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1、Multi-energy coupling systemTechnology and Market Outlook PaperWe support the Sustainable Development GoalsExecutive summaryRecently,climate change issues have gained considerable attention,and a worldwide consensus has been reached on the promotion of sustainable development through renewable energ

2、y.However the large-scale adoption of renewable energy sources such as photovoltaic and wind power,which are naturally intermittent and stochastic,can pose technical challenges for ensuring a secure and unbroken energy supply.Such challenges can potentially be mitigated by the adoption of multi-ener

3、gy coupling systems,which increase the flexibility of the overall energy system and balance the fluctuations of renewable energy sources.In addition,a multi-energy coupling system can also improve energy utilization efficiency.The multi-energy coupling system integrates various energy sources in an

4、area,such as electricity,natural gas,heating/cooling and hydrogen energy.It does this through dedicated coordination and optimization of energy production and by integrating transmission,distribution,storage,conversion and consumption during the planning,construction and operation stages of each con

5、stituent energy system.As a result,the entire system achieves coordinated planning,optimal operation,collaborative management and multi-energy complementarity between different energy systems,so as to ultimately form an integrated system of energy production,supply and distribution.Section 1 of this

6、 technology and market outlook paper provides an introduction to the technique and scope of the paper.Section 2 presents an analysis of the concept of multi-energy coupling systems and services,as well as the opportunities and challenges faced in the context of carbon neutrality.Section 3 introduces

7、 the key technologies involved in multi-energy coupled smart energy systems,including planning and design,energy use,energy conversion,energy storage,demand response,intelligence,etc.Section 4 presents a brief analysis of the multi-energy coupled smart energy services market.Section 5 analyzes the c

8、urrent development of international standards for multi-energy coupled smart energy systems and the further standardization needs of such systems.Section 6 concludes the paper and provides an outlook on development.34Executive summaryAcknowledgmentsThis technology and market outlook paper has been p

9、repared by a project team representing a variety of organizations,working under the IEC Market Strategy Board(MSB).The project team includes representatives from electrical power network businesses,research institutes,equipment vendors and academia.The project sponsor is Dr Jianbin Fan,from the Stat

10、e Grid Corporation of China and an IEC MSB Member.The project team would like to acknowledge the contribution of IEC MSB Members Prof Lean Weng Yeoh and Mr Christopher Cramer,former IEC Technical Officer Dr Charles Jacquemart and IEC SyC Smart Energy Chair Mr Richard Schomberg for reviewing the outl

11、ook paper.The project team members include(in alphabetical order):Mr Yufeng Bai,Huaneng Yangtze Environmental Technology Co.,Ltd.Prof Zhaohong Bie,Xian Jiaotong University,ChinaMr Ke Chen,China Electric Power Research InstituteProf Youping Fan,Wuhan University,ChinaDr Hao Hu,State Grid Corporation o

12、f ChinaMr Wenping Huang,Huaneng Yangtze Environmental Technology Co.,Ltd.Mr Xiaomin Ma,State Grid Sichuan Electric Power Research InstituteMr Shiyang Li,CSG Electric Power Research InstituteDr Wufeng Li,Chinese Society for Electrical EngineeringMr Gang Lin,Huaneng Yangtze Environmental Technology Co

13、.,Ltd.Dr Jianhua Liu,State Grid Hebei Electric Power Co.,Ltd.Mr Nan Liu,State Grid Beijing Electric Power CompanyDr Shiyu Liu,Northwest Branch of State Grid Corporation of ChinaDr Jun She,State Grid Jiangsu Electric Power Research InstituteMr Caixin Sun,Huaneng Clean Energy Research InstituteMr Ke S

14、un,State Grid Zhejiang Economic Research InstituteMr Lichuang Wang,Huaneng Clean Energy Research InstituteMs Lin Wang,China International Capital Corporation LimitedProf Zhi Wu,Southeast University,ChinaMs Lili Xie,State Grid Sichuan Power Extra High Voltage CompanyDr Peng Yang,State Grid Hebei Elec

15、tric Power Co.,Ltd.Prof Chenyi Yi,Tsinghua University,ChinaMr Xiaodong Yuan,State Grid Jiangsu Electric Power Research InstituteDr Ye Yuan,Huaneng Yangtze Environmental Technology Company5Executive summaryDr Jing Zhang,State Grid Sichuan Electric Power Research InstituteMs Shuang Zhang,Huaneng Yangt

16、ze Environmental Technology CompanyMr Dehua Zheng,GoldwindDr Mu Zhou,State Grid Sichuan Electric Power Research InstituteDISCLAIMER:IEC Market Strategy Board Technology and Market Outlook papers illustrate an individual MSB members perspective on specific current or critical societal and/or technolo

17、gical challenges facing the IEC community.As such papers are non-consensus deliverables,dedicated project teams are not formed for their elaboration,and recommendations are not presented.The views and opinions expressed within the content are solely those of the author.6Table of contentsExecutive su

18、mmary 3Acknowledgments 4List of abbreviations 9Glossary 12Section 1 Introduction 131.1 Background 131.2 Scope 13Section 2 Multi-energy coupling system and service:opportunities and challenges 142.1 What is the multi-energy coupling system?142.2 Driving factors 152.3 Opportunities and challenges in t

19、he new situation 152.3.1 Carbon neutrality target 152.3.2 Renewable energy:cost reduction and continued market growth 152.3.3 Broad market prospect 15Section 3 Key technologies of the multi-energy coupling system 163.1 Multi-energy collaborative planning and design 163.1.1 System planning 163.1.2 En

20、ergy hubs and interconnectors 193.1.3 Energy routers 213.2 Energy cascade utilization technology 233.2.1 CHP and CCHP 233.2.2 The utilization of hydrogen energy 243.3 Energy conversion technology 253.3.1 Power-to-gas(P2G)253.3.2 Power-to-liquid(P2L)263.3.3 Gas-to-power(G2P)273.3.4 Heat-to-power(H2P)

21、277Table of contents3.4 Advanced energy storage technologies 283.4.1 H2 storage technology 283.4.2 Compressed air energy storage,flywheel energy storage 283.4.3 Mobile distributed energy storage technology 293.5 Demand response technology 313.5.1 Energy consumption behaviour perception 323.5.2 Deman

