented in the figure below is a framework for assessing a countrys s

134、tatus with regard to energy efficiency indicators.This assessment framework aims to help countries locate their starting point,and to identify appropriate targets according to their national interests and priorities.Simply put,it answers questions like:What data are available in my country?What robu

135、st and insightful indicators can I develop with them?What indicators do I need to track the policies we have in place and monitor progress towards my targets?Each country can develop indicators for one or more final consumption sectors with or without full coverage across end uses,depending on natio

136、nal characteristics,objectives,priorities and resources.Countries that have yet to start developing efficiency indicators can work on one or a few sectors at a time,or alternatively in parallel across sectors.It is also possible to collect energy end-use or activity data for a given sector at differ

137、ent points in the process,as occasionally happens in many countries.Typically,this does not allow efficiency indicators to be developed for that sector,but it means that the country has taken some initial steps and has the basis for further work to be developed in due course.Then countries can decid

138、e whether to tackle all sectors or to stop the process when partial indicators have been developed.Once all the sectors and the indicators are ready,the process is complete as shown in the right-hand part of the figure.The number of sectors and the order they are taken in differ for each country and

139、 depend on the priorities set at a national level.While acknowledging that at a national level the indicators to be developed will depend on the countrys specific priorities,such as policy tracking,a number of efficiency indicators are typically highlighted internationally(e.g.the IEA Energy Efficie

140、ncy Indicators Framework).Hence,achieving full coverage according to the Demand-side data and energy efficiency indicators 3.Towards a national roadmap A guide to designing a national roadmap PAGE|24 I EA.CC BY 4.0.roadmap represents a position where the efficiency indicators often seen in internati

141、onal frameworks or widely targeted by countries have been achieved.Of course,there is always room for further improvement and scope to develop more detailed indicators where there is the will,interest and resources to do so.Framework for assessment of a countrys status in the development of energy e

142、fficiency indicators IEA.CC BY 4.0.To better understand this assessment framework,the example in the following figure shows the case for an imaginary country:“Statisland”.It assesses the countrys current stage and indicates the pathways for improved indicator coverage.In this case,Statisland is at t

143、he stage where the country has partial indicators for some sectors.Looking in closer detail,we can imagine that for the residential sector data are available for some end uses(space heating,water heating,cooking,and lighting and appliances are reported together),but not all.With regard to activity,d

144、ata on population and occupied dwellings are available,but not residential floor area or appliance stocks.In the case of the transport sector,activity data are available for rail and air transport(pkm and tkm),but not for road or water transport.Similarly,for energy use,no data are available by segm

145、ent or vehicle type.Statisland has data available on total consumption by mode from its national energy balances.The services sector is the sector with least coverage.Data on energy consumption by end use/sub-sector are not available,and for activity,services value added is only available as a total

146、.ServicesIndustryTransportEnergy efficiency indicatorsfor some end uses/sectorsEnergy dataActivity dataAll end usesSome end usesAll end usesSome end usesResidentialenergyefficiencyindicatorsNo energyefficiencyindicatorsEnergyefficiencyindicatorsfor all enduses across sectorsResidentialDemand-side da

147、ta and energy efficiency indicators 3.Towards a national roadmap A guide to designing a national roadmap PAGE|25 I EA.CC BY 4.0.Finally,for industrial energy consumption a similar breakdown to the one from the energy balances is available,but there is no additional detail on specific industries such

148、 as rubber and plastics,or cement.As for activity data,information is available on value added with a similar breakdown by economic activity to that of energy,as well as physical production data for steel and cement.Once the starting point has been assessed for the country,in this case Statisland,th

149、e staff responsible for the enhancement of the indicators can identify gaps and set priorities.For instance,we can imagine that the cement sector is highly relevant for the country,but available data are not sufficient to monitor trends and facilitate efficiency in the industry.Therefore,Statisland

150、officials can follow the path described in Chapter 4 to create the indicators needed.Example of application of the assessment framework to the country of Statisland IEA.CC BY 4.0.Developing a roadmap for energy efficiency indicators at the national level Previous sections made the case for the impor

151、tance of energy efficiency indicators for policy design and evaluation,energy projections and forecasting,benchmarking and efficiency tracking at large.Following an initial assessment of a countrys situation on energy efficiency indicators,and where it wants to get to according to its needs and prio

152、rities,this section proposes a work flow to help guide national statisticians and policy makers through this journey.The goal is to develop a roadmap that helps countries to start collecting or complement existing end-use data,regardless of the stage they may be at,and to IndustryServicesTransportEn

153、ergy efficiency indicatorsfor some end uses/sectorsEnergy dataActivity dataAll end usesSome end usesAll end usesSome end usesSome sectoralenergyefficiencyindicatorsNo energyefficiencyindicatorsResidentialDemand-side data and energy efficiency indicators 3.Towards a national roadmap A guide to design

154、ing a national roadmap PAGE|26 I EA.CC BY 4.0.develop or improve their respective energy efficiency indicators.It seeks to be a resource both for countries wishing to initiate data collection and for countries with existing activity,but who wish to expand to new or more detailed data series or indic

155、ators.This document proposes a flowchart that is sufficiently generic to be applied in different geographies,i.e.in countries with different political settings and priorities,and with different profiles of energy use and institutional arrangements and resources.The roadmap implementation steps are p

156、resented in a flowchart(intentionally generic)in the following chapters and detailed in the paragraphs that follow.The roadmap identifies the necessary steps to take to develop energy efficiency indicators and/or to collect related energy and activity end-use data at a national level.It is intended

157、to be comprehensive and cover the whole process,roughly following a PDCA(plan-do-check-act)approach to project planning detailed in the following paragraphs(with similar colour coding to that of the roadmap flowchart):Plan Identify a need or opportunity Do Carry out activities necessary for the chan

