《美國能源部：2023推進美國離岸風電發展報告（英文版）（24頁）.pdf》由會員分享，可在線閱讀，更多相關《美國能源部：2023推進美國離岸風電發展報告（英文版）（24頁）.pdf（24頁珍藏版）》請在三個皮匠報告上搜索。

1、U.S.Department of Energy Strategic Contributions Toward 30 Gigawatts and BeyondAdvancing Offshore Wind Energy in the United StatesH I G H L I G H T S30 GW 2 0 3 0110 GW 2 0 5 0Advancing Offshore Wind Energy in the United States Highlights|2Disclaimer.This work was prepared as an account of work spon

2、sored by an agency of the United States Government.Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof,nor any of their employees,nor any of their contractors,subcontractors or their employees,makes any warranty,express or implied,or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accu

3、racy,completeness,or any third partys use or the results of such use of any information,apparatus,product,or process disclosed,or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights.Reference herein to any specific commercial product,process,or service by trade name,trademark,manufactu

4、rer,or otherwise,does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement,recommendation,or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof or its contractors or subcontractors.The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United S

5、tates Government or any agency thereof,its contractors or subcontractors.Photo by Lyfted Media for Dominion EnergyAdvancing Offshore Wind Energy in the United States Highlights|3The Strategy The U.S.Department of Energy(DOE)has been a global leader in supporting critical wind energy research,develop

6、ment,demonstration,and deployment(RDD&D)for decades,helping usher in commercial wind energy production.These investments have contributed to the rise of todays wind energy sector.This offshore wind energy strategy outlines DOEs approach for accelerating the development of U.S.offshore wind to deploy

7、 30 gigawatts(GW)by 2030 and establish a pathway to deploying 110 GW or more by 2050.1 As a critical part of this pathway,this strategy seeks to also support the deployment of 15 GW of floating offshore wind capacity by 2035,as announced by the Biden administration in September 2022.2 In January 202

8、2,DOE issued a nationwide strategy3 that outlined broad priority areas for accelerating the sustainable development of offshore wind energy in the United States.This strategy document outlines DOEs contributions to meeting the challenges indicated in the nationwide strategy,including the need to red

9、uce the levelized cost of energy;expand predictable leasing and permitting processes;develop the domestic supply chain;and expand transmission.DOEs efforts form a part of a broader all-of-government approach to advancing offshore wind energy and strengthening the U.S.transmission grid as part of our

10、 nations clean energy future.1 The White House.2021.“FACT SHEET:Biden Administration Jumpstarts Offshore Wind Energy Projects to Create Jobs.”https:/www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/03/29/fact-sheet-biden-administration-jumpstarts-offshore-wind-energy-projects-to-create-jobs

11、.2 The White House.2022.“FACT SHEET:Biden-Harris Administration Announces New Actions to Expand U.S.Offshore Wind Energy.”https:/www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/09/15/fact-sheet-biden-harris-administration-announces-new-actions-to-expand-u-s-offshore-wind-energy.3 U.S.Depar

12、tment of Energy(DOE).2022.Offshore Wind Energy Strategies.https:/www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2022-01/offshore-wind-energy-strategies-report-january-2022.pdf.DOEs RoleFor more than a decade,DOE has led a robust portfolio of RDD&D,analysis,and stakeholder engagement to advance offshore wind ene

13、rgy in the United States and support the transmission system upgrades that enable it.DOE supports the development of critical technologies through research,innovation,coordinated planning efforts,technical assistance programs,community engagement,demonstration projects,and federal loans for clean en

14、ergy deployment,transmission buildout,and supply chain development.DOE regularly partners with numerous federal,state,local,and tribal government agencies and organizations;domestic and international private and public energy entities;and its national laboratories.DOE collaborates with U.S.agencies

15、such as the Bureau of Photo by Helena Pound,DOEAdvancing Offshore Wind Energy in the United States Highlights|4Ocean Energy Management to help inform siting and leasing and coordinates efforts closely with the U.S.Department of Commerce,U.S.Department of Transportation,and others to advance offshore

16、 wind energy while protecting biodiversity and ocean co-use.Through this strategy,DOE outlines a plan to bring its complement of programs and resources to bear to support offshore wind,in partnership and collaboration with the parties mentioned above,as the agency seeks to steward its annual appropr