22、d response management 343.6 Intelligent technologies 373.6.1 Integrated energy system service platform 373.6.2 Swarm intelligence technology 393.6.3 Smart contract technology for energy trading 39Section 4 Integrated energy service:market and development trend 414.1 Current market status 424.1.1 Pot

23、ential users 424.1.2 Services for the supply of energy 434.1.3 Value-added services 434.2 Development trend 454.2.1 Service development direction 454.2.2 Core resources 46Section 5 Standardization 475.1 Present standardization work 475.1.1 Microgrids and distributed generations 485.1.2 Smart grid an

24、d energy internet 485.1.3 Energy storage systems 505.1.4 Energy management systems 505.2 Standardization requirements 525.2.1 Architectural framework and energy interface standards 525.2.2 Energy conversion standards 535.2.3 Energy storage standards 535.2.4 Multi-energy intelligent coupling system p

25、latform standards 535.3 Demonstration project 538Table of contentsSection 6 Conclusion and outlook 556.1 Development driven by policymakers and regulators 556.2 Development driven by energy and power enterprises,industries and the research community 556.3 Development driven by the standard system 56

26、Bibliography 57Figure 2-1 Schematic diagram of the multi-energy coupling system 14Figure 3-1 Smart integrated energy system planning flowchart 18Figure 3-2 A typical CHP system 23Figure 3-3 A typical CCHP system 24Figure 3-4 P2G process 26Figure 3-5 P2L process 27Figure 3-6 Schematic diagram of fuel

27、 cell 28Figure 3-7 Compressed air energy storage system 29Figure 3-8 Demand response user portrait business architecture diagram 33Figure 3-9 Response potential assessment method and process 35Figure 3-10 User energy efficiency evaluation process of the multi-energy intelligent coupling system 36Fig

28、ure 3-11 Automatic demand response service standardization design idea 36Figure 4-1 Integrated energy service 41Figure 5-1 Standard landscape on multi-energy intelligent coupling systems 47Figure 5-2 Configuration of the Tongli multi-energy system project 54Table 3-1 Investment decision objects of s

29、ystem planning for the multi-energy coupling project 17Table 3-2 Planning goals of the smart integrated energy system 17Table 3-3 Characteristics of objective functions in energy internet 20Table 3-4 User portrait service business data type 34Table 3-5 Comparison of ADR and traditional DR 37Table 5-

30、1 Excerpts of IEEE SCC 21 publications 48Table 5-2 IEEE Std 2030 series 49Table 5-3 Scopes of IEC TCs 8,21,35,105,117 and 120 51Table 5-4 Standards regarding EMS within IEC/TC frame 51Table 5-5 ISO standards related to EMS 52List of abbreviationsTechnical andscientific terms AC alternating current A

31、DR automatic demand response AFC alkaline fuel cell AI artificial intelligence BMS battery management system CAES compressed air energy storage CCHP combined cooling,heat and power CHP combined heat and power CHPS combined heat and power system CIM common information model CO2 carbon dioxide CPS cyb

32、er-physical system DC direct current DG distributed generation DME dimethyl ether DR demand response DSAN deep subdomain adaptive network DTC diagnostic trouble code EEA energy efficiency assessment EMS energy management system EMS-API energy management system application programme interface ESS ene

33、rgy storage system EV electric vehicle FT Fischer-Tropsch G2P gas-to-power GIS geographic information system H2 hydrogen gas910List of abbreviations H2P heat-to-power HRSG heat recovery steam generator IoT Internet of Things LMMD list mapping motion description MCFC molten carbonate fuel cell MES mu

34、lti-energy system MILP mixed-integer linear programming MISOCP mixed-integer second-order cone programming NTLM New Technology LAN Manager (Microsoft security protocol suite)O&M operation and maintenance ORC organic Rankine cycle P2G power-to-gas P2L power-to-liquid PAFC phosphoric acid fuel cell PC

35、S power conversion system PEMFC proton exchange membrane fuel cell PtFT power-to-FT PV photovoltaic R&D research and development RESS rechargeable energy storage system RFID radio frequency identification SC subcommittee SCADA supervisory control and data acquisition SDGs sustainable development goa

36、ls(UN)SESS superconducting energy storage system SGIRM smart grid interoperability reference model SOFC solid oxide fuel cell STE solar thermal electric SyC systems committee TACAS thermal compressed air energy storage11List of abbreviationsOrganizations,institutions and companies TC technical commi

37、ttee TOPSIS technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution UPS uninterruptible power supply V2G vehicle-to-grid VPP virtual power plant IEC International Electrotechnical Commission IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers ISO International Organization for Standardi

38、zation MSB Market Strategy Board(IEC)PSCCC Power System Communications and Cybersecurity Committee(IEEE)SCC Standards Coordinating Committee(IEEE)UN United Nations12automatic demand responseADRautomatic dispatching of loads without manual operationscombined cooling,heat and powerCCHPuse of a heat en

39、gine or a power station to generate electricity and simultaneously offer heating as well as cooling by residue energycombined heat and powerCHPuse of a heat engine or a power station simultaneously to generate both electricity and useful heatmicrogrida regional network consisting of distributed sour

40、ces and loads,which can be connected to larger networks by static switchesInternet of ThingsIoTa network that achieves wide thing-to-thing connections and thing-to-person connections through multiple sensing and communication techniquesvirtual power plantVPPa special generation unit that is achieved

41、 by digitized integration of distributed and adjustable sources and loads and that participates in the network operationsGlossary13Section 1 Introduction1.1 BackgroundDue to the threat posed to the global ecosystem by climate change,worldwide efforts are underway to achieve the global warming target

42、 enshrined in the Paris Agreement of 2015,which sets a limit of 1,5 C in global temperature rise.According to the United Nations(UN)2030 Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs)scheme,reduction in carbon emissions is a critical task requiring announcements of timetables regarding emission peaks and carbo

43、n neutralization by numerous countries.The resulting energy transition is proceeding rapidly along megatrends of decarbonization and electrification,involving an increasing proportion of non-fossil and renewable energies.This inevitably involves the development and application of the multi-energy co

44、upling technique.Technical challenges have emerged in the power system due to the high proportion of renewable energies involved,which are naturally characterized by intermittency and randomness.Thus,the multi-energy coupling technique is generally applied in stabilizing energy supply and maintainin