158、ge Check Review the activities,analyse the results Act Take action to improve based on learning experience(also known as Adjust).Plan-do-check-act cycle representation IEA.CC BY 4.0.Roadmap validation In order to test and validate the roadmaps applicability in the real world,we consulted with a numb

159、er of partner countries both to validate it and to provide additional concrete content to illustrate its application in different contexts.Our consultation included the preparation of a written survey(presented in Annex I:Country/economy survey of roadmap)and a number of interviews with stakeholders

160、 from countries/territories in different geographies and at different PLANACTADJUSTDOCHECKDemand-side data and energy efficiency indicators 3.Towards a national roadmap A guide to designing a national roadmap PAGE|27 I EA.CC BY 4.0.stages along the pathway to developing energy efficiency indicators(

161、some in the early stages,others with work initiated but with opportunities for continued development,and others with more consolidated experience).Besides the invaluable insights and knowledge gathered from those working“in the field”and dealing with these issues on a daily basis,the interviews and

162、the surveys also allowed us to identify good practices and tips that we have now shared in the boxes showing case studies throughout this guide.The countries/territories(hereafter called countries for simplicity)that kindly agreed to collaborate on this project are:Australia,Brazil,Canada,Chile,Cost

163、a Rica,Hong Kong,Indonesia,Mexico,Thailand,the United Kingdom and the United States.The feedback received from these countries allowed us to verify that the steps identified in the roadmap could apply to all these different contexts and to infer that they could similarly be applied in other geograph

164、ies.Demand-side data and energy efficiency indicators 4.A roadmap for the development of energy efficiency indicators A guide to designing a national roadmap PAGE|28 I EA.CC BY 4.0.4.A roadmap for the development of energy efficiency indicators Building the roadmap This section presents the roadmap

165、in a graphic way and moves on to describe in detail each of the steps that together create it.The roadmap is presented in a similar format to a board game and is intentionally designed in an abstract way,so that it can be applied to countries with different backgrounds and at different stages of dev

166、eloping energy efficiency indicators.The following figure shows the roadmaps implementation steps for the collection of end-use data and/or the development of energy efficiency indicators.It can be applied to one or more final consumption sectors,or even to specific missing end uses,according to the

167、 stage that a particular country has reached at a given moment in time.Despite having a linear flow,it is possible at any point in the process to go back to previous stages if need be.It is also possible to skip steps if they are not relevant or possible depending on the national context.There may b

168、e a number of reasons that determine the applicability of some of the roadmap steps;for example,applicability to federal states may be slightly different given the local(data)governance landscape and the distribution of responsibilities among the different levels and institutions.Nevertheless,the fl

169、ow shown below is deemed to be the most efficient and effective process for the development of energy efficiency indicators at a national level,reflecting the results of our consultation.One challenge of energy efficiency indicators is that the necessary energy and activity data come from different

170、sources,which need to be consistently brought together to make sure that the methodology and coverage are coherent.This requires good alignment between different entities and the allocation of clear responsibilities.Theoretically it is possible to develop energy efficiency indicators without governm

171、ent or ministry endorsement.However,the lack of high-level support is likely to make it a very challenging task(e.g.lack of resources,low priority among institutions holding data),one that could eventually either fail to deliver the necessary data,for instance,or develop lower quality results that a

172、re difficult to reproduce and/or to sustain over time.Demand-side data and energy efficiency indicators 4.A roadmap for the development of energy efficiency indicators A guide to designing a national roadmap PAGE|29 I EA.CC BY 4.0.Roadmap implementation steps for the development of energy efficiency

173、 indicators IEA.CC BY 4.0.At present,most countries are able to develop energy balances(with varying levels of detail and accuracy).Because energy end-use data are not available in energy balances,additional efforts are needed to collect such data.The existence of sound national energy balances is n

174、ot considered an absolute prerequisite for the development of energy efficiency indicators.Still,it is an important milestone and the existence of more aggregated data at the sectoral level very much facilitates the process.It is also important that the end-use data collected are consistent with mor

175、e aggregated data from balances(this is further explained in the Check and Act sections of the roadmap implementation).Need arises Governmentor high-levelendorsementLegalframeworkDesignation ofresponsible entityGoal definitionandprioritiesCapacitybuildingData collection planInstitutional arrangement

176、sMapping data sourcesand gapsResourceallocationGood practicesand internationalexperiencesDesign methodology(data collection,storage,processing)Data collection roll-outData managementData validationData useDisseminationData analysisNeeds for future adjustmentsAct on resultsPLANDOCHECKACTADJUSTInterna

177、tionalsupportLegendDemand-side data and energy efficiency indicators 4.A roadmap for the development of energy efficiency indicators A guide to designing a national roadmap PAGE|30 I EA.CC BY 4.0.The steps where international collaboration could provide support are marked with a box edged in blue.Th

178、is highlights the importance of collaboration as a key driver for the development of energy efficiency indicators,either through international organisations or by partnering with other countries that could provide relevant experience.For easier understanding,the following figure shows the roadmaps i

179、mplementation for the imaginary country of Statisland.This allows you to rapidly see,first,how energy efficiency indicators can be implemented in a country,even where previous work has been completed for several final consumption sectors,and second,how priorities can be established,leading the devel

180、opment of the whole workflow as shown in the figure.Example of roadmap implementation steps for the development of energy efficiency indicators in Statisland IEA.CC BY 4.0.New policy for energy efficiency in buildings highlights need for indicatorsThe ministry of energy recognises that indicators ar

181、e needed to track the new policy There is an existing regulatory framework for statistical data collectionA new energy efficiency agency is established and is in charge of energy efficiency indicatorsSuitable indicators are identified for tracking the residential and services sectorsTeam is in place

182、 and being trained in surveying and indicator methodologiesA new household survey is to be designed;in the meantime,sectoral indicators will be usedData sharing agreements are establishedSources and institutions are mapped,identifying gapsBudget is allocated based on initial workplanGood practices i

