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1、 2023 Boston Consulting Group1This article was produced in collaboration with CTIA.IntroductionThe US leads the world in mobile communications.It is the country with the most sustained andintensive investment in both networks and radiofrequency spectrum.The US mobile industrysinvestments have been p

2、articularly effective in deploying the initial wave of 5G networks and providinga platform for further 5G innovations that will continue through the 2020s.Accelerating the 5G Economy in the USAPRIL 17,2023 By Val Elbert,Enrique Duarte Melo,Chi Hung Chong,and Johnny HendersonREADING TIME:15 MIN 2023

3、Boston Consulting Group2Although the nations commercial mobile networks are expanding,they could soon face capacityconstraints unless they receive an infusion of additional transmission power,through additionallicensed spectrum.Additional spectrumparticularly licensed mid-band spectrum,which provide

4、s theperformance necessary to support large-scale wireless networksis essential if the US is to continue tolead and grow the 5G economy.The 5G economy is the US economy as powered by wireless high-speed connectivity.On the basis ofBCGs ongoing research,we estimate that by 2030,the 5G economy will ha

5、ve contributed from$1.4trillion to$1.7 trillion in US economic growth.Deployment of this wireless system will have createdfrom 3.8 million to 4.6 million jobs and will have driven innovation throughout the country.The first phase of this growth,which began in 2019 with the introduction of 5G,has aff

6、ected theeconomy directly through network infrastructure development and deployment.A second phase is nowunderway,as 5G networks continue to roll out and improve.The new wave of economic potentialderives from advanced applications that 5G makes possible,such as augmented reality(AR),precisionrobotic

7、s and manufacturing,and the Internet of Things(IoT)at a massive scale.As these applicationsbecome integrated into the countrys economic and social systems,they expand opportunity and raiseproductivity across the country.In an earlier article evaluating the economic relevance of 5G networks,“Building

8、 the US 5G Economy,”we identified five key success factors that would enable the 5G economy to thrive over the next decade.The conventional narrative of a race among nations for technological dominance in the 5G arena oenfocuses on narrow metrics,such as the number of subscribers or cell towers.Alth

9、ough suchmeasurements may be relatively easy to gather,they tell an incomplete story of the potentialperformance of wireless networks and the integration of 5G capabilities into economic production.Inthis article,we examine five factors that we believe serve as more accurate,holistic indicators of 5

10、Gsongoing positive impact on business innovation and activity:Spectrum Availability.The lifeblood of wireless networks,spectrum is responsible for sendingcalls,texts,and data from device to device.To meet escalating demand for wireless capacity,providers need a sufficient mix of low-,mid-,and high-b

11、and spectrum to provide the rightcombination of coverage and capacity for delivering services over the range of populationdensities from rural to suburban to urban.Spectrum should be made available through atransparent,market-based set of forward-looking auctions,and should be licensed to deliverper

12、formance characteristics that support reliable,robust wireless service nationwide.(See thesidebar“High-Band,Low-Band,and Mid-Band.”)HIGH-BAND,LOW-BAND,AND MID-BAND 2023 Boston Consulting Group3A confluence of technological advancements makes possible the higher performanceof 5G compared to earlier c

13、ellular technology,but the most important andconstraining input for mobile networks is radio spectrum.5G transmissions canleverage numerous bands of spectrum,but the properties of these bands generally fallinto three different categories:low-band,mid-band,and high-band spectrum.Ideally,5G networks w

14、ill have access to enough bandwidth of each spectrum type to provide areliable,high-quality experience for mobile subscribers.The three spectrum categorieshave the following characteristics:Mid-band spectrum plays an important role in such popular 5G use cases as high-definition video streaming,resp

15、onsive gaming applications,and high-speed internetor FWAand it will play an increasingly important role in supporting future 5Gapplications at scale.It offers a cost-effective way to consistently deliver good speed High-Band Spectrum.This spectrum category,also called millimeter wave(mmWave),can ach

16、ieve the highest speeds because it uses large amounts ofspectrum,generally above 10 GHz.These frequencies,which were not previouslyconsidered useful for communications,are available in relative abundance.Furthermore,these high-frequency waves short wavelength allows them to betterleverage recent adv