45、g energy efficiency.1.2 ScopeThis technology and market outlook paper introduces the multi-energy coupling technique in terms of its development history and potential challenges against the background of carbon neutralization.Key technologies are summarized in detail,including energy conversion,ener

46、gy storage,market development trends,demand management and intelligent control.In addition,the paper includes an analysis of the standardization activities surrounding multi-energy coupling.142.1 What is the multi-energy coupling system?The multi-energy coupling system was originally proposed as an

47、integrated energy system almost a century ago.The German Rheinland Group was engaged in the integrated supply of electricity and natural gas already in 1909,which is considered to mark the beginning of integrated energy services.Graphically illustrated in Figure 2-1,the multi-energy coupling system

48、integrates various energy forms including electricity,natural gas,heating/cooling and hydrogen energy in a given area.It realizes coordinated planning,optimal operation,synergistic management and complementation between different energy sources by optimizing and coordinating the various stages of th

49、e process,including the production,transmission and distribution,storage,conversion and consumption of energy.Figure 2-1|Schematic diagram of the multi-energy coupling systemSection 2 Multi-energy coupling system and service:opportunities and challenges15Multi-energy coupling system and service:oppo

50、rtunities and challenges2.2 Driving factorsDevelopment of the multi-energy coupling system is fundamentally driven by anticipations of energy efficiency improvement,energy supply security and climate change control via the scale-up of renewable energy.Carbon emissions can be reduced by improving ene

51、rgy efficiency and by reducing the total amount of energy supply while ensuring that energy demand is always met.The multi-energy coupling system is effective in energy efficiency improvement,because it utilizes different forms of energy output which would otherwise be wasted.The diversity of energy

52、 sources basically improves the reliability and security of the energy supply.That being said,the multi-energy coupling system is nonetheless necessary to enable the integration of various energy sources.As mentioned in Sub-section 1.1,climate change can be mitigated by increasing the proportion of

53、renewable sources in the energy supply.On the flip side,technical issues may appear with large-scale usage of renewable energies;however,these can be addressed by the multi-energy coupling system.Through coordinated energy dispatching,the fluctuation of the renewable generation in the multi-energy s

54、ystem can be reduced via energy storage,demand response(DR)and so on.On one hand,the multi-energy system can help to absorb the renewable energy.On the other hand,it can support the main grid to stabilize the power flow.Thus,the multi-energy coupling system is a prerequisite to the scale-up of renew

55、able energies.2.3 Opportunities and challenges in the new situation2.3.1 Carbon neutrality targetThe 2015 Paris Agreement sets the goal of achieving net zero emissions by the second half of this century.A growing number of governments are instituting this goal into national strategies with the visio

56、n of a carbon-free future.In response,timetables for emission reduction have been respectively proposed by global major energy-consuming countries.2.3.2 Renewable energy:cost reduction and continued market growthThe renewable energies currently available include solar,wind,hydro,biomass,ocean and ge

57、othermal sources,among which solar and wind energies dominate in practical applications.In recent years,the cost of solar and wind generation has been reduced to a level comparable with that of coal-fired thermal power thanks to increasing installed capacity nurtured by the continuous development of

58、 solar PV(photovoltaic)and wind power technologies.The reduction in generation cost has,in turn,further driven faster growth in installed capacity of solar and wind generation.In 2020,globally installed PV and wind turbine capacity reached 127 GW and 111 GW,respectively,occupying 91%of the years new

59、ly installed renewable energy.2.3.3 Broad market prospectThe new power systems are featured by high penetration of renewable energy and the presence of a large number of distributed sources.It should be noted that the consumption of renewable energy and utilization of distributed sources can be impr

60、oved by energy conversion and complementation techniques.Therefore,the multi-energy scheme is highly promising,as it can be effectively integrated into the green transformation of energy.163.1 Multi-energy collaborative planning and design3.1.1 System planningJoint consideration of fundamental reali

61、ties of the country in which the system is located and its current development stage should be included in system planning in the multi-energy coupling technique.It is also indispensable to integrate ecological concepts into the system planning,so as to support the structural optimization of the ene

62、rgy supply and promote the coordinated development of regional multi-energy systems 1,21.Through system planning,optimized configuration schemes can be formulated for each energy subsystem at the equipment and network levels by integrating the forecasting data of the electricity-heat-cooling-gas loa

63、d as well as considering multiple goals regarding security,economy and flexibility.The planning of the multi-energy coupling system is a comprehensive task that includes making full use of the electricity-heat-cooling-gas load forecasting data in the planning area,combining the local resource endowm

64、ent,considering the economic,policy,social,environmental and other factors in the planning area,and addressing the multiple objectives of the system,including system operation safety,economy,flexibility,carbon emission,local consumption of renewable energy,etc.3.It comprehensively considers the data

65、 basis,such as the parameters of energy supply equipment and the prices of various energy resources 4.It adopts technologies including multi-energy coupling simulation,collaborative optimization and comprehensive evaluation,to formulate the optimal configuration scheme for each energy subsystem at t

66、he equipment or network level,under conditions of sufficient supply for meeting multi-energy load demand in the planning area 5.Table 3-1 lists the investment decision objects of system planning for the multi-energy coupling project.The basic constraints of system planning for a multi-energy coupled

67、 project are summarized as follows 6,7:1)Supply-demand balance in power:the real-time balance must be maintained between generated and consumed power in the absence of energy storage.2)Installation capacity constraints:according to the limitations of a planned project,upper and lower limits in insta

68、llation capacity are generally specified for system and network equipment.3)Operational constraints:all the equipment in the system must operate within a safe range,and the energy network is subject to power flow constraints as well as voltage/temperature/pressure limits,etc.4)Equipment coupling con

69、straints:adherence must be given to the mathematical coupling relationship in the input and output power of the system equipment.1 Numbers in square brackets refer to the Bibliography.Section 3Key technologies of the multi-energy coupling system17Key technologies of the multi-energy coupling systemT

70、able 3-1|Investment decision objects of system planning for the multi-energy coupling projectObjectDescriptionTypical equipmentEnergy supply equipmentEquipment that provides energy for multi-energy integrated systemsCombined cooling,heating and power unit,combined heating and power unit,coal-fired u