17、iations and new resources under the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law and Inflation Reduction Act.The VisionTogether with its federal partners,DOE envisions a future in which offshore wind energy is not only a critical part of the nations decarbonized economy and climate solution,but is developed in a w

18、ay that is economic,reliable,sustainable,just,and timely(Figure H-1).Figure H-1.All-of-government offshore wind energy vision.Illustration by John Frenzl,National Renewable Energy Laboratory(NREL)EconomicVisionReliableA FUTURE IN WHICH OFFSHORE WIND IS A CRITICAL PART OF THE NATIONS DECARBONIZED ENE

19、RGY SECTOR AND CLIMATE SOLUTION.A FUTURE IN WHICH OFFSHORE WIND PROMOTES:Cost-competitive generation and a high-value energy option Lasting,good-paying,and meaningful employment The global export of components and services U.S.leadership in design,manufacturing,and deployment of foating offshore win

20、d.Utility-scale power production in proximity to coastal load centers Resilient and reliable transmission infrastructure Carbon-free production of alternative fuels and energy storage systems.Reductions in greenhouse gas emissions,air pollution,and water consumption Development that avoids,minimizes

21、,and mitigates impacts on living marine resources and habitats.Design for circular economy practices that use recyclable materials Financial and employment benefts and decision-making opportunities for local and underserved communities Maximized ocean co-use that considers other economic and environ

22、mental needs,including fsheries and tribal interests Coordinated and effcient permitting and expanded leasing opportunities.Sustainable,Just,&TimelyAdvancing Offshore Wind Energy in the United States Highlights|5The OpportunityOffshore wind is a growing source of reliable and clean energy around the

23、 world,with over 50 GW installed across more than 250 projects,as of mid-2022.The United States has just begun to tap the vast resource potential along its coasts with seven wind turbines(42 megawatts MW)installed off Rhode Island and Virginia as of 2022,but has a project pipeline of 40 GW planned.4

24、 In addition to the federal offshore wind target of 30 GW by 2030 and 15 GW of floating offshore wind by 2035,individual U.S.state policies aim to procure at least 39 GW by 2040.5 With over 4,200 GW of technical resource potential,offshore wind could meet todays U.S.electricity demands by more than

25、three times.6 7 A single offshore wind power plant can deliver a significant amount of energy to coastal load areas,which tend to suffer from transmission congestion and limited siting options for large-scale,land-based renewable energy generation.The potential scale of offshore wind energys deploym

26、ent and its access to the nations highest and most reliable wind speeds make this generation source a crucial infrastructure investment,and one that can help revitalize coastal communities,including ports and manufacturing facilities.Achieving the administrations goal of 30 GW by 2030 would translat

27、e to more than 77,300 employed workers in jobs induced by offshore wind activity,capital investments in offshore wind energy projects of more than$12 billion per year,and 510 new manufacturing plants(for producing wind turbine nacelles,blades,towers,foundations,and subsea cables).8 Infrastructure in

28、vestments also 4 Musial,W.,P.Spitsen,P.Duffy,P.Beiter,M.Marquis,et al.2022.Offshore Wind Market Report:2022 Edition.https:/www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2022-08/offshore_wind_market_report_2022.pdf.5 Musial,W.,P.Spitsen,P.Duffy,P.Beiter,M.Marquis,et al.2022.Offshore Wind Market Report:2022 Edit

29、ion.https:/www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2022-08/offshore_wind_market_report_2022.pdf.6 Lopez,A.,R.Green,T.Williams,E.Lantz,G.Buster,B.Roberts.2022.“Offshore Wind Energy Technical Potential for the Contiguous United States.”https:/www.nrel.gov/docs/fy22osti/83650.pdf.7 U.S.Energy Information Ad

30、ministration.2022.Annual Energy Outlook 2022.https:/www.eia.gov/outlooks/aeo/narrative/pdf/AEO2022_Narrative.pdf8 Lantz,E.,G.Barter,P.Gilman,D.Keyser,T.Mai,et al.2021.Power Sector,Supply Chain,Jobs,and Emissions Implications of 30 Gigawatts of Offshore Wind Power by 2030.https:/www.nrel.gov/docs/fy2