17、ances in antenna technology.Unfortunately,these signalsgenerally travel only a short distanceabout one city blockand are easilyobstructed by buildings or objects.Low-Band Spectrum.This region of the spectrum is historically the range usedfor most cellular transmission.Low-band spectrum provides blan

18、ket networkcoverage for mobile operators.Low-band signals can travel many miles andpenetrate buildings.On the other hand,not much of it is available,and it offersthe slowest data throughput capacity and speeds of the three types of spectrumbands,making it inadequate for the most data-intensive appli

19、cations.Mid-Band Spectrum.This part of the spectrum sits between high-band and low-band.It can take advantage of improvements in antenna technology and,if madeavailable in sufficient quantities,can offer high data throughput capacity and widecoverage(up to about half a mile).C-Band spectrum,between

20、3.7 GHz and 4.2GHz,is a good example of mid-band spectrum used for mobile communicationsin the US today.2023 Boston Consulting Group4and latency performance to consumers.The rollout of mid-band spectrum was madepossible by the introduction of massive multiple input multiple output(MIMO)technology,wh

21、ich facilitates relatively low-cost transmission of a wider spectrum rangeon existing wireless tower infrastructure.Mid-band can be a game-changingtechnology in rural areas,where it can provide connectivity that would otherwise beunavailable,helping to bridge the digital divide,attract telecommuting

22、 professionals,and support economic growth.In the years since our initial research in this area,the opportunities associated with 5G have grownstronger.Companies have built initial 5G networks throughout the US,and consumers and businessesare taking advantage of the improved speed and performance th

23、at 5G provides.Wireless serviceproviders are building and scaling early use cases that capture the potential of 5G,such as enhancedmobile broadband(eMBB)and fixed wireless access(FWA).(See the sidebar“Four Categories of 5GService.”)Four categories of wireless technology service take advantage of 5Gs

24、 faster speeds andhigher bandwidth.Developed independently of one another,each has gradually gainedNetworks.Capital investments in network infrastructure are critical to building strong 5Gtelecommunications infrastructure.Such investments cover cell towers,5G base stations,securitysystems,and more.L

25、ocal policies on rights-of-way,streetlights,and other public assets can playan important role in facilitating network deployment.Innovation Ecosystem.A virtuous cycle of innovation and developmentfunded by private-sector R&D spending,aligned with government policies,and backed by strong intellectual

26、property protectionis essential for 5Gs evolution,as well as for the development of productsand services that ride on the networks.Business Climate.A commercial culture that is conducive to technological innovation will help5G-enabled technologies thrive and will encourage the continued rollout of 5

27、G networks.Itflourishes when enabled by access to funding,openness to risk,and business-friendly governmentpolicies.Talent.Widespread availability of tech-related training and certification is important to ensurethat the US workforce has the skills needed for future technological changes in 5G and b

28、eyond.FOUR CATEGORIES OF 5G SERVICE 2023 Boston Consulting Group5scale over time and has been deployed in an ever-expanding variety of use cases.As5G evolves,these four service categories are advancing along with it:Its a start.But building out the full US 5G economy will require the entire decade.E

29、ach year,moreprogress will be made toward the envisioned end state.In this report,we review the current state of the US 5G economy,assessed in terms of each of the fivesuccess factors noted above.We then examine the question of what to expect with regard to thosefactors during the second half of thi

30、s decade.The report concludes with five recommendations for US policymakers:increase the availability oflicensed full-power mid-band spectrum for mobile use;create a future pipeline for licensed spectrumauctions;provide further incentives for 5G innovation;develop a 5G partnership function in Enhanc

31、ed Mobile Broadband(eMBB).Companies in this category provide fast,reliable broadband service for mobile subscribers.Enhanced mobile broadbandoffers peak download speeds of 10 Gbps(tripling previous offerings)and can beused for videoconferencing and high-resolution(4K)video streaming.Phones canconnec

32、t reliably even in challenging locations such as high-rise neighborhoods,airports,moving transit,and stadiums.Fixed Wireless Access(FWA).FWA delivers high-speed,high-capacity stationarybroadband to homes and businesses,transmitting through radio frequencytowers.It can reach clusters of homes and bus