71、nit,gas generators,etc.Energy conversion equipmentEquipment that converts energy between different formsPower to gas device,electric boiler,electric air conditioner,absorption chiller,etc.Energy storage equipmentEquipment that stores energyBattery,flywheel energy storage,heat storage tank,ice storag

72、e air conditioner,etc.Network equipmentEquipment related to the energy networkPower lines,transformers,heating network pipelines,gas network pipelines,gas compressors,etc.Table 3-2|Planning goals of the smart integrated energy systemPlanning goalsDescriptionEconomyProjects specifying economic benefi

73、ts as the planning goal are generally featured by the lowest total cost of the entire service life,which includes initial investment cost in construction of the multi-energy coupled system,in-service maintenance cost,energy costs and carbon tax costs,and excludes subsidies for renewable energy and e

74、nergy storage.Environmental protectionThe environmental benefit is quantified by the total carbon emissions of the systems entire service life.Accountable carbon emission includes the burning of fossil energy and other power purchases on the power supply side.Energy efficiencyEnergy efficiency is ev

75、aluated by the ratio of energy consumed at the user terminal over energy generated at the supply side in the entire system service life.ReliabilityCommon indexes in determining system reliability include the expectation and duration of energy supply shortage.FlexibilityCommon indexes in determining

76、system flexibility include the expectation of insufficient climbing resources and the flexibility index in technical and economic uncertainty.18Key technologies of the multi-energy coupling systemFigure 3-1|Smart integrated energy system planning flowchart5)Investment and operation logic constraints

77、:by involving multiple factors including planned project period,equipment lifespan,and system operation limits,logical constraints exist for the equipment construction and operating status.Although varieties exist in the planning objects and project types of multi-energy coupling systems,common plan

78、ning goals can be categorized into five types,including economy,environmental protection,energy efficiency,reliability and flexibility(see Table 3-2)8,9.The steps required for system planning of a multi-energy coupling project are summarized as follows and illustrated in Figure 3-1.1)Multiple load a

79、nalysis:for new or in-service projects with insufficient historical data,load estimation methods are often applied by accounting for the nature of the land and the load density per unit building area,in order to calculate the various loads in the planned area.For in-service projects with sufficient

80、historical load data,the load can be forecasted in short-term,medium-term and long-term periods according to the actual conditions of the planned area and the availability of data.2)Equipment selection:according to the actual limitations prevailing,such as the investment budget and land area,as well

81、 as multi-load 19Key technologies of the multi-energy coupling systemanalysis results,the equipment selection is carried out in such a way as to obtain the mathematical model at the equipment level and determine parameters including the conversion efficiency,investment and maintenance costs.3)Optimi

82、zation goal determination:multi-objective optimization is performed with regard to one of the goals listed in Table 3-2.Multi-objective optimization is also plausible with the weighting method,the constraint method,Pareto domination,or other methods.4)Investment budget and economic parameters determ

83、ination:limited by actual situations of the planning project,the upper limit of the investment budget should be determined as well as economic parameters,including project cycle,financing ratio,financing interest rate and financing period.In addition,subject to local energy policies and subsidies fo

84、r renewable energy and energy storage,energy prices should also be determined,including primary energies and secondary energies.5)Establishment and solving of the optimization model:the optimization model should be established by involving the above-mentioned user load,equipment model,objective func

85、tion,related parameters,as well as the necessary constraints.To enable the computation in commercial solvers,the model is generally established either in a mixed-integer linear programming(MILP)model or a mixed-integer second-order cone programming(MISOCP)model.6)Plan evaluation and comparison:based

86、 on the optimization results,some performances of the plan can be quantified,including the investment cost,fuel cost,operation and maintenance cost,pollution emission and system energy efficiency,thus enabling the conducting of post-planning evaluation in terms of economy,environmental protection an

87、d energy efficiency.Moreover,a variety of evaluation schemes can be used for post-planning evaluation,so as to determine the best solution.3.1.2 Energy hubs and interconnectors3.1.2.1 Energy abstract characteristics and supply-demand balance of smart integrated energy systemsMulti-energy coupling sy

88、stems can be characterized by either strong coupling,such as in a regional system,or weak coupling,such as in a cross-regional system.Integrated energies should be comprehensively and optimally dispatched in order to ensure supply-load balance.The energy supply,energy storage and load can be optimal

89、ly regulated by the dispatch module that is enabled with a corresponding multi-energy optimization control strategy.This is effected by integrating user demand-oriented or system goal-oriented objective optimization functions,input parameters of load forecast and equipment operating status,and an ap

90、propriate optimization algorithm.The mathematical model in optimization can be customized according to user demand by choosing one of the objective functions listed in Table 3-3,while integrating constraints,user power usage patterns and demand response capabilities.There exist a large number of dis

91、tributed devices requiring coordination in the multi-energy coupling system,which can be modelled by using nonlinear high-order optimization equations.The optimization can be solved by employing two techniques,namely hierarchical optimization and distributed optimization.Decentralized optimal dispat

92、ch is characterized by plug-and-play and automatic abnormal state recovery,which makes it ideal in multi-device optimal dispatch.In recent years,the increase in the computing ability of microprocessor chips has potentially expanded its application range into decentralized optimal scheduling.20Key te

93、chnologies of the multi-energy coupling system3.1.2.2 Energy conversion technology of multi-energy coupling systemsThe energies in the multi-energy coupling system can be mutually converted,which optimizes the utilization of energies.1)Conversion between electromagnetic energy and electric energyEle

94、ctromagnetic energy storage includes superconducting energy storage,supercapacitor energy storage,etc.A superconducting energy storage system(SESS)is enabled in supporting voltage maintenance,power compensation,frequency control and stability improvement,which benefits the reduction in power consump

95、tion and improvement of transmission efficiency.An SESS is developed based on the electrochemical double layer and is able to provide high-pulsed power,which enables transient heavy load smoothing capabilities and preservation of power quality in power peak cases.2)Conversion between mechanical/phys

96、ical energy and electrical energyAs a type of energy storage method,the flywheel energy storage battery has been gradually popularized due to its high-power density,short response time and long lifespan.Major examples of serviceable flywheel energy storage projects include:Active Powers 100 kW-2 000

97、 kW Clean Source series uninterruptible power supply(UPS)flywheel energy storage system Pentadynes 65 kVA-1 000 kVA VSS series UPS flywheel energy storage system Beacon Powers 25 MW Smart Energy Matrix flywheel system Boeings Phantom plant 100 kW/5 kWh flywheel energy storage devices with high-tempe