31、1osti/80031.pdf.9 Shields,M.,J.Stefek,F.Oteri,M.Kreider,E.Gill,et al.2023.A Supply Chain Road Map for Offshore Wind Energy in the United States.https:/www.nrel.gov/docs/fy23osti/84710.pdf.10 DOE.2022.Offshore Wind Energy Strategies.https:/www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2022-01/offshore-wind-ener

32、gy-strategies-report-january-2022.pdf.include marshaling ports,fabrication ports,and large installation vessels for a total of approximately$11 billion needed by 2030 to support the manufacture,transport,and installation of major offshore wind energy components.9 National Offshore Wind Energy Priori

33、ty Needs This strategy builds on the 2022 Offshore Wind Energy Strategies report10 published by DOE,in coordination with other federal agencies,that outlines the following regional and national challenges and strategies to accelerate offshore wind energy deployment in the United States(Figure H-2):R

34、educing offshore wind energy costs.The average cost of offshore wind energy generation in the United States is above that of many other generation sources.Additionally,at the time of publication,offshore wind projects are facing challenges associated with rising costs due to inflation and rising cos

35、t of capital.Reducing the generation cost is a need for both fixed-bottom and floating offshore wind systems,though it is a particular area of emphasis for floating offshore wind.Floating offshore wind systems are at an earlier commercial and technological stage with costs that tend to be above thos

36、e of fixed-bottom offshore wind systems.Supporting optimized siting and regulation.The extent of lease areas available for offshore wind energy development will need to grow considerably Advancing Offshore Wind Energy in the United States Highlights|6in the coming decades to meet longer-term state a

37、nd federal deployment goals.Future offshore wind leasing also requires increased certainty in timing and processes,and careful consideration of ocean co-use,environmental sustainability,benefits to underserved communities,and energy justice.Investing in supply chain development.The nation is readyin

38、g for its first commercial-scale offshore wind energy projects,yet the domestic supply chain is not yet mature enough to manufacture all key components needed to reach the Biden administration goals,as well as serve global markets.Planning the grid integration of offshore wind energy.Most U.S.coasta

39、l areas lack adequate transmission 11 DOE.2022.Offshore Wind Energy Strategies.https:/www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2022-01/offshore-wind-energy-strategies-report-january-2022.pdf12 Inflation Reduction Act of 2022.H.R.5376.117th Congress.2022.https:/www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-bi

40、ll/5376/textcapacity to bring gigawatt-scale production from offshore wind turbines to coastal load centers.Therefore,there is a need to deploy offshore and onshore transmission networks to deliver offshore wind power and improve reliability and resilience and enable dynamic cable solutions for floa

41、ting offshore wind energy.The 2022 Offshore Wind Energy Strategies report also identified expanded federal incentives related to offshore wind energy as a challenge area.11 Since the publication of that report,the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 was passed,12 which extends tax credits for clean ener

42、gy and manufacturing.These tax credits have the potential to support both offshore wind market growth,as well as the development of a Expand federal incentives related to offshore wind energySupport optimized siting and regulationInvest in supply chain developmentSTRATEGIES TOWARD30 GW BY 2030EFFICI

43、ENT RELIABLE SUSTAINABLEReduce wind energy costs Address grid integration challenges Figure H-2.Key needs for meeting 30 GW by 2030(DOE 2022).lllustration by John Frenzl,NRELAdvancing Offshore Wind Energy in the United States Highlights|7domestic supply chain13 and may help address some of the chall

44、enges associated with rising project costs.Offshore Wind Energy Technology Types Offshore wind turbines are the largest rotating structures ever built and are highly complex systems.These systems can be broadly categorized into fixed-bottom and floating offshore wind systems.Deployment of offshore w

45、ind energy across all major 13 The White House,“Building A Clean Energy Economy:A Guidebook to the Inflation Reduction Acts Investments in Clean Energy and Climate Action,”January 2023,https:/www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Inflation-Reduction-Act-Guidebook.pdf.14 This water depth is n

46、ot a hard limit and floating substructures might get deployed in water depths shallower than 60 meters(m)depending on economic feasibility and siting considerations.15 Lopez,A.,R.Green,T.Williams,E.Lantz,G.Buster,B.Roberts.2022.“Offshore Wind Energy Technical Potential for the Contiguous United Stat