33、inesses in rural and suburbanareas at a lower initial cost than fiber optic.Massive Internet of Things(IoT).The IoT offers efficient,low-cost,broad internetcoverage to enable the interconnection of many smart devices and processes.Applications include smart manufacturing,logistics and tracking innov

34、ations,data-driven agriculture,wearable devices,and AI-enabled utilities and smart-cityprojects.Ultra-Low-Latency,High-Reliability Communications.Services in this categoryprovide high-performance broadband access for connected devices that performmission-critical vital functions such as the IoT,self

35、-driving vehicles,telemedicine,government applications,and AR.During the remainder of the 2020s,advancedIoT use cases will continue to mature,enabling a broader array of 5G capabilities.2023 Boston Consulting Group6governments;and promote and support the development of large-scale IoT deployment.Ado

36、ptingthese measures can help secure the future of the 5G economy with targeted efforts related to spectrumavailability and overall support to help 5G networks reach their potential and yield all of the benefitsthat attend them.The US 5G Economy TodaySince 2020,the 5G economy has made significant tec

37、hnological and institutional progress in the US oneach of our key success factors.Collectively,spectrum availability,networks,innovation ecosystems,business climate,and talent serve as an index of 5G growth and influence.Spectrum Availability.In the 2010s,US mobile data traffic grew considerably.It

38、expanded almost ahundredfold over the decade.By contrast,since 2012,low-and mid-band spectrum availabilityincreased by only about two times.Today,as 5G networks roll out,demand for US data traffic willcontinue to grow.BCGs analysis of Omdias 2022 data suggests that by 2027 the amount of annual 5Gdat

39、a traffic will expand to seven to nine times the level of annual data traffic before 5G.Recent research by The Brattle Group projects that mobile traffic will increase in the next five years byroughly 2.5 times,and almost sixfold increase in the next ten years.But if no new spectrum bands areallocat

40、ed for commercial wireless use,the study estimates that the US could face a spectrum deficit ofapproximately 400 megahertz by 2027a deficit that could more than triple to 1,423 megahertz by2032.These estimates represent the projected demand curve for 5G data traffic.However,doubts aregrowing about w

41、hether US wireless operators will be able to meet that demand.Capacity is directlyrelated to spectrum availability,but the future availability of high-performance 5G spectrum to enablecarriers to meet this demand is by no means guaranteed.The US has not yet developed a current national spectrum stra

42、tegy and has not identified any specificmid-band spectrum to make commercially available in the next five to ten years.Given the timerequired to make more spectrum available in the future,the lack of a pipeline of licensed full-powerspectrum for 5G is an increasing concern.Networks.Wireless network

43、capital expenditure per capita in the US has increased by about 12%since 2019.By years end in 2022,about 95%of the US population had access to a 5G network,andabout 80%of the population had access to networks capable of download speeds of 200 Mbps,up toten times faster than 4G.To achieve this expans

44、ion,the major wireless operators invested about$35billion in wireless networks in 2021,or about$105 per capita,compared to$95 per capita in 2019.5G networks deliver higher speeds and lower latencies.Wireless networks provide enough speed tosupport current enhanced mobile broadband,as well as new 5G

45、FWA that rivals average speeds over 2023 Boston Consulting Group7cable today.However,5G does have limitations.First,performance depends on how many users are sharing limitedspectrum resources in a given area.For example,network capacity can struggle to keep up withdemand in dense urban areas with ma

46、ny simultaneous users.Second,rising data use as broadbandservice categories grow will intensify customer demand further.Accommodating this growth in wirelessbroadband use will require additional spectrum,particularly in the mid-band range.Third,the abilityof network operators to increase the density

47、 of their networks and integrate new spectrum bands willdepend,in part,on land use and right-of-way policies at the federal,state,and local levels.Althoughstakeholders have made some progress in this area,providers still face opaque permit approvalprocesses and other challenges to optimizing the loc

48、ation of network infrastructure.Innovative Ecosystems.The US remains a center for wireless innovation and continues to add new5G research labs as the demand for advanced 5G applications increases.Wireless companies and theirnetwork and technology suppliers are offering simpler and more effective bro