98、rature superconducting magnetic bearings SatCon Technologys 315-2 200 kVA series Rotary UPS flywheel energy storage systemsTable 3-3|Characteristics of objective functions in energy internetObjective functionCharacteristicsMinimum costEstablish the user energy cost function according to the cost of

99、energy supply equipment in the energy internet.Minimum pollution emissionsConsider the waste gas,liquid waste and noise discharged during power generation,heat supply,cooling,and operation of various loads.Maximum renewable energy utilizationMake renewable energy account for the highest proportion u

100、nder the condition of meeting functional requirements.Maximum user comfortUsers participation in demand side response will affect their comfort.Energy security and reliabilityEnergy security and reliability ensure the safety and sustainable usage of the energy.21Key technologies of the multi-energy

101、coupling system3)Conversion between chemical energy and electric energyResearch attention is also being paid to electro-chemical energy conversion,especially for high-power and high-capacity energy storage devices such as fuel cells.The lithium-air battery,a new type of metal-air battery,is also cal

102、led a lithium fuel cell.The lithium metal anode is also certainly a promising battery system,but before it can be used in a rechargeable system,several performance and safety challenges remain to be overcome.4)Energy hub and interconnector interface technologyThe energy hub is a key part of the esta

103、blishment and application of the energy interconnection,where the high-voltage grid-side converter port can be connected to the AC distribution network for controlling the DC bus voltage.The connection of the low-voltage AC load port to an AC standard interface enables the power supply to the AC loa

104、d within the port and accessible distributed power sources,while the connection of the low-voltage DC load port to a DC standard interface enables the power supply to the DC load within the port and accessible DC equipment.Based on the control requirements of the energy hub,whatever occurs in the lo

105、ad within the port does not interrupt the voltage stability of the port.The goal of the energy hub is to increase electricity usage as the main green energy on the user side with a view to achieving carbon neutrality and environmental friendliness.3.1.2.3 Key technologies for energy storage in smart

106、 coupled energy systemsAs the energy storage of multi-energy coupling systems is highly complex and diversified,it is necessary to study key technologies including electric energy storage,pumped storage,physical energy storage,hydrogen energy storage,and electrochemical energy storage.It is also nec

107、essary to study the core control technology in the supply-demand balance of the multi-energy coupling energy system,as well as the configuration limit and operational technologies of energy storage.Hopefully,the maximum renewable energy consumption can be achieved by using the smallest amount of sto

108、red energy and optimal energy storage control.3.1.3 Energy routers3.1.3.1 The transient and dynamic control technology of energy routersAn energy router is a software and hardware control system in a multi-energy coupling system.The core technology in such a system mainly involves the elimination of

109、 instability caused by transient or dynamic disturbance due to the intermittency,uncertainty and fluctuation of renewable energy 10,11.For this purpose,an appropriate control strategy is determined by the energy hub through the identification of faults and the identification as well as prediction of

110、 disturbance.The precise forecasting of supply and demand in a multi-energy coupling system plays an important role in instability control.The forecasting includes long-term and short-term schemes,among which long-term forecasting refers to a time scale of a few minutes up to a number of hours and s

111、hort-term forecasting refers to a time scale of seconds that greatly impacts the dynamic disturbance.Strictly speaking,the control of dynamic disturbance is technically different from that of transient disturbance.1)Dynamic disturbance control of multi-energy coupling system(50 ms2 s,IEC TS 62898-3-

112、1)It has been found that dynamic stability issues became apparent in the multi-energy coupling system,induced by high penetration of intermittent renewable energy.Non-convergent oscillations of voltage and frequency may occur in cases in 22Key technologies of the multi-energy coupling systemwhich th

113、e renewable energy capacity is beyond acceptance,following which the protection unit eliminates the renewable generation in seconds or even minutes.The case can be even worse if fluctuating load or fault occurs simultaneously.The transition process induced by disturbance may include dynamic characte

114、ristics ranging from microseconds to minutes in a multi-energy coupling system.A dynamic stability issue of this nature would significantly weaken the acceptance of renewable energy and the energy-supply reliability of such a system.2)The transient disturbance control of the multi-energy coupling sy

115、stem(050 ms,IEC TS 62898-3-1)Attention is always drawn to the transient disturbance issue in a multi-energy coupling system,as the system highly integrates multiple energy sources.Due to the installation of many power electronic devices and the fluctuating nature of distributed sources,the system ma

116、y be severely disturbed by transients caused by unplanned switching of the islanded or grid-connected operation or switching in/out of the heavy load.Such a transient disturbance is potentially capable of causing load loss or system collapse.Thus,the appearance of transient disturbance control inten

117、sively contributes to the practical application and commercialization of multi-energy coupling systems.Strategies including droop control and virtual synchronous control are supposed to be adopted by the multi-energy coupling system to balance the power and adjust both the voltage and the frequency.

118、In the case of grid-connected operation,the relay protection unit removes the fault part,maintaining the independent operation of the rest of the system.In addition,the multi-energy coupling system responds to the bulk power system demand by outputting or absorbing power in accordance with dispatch

119、instructions.The micro source operates as a power source,of which the power output/absorption characteristics can be regulated by converters.In the case of islanded operation without support in voltage and frequency from a large grid,the sources in the multi-energy coupling system are given the task

120、s of maintaining the systems stability and meeting load demand.It is noted that short-term supply-load balance should be achieved by transient disturbance control.3.1.3.2 Multi-time-scale management technology of smart integrated energy systemsSo far,there have been two types of time scales in the o

121、ptimal dispatching of multi-energy coupling systems,namely the single time scale and the multiple time scale.A longer time scale would result in a greater error in obtained dispatching planning value.A multi-objective dispatching method is established for a multi-energy coupling system by considerin

122、g both the operational and environmental costs.Moreover,for optimal profit,high energy efficiency,good supply-load match and a multi-energy demand response model should be established from the perspective of the elastic matrix.An optimization model should also be established subject to the constrain

123、ts of economy,environment,unit output limit,energy balance,etc.Considering the randomicity of wind,solar,load and electricity price,a two-stage random programming method is preferred to effectively optimize the operation,while meeting time-varying requirements and operational constraints.In addition