47、es.”https:/www.nrel.gov/docs/fy22osti/83650.pdf.U.S.coastal areas requires using both fixed-bottom and floating substructures because of varying water depths.Fixed-bottom substructures are secured in the seabed by monopiles,“jacketed”lattice-type frames,or gravity or suction bucket anchors and are t

48、ypically deployed in water depths of 60 meters(m)or less.Floating wind turbines are mounted on buoyant platforms or substructures and connected to the seabed using mooring lines and anchors,typically in water depths exceeding 60 m.14 From the total offshore wind resource potential of 4.2 GW,more tha

49、n 65%is in deep waters,requiring floating platforms(Figure H-3).15 Figure H-3 Offshore wind substructure type by water depth(60 m).Image from NREL.WAORCANVIDUTCOWYMTNDMNIAWIMIILINOHPAMEVTMACTRINHNYWVKYTNVANCSCGAALMSFLMOARLASDNEKSOKTXAZNMSubstructure TypeExclusiveEconomic ZoneFixedFloatingAdvancing O

50、ffshore Wind Energy in the United States Highlights|8Floating offshore wind energy development is anticipated to take place along the Pacific Coast,Gulf of Maine,Hawaii,and deeper water areas off the entire U.S.coastline.Furthermore,it is at an earlier technological and commercial stage,and more res

51、earch,development,and demonstration(RD&D)is needed to lower costs to the point where the technology can be widely cost competitive across coastal regions.More work is also needed to expand coastal infrastructure for floating offshore wind,advance manufacturing practices,and build a domestic supply c

52、hain to pave the way for widespread deployment.16 Because there have only been a small number of floating offshore wind energy projects deployed,more research is needed to characterize potential impacts of floating systems on the marine environment,and to design systems to maximize the potential for

53、 ocean co-use.16 Shields,M.,J.Stefek,F.Oteri,M.Kreider,E.Gill,et al.2023.A Supply Chain Road Map for Offshore Wind Energy in the United States.https:/www.nrel.gov/docs/fy23osti/84710.pdf.The InitiativesThis strategy proposes to advance offshore wind energy deployment through four major initiatives,e

54、ach using DOEs broad portfolio of resources and capabilities to catalyze the technologys development in the near and long terms and establish the United States as a global leader in this space.These DOE initiatives(shown in Figure H-4)address the specific research and development(R&D),supply chain,a

55、nd deployment needs associated with offshore wind technologies,transmission,and co-generation.Figure H-4.Strategic initiatives for offshore wind energy to become a critical part of the nations decarbonized energy sector and climate solution.lllustration by John Frenzl,NRELOffshore Wind Energy Strate

56、gic Initiatives U.S.DEPARTMENT OF ENERGYNOWLower costs,develop supply chain,and inform deployment of fxed-bottom offshore wind.FORWARDEstablish U.S.leadership in foating offshore wind design,manufacturing,and informed deployment.CONNECTEnable reliable and resilient transmission solutions for large-s

57、cale offshore wind deployment.TRANSFORMExpand offshore wind co-generation technologies for widespread electrifcation and decarbonization.203030 GW of generation capacity2050110 GW of generation capacityAdvancing Offshore Wind Energy in the United States Highlights|9economic,reliable,sustainable,just

58、,and timely developmentPhoto by Helena Pound,DOEAdvancing Offshore Wind Energy in the United States Highlights|10Photo by Gary Norton,NREL 41188NOWNEAR-TERM OFFSHORE WIND DEVELOPMENTAdvancing Offshore Wind Energy in the United States Highlights|11To meet the Biden administrations 30-GW-by-2030 goal

59、and unlock a pathway to 110 GW by 2050,DOE is establishing the Near-term Offshore Wind(NOW)initiative.This initiative promotes the development of fixed-bottom offshore wind energy by lowering costs,spurring supply chain development,and informing expanded,sustainable,and just deployment.NOW features

60、the following R&D efforts to:Reduce the cost of fixed-bottom offshore wind to$51/megawatt-hour(MWh)by 2030 from 2021s level of$73/MWh17 by:Optimizing the design of wind turbines and wind plant layouts through enhanced understanding of the short-and long-term U.S.offshore wind resource and meteorolog

61、ical,ocean,and geophysical characteristics;this optimization would reduce costs through higher energy production,longer wind turbine system lifetimes,and lower development expenses and material use.Upscaling of wind turbines through systems engineering and testing,validating,and demonstrating the ma