183、n household surveys are identified(reach out to IEA)Survey is designed,following international guidelinesSurvey is rolled outPreprocessing of collected data(incl.anonymisation)and storageRobustness,representativeness and plausibility of data/indicators are assessed Use of data(by modellers,planners,

184、policy makers,citizens,industry,academia)Dissemination(via newsletters,web,social media,brochures,apps)Data and indicators are analysedIdentify lessons learnt(e.g.sample needs to be larger,questionnaire needs to be shorter)Adjust the policyDemand-side data and energy efficiency indicators 4.A roadma

185、p for the development of energy efficiency indicators A guide to designing a national roadmap PAGE|31 I EA.CC BY 4.0.It is important to note that the example provided does not aim to be prescriptive,but merely illustrative,as individual countries can have various combinations of data availability,na

186、tional-level priorities for efficiency indicators and data collection methodologies.The paragraphs that follow provide more detail on each of the implementation steps,including the key questions to be asked at each stage.Plan Need arises(Linked enabler:Political will and awareness)Is energy efficien

187、cy high on the political agenda?Do data have a high profile?Is there any planned or ongoing monitoring or evaluation work?The development of efficiency indicators typically happens when individual countries face the need to track their energy conservation and efficiency policies,or energy efficiency

188、 progress in general(e.g.in line with decarbonisation efforts).It may be that some countries have prioritised other aspects of energy policy,for example electricity access or energy security,and have not regarded energy efficiency as a national priority(despite being related).The acknowledgement of

189、the importance of energy efficiency and the drive to track its progress are an important trigger for the development of efficiency indicators.Also,international reporting requirements may be equally as important in initiating such work at a national level.Government or high-level endorsement (Linked

190、 enabler:Political will and awareness)Does the government or ministry see the value of energy efficiency indicators?Does the government or ministry endorse the development of energy efficiency indicators?Once there is a degree of prioritisation around energy efficiency(e.g.work is initiated to desig

191、n new policies,or to minimise/optimise the investment in electricity grids or installed capacity),it is important that the government or government bodies(e.g.the energy ministry)recognise the importance of tracking progress in the development of efficiency indicators and support their formation.Thi

192、s can be done either formally(e.g.as part of national strategies)or informally(e.g.through messages to public institutions).Government support is not an absolute Demand-side data and energy efficiency indicators 4.A roadmap for the development of energy efficiency indicators A guide to designing a n

193、ational roadmap PAGE|32 I EA.CC BY 4.0.requirement for the development of energy efficiency indicators,but the existence of high-level acknowledgement and impetus strongly facilitates the process.Legal framework (Linked enablers:Political will and awareness,trusted and empowered data collection syst

194、em)Is there a regulatory framework that enables the collection of end-use data(either stand-alone or part of a broader framework)?If not,is it possible or relevant to create a new one?Who or what institution is or would be in charge?What responsibilities would be assigned?Several countries have nati

195、onal data collection frameworks established under law,which can be generic(e.g.a general law or regulation on statistics)or specific(e.g.dedicated laws by topic,such as energy or energy efficiency).This arrangement typically assigns the responsibility for collecting and processing data to a designat

196、ed institution;it can also designate whether the submission of data is mandatory or voluntary and the specifics of compliance or incentives for collaboration.It may also include aspects such as data protection(e.g.privacy and confidentiality issues).Where there is no existing national framework for

197、end-use data collection or the development of efficiency indicators,it can be sensible to either establish a new one,or adjust an existing one(e.g.adding to the responsibilities of an existing entity).Integrating the development of energy efficiency indicators into national regulation in Mexico Whil

198、e many countries establish a regulatory framework for statistical data collection in general,or energy statistics in more detail(even if partially),it is not as common to see energy efficiency indicators explicitly mentioned in such regulations.This may be,in part,because such regulatory frameworks

199、came into force several years ago,when awareness of this topic was lower than today.In the case of Mexico,the government has acknowledged the importance of indicators for tackling climate action and gaining a better understanding of the countrys energy context and needs.It has done this by including

200、 energy efficiency indicators in national legislation to evaluate and monitor the progress of Mexicos Transition Strategy to Promote Cleaner Technologies and Fuels.Demand-side data and energy efficiency indicators 4.A roadmap for the development of energy efficiency indicators A guide to designing a

201、 national roadmap PAGE|33 I EA.CC BY 4.0.End-use energy efficiency indicators and their international comparison(benchmarking)are mentioned in Article 18 of the Sustainable Energy Use Law and in its associated regulation.In December 2015 this law was substituted by the Energy Transition Law,in which

202、 the energy efficiency indicators are mentioned in Article 29.This regulation establishes that energy efficiency indicators by sector should be part of the Energy Transition Information System.This has been enabled by high-level awareness of the importance of energy efficiency and of the existence o

203、f indicators to track its progress.Specifying the topic within the law is a way to ensure that this work stream becomes sustained over time.Further information is available in Annex IX.Designation of responsible entity (Linked enablers:trusted and empowered data collection system and proper resource

204、 allocation)Is there an existing national institution that can take over energy efficiency indicator duties?If not,is it possible to create a new one?In countries that do not have a legal framework for end-use data collection,it is still possible to develop efficiency indicators if the responsibilit

205、y has been informally assigned to a national institution,or if an national institution is interested in voluntarily undertaking such a task.The latter may be less common,although there are cases where the development of efficiency indicators has started organically,without a mandate.These entities t

206、ypically have limited resources and are less likely to commit unless they have been formally designated(and have resources allocated).Depending on the country,responsibility for the development of energy efficiency indicators typically falls under the umbrella of one of three key types of national i

207、nstitution:statistical offices,energy ministries or energy efficiency agencies.In any case,close collaboration between all of them is an important asset for the production of consistent and coherent data sets.Goal definition and priorities(Linked enablers:trusted and empowered data collection system