124、,the multi-time-scale scheduling strategy can be well applied practically only by optimizing corresponding mathematical models in different scenarios and improving computational efficiency.23Key technologies of the multi-energy coupling system3.2 Energy cascade utilization technology3.2.1 CHP and CC

125、HPCombined heat and power(CHP)and combined cooling,heat and power(CCHP)have the advantages of low cost,high efficiency,automatic process control,long overhaul interval (40 000 hours),easy installation,and reliable operation.They also comply with international emission standards.Another advantage of

126、CHP is reliability in generating an annual base load that can hardly be guaranteed by renewable resources.The main components of a CHP unit include a gas turbine,turbine support frame,generator,electrical control cabinet,cooling system,and heat exchanger connected to the heating system(see Figure 3-

127、2).Specifically when studying the penetration of CHP in micro-grid projects,it is worth noting that CHP in recent and planned micro-grids is gradually losing its early impact on the dominant position of PV and non-co-generation natural gas power generation(not including heat recovery options).Howeve

128、r,CHP is expected to continue forming an important share in future microgrids and power systems.According to the blog of ICF(a consulting company that runs a database of microgrids and co-generation installations in the US),nearly 20%of microgrids planned to operate in the US by 2023 will incorporat

129、e CHP technology.In countries with abundant natural gas reserves and a lower gas price compared to electricity prices,the economic advantages of CHP are even more obvious.This encourages consumers to use gas-fired CHP technology to generate electricity and allows selling electricity back to the powe

130、r grid,thereby reducing operating costs.Accordingly,fuel-based CHP power plants have a high potential for being an essential part of the energy supply if they are properly updated technically.This applies both to fossil fuel CHP and renewable fuel CHP power plants.By 2030,CHP power plants are expect

131、ed to replace most non-CHP fossil fuel power plants and provide most of the base-load electricity,thereby helping to reduce emissions.However,it is predicted that after 2030 the role of fossil fuel-powered CHP power plants will gradually be weakened.Figure 3-2|A typical CHP system24Key technologies

132、of the multi-energy coupling systemFigure 3-3|A typical CCHP systemThe main controversy surrounding the future of CHP is that it provides only for low carbon,instead of zero carbon,emissions,especially in the case of natural gas CHP devices.This contradicts the national legislation of many countries

133、 stipulating that the power generation system in those countries is planned to generate zero-carbon emissions by 2050.The main problem involved is that the supply of renewable fuels is limited.A promising alternative option involves hydrogen,which is available in a sufficiently large capacity.The fo

134、cus of the latest development of CHP is related to the flexibility of the system.A flexible CHP system can provide support for the stability and security of the power grid.CCHP,as illustrated by Figure 3-3,is an extension of CHP.Also known as the tri-cogeneration system,CCHP indicates that part of t

135、he heat generated is also used to generate cooling energy.CCHP consists of a gas turbine,generator,heat exchanger,and absorption refrigerator.According to CCHP components and energy requirements,the overall efficiency of a CCHP system is approximately 75%to 85%,thereby saving fuel and realizing mutu

136、al benefit for consumers and the government.3.2.2 The utilization of hydrogen energyHydrogen energy is a flexible secondary energy source that can be converted from surplus electricity generated by renewable energy sources.Transmitted through pipes or trucks,it can be used as a raw material and fuel

137、 in various fields such as industry,energy,transportation and construction.It assists in realizing the coupling of the power grid and the gas grid.In some scenarios,techniques such as combined heat and power can also be applied to realize the coupled application of electricity,gas and heat,so as to

138、enhance energy efficiency,system flexibility and cleanliness.Hydrogen from surplus electricity generated by renewable energy sources will help to improve the flexibility of power system regulation,promote the development of renewable energy and contribute to carbon neutrality of energy consumption.T

139、he electrical efficiency of hydrogen production from renewable energy varies from 61%to 80%depending on the type of technology,which is relatively low in various hydrogen storage technologies.The efficiency is lower compared to pumped storage,electromagnetic storage,lithium-ion battery storage and o

140、ther technologies,and it is comparable to compressed air storage.25Key technologies of the multi-energy coupling systemHydrogen can be stored in different scales and efficiencies by different storage methods such as geological storage and storage tanks,on a scale comparable to compressed air and lar

141、ger than energy storage technologies such as lithium-ion batteries and electromagnetic energy storage.Its continuous discharge time can be achieved from hourly to weekly levels,which is greater than for technologies such as electromagnetic energy storage and electrochemical energy storage.In the ele

142、ctrical power field,technologies such as solid fuel cells or hydrogen gas turbines work as carriers for hydrogen utilization,which enables balance in periodic changes of electrical load,auxiliary services to the power system,and combinations of cooling,heating as well as power.Solid fuel cell power

143、generation is mainly applied in scenarios including distributed power stations,household combined heat and power systems,and backup power sources.Distributed fuel cell power plants generally have a scale of no more than 100 MW,which can be used as a supplement to the primary power grid and can also

144、generate electricity independently in islands,mountainous and remote areas.Micro combined heat and power systems generally use 15 kW micro fuel cell devices,which are fully compatible with existing infrastructure.In the case of utilization as the backup power source,fuel cells are mainly used for co

145、mmunications,electricity,internet data centres,off-grid villages,schools,and clinics with a power level of 35 kW.3.3 Energy conversion technologyThanks to the energy revolution,the conversion between electricity and other types of energy will be increasingly demanded in the future energy system.Impo

146、rtance is given to the mutual conversion between electricity and several final energy consumption products including heat,cooling,and gas.In a typical multi-energy coupling system,the utilization of renewable energy can be improved by optimizing the coordination of electricity,natural gas and heat s

147、upply.3.3.1 Power-to-gas(P2G)Power-to-gas(P2G),which originated from the expansion of renewable energy input in Germany,is a method of producing combustible gas using electricity,water and CO2.P2G,as a new method of grid connection for renewable energies,technically supports large-scale power genera

148、tion from renewable energies and indirectly reduces the power generation from fossil fuels,which benefits the multi-win situation in the energy interconnection.In electricity-to-hydrogen conversion,hydrogen is produced by water electrolysis using redundant electrical power and it can be delivered in