49、adband solutions to theircustomers,and companies are developing advanced applications that leverage 5G capabilities.Several innovative use cases are gaining traction in the market.In cooperation with basketball andhockey leagues,Verizon has used 5G to establish immersive virtual reality(VR)and AR fa

50、n experiencesin more than 60 stadiums and sports venues.These systems process and present data about players inreal time and make predictions about each game as it is being played.FWA usage in the US is growing rapidly,too,bringing a new dynamic to the US broadband market.This 5G service category gr

51、ew by more than 70%in 2022,and mobile service operators now competewith cable TV providers in offering home internet connections in many locales.T-Mobile and Verizonare expected to reach 11 million to 13 million FWA customers by 2025.(See the sidebar“The GreatFWA Rollout.”)Starting in the spring of

52、2022,all network-added broadband in the US has been fixedwireless access(FWA),compared to 10%to 20%in 2021.About half of all newcustomers are switching from cable TV connections.In other words,FWA has becomea mainstream alternative to satellite and fiber,drawing market share from both.(Seethe exhibi

53、t.)THE GREAT FWA ROLLOUT 2023 Boston Consulting Group8 Subscriptions have expanded rapidly as FWA broadband service becomes available.Inthe third quarter of 2022,the number of subscribers grew at a rate 450%above that ofthe year before,to 3 million in the US.It is now on track to reach 11 million or

54、 moreby 2025.FWA is transforming the geography of internet access.Its speed and versatilereliability appeal to businesses in densely populated areas,and yet urban usersconstitute only about 30%of the total subscriber base.In the US,suburbs lead in FWA5G market share,with about 45%of all subscribers.

55、Here,FWA brings new competitionto markets that have had limited broadband options.In rural areas,FWA appears tobe the primary home broadband of choice.Rural customers make up about 25%of theFWA marketa relatively high share,considering that the rural share of the countryspopulation is about 18%.The

56、rural story is a triumph of persistent innovation and implementation,leadingover time to a step-change in national connectivity,with a do-it-yourself component 2023 Boston Consulting Group9that adds to the technologys appeal.Before FWA was introduced in the early 2000s,most broadband connections in

57、small towns required cumbersome antennas,typicallyinstalled by a specialist on a roof or tower in a town.In contrast,FWA provides a MIMO-based platform,enabling directional antennasthat make more efficient use of the available spectrum.Hardware manufacturers canmore easily develop indoor,compact,and

58、 portable antennas.The new platform hasrevolutionized the scale of local loop wireless internet access,enabling local ISPs toprovide enhanced access for their communities and allowing some individuals to setup their own connection points out of the box.The single 5G standard fosterscollaboration amo

59、ng wireless service providers and alignment across customer andbusiness needs.Innovative 5G enterprise initiativesranging from smart-city urban deployments to remote locationssuch as oilfields and mining operations,which need connectivity for reliability and performancearetaking advantage of 5G capa

60、bilities.Other areas such as industrial IoT and cellular vehicle-to-everything(C-V2X)applications are still in development and early testing stages.These and otheremerging areas,including health care and agriculture,will require time to solve challenges related toscale,cost,and ecosystem management.

61、Nonetheless,they hint at the great potential impact of thistechnology.For example,the Ford Motor Company and AT&T are outfitting Fords Rouge Electric Vehicle Center inDearborn,Michigan,with 5G connectivity and autonomous assembly line technology.This massive IoTproject will automate production of th

62、e 2022 Ford F-150 Lightning,the first electric F-Series truck.Working with sensors and interconnected controls,these lines will improve the efficiency,safety,anddesign of the F-150 fleet.An example of mission-critical IoT is taking place in Peachtree Corners,a smart city in Georgia.T-Mobile has part

63、nered with the community to launch a fleet of self-driving vehicles that the city hasdubbed Piloting Autonomous Use Locally(PAUL).The shuttles are equipped with gateways to the city-owned 5G network.They navigate by picking up signals from sensors on traffic lights,crosswalks,buildings,and roadside