62、ny innovations that will enable larger,more powerful turbines(e.g.,superconducting generators,active turbine controls)while exploring the need for,costs and benefits of,and pathways to standardizing turbine sizes.17 Stehly,T.and P.Duffy.2022.“2021 Cost of Wind Energy Review.”https:/www.nrel.gov/docs

63、/fy23osti/84774.pdf.Developing installation,operations,and maintenance strategies that reduce complexity and labor at sea while mitigating adverse impacts on the ocean environment(e.g.,remote maintenance,noise mitigation measures during installation).Support the development of a robust domestic offs

64、hore wind supply chain to grow to more than 30 GW of fixed-bottom installations and operations by:Publishing road maps of offshore wind supply chain needs,including ports,manufacturing,and Tier 2(subassemblies)and Tier 3(subcomponents)suppliers,informed by holistic analysis.Convening and coordinatin

65、g with stakeholders to advance effective and efficient supply chain planning and development.Photo by Gary Norton,NREL 41188Photo by Dennis Schroeder,NREL 24575Advancing Offshore Wind Energy in the United States Highlights|12 Promoting the development and adoption of serial production practices in d

66、omestic manufacturing facilities through dedicated design studies and sector coordination efforts.Supporting the development of construction,operations,and maintenance vessels by assessing needs and gaps,conducting R&D to advance and demonstrate clean-fuel vessels,and facilitating access to financin

67、g to fill critical vessel needs.Facilitating the deployment of offshore wind power plants through federal financing.Supporting the development of a diverse,equitable,and inclusive future offshore wind energy workforce by analyzing the timing and geography of future workforce needs and establishing a

68、 network to ensure coordinated development of programming and expanded training programs to fill key workforce gaps.Inform just,sustainable,and timely development of fixed-bottom offshore wind energy by:Supporting community engagement and social science to understand impacts on communities and econo

69、mies and work to ensure that underserved communities benefit from offshore wind energy development.Supporting research to evaluate,avoid,minimize,and mitigate impacts on ocean co-uses,including fishing,tribal equities,and other federal missions.Developing technologies and practices to reduce radar s

70、ystem interference from offshore wind turbines.Supporting research to understand and reduce environmental impacts of fixed-bottom offshore wind energy deployment in the United States,including developing monitoring and impact mitigation technologies that will help inform project design and operation

71、 as well as reduce environmental impacts on marine ecosystems and wildlife.Collecting and analyzing data for informed decision-making about offshore wind energy lease area delineation for fixed-bottom facilities.Through these activities,DOE could support the Bureau of Ocean Energy Managements decisi

72、on-making through analysis,resource and physical data collection activities,and techno-economic tools.Advancing Offshore Wind Energy in the United States Highlights|13Reduce the cost of fixed-bottom offshore wind to$51/MWh by 2030 from 2021s level of$73/MWhAdvancing Offshore Wind Energy in the Unite

73、d States Highlights|14Photo by Brent Rice,NREL 52802FORWARDFLOATING OFFSHORE WIND ADVANCED RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENTAdvancing Offshore Wind Energy in the United States Highlights|15To unlock a pathway to 110 GW by 2050,U.S.offshore wind energy must extend into deeper waters,comprising about two-third

74、s of the nations potential.In September 2022,the Biden administration announced a goal of deploying 15 GW of floating offshore wind capacity by 2035.18 Floating offshore wind will enable the U.S.West Coast,Gulf of Maine,and deeper waters offshore all U.S.coasts to tap into this powerful resource.Bec

75、ause the floating offshore wind energy industryand related technologiesare relatively new,the United States can assume a leadership role in commercializing these technologies on a large scale.The Floating Offshore Wind Advanced Research and Development(FORWARD)initiative establishes U.S.leadership i

76、n floating offshore wind design,manufacturing,and deployment by addressing the most urgent RD&D,supply chain,and siting needs.In recognition of its great potential and the critical need to address RD&D challenges,DOE,the U.S.Department of the Interior,U.S.Department of Commerce,and U.S.Department of

77、 Transportation launched the Floating Offshore Wind ShotTM(Box H-1)in September 2022.19 This Energy Earthshot combines FORWARD with the floating activities from CONNECT and TRANSFORM for a holistic and impactful push to bringing floating offshore wind to U.S.waters(Figure 18 The White House.2022.“FA