149、 a gas pipeline or kept in storage as shown in Figure 3-4,of which the total energy conversion efficiency is in the range of 75%85%.Currently,three main techniques are applied for water-electrolysis-based hydrogen production,namely electrolysis of alkaline solutions,electrolysis of solid polymer mem

150、branes,and hydrogen production from solid oxides,among which the alkaline solution electrolysis method has the longest service and highest maturity.Electricity-to-natural gas conversion further converts hydrogen products from electrolysis along with CO2 into methane and water,with an overall electri

151、c-to-natural gas conversion efficiency of 45%60%.In comparison to electricity-to-hydrogen,although a lower conversion efficiency characterizes electricity-to-natural gas,it is advantaged by easier transportation,storage,and supply stability in the multi-energy coupling system.The entire P2G process

152、is illustrated in Figure 3-4.26Key technologies of the multi-energy coupling system3.3.2 Power-to-liquid(P2L)Power-to-liquid(P2L)technology is a method of producing liquid hydrocarbons from electricity,water and CO2.In comparison to gas,superiority is shown in P2L in hard-to-decarbonize industries d

153、ue to the higher energy density of the synthetic liquid fuel.The integration of power technique,transportation and chemistry in the P2L process enables the consumption of excessive renewable energy and facilitates the replacement of fossil fuels usage.The basic process flow of P2L includes water ele

154、ctrolysis,carbon capture,synthesis,and product upgrading,which is depicted in Figure 3-5 12,13.The main products of P2L include methanol,dimethyl ether(DME),and Fischer-Tropsch(FT).Methanol:Although the practice of methanol production from carbon dioxide and hydrogen dates back to the 1920s,it has f

155、ailed to be industrially applied.The commercial application of P2L in methanol can be greatly facilitated by enhanced system thermal efficiency,the lower cost of hydrogen supply and feasibility in small-scale operation.Dimethyl ether:Currently,DME is almost exclusively produced from syngas in a two-

156、stage process using methanol as an intermediate.Fischer-Tropsch:After almost a century of development in Fischer-Tropsch synthesis,at present,profitable FT projects generally appear in major factories with coal and natural gas as the feedstock.In the past decade,an increasing number of small-scale f

157、actories based on biomass have appeared.Currently,the opposite developing trend is indicated between state-of-the-art FT processes and traditional power-to-FT(PtFT)fuel plants.Their goal is to achieve profitability by allowing a more decentralized,flexible operation and an easy scale-up through modu

158、larity.In summary,challenges still exist in the development of P2L,although it is advantaged by high energy density,easy application,and availability as an Figure 3-4|P2G process27Key technologies of the multi-energy coupling systemembedded fuel for flexible application on the user side.Nevertheless

159、,P2L fuel is a potential low-carbon energy option for applications that require high energy density fuel and high storage stability(e.g.aviation).3.3.3 Gas-to-power(G2P)The combination of gas-to-power(G2P)and P2G enables a closed loop of electricity-gas-electricity conversion.The further development

160、 of P2G and gas transmission pipelines allow for an irreplaceable role of distributed gas-based power and energy conversion in energy consumption,especially in the fields of transportation and construction.The current G2P technologies mainly include fuel cells of hydrogen and methane as well as vari

161、ous gas-fired internal combustion engines 14.Fuel cells:According to the nature of the electrolytes,common fuel cells are categorized by proton exchange membrane fuel cells(PEMFC),solid oxide fuel cells(SOFC),molten carbonate fuel cells(MCFC),phosphoric acid fuel cells(PAFC),and alkaline fuel cells(

162、AFC).As shown in Figure 3-6,theoretically,the energy conversion efficiency of fuel cells can be as high as 90%.Limited by actual constraints,the practical energy conversion efficiency of various fuel cells is generally from 40%to 60%.Although wide application of fuel cells is limited by high cost an

163、d technical immaturity,it is still considered to be a promising technology due to its clean,high-efficiency and non-polluting advantages.In particular,as the PEMFC is featured by high power,low-temperature operation,a fast start and no noise,high priority is given to applications in electric vehicle

164、s,aerospace,military,and other fields.Gas-fired internal combustion engines and gas turbines:Gas-fired combustion engines and gas turbines constitute the most common terminals of the gas-fired CHP system.The internal combustion engine dominates the market below 1MW,because the power generation effic

165、iency of gas turbines is usually low in this capacity range.Two techniques draw in the 15 MW market.For the market beyond 5 MW,gas turbines dominate because of the at least 30%efficiency of the primary power generation and higher performances in power generation efficiency,regulation flexibility and

166、 economic efficiency with a combined cycle.3.3.4 Heat-to-power(H2P)Heat-to-power(H2P)produces steam for power generation by using heat from exhaust gas,waste liquid,waste heat and combustible substances,which facilitates not only energy conservation but Figure 3-5|P2L process28Key technologies of th

167、e multi-energy coupling systemalso environmental protection.Limited by the low temperature of the working substance,the large size of the equipment and a great consumption of metal materials are unavoidable.It is noted that the waste heat used for power generation mainly includes high-temperature fl

168、ue gas,chemical reaction heat,waste gas,waste liquid heat,low-temperature waste heat,etc.15.The H2P generation technologies using low-temperature waste heat mainly include Rankine cycle-based thermal power generation systems(e.g.organic Rankine cycle(ORC)and water vapor expansion cycle),Kalina cycle

169、,and ammonia absorption power refrigeration composite cycle.3.4 Advanced energy storage technologies3.4.1 H2 storage technologyHydrogen storage technology is a key step for hydrogen utilization,as long-term storage is permitted for H2.On the one hand,H2 can be easily produced by electrical energy.On

170、 the other hand,it can be converted to electrical energy rapidly through fuel cells,so as to increase the operational flexibility for future low-carbon integrated energy systems.The hydrogen storage methods include high-pressure gas storage,liquefied storage,solid adsorption storage,organic liquid s

171、torage,etc.3.4.2 Compressed air energy storage,flywheel energy storageCompressed air energy storage(CAES)and flywheel energy storage are two typical techniques in mechanical energy storage,which are both featured by large capacity,prolonged storage,high power density,long lifespan,deep charging and

172、discharging,fast response,and high safety.They facilitate solving problems regarding the coordination and scheduling of a large-scale power system.As illustrated in Figure 3-7,CAES stores energy by compressing air and discharges the energy by releasing the compressed air to drive a turbine,which ena