64、fixtures,as well as law enforcement messaging systems,input frompedestrians,and sensors on the vehicles themselves.In the health care arena,Emory Healthcare is collaborating with Verizon to provide a 5G platform foraccelerating a host of smart-hospital innovations related to remote patient monitorin

65、g,medicalimaging,pre-surgical planning,and more.The platform provides integrated access to mobile edge 2023 Boston Consulting Group10computing,IoT devices,artificial intelligence/machine learning,and artificial reality tools to driveinnovation across a wide variety of health-care use cases.Business

66、Climate.As a global center of digital technology,the US is a magnet fortelecommunications innovation.According to Startup Genomes 2022 report,the US is home to 12 ofthe top 30 startup ecosystems in the world;it also hosts four of the top six cities for startups.Thatmakes the US the highest-ranked co

67、untry for both number of startups and quality of startups,in termsof the factors that make them likely to succeed.Awareness of the value of 5G is growing in the digital sphere,with increased investment andnoteworthy publicly funded innovation projects.The US Department of Defense is prototyping a 5G

68、-to-Next-G smart warehouse system,the first in a series of DoD 5G investments that will total more than$500 million.Idaho National Laboratory has opened its 5G-based Wireless Test Range for exploringsecurity risks and military capabilities.The National Science Foundation supports the Platforms forAd

69、vanced Wireless Research program,providing test platforms for a wide array of use cases andenabling research into cutting-edge technology to solve business challenges.All of this and more willcontribute to rising demand.Private company R&D will do the same.Many major wireless and tech businessesincl

70、uding Verizon,AT&T,and T-Mobileas well as startups such as the AR company Taqtile are investing in 5G research.For its part,Warner Media has incorporated 5G research into its work on virtual reality storytelling.Talent.There is reason to be concerned about the staffing requirements associated with a

71、 5G rollout,particularly the engineers,technicians,installers,equipment operators,and other professionalsneeded to install and maintain service.Talent levels have adequately kept pace with growth so farbut as early as the late 2010s,HR experts were warning industry leaders that more needed to be don

72、eto address the impending talent gap.Now,some stakeholders are taking action to address the issue.The FCC released an interagency group report in January 2023 to propose methods for maintaining thetelecommunications workforce.The reports recommendations include new recruitment efforts(forexample,wit

73、h veterans),new apprenticeship programs,a greater emphasis on diversity and inclusion,the use of Pell grants and other funding sources,and guidelines for emphasizing safety in the field.Since 2020,for example,the US government has allocated about$80 billion in federal funding fortechnical training i

74、n wireless and broadband.The 2021 Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act(IIJA)includes another$2.75 billion for workforce deployment grants.The number of apprenticeships hasgrown by about 16%annually since 2018.Telecommunications providers and technical schools haveestablished new partnerships to up

75、skill the workforce.The Future of the 5G Economy 2023 Boston Consulting Group11As the US continues to build out its 5G economy,it must maintain progress along all five key successfactors:spectrum availability,networks,innovative ecosystems,business climate,and talent.Bringingthe technology to scale

76、and managing the barriers and risks that hold back full deployment will taketime.Planners must also manage the risks inherent in any new technology.For example:All of these risks are manageable.In this section,as we look at the future of success factors,well alsoconsider ways to manage and mitigate

77、risk.Spectrum Availability.Congressional authorization for the FCC to conduct spectrum auctionsexpired in March 2023.In the meantime,policymakers have not developed long-term plans for futureauctions or spectrum reallocations.The primary way for policymakers to fuel the supply side of the 5G ecosyst

78、em is by making morelicensed full-power spectrum available for mobile use.This will ensure that the US is fully equipped tofoster and respond to new 5G use cases.Future applications,whatever form they take,will likelydemand more capacity,speed,and reliability from 5G networks.On the other hand,spect

79、rum shortages may lead to congestion issues for existing mobile services,impeding companies ability to scale FWA or other data-intensive applications,and discouraginginnovators from taking full advantage of 5Gs potential.Establishing a clear plan for allocating the 5Gspectrum is also important to gi