208、 and proper resource allocation)What indicators are needed to address the existing needs?Demand-side data and energy efficiency indicators 4.A roadmap for the development of energy efficiency indicators A guide to designing a national roadmap PAGE|34 I EA.CC BY 4.0.Can these indicators be developed

209、based on available data?What priority indicators need to be developed?Once a responsible entity is identified,the focus shifts to revisiting the goals of the indicators to be developed and the corresponding data to be collected.Different indicators deliver different messages,and hence it is importan

210、t to define what indicators are needed based on the tracking needs identified at the start.Similarly,an initial assessment of what information already exists and what else is needed may be relevant to negotiating allocated funds(in subsequent steps).This is also the time to identify priorities in in

211、stances where there are several needs to be addressed.The national energy efficiency plan,and identification of indicators needed in Chile Chile published its first ever energy efficiency law in 2021.It aims to contribute to achieving climate neutrality by 2050.In the future,specific data needs may

212、emerge,arising from the laws monitoring requirements and the measures foreseen in the energy efficiency plan.The Ministry of Energy is developing a line of work related to information,its co-ordination and interoperability between different public and private institutions.Chile estimates its energy

213、savings by comparing actual energy use with that expected according to a linear regression of final energy consumption against total GDP disaggregated data are not available on a yearly basis to perform a decomposition analysis.However,the national energy efficiency plan mentions the type of data an

214、d indicators to be developed to track the progress of the plans targets.For example,energy use per unit of value added for productive sectors,vehicle stocks,passengers and distances travelled by vehicle type/mode,fuel efficiency by vehicle type,and residential and services end uses and floor areas.I

215、n particular,Chile has an interest in the mining sector due to its prominence in the country.The government is seeking to develop suitable indicators for this productive sub-sector that allow for improved capture of the efficiency effect and which can disentangle it from factors related to the deter

216、ioration of mineral sources and greater carrying distances.Demand-side data and energy efficiency indicators 4.A roadmap for the development of energy efficiency indicators A guide to designing a national roadmap PAGE|35 I EA.CC BY 4.0.Resource allocation (Linked enablers:proper resource allocation

217、and staff capacity and stability)What resources are needed to develop the required indicators?What budget is available initially and what activities can it cover?The allocation of a proper budget is an essential step.This is not only to collect the required data,which is in itself an important eleme

218、nt of the overall budget,and one which may largely determinate the choice of the data collection methods and their accuracy.It is also essential for the development or improvement of the national energy data management system,the hiring of qualified staff and staff training,and the acquisition of th

219、e necessary physical and digital infrastructure.In principle,surveys should be as short and low-cost as possible to address data needs.Countries often conduct less detailed surveys at relatively high frequency and undertake more ambitious and detailed data collection(with higher budgetary requiremen

220、ts)at longer intervals.Defining the relevant budget in the United States The US Energy Information Administration(EIA)provides independent,impartial information to support the development of US energy efficiency indicators.The development of these indicators is not specifically itemised in the budge

221、t,but is instead a component within EIAs overall annual appropriation.The US federal government budget formulation process is complex,involving multiple layers of negotiation and approval,ultimately resulting in legislative action by Congress.The EIA is assigned a budget request level by the Departm

222、ent of Energy,which is submitted for review and approval by the Office of Management and Budget.The EIA provides a justification narrative explaining how appropriations would be spent.The Office of Management and Budgets approved levels are included in the Presidents budget request,which is submitte

223、d to Congress.Enacted appropriations may include specifically directed funding for EIA initiatives.The EIA has traditionally provided its efficiency indicators within the annual appropriation process outlined above.Demand-side data and energy efficiency indicators 4.A roadmap for the development of

224、energy efficiency indicators A guide to designing a national roadmap PAGE|36 I EA.CC BY 4.0.Mapping data sources and gaps(Linked enablers:data collection strategy and multilateral collaboration)What data are already available?What are the data sources and institutions to contact?What data are still

225、missing?The identification of relevant indicators for policy tracking,and the corresponding data needed to calculate them(including energy end-use and activity data),is followed by the process of mapping existing data sources across national institutions or databases.This allows you to understand wh

226、at data are already available(e.g.being collected for other purposes floor areas may be collected for taxpaying reasons)and what data need to be collected through new methods,or by adapting existing ones.In this sense,the existence of sound energy balances can be an important asset for a more detail

227、ed disaggregation of data by end use,and for the subsequent development of energy efficiency indicators.Institutional arrangements(Linked enablers:data collection strategy and multilateral collaboration)Are any other institutions already collecting data useful for efficiency indicators?Is it possibl

228、e to create a seamless process to simplify data sharing among these institutions(potentially with benefits for all parties)?Data for energy efficiency indicators are often collected by different institutions.The existence of arrangements between institutions(or departments within the same institutio

229、n)that collect and own data useful to other institutions may simplify,speed up and reduce the cost of data collection.Ideally,such arrangements should be established in a formal way(e.g.through written data sharing agreements)and at a high level,and be implemented at the operational level,complement

230、ed by informal agreements as needed.For this,it is important that decision makers and high-level stakeholders are aware of institutional data needs and sources.In any case,data sharing agreements between institutions need to account for privacy and confidentiality issues(Graef et al.,2019).The UN In

231、ternational Merchandise Trade Statistics(IMTS)compilation guide identifies a number of criteria for effective institutional arrangements:the designation of only one responsible agency a clear definition of the rights and responsibilities of all agencies involved the establishment of formalised worki

232、ng arrangements between agencies including agreements on holding inter-agency working meetings,as needed,and on the access to micro-data that those agencies collect.Demand-side data and energy efficiency indicators 4.A roadmap for the development of energy efficiency indicators A guide to designing

233、a national roadmap PAGE|37 I EA.CC BY 4.0.Formalisation of institutional arrangements in Canada Natural Resources Canada(NRCan)is responsible for the production of detailed energy end-use data across regions and sectors,based on aggregated energy use data from Statistics Canada(StatCan),and data fro