78、CT SHEET:Biden-Harris Administration Announces New Actions to Expand U.S.Offshore Wind Energy.”https:/www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/09/15/fact-sheet-biden-harris-administration-announces-new-actions-to-expand-u-s-offshore-wind-energy.19 The White House.2022.“FACT SHEET:Bi

79、den-Harris Administration Announces New Actions to Expand U.S.Offshore Wind Energy.”https:/www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/09/15/fact-sheet-biden-harris-administration-announces-new-actions-to-expand-u-s-offshore-wind-energy.20 This RD&D cost goal was formulated in the Floa

80、ting Offshore Wind Shot for a deep-water site(1,000 m)and 125 kilometers from the point of interconnection.H-5).For instance,developing critical transmission technologies(CONNECT),such as dynamic cables for floating offshore wind applications,is part of the Floating Offshore Wind Shot.FORWARD,with s

81、upport from DOE,aims to:Reduce the cost of floating offshore wind energy in deep waters to$45/MWh by 2035 from todays estimated$150/MWh20 by:Enabling use of increasingly more efficient and larger wind turbines through integrated turbine and floating platform system designs,components,Illustration by

82、 Josh Bauer,NRELAdvancing Offshore Wind Energy in the United States Highlights|1670%Cost ReductionAchieved by2035FORWARDFloating offshore windCONNECTFloating transmissionTRANSFORMFloating co-generationU.S.Department of EnergyOffshore Wind Energy Strategic Initiatives 21 22 21 The White House.2021.“F

83、ACT SHEET:President Biden Signs Executive Order Catalyzing Americas Clean Energy Economy Through Federal Sustainability.”https:/www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/12/08/fact-sheet-president-biden-signs-executive-order-catalyzing-americas-clean-energy-economy-through-federal-su

84、stainability.22 The White House.2022.“FACT SHEET:Biden-Harris Administration Announces New Actions to Expand U.S.Offshore Wind Energy.”https:/www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/09/15/fact-sheet-biden-harris-administration-announces-new-actions-to-expand-u-s-offshore-wind-energ

85、y.Floating Offshore Wind Shot In September 2022,the Floating Offshore Wind Shot was announced to drive U.S.leadership in floating offshore wind design,development,and manufacturing.This is an interagency effort led by DOE,the U.S.Department of the Interior,U.S.Department of Commerce,and U.S.Departme

86、nt of Transportation.Achieving the Energy Earthshot targets will help America tackle the remaining technical challenges to address the climate crisis and more quickly reach the Biden administrations goal of equitably reaching net-zero carbon emissions by 2050 while creating good-paying jobs and grow

87、ing the economy.21 The Floating Offshore Wind Shot includes an ambitious goal to reduce the cost of floating offshore wind energy by at least 70%,to$45/MWh by 2035 for deep sites far from shore.22Figure H-5.Alignment of the DOE offshore wind energy strategy with the Floating Offshore Wind Shot.Illus

88、tration by John Frenzl,NRELIllustration by Besiki Kasaishvili,NRELAdvancing Offshore Wind Energy in the United States Highlights|17and controls while evaluating and exploring pathways to increase wind turbine size and improve floating system design standardization.Developing serial manufacturing pra

89、ctices in domestic manufacturing facilities.Advancing systems engineering and controls co-design to reduce weight,increase efficiency,and reduce costs.Supporting the development of new mooring,anchoring,dynamic cables,and floating substation concepts for deep-water deployment.Developing operations a

90、nd maintenance strategies and increasing wind turbine reliability to reduce periods of non-operation and reduce labor at sea through remote system health monitoring,inspection,and maintenance capabilities incorporating artificial intelligence and predictive maintenance.Support the development of a d

91、omestic supply chain to facilitate deployment of 15 GW or more by 2035 by:Developing analyses and road maps of manufacturing,port,and supply chain investment needs along the West Coast,Gulf of Maine,and other U.S.regions.Convening stakeholders and collaborating with federal agencies,states,and the f

92、loating offshore wind energy industry to develop and execute plans to fill high-priority supply chain gaps in alignment with analyses and road maps.Advancing serial manufacturing for a range of wind turbine components,with an initial emphasis on turbine platforms.Tailoring design of floating systems