80、ve wireless service providers the certainty they need for long-termcapacity and capital expenditure planning.Today,the US trails a number of other countriesincluding Brazil,China,France,Germany,Italy,Japan,and the UKin 5G spectrum availability.This gap will probably grow wider over the comingyears i

81、f the US government does not hold further spectrum auctions.Unpredictability in the spectrum pipeline represents a risk.Areas of concern includeunpredictability in the future supply of full power,the licensed spectrum for 5G(particularly mid-band spectrum),and the risk of falling behind global peers

82、 in enabling future 5G use cases.Orchestrating the many ecosystem players for advanced 5G use cases is an ongoingchallenge.Planners must explore ways to overcome orchestration challenges among players inthe innovative ecosystem in light of the complexity of B2B integration owing to the number ofplay

83、ers involved and the transformative changes oen required within businesses.Digital talent will play an increasingly important role in the 5G economy going forward.The US needs to develop the requisite digital talent domestically and continue to upskill itsworkforce to meet the needs of the 5G econom

84、y.2023 Boston Consulting Group12Exhibit 1 shows the gap in spectrum availability for the 3-to 7.2-GHz range if there are no further FCCauctions.Spectrum in this range is especially important for adding capacity to high-performing,wide-area networks.Exhibit 2 shows spectrum availability in the range

85、above 24 GHz in the absence offurther FCC auctions.2023 Boston Consulting Group13The potential impact on the 5G ecosystem of a stronger international alignment on spectrumallocations for such services is quite large.If the US steps out of the global debates on spectrumallocations for 5Gwhether becau

86、se it lacks of a plan,lacks auction authority,or opts out for someother reasonpeer countries are ready to fill that void and identify their own suitable bands for 5Gdevelopment.The US may then lose its first-mover advantage in identifying globally harmonizedspectrum for 5G,and be le with a more insu

87、lar approach to spectrum allocation outside theinternational consensus.That eventuality would have negative downstream effects on equipment,handsets,and services,and would limit the economic growth associated with 5G.Networks.Aer years of building out 5G networks,the US is likely to see expanding us

88、e of itsnetworks.Projected momentum will move penetration among US subscribers from 15%of thepopulation in 2021 to 68%by 2025.Only South Korea is expected to have a greater proportion of 5Gsubscribers,at 73%.Network density will increase,too,with more towers and cells installed.Althoughthe pace of i

89、ncreased network density is difficult to predict,it will not outstrip the need for additionalspectrum investments.This expansion will catalyze the innovation of more applications,requiring better network performanceand higher speeds.Wireless service providers will bring mmWave to more parts of the n

90、etwork and will 2023 Boston Consulting Group14continue to upgrade in other waysmigrating to standalone 5G core networks,for example,to enablegreater speed and less latency.In 2022,the Creating Helpful Incentives to Produce Semiconductors and Science(CHIPS)Actauthorized more than$1.5 billion in feder

91、al funding for wireless supply chain innovation.Industry andregulators may form partnerships to use that money more effectively.Collaboration with internationalproviders,trade mechanisms that encourage the collaboration,and new sourcing relationships willprobably help diversify the manufacturing bas

92、e.Telecommunications manufacturers will learn tosource from friendly and near-shore suppliers,especially for components that the US is unlikely toproduce.Innovative Ecosystems.As 5G use proliferates,wireless providers and their hardware suppliers willplay a critical role in deploying private 5G netw

93、orks as a catalyst for more general innovation.Companies in many different fieldshealth care,financial services,transportation,and urbanplanning,among otherswill use 5G to accelerate their efforts and coordinate their offerings.Forexample,the Japanese telecom company Docomo has established collabora

94、tive innovationpartnerships with more than 5,200 companies and 100 local governments.(See the sidebar“Learningfrom Docomos Open-Partner Program.”)NTT Docomo,the largest wireless carrier in Japan,was an early mover in developingan innovative ecosystem for the Japanese 5G economy.It launched its open-

95、partnerprogram in 2018 with 600 partner companies,a number that has subsequently grownto 5,200 companies and 100 local governments.Docomo developed its own 5G andcloud research labs to create services exclusively for its partners.It offers themseminars,workshops,training camps,and other facilities t