234、m other sources.NRCan finds it useful to have formal agreements with other national counterparts to facilitate data sharing and to establish the terms for disclosure of information.A departmental memorandum of understanding between NRCan and StatCan was first signed in 2013 and renewed in 2019,gover

235、ning the collection,sharing and disclosure of data,the confidentiality and use of the information,and access to the information at the departmental level.This fosters trust and collaboration among institutions and respondents to the surveys,as it ensures data security and that confidentiality is pro

236、tected throughout the process.Further to this memorandum,additional letters of agreement are also used to govern the implementation of data collection and sharing practices.For example,there is an annual trilateral letter of agreement between NRCan,Environment and Climate Change Canada and StatCan t

237、o establish the implementation details for the sharing of three different data products:1)the Report on Energy Supply and Demand,which produces national and provincial energy balances;2)the Annual Survey of Industrial Consumption of Energy;and 3)the Survey of Secondary Distributors of Refined Petrol

238、eum Products.The letter of agreement includes aspects such as a detailed schedule,deliverables and payment obligations between parties.It is also practice to sign letters of agreement between NRCan and StatCan to cover the details of survey implementation,such as the Survey of Household Energy Use a

239、nd the Survey of Commercial and Institutional Energy Use.In addition,regular meetings are held at various levels,including working groups,committees and senior management,to address specific data needs and issues,as well as to discuss the implementation of the signed agreements.Data collection plan

240、(Linked enabler:data collection strategy)What is the most suitable methodology to collect the data needed in this case?Is there any existing data collection process that can be used to gather the information needed?What is the timeline to collect the missing data?Demand-side data and energy efficien

241、cy indicators 4.A roadmap for the development of energy efficiency indicators A guide to designing a national roadmap PAGE|38 I EA.CC BY 4.0.When the data needed to develop indicators are not available,it is logical to establish a plan to collect them.It can also be useful to plan for both the short

242、 and the long term.From the different methods available(e.g.administrative sources,surveys,modelling or metering),it is important to define which will be used to collect each of the missing data series and when.This is a higher-level decision before going into the detailed design of the data collect

243、ion itself(e.g.survey sampling),but it is essential to complete a plan and a timeline for the collection of the missing data,in order to properly estimate resources for the longer term.In the interim,while the data needed for the indicators are not available,it may also be useful to define next-best

244、 or proxy indicators on a provisional basis.Where it exists,adapting an existing survey may turn out to be less costly than embarking on a new one if the information can be collected from a few additional questions.In some cases,it may be that the appropriate data collection method is determined by

245、the requirements set out in the legislation(e.g.at EU level,regulations on statistics to promote adequate data monitoring).At this stage it is also important to consider the role of new and digital technologies for the collection of disaggregated energy(and non-energy)data.As the diffusion of smart

246、meters and smart sensors becomes increasingly widespread,these may make an important contribution to better characterising demand-side energy patterns.The IEA has published a report entitled Energy End-Use Data Collection Methodologies and the Emerging Role of Digital Technologies,available on the I

247、EA website.Use of administrative data to estimate energy use in the Netherlands In order to estimate energy consumption in the services sector with a high level of resolution(and based on a bottom-up approach),Statistics Netherlands combines traditional methods by compiling a large amount of adminis

248、trative data and registers,and then using new technologies(geographic information systems GIS)to make it visible“on the ground”.The data sources considered include:1)the so-called“client files”registers of the public gas and electricity distribution companies in the country;2)the BAG(Basisregistrati

249、e Adressen en Gebouwen)the register of all buildings and addresses in the Netherlands;3)the Dataland2 a national register that contains information on building types;4)the National Business Register,which includes information on all enterprises in the Netherlands;5)Locatus,a national register of ser

250、vices companies(by service activity);and 6)district heating registers that contain the postal codes of district heating use.Linking the various data sources is not a straightforward task.For example,the client files contain registers of all connections,but do not distinguish between Demand-side data

251、 and energy efficiency indicators 4.A roadmap for the development of energy efficiency indicators A guide to designing a national roadmap PAGE|39 I EA.CC BY 4.0.household and business connections.Linking the client files with the BAG allows this distinction to be made.However,house identities are of

252、ten registered in different forms,leading to some inconsistencies.Similarly,identifying building users requires matching the National Business Register with the client files.Despite the challenges,the client files are considered a good source for energy statistics,allowing data from various sources

253、to be linked,and then plotted in a spatial way using GIS.Client files also allow plausibility checks and visual inspections to be made.The outcome is that more than 98%of natural gas and electricity deliveries are allocated,serving as inputs to the Dutch Energy Balance.Capacity building (Linked enab

254、lers:staff capacity and stability and data collection strategy)Do the staff have the capacity to collect the data?Do the staff have the capacity to develop energy efficiency indicators?Having qualified staff is of the utmost importance to the implementation of this work at a national level.They need

255、 to fully understand both the national energy data landscape and the underlying methodological aspects of efficiency indicators.For this,the staff should benefit from ongoing capacity building programmes to provide updates on important methodological changes and to compensate for staff turnover.This

256、 step is placed under the Planning stage of roadmap implementation,but in reality it is ideally a continuous effort that could run all the way through the whole cycle.Do Good practices and international experience(Linked enablers:data collection strategy and multilateral collaboration)How do other c

257、ountries collect end-use data and develop efficiency indicators?Can some practices be adapted to my country?What worked well and what did not?Whether at the stage of designing a new data collection process or reviewing and improving an existing one,it may be useful to refer to other countries experi

258、ences and practices.Learning from others experiences can be a valuable and efficient Demand-side data and energy efficiency indicators 4.A roadmap for the development of energy efficiency indicators A guide to designing a national roadmap PAGE|40 I EA.CC BY 4.0.way to avoid replicating mistakes that