93、,installation,and manufacturing practices to align with U.S.infrastructure and manufacturing capabilities.Filling critical gaps in U.S.vessels,manufacturing facilities,and floating offshore wind plants through federal financing.Identifying and supporting the workforce needed to install and operate f

94、loating offshore wind facilities while promoting workforce diversity,equity,inclusion,and accessibility.Inform just,sustainable,and timely development of floating offshore wind energy in deep waters by:Leveraging lessons learned from fixed-bottom development to ensure underserved communities benefit

95、 from floating offshore wind development.Supporting community engagement in floating offshore wind development planning and conducting social science and socioeconomic research to understand the impacts of offshore wind energy on coastal communities and economies.Funding research to characterize,avo

96、id,minimize,and mitigate potential environmental impacts and promote co-use of ocean space,including for fisheries,tribal equities,and other federal missions,with a focus on the unique impacts and geographies of floating offshore wind energy development.Developing technologies and practices to reduc

97、e radar interference from floating offshore wind turbines.Supporting research to inform the siting,development,and operations of floating offshore wind systems in deep-water habitats in coordination with federal and state agencies,with a near-term focus on the West Coast.Advancing Offshore Wind Ener

98、gy in the United States Highlights|18CONNECTTRANSMISSION SOLUTIONS FOR LARGE-SCALE OFFSHORE WIND ENERGY DEVELOPMENTAdvancing Offshore Wind Energy in the United States Highlights|19The coastal bulk transmission systems in most U.S.regions are currently not equipped to accommodate large amounts of new

99、 offshore wind energy and developing transmission offshore is complicated and largely uncharted territory for the United States.Developing transmission infrastructure introduces a wide range of technical,regulatory,social,and environmental issues falling under many jurisdictions at the federal,state

100、,and regional levels.Collaborative,proactive,and long-term transmission planning and phased grid development is vital to the increased certainty and pace of offshore wind energy development.Transmission solutions must not only be cost-effective,but also reduce environmental and ocean co-use impacts.

101、As a result,the CONNECT initiative aims to facilitate the development of and investment in transmission infrastructure solutions for large-scale offshore wind deployment and enhanced grid reliability and resilience through key partnerships,analysis,planning,R&D,and transmission infrastructure.The go

102、als of CONNECT are to:Coordinate and inform planning for a transmission system that integrates offshore wind energy with the U.S.electricity grid by:Convening and coordinating planning efforts for the design and construction of an offshore wind transmission network that serves individual projects an

103、d regional power markets and is integrated into the onshore transmission system.Conducting analyses to inform regional transmission development,including analysis 23 DOE.Building a Better Grid Initiative.https:/www.energy.gov/gdo/building-better-grid-initiative#of future offshore wind transmission t

104、opologies,the benefits and costs of transmission options,identification of routing trade-offs,and spatial analysis to reduce use conflicts.Providing technical assistance for regional planning entities and communities.Support technology innovation to increase offshore grid reliability,resilience,and

105、interoperability by:Facilitating R&D on cybersecurity,control systems,and power electronics to reduce energy losses and increase the value of offshore wind to the power system.Developing or refining technologies to increase the performance,reliability,and interoperability of offshore wind transmissi

106、on such as high-voltage direct current(HVDC)applications,improved electrical hardware for reliable operations in harsh ocean environments,dynamic power cables and floating substations,and interoperable controls,communications,and protection equipment.Support expansion of reliable and resilient grid

107、infrastructure by:Coordinating with federal and state agencies to identify the investment priorities for transmission manufacturing facilities to enable more than 110 GW of offshore wind capacity by 2050.Supporting critical investments in transmission infrastructure through federal loan guarantees,g

108、rants,and other mechanisms as part of the Building a Better Grid Initiative.23Advancing Offshore Wind Energy in the United States Highlights|20TRANSFORMEXPANDED OFFSHORE WIND CO-GENERATIONAdvancing Offshore Wind Energy in the United States Highlights|21TRANSFORM aims to support the technical innovat

109、ion of clean energy solutions needed to decarbonize all segments of the economy.The TRANSFORM initiative will advance offshore wind co-generation technologies,also known as wind-to-X technologies,which use offshore wind energy to produce another energy solution,such as hydrogen co-generation,in supp