96、o encourage co-creationand collaboration.The results have included many 5G-related applications.In a partnership with BMW,for example,Docomo produced an eSIM that permits enhanced navigation and voicerecognition,along with connections to up to ten smartphones or tablets.Another jointproject produced

97、 smart glasses for factory and construction workers.These devicescan exchange text,audio,and video with offsite advisors,enabling employees to raiseissues and receive guidance instantaneously.Docomos Virtual Design Atelier supportsremote collaboration on visual and architectural design.Its Temi syst

98、em is a hospitalguided robot system that uses the IoT to navigate.It reduces staff burdens andLEARNING FROM DOCOMOS 5G OPEN-PARTNER PROGRAM 2023 Boston Consulting Group15manages communication in situations where human contact is not feasible.Docomo cites a number of key lessons from its experience w

99、ith its open partnerprogram:Advances such as the IoT and automated vehicles will involve 5G development in leading-edgetechnologies.Health care is another example.Wearable devices can now monitor arrhythmias andEKG data as well as basic heart rates,and many benefit from 5G transmission of data.As in

100、novative uses roll out,cities with high levels of digital activity will need to increase their supply ofmid-band 5G service.GSMA estimates that these cities will require 1,300 to 3,700 megahertz by 2025 to2030.To meet this demand,the US would need to add 30%to 250%more mid-band spectrum formobile us

101、e than it currently allocates.Adding full-power spectrum availability will ensure a higher-quality user experience and better 5Gcoverage.It will support greater mobile traffic demands and will permit scaling of data-intensiveapplications in an economically feasible manner.Business Climate.Regardless

102、 of how the economy unfolds,the US appears to be in a relativelystrong position to continue building out its 5G networks over the coming decade.The US governmentremains a thought leader in adopting 5G applications,with the DoD and the Department of VeteransAffairs among the most advanced users of 5G

103、 innovations.Current macroeconomic trendsincluding tight labor markets,positive wage gains,and highoperating marginssuggest that markets and supply chains could be more resilient than many peopleexpect.There are structural issues to contend with,however,such as the continuing effect of theCOVID-19 p

104、andemic and the war in Ukraine,and these may lead to further supply constraints andprice shocks.Tax policy changes,especially if they are related to the expensing of network Invest in 5G use cases before a demonstrated product demand exists.Build general solutions that are applicable to multiple com

105、panies across differentindustries.Emphasize co-creation,with R&D and testing facilities accessible to members ofthe partner network.Set up digital exchanges where businesses can post their technical needs andothers can answer with solutions.Monetize use cases by selling solutions to incoming members

106、.2023 Boston Consulting Group16infrastructure and R&D,could also impact wireless investment strategies.Even so,the basic upwardgrowth curve of the 5G economy seems unlikely to change soon.Talent.In the future,talent will be even more of a differentiator for business than it is today.As the 5Ginnovat

107、ive ecosystem develops new use casesfor example,in IoT,AR,VR,wearables,real-timeanalytics,and other consumer and industrial technologiesthe requisite design and sowareengineering skills will be increasingly in demand.Already,several US states(Hawaii,North Carolina,North Dakota,Oklahoma,and Pennsylva

108、nia)are applying some of their IIJA funding to foster digitalskill development in K-12 and adult education.BCGs analysis of job-related data has found that talent disruption is at least as strong today as it hasever been,spurred in large part by the upskilling that is continually needed for proficie

109、ncy in digitaltechnology.Public and private education efforts will become increasingly important in 5Gdevelopment,and schools will most likely use 5G-based tools and platforms to convene and instructstudents.The US has always demonstrated an unparalleled ability to attract digital talent from around

110、 theworld.Today,foreign-born talent represents almost a quarter of the US STEM workforce,compared toabout 16%in 2000.With the advent of remote work as a standard employment option,participation inthe US workforce by people from around the world will grow even more rapidly.This will help fuel thegrow

111、th of the 5G economy.Recommendations for PolicymakersThe future of the 5G economy in the US will depend to a large extent on decisions made bygovernment.Policymakers can help this essential technology expand by focusing on spectrumavailability and the innovation ecosystem.We propose five key initiat