259、 have already been made.Looking beyond the data collection stage,this learning can also be applied to the whole value chain,and for this reason the roadmap gathers real-world examples that can be used as a reference and hopefully be of benefit to you.Furthermore,the IEA is keen to facilitate knowled

260、ge exchange between willing countries.International experiences in Costa Rica Costa Rica has proven to be in the vanguard of national energy efficiency and sustainable energy policy.It created a national commission for energy conservation(CONACE)in 1993,and in 2012 it announced its intention to beco

261、me carbon neutral by 2021(Source:Informe nacional de monitoreo de la eficiencia energtica de Costa Rica).With regard to energy data,the country has been developing energy efficiency indicators as part of the Energy Efficiency Indicators Database(BIEE project)from the Economic Commission for Latin Am

262、erica and the Caribbean(ECLAC).One of Costa Ricas strengths is its vast experience in surveying across economic sectors,although its end-use data need to be better disseminated to become more useful and to raise their visibility.Furthermore,Costa Rica has referred to other countries practices and ex

263、periences when designing its own surveys.For example,for the industry survey that took place in 2018 and 2019,the country undertook a review both of its previous national industry surveys and other similar studies in the region and beyond(e.g.in Argentina,Uruguay,Chile,Spain and Canada).This was don

264、e to identify the key points for defining the survey sample.It is generally good practice because it increases the relevance and quality of the data collected by benefiting from previous or other experiences in the field.Design methodology(data collection,storage and processing)(Linked enabler:data

265、collection strategy)What will data collection look like?What is the targeted population(the sample size,etc.)?What is the replication frequency and how easy is it to replicate?After the higher-level data collection plan(administration,surveying,metering,modelling etc.)has been established for each o

266、f the missing data series,it is time to design a detailed methodology to fill the identified gaps.Starting with priority Demand-side data and energy efficiency indicators 4.A roadmap for the development of energy efficiency indicators A guide to designing a national roadmap PAGE|41 I EA.CC BY 4.0.in

267、dicators and corresponding data needs,it is important to define the target population,the sample size and design including stratification,the questionnaire if applicable,what elements are to be collected and the collection methods(e.g.in-person,remotely,with or without incentives),and replication fr

268、equency.Once progress has been made in higher-priority indicators,lower-priority indicators can be tackled.This is an opportune stage to oversee the whole process,including not only data collection itself,but also the required infrastructure to store it and allow easy retrieval of the information an

269、d its processing(also ensuring that data protection is maintained).This is important because storing and processing may be closely linked to the selected data collection method.It is also worth mentioning that there may be opportunities to apply alternative data collection techniques,which can be le

270、ss resource-intensive(e.g.mobile crowd-sourcing,or use of satellite data).Their use for energy statistics is not widely established,but interest in them has been growing in various countries.The Energy Conservation and Promotion Act an opportunity for energy data collection in Thailand Under Thailan

271、ds Energy Conservation and Promotion Act(ENCON Act),all occupants of designated factories and commercial buildings are required to submit an annual energy management report covering energy consumption,processes,targets and conservation measures.Besides this annual energy management report,occupants

272、are then audited on site by a team of accredited auditors.Both of these procedures constitute relevant sources of energy consumption data that can be used for statistical purposes.The Department of Alternative Energy and Efficiency is the entity responsible for implementing the ENCON Act and gatheri

273、ng the energy management reports submitted.Currently,these data are only collected for large energy consumers and hence they are not representative of the whole sector(services and industry).In the future,it would be beneficial to apply the acts requirements to a wider group of users(both buildings

274、and industries).This would take advantage of an up and running system for the collection of important data that can be used for statistical purposes to track efficiency progress more generally;it would also promote larger energy savings from efficiency at the national level.The five-digit national c

275、lassification system(TSIC)based on the International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities(ISIC)has also been applied to the energy data that can therefore be compared internationally(Source:Wongsapai,W.2017).Demand-side data and energy efficiency indicators 4.A roadmap for t

276、he development of energy efficiency indicators A guide to designing a national roadmap PAGE|42 I EA.CC BY 4.0.Data collection roll-out How long will data be collected for?Is it feasible to implement in practice the methodology as designed?This is the time for the actual roll-out and implementation o

277、f the data collection methodology designed above.It can be a single collection of data,or continuous(e.g.in the case of smart metering).Surveys are reliable and necessary,but they are resource-intensive.It is worth noting that data collection here refers not only to surveying,but also to the use of

278、modelling techniques to produce reliable estimates of energy consumption across end uses.This is done in numerous countries,which rely on modelling in different situations,for example to continuously produce their energy end-use data using secondary activity data from official statistics or more agg

279、regated energy data,or to estimate energy consumption between survey years(which may have varying frequency depending on the country,sector,etc.).Application of models to derive end-use data in Brazil In the case of Brazil,a significant proportion of the data that are used to develop energy efficien

280、cy indicators is modelled by EPE,the Brazilian energy research office.EPE has models for the residential sector(by end use),the industrial,agricultural and services sectors,the transport sector(by mode,segment and vehicle type)and for electricity demand.In general,the demand-side models used at EPE

281、are developed in-house,and so are flexible enough to adapt to the data available from different sources throughout the country.This approach also allows EPE to build assumptions based on expert knowledge and tailor it to its needs.The methodologies for the residential and electricity demand models a

282、re available online.EPE has highlighted one particular survey the Survey of Possession and Habits of Consumption of Electrical Equipment in the Residential Sector as an important example of the synergies between different data collection methods,and in particular between the use of surveys to comple

283、ment modelling work.This has had a positive impact by allowing the improvement of the demand-side models used by EPE.This survey was conducted under the Procel Program,and two more are planned one for the commercial sector and another for the residential sector.In addition,surveys conducted by secto