110、ort of widespread electrification and a net-zero economy.Offshore wind energy can be a key enabler of this transition because it can be deployed at utility scale,mitigates the land-use requirements of other generation sources,and can be coupled(on land or offshore)with other clean energy technologie

111、s.TRANSFORM will fund technology R&D activities,establish demonstration projects to prove technical viability,and facilitate DOE loans that support investments into co-generation from offshore wind.Specifically,the goals of TRANSFORM are to:Promote storage and wind-to-X technologies from offshore wi

112、nd energy by:Advancing coupled wind-storage systems to enable their widespread adoption and address intermittency challenges associated with variable renewable energy generation;this effort includes techno-economic analysis of offshore storage to inform its economic deployment and R&D to advance cou

113、pled offshore wind-storage systems to extend their use cases and performance in different power markets.24 Efforts are coordinated with activities outlined in the DOE National Clean Hydrogen Strategy and Roadmap,which responds to legislative language set forth in Section 40314 of the Bipartisan Infr

114、astructure Law and was published in September 2022 as a draft for public comment.https:/www.hydrogen.energy.gov/clean-hydrogen-strategy-roadmap.html.Optimizing clean-fuel co-generation technologies to transition the transportation and agriculture industries to full decarbonization(e.g.,clean hydroge

115、n24);this includes conducting techno-economic analysis of hydrogen and other clean fuels to inform economic deployment and hybridization strategies and R&D to advance safe hydrogen and other clean-fuel production technologies.Supporting research and demonstration of wind co-generation,also known as

116、wind-to-X technologies,including energy storage and clean-fuel production,and the establishment of offshore energy hubs as a center for operations,transmission,and storage facilities.Support the development of offshore wind energy hubs by:Investigating the potential for offshore wind energy hubs to

117、serve as important multisector tools in a net-zero economy;this includes analyzing techno-economic feasibility and regional needs for offshore wind hubs to evaluate trade-offs and coordinate planning.Conducting R&D to lower the cost and increase the efficiency of hubs to incorporate wind energy with

118、 other technologies to optimize energy and space use and avoid,minimize,and mitigate any adverse environmental effects.Establishing and coordinating offshore wind energy hubs to demonstrate their technical feasibility and support financing to facilitate offshore wind energy hub development.Advancing

119、 Offshore Wind Energy in the United States Highlights|22OfficesDOE CONTRIBUTINGAdvancing Offshore Wind Energy in the United States Highlights|23CONNECTTRANSFORMCost ReductionsDomestic Supply Chain DevelopmentExpanded,Just,&Sustainable DeploymentTransmission DevelopmentCo-Generation ApplicationsNOWCo

120、st ReductionsDomestic Supply Chain DevelopmentExpanded,Just,&Sustainable DeploymentFORWARDAdvanced Materials and Manufacturing Technologies OffceOffce of Cybersecurity,Energy Security,and Emergency ResponseOffce of Manufacturing and Energy Supply ChainsHydrogen and Fuel Cell Technologies OffceLoan P

121、rograms OffceOffce of Clean Energy DemonstrationsOffce of Economic Impact and DiversityWater Power Technologies OffceState and Community Energy ProgramsWind Energy Technologies OffceVehicle Technologies OffceOffce of ElectricityOffce of ScienceARPA-EGrid Deployment OffceDOE seeks to build on the exp

122、ertise,capabilities,and resources across a range of its offices to promote offshore wind energy(Figure H-6).This document identifies the many opportunities for DOE action,including the many offices that might engage in the focus areas of this strategy.These areas include R&D to lower costs;efforts t

123、o promote just,sustainable,and timely deployment;transmission research and coordination;stakeholder engagement;supply chain development;and many other key facets of offshore wind energy deployment.Each office contributes to one or more critical areas of need.Figure H-6.Alignment of DOE office expert

124、ise and potential engagement with strategic initiativesNote:ARPA-E=Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy24DOE/GO-102023-5889 March 2023Read the full report.30 GW 2 0 3 0110 GW 2 0 5 0U.S.Department of Energy Strategic Contributions Toward 30 Gigawatts and BeyondAdvancing Offshore Wind Energy in the United StatesH I G H L I G H T SCover illustrations by John Frenzl