112、ives:Increase the availability of licensed full-power mid-band spectrum for mobile use.Doingso will enable the US 5G economy to better support innovative use cases and further scaleexisting successes.As noted earlier,mid-band spectrum is in short supply,and more of it is sorelyneeded.Adding capacity

113、 in this range will provide the greatest benefit for users in urban,suburban,and rural locales.With additional exclusive-use licensed spectrum,telecom companiescan provide a consistent,reliable,and robust experience for consumers and businesses through5G connectivity.Create a pipeline of licensed fu

114、ll-power spectrum.To provide predictability in this pipeline,policymakers should aim for clear visibility with regard to the future spectrum bands to beauctioned,the auction dates,and the availability dates.Predictability is essential to wirelessservice providers as they undertake their capex planni

115、ng.It enables informed participation inspectrum auctions,efficient spectrum planning,and effective sequencing of network 2023 Boston Consulting Group17US competitiveness depends on the nations ability to provide leading wireless communicationsnetworks and innovative applications and uses that enhanc

116、e consumers lives and improve businessefficiencies.With the rollout of the 5G economy,the US is poised not just to catch up with othercountries,but also to establish a body of activity that promotes innovation and growth throughout thecoming decade,and in the years that follow.improvements to delive

117、r the best experience for end users.It also will position the US to leadinternational spectrum allocation discussions,facilitating the nations ability to build internationalscale for the wireless ecosystem.This was extremely important in the development of 4G.Finally,spectrum predictability will giv

118、e innovators the security they need to advance the US domestictech ecosystem,cementing the USs economic and national security.Provide incentives for 5G innovation.Give businesses and organizations reasons to build andoperate robust 5G innovation hubs and testing facilities to develop broad use cases

119、.Theexpanded footprint would benefit wireless companies in several ways.It would centralizesolutions,collocating innovation hubs and testing facilities.It would cultivate supply-sideinnovation before demand overtook capacity.It would encourage the co-creation of 5G solutionsacross industries.And it

120、would leverage the next wave of solutions to productize and monetizenew offerings with subsequent partners.Develop a 5G partnership role for governments.At the federal,state,and local levels,specifically appointed officials should promote 5G development,coordinate collaborative efforts,and mitigate

121、roadblocks.This would encourage collaborations,particularly on complex projectslike smart-city initiatives.Using 5G connectivity to revamp traffic control patterns,for example,could benefit from an in-depth partnership between government and businesses from severalsectors.Promote and support the dep

122、loyment of the IoT.This technology represents one of thehighest-leverage ways to advance the 5G economy.Like many large-scale innovations,the IoT mayneed extra support when introduced in a city,before it achieves economies of scale or has beenintegrated into local operations.2023 Boston Consulting G

123、roup18AuthorsVal ElbertMANAGING DIRECTOR&PARTNERNew JerseyEnrique Duarte MeloMANAGING DIRECTOR&SENIOR PARTNERDallasChi Hung ChongPARTNERNew JerseyJohnny HendersonPROJECT LEADER,SCHULICH CAPTAIN:MBATorontoABOUT BOSTON CONSULTING GROUPBoston Consulting Group partners with leaders in business and socie

124、ty to tackle their most importantchallenges and capture their greatest opportunities.BCG was the pioneer in business strategy when it wasfounded in 1963.Today,we work closely with clients to embrace a transformational approach aimed atbenefiting all stakeholdersempowering organizations to grow,build

125、 sustainable competitive advantage,and drive positive societal impact.Our diverse,global teams bring deep industry and functional expertise and a range of perspectives thatquestion the status quo and spark change.BCG delivers solutions through leading-edge managementconsulting,technology and design,

126、and corporate and digital ventures.We work in a uniquely collaborativemodel across the firm and throughout all levels of the client organization,fueled by the goal of helping ourclients thrive and enabling them to make the world a better place.Boston Consulting Group 2023.All rights reserved.For information or permission to reprint,please contact BCG at .To find the latest 2023 Boston Consulting Group19BCG content and register to receive e-alerts on this topic or others,please visit .Follow BostonConsulting Group on Facebook and Twitter.