284、r associations are also used for constructing energy efficiency indicators.Often surveys conducted without an energy focus can nonetheless be extremely helpful for energy analysis.Demand-side data and energy efficiency indicators 4.A roadmap for the development of energy efficiency indicators A guid

285、e to designing a national roadmap PAGE|43 I EA.CC BY 4.0.Data management What tools are to be used to process and store the collected data?What techniques are to be applied?Are privacy and confidentiality issues accounted for?After collection,data need to be properly processed(e.g.by aggregating or

286、anonymising),validated(e.g.by removing outliers)and stored in a suitable platform allowing for easy access for different purposes.This step becomes increasingly complex the greater the amounts of data collected,as for example in the case of real-time data collected through digital means.The FAIR2 pr

287、inciples for data management have emerged as a widely accepted toolbox for data management.The energy data management system in Indonesia In response to Indonesias energy conservation targets(e.g.reducing final energy consumption by 17%by 2025),the country has developed POME(Pelaporan Online Manajem

288、en Energi),an online energy reporting system for industry,managed by the Directorate General of New,Renewable Energy and Energy Conservation(DGNREEC),part of the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources(MEMR).Under Government Regulation 70/2009 on energy conservation,large energy users(consuming mor

289、e than 6 000 toe/year)are required to report their energy consumption through POME.Currently,only manufacturing industries meeting the energy threshold report their energy data.MEMR is revising this regulation,and it is expected that the energy threshold level for the industrial sector will be lower

290、ed from 6 000 toe/year to 4 000 toe/year.Furthermore,with the promulgation of the new regulation,the buildings sector(500 toe/year threshold)and transport sector(4 000 toe/year threshold)will also be mandated to report their energy consumption to the government.The data reported include:energy consu

291、mption by fuel type,equipment and appliance data,power plant data,implemented energy efficiency measures,energy savings achieved,and energy efficiency investment data.POME has undergone a redesign process to improve its user-friendliness,and it now includes a benchmarking feature that allows compani

292、es to compare their energy performance with others,while it also allows DGNREEC to provide feedback and recommendations to businesses,encouraging companies to implement energy 2 Findability,Accessibility,Interoperability,and Reuse of digital data.Demand-side data and energy efficiency indicators 4.A

293、 roadmap for the development of energy efficiency indicators A guide to designing a national roadmap PAGE|44 I EA.CC BY 4.0.efficiency measures.Some of the collected information feeds into Indonesias energy efficiency information website(SINERGI),among other data and resources.This type of online re

294、porting system is expected to significantly advance the understanding of energy use in the industrial context and to improve insight into the current status in relation to established targets.Industries covered by this reporting system account for about 70%of total industrial consumption.The progres

295、sive lowering of the threshold and expansion to other sectors should be an important step in improving the national characterisation of energy use patterns.Check Data validation(Linked enablers:data collection strategy and multilateral collaboration)Is the data good quality?(i.e.robust,representativ

296、e,plausible)What data should be analysed carefully?Is metadata available?After the collection and preprocessing of the data(part of the management step),it is important to check for data quality in a more comprehensive way.This includes,for example,assessing data representativeness(e.g.whether the d

297、ifferent strata are properly represented),robustness(e.g.the response rate),coverage of the different elements collected,plausibility of the data and indicators produced(e.g.by comparing with plausible ranges).This can be done through quality control systems,both embedded in the data collection proc

298、ess itself and in place in this later data validation stage.Data quality assurance and protection in Australia The Australian Energy Statistics(AES)is the Australian governments official source of energy statistics for Australia,including end-use data.A robust quality assurance process is in place f

299、or the verification of data when compiling AES estimates.Plant-level data are used to confirm and explain sudden fluctuations in production or consumption(this may,for instance,explain sudden jumps or falls from the opening or closure of a plant or by misreporting in the source data).Data are also v

300、alidated by cross-checking with alternative data sources.AES estimates are Demand-side data and energy efficiency indicators 4.A roadmap for the development of energy efficiency indicators A guide to designing a national roadmap PAGE|45 I EA.CC BY 4.0.validated by revisiting the trends in national,s

301、tate and industry-level economic activity indicators(e.g.GDP,population)and data on passenger and freight activities.Data are also validated for each fuel by looking at discrepancies in the supply and demand balance tables.Major inconsistencies are usually resolved in consultation with the data sour

302、ce agencies(e.g.the Clean Energy Regulator).Where possible,the data are compiled and presented using concepts and definitions intended to align the AES with international frameworks.Further to data validation,maintaining data privacy and confidentiality is also of utmost importance.Statistics for re

303、lease must ensure that the identification of an individual person or organisation,either directly or indirectly,is not possible.This requires the use of statistical methods that preclude identification,while allowing sufficiently detailed information to make the data useful.Most commonly,this involv

304、es removing or altering information,or collapsing detail.For instance,if a cell in a published AES table were to contain data from only a small number of companies(or from many companies but where only one or two predominate),then it could be possible for a third party to deduce information about th

305、e companies involved.In order to mitigate against identification and disclosure risks,data concerning some fuel types and industries in the AES tables are aggregated or withheld from the published tables.Where confidentiality measures extend beyond these fuel types and industries(e.g.where informati

306、on could be deduced by subtracting other published data from an aggregate),this is noted in the tables.Needs for future adjustment How did the data collection process go in practice?What lessons can be learned and what can be improved for next time?This step refers to the ex-post assessment of the d

307、ata collection process,addressing the resources spent and whether they have deviated from the initial estimated budget,as well as the overall performance and efficacy of the methodology used.It also looks at whether the response rate was high enough and what could have been done from a strategic poi

308、nt of view to improve it.It considers any lessons learned from the process for future replications.Demand-side data and energy efficiency indicators 4.A roadmap for the development of energy efficiency indicators A guide to designing a national roadmap PAGE|46 I EA.CC BY 4.0.Act-adjust Data analysis

309、 What messages do the indicators tell us?Do the developed indicators address the initial goals and needs?After the data have been collected and duly systematised,and the indicators aimed for have been produced,it is time to analyse the patterns and trends found in the data and the indicators.Fundame

310、ntally,this step aims to interpret the messages from the indicators,which should be able to track and fully address the initial defined goals.Dissemination Do the data and indicators reach a large number of users and different audiences?Are data and indicators disseminated in a clear way and in an a

311、ppropriate format?Data are collected to serve a number of purposes,not for the sake of being collected.As such,it is important to disseminate them into practical formats for different users,and to convey the key messages found.Good and effective data dissemination also allows for improvements in its

312、 quality through the queries and feedback received by the data providers from the users.Data use Are users using the data for different purposes?What are the data being used for?What conclusions can be drawn?Using the data for a number of purposes(e.g.energy planning,modelling,policymaking)allows us

313、 to advance knowledge(e.g.regarding progress on efficiency,the effectiveness of specific technologies or policies)and to meet the needs and goals initially identified when it was decided to develop energy efficiency indicators in the first place.At this stage,important conclusions are drawn from use

314、rs,such as:Can efficiency improvements be associated with a specific policy?Is this investment necessary if efficiency continues to progress at the same pace?Specifically,regarding data for policymaking,it is important that data become embedded in all stages of the policy cycle.Only evidence-based p

315、olicies can be effective,and we have witnessed in the past policies and national targets being Demand-side data and energy efficiency indicators 4.A roadmap for the development of energy efficiency indicators A guide to designing a national roadmap PAGE|47 I EA.CC BY 4.0.designed without a baseline

316、or background information,and often falling short of delivering the expected results.Act on results What changes/adjustments are needed based on data insights?What else can be done with the new information available?Ideally,the insights and conclusions drawn from the use of the data lead to actions,

317、for example adjusting a policy that is being tracked,or setting new(and stricter)targets.This is necessary to guarantee that countries continue to achieve savings from energy efficiency,to identify new priorities for action and to check if emission reductions are enough to deliver national commitmen

318、ts.In addition,besides policy adjustments there may also be the need to adjust the indicators used,depending on whether they have met the initial goals and needs and whether they have been able to capture the intended information.As a result,the end of a cycle may lead to the beginning of a new one,

319、with new needs and new indicators to develop.Data collection embedded into the policy cycle in the United Kingdom The United Kingdom has been collecting end-use data for over 20 years,data that are acknowledged as being important for monitoring national targets across sectors.At present,the data are

320、 used to inform a range of climate change and energy efficiency policies.The country has committed to reaching net zero emissions by 2050.For this reason,energy consumption is monitored across different sectors and end uses to identify what policies are needed to meet the countrys long-term targets.

321、In particular,data collection for monitoring and evaluation are included in the budgets of these policies.Despite this,there is a challenge in turning the data collection exercises commissioned for individual policies into long-term frameworks.This represents a real-world example of how data are emb

322、edded into the policy cycle.For example,an evaluation of the Climate Change Agreements(CCA)scheme is being conducted to assess and help deliver an improvement of at least 20%in business energy efficiency by 2030,laid out in the Governments Clean Growth Strategy.The CCA scheme is a voluntary agreemen

323、t scheme that aims to mitigate the effect of the Climate Change Levy on energy-and trade-intensive industry.Firms in eligible sectors choose to participate under sector-specific“umbrella”CCA Demand-side data and energy efficiency indicators 4.A roadmap for the development of energy efficiency indica

324、tors A guide to designing a national roadmap PAGE|48 I EA.CC BY 4.0.agreements.It offers discounts on the Climate Change Levy to firms meeting targets for carbon or energy efficiency improvements.The evaluation programme combines a number of methods(e.g.analysis of emissions data,econometric analysi

325、s of the impact on energy consumption at the macro level 2-digit ISIC code level,and a telephone and online survey).This demonstrates not only the importance of detailed data availability for policy monitoring and evaluation,but also how policy work can constitute an important source of data that ca

326、n be used for other purposes.Demand-side data and energy efficiency indicators Additional remarks A guide to designing a national roadmap PAGE|49 I EA.CC BY 4.0.Additional remarks As useful and necessary as energy efficiency indicators are for describing key trends and patterns in energy use across

327、the main final consumption sectors and understanding the role of efficiency,it is important to keep them in perspective.Despite being very detailed,and certainly the most detailed indicators in energy statistics,they are average indicators.As a result,they do not provide insights into more extreme p

328、atterns and,for instance,they are not able to describe variability in energy use due to variables such as income level,gender or age.In order to understand the impacts on more vulnerable populations,especially in light of calls for so-called just or fair energy transitions,additional layers of detai

329、l are needed.The end-use data and the efficiency indicators presented above should be collected and developed with segmentation across each of these dimensions(income,gender,age).It is acknowledged that many countries struggle with the collection of the sub-sectoral and end-use data mentioned earlie

330、r,and hence options for further development represent“second-level”indicators that may be useful for characterising other dimensions of energy efficiency policy,and for making sure no one is left behind.As challenging as this may be in the real world,given existing constraints at a national level,it

331、 is important to keep it in mind,as the opportunity may emerge.Demand-side data and energy efficiency indicators Conclusion A guide to designing a national roadmap PAGE|50 I EA.CC BY 4.0.Conclusion The development of energy efficiency indicators is a necessary prerequisite to track energy efficiency

332、 progress for different purposes(e.g.policy design and monitoring,energy planning).Energy efficiency is increasingly on sustainability and decarbonisation agendas worldwide,and several countries have developed or are developing energy efficiency indicators at a national level.This document aims to i

333、ncrease awareness of their importance and offer a guide to support different stakeholders in initiating or continuing their development,regardless of the stage the country may be at.It also offers a number of good practice examples from countries globally,with real-world application of different steps of the roadmap to illustrate how they can work in practice.Naturally there is no single recipe an