173、bles high energy capacity and consistent operation(i.e.from hours to days).The slower response time of CAES in comparison with other storage technologies benefits its applications in providing peak capacity,secondary and tertiary Figure 3-6|Schematic diagram of fuel cell29Key technologies of the mul

174、ti-energy coupling systemoperating reserves,as well as energy arbitrage.In addition,the great inertia of CAES due to the existence of rotating turbines can be used to dampen fast frequency fluctuations.Technically,CAES can be achieved by multiple techniques including supplementary combustion compres

175、sed air energy storage,adiabatic compressed air energy storage,deep-cooled liquefied air energy storage,supercritical compressed air energy storage,etc.Flywheel energy storage uses electric energy to drive a flywheel rotating at a high speed to store energy,which has the advantages of high energy de

176、nsity,fast charging and discharging speed,and high energy conversion efficiency.Thermal compressed air energy storage(TACAS)is a new energy storage technology that combines compressed air and flywheel methods.To overcome the problem of the slow dynamic response of CAES,a flywheel system is connected

177、 to CAES,in order to provide energy for a few seconds at the beginning until the CAES system starts up and takes over.As its name suggests,TACAS also utilizes a thermal energy storage method that can provide longer backup time and high energy density.As is the case with CAES,thermal energy storage i

178、s harmless to the environment.3.4.3 Mobile distributed energy storage technology1)The dual attributes of electric vehiclesWith the increasing popularity of electric vehicles(EVs),technical problems are created for the power system due to large-scale random and disordered charging and discharging beh

179、aviours.It should be noted that EVs have dual attributes of controllable load and storable energy.Currently,due to the asynchronous development of EV industries,Figure 3-7|Compressed air energy storage system30Key technologies of the multi-energy coupling systemsome countries mainly adopt integrated

180、 demand responses on EVs with a relatively low degree of marketization.Therefore,it will be necessary to conduct research on issues of renewable energy consumption and the friendly interaction of EVs.Preference should be given to technical research efforts regarding a)two-way interactive technology

181、for charging piles based on cyber-physical integration;b)cloud-side collaborative EV integration technology based on plug-and-control;c)closed-loop optimization and precise control technology considering resource heterogeneity;d)precise value transmission technology contributing to the operation and

182、 sharing of EVs.2)Portable small energy storage system(ESS)In recent years,as rapid growth has consistently been registered in global renewable energy power generation,the global energy system is gradually evolving into distributed mobile source mode.As an essential part of distributed mobile energy

183、,ESS is of great significance in realizing large-scale integration of renewable energy,distributed energy and expansion of micro-grid applications.Electro-chemical ESS is the most widely utilized method among multiple ESS techniques,which can be achieved by either fixed ESSs or mobile ESSs.Compared

184、with the fixed type,the latter has a smaller capacity and integrates the energy storage battery,battery management system(BMS),and power conversion system(PCS)in the form of a container/storage.As a result,the control and dispatch of mobile ESS can be realized through an energy management system(EMS

185、).Thanks to the advantages it provides of strong flexibility,high reliability,short response time,good mobility,easy transportation and installation of the system as well as long-distance transportation capability,mobile energy storage has been applied in many micro-grid and smart grid projects and

186、has demonstrated benefits in the capabilities it provides for ensuring the stability of the power system,regulating system voltage and frequency,facilitating the connection of renewable energy,and affording an emergency power supply.3)Distributed small ESSFrom a technical standpoint,common challenge

187、s of energy storage are associated with key materials,manufacturing processes and energy conversion efficiency.For large-scale applications,it is necessary to further solve problems of stability,reliability and durability.Therefore,great importance is given to the use of intelligent system managemen

188、t and optimization of the ESS configuration for the establishment of feasible energy storage optimization solutions.Complementary applications of energy and power storageThe application of ESS takes two typical forms:energy and power support.Based on the currently applied technique,the unit-power co

189、st of energy-type storage devices is relatively higher,as is the unit-energy cost of power-type storage.In the application of distributed energy storage,technical and economic efficiency can be improved by complementary utilization of multiple energy-type and power-type energy storage devices.Nevert

190、heless,the effective combination of two types of energy storage can only be achieved by research in the selection of energy storage types,capacity allocation and coordinated control techniques.Renewable energy integration based on the heat storage support of the combined heat and power system(CHPS)I

191、n the combined heat and power system,the application of heat storage decouples power supply and heat supply,thus improving the operating flexibility of the system.In addition,electricity and heat storage can also achieve deeper participation in the electricity market.In the case of district heating,

192、heat storage is effected by reserving hot water in a tank.The cost is comparably lower for heat storage under atmospheric pressure,whereas the heat stored 31Key technologies of the multi-energy coupling systemin a unit volume of pressured storage is higher by 30%-40%.The current operating principle

193、of heat storage is to reduce peak load to avoid repeated heating.In addition,the price of heat can be reduced by using CHPS in a heating-integrated network.Distributed energy storage based on electric vehicle batteriesThe wide application of EVs can alleviate the problems of fossil fuel shortage,car

194、bon emissions and urban environmental protection.The grid connection of intermittent renewable energy has triggered the notion of using EVs as mobile energy storage devices.Electric vehicle batteries can be scheduled to serve as a distributed power source or a dispatchable load,which can be involved

195、 in the provision of auxiliary services,effectively including system peak shaving by reasonable and orderly charging or discharging.This is one of the core elements of current research in what is called the vehicle-to-grid(V2G)technique.Virtual power plant(VPP)based on energy storageWith the rapid d

196、evelopment of distributed renewable energy and smart grids,distributed generation(DG)will be extensively employed.However,the high penetration of DG elements produces technical problems including power flow variation,line congestion,voltage flickering,harmonic effects,etc.Moreover,the large-scale in

197、tegration of DG is also limited by the install and forget approach to operations and capacity constraints in the electricity market.To address this weakness,the VPP has been proposed,which integrates DG,energy storage devices and controllable loads(e.g.electric vehicles)in a given area of the distri

198、bution network via advanced control,metering and communication technologies.The VPP optimizes and coordinates the operation,while ameliorating the allocation and utilization of resources.As a special power plant,it participates in the operation of the power grid and the power market.Wind-solar-compr

199、essed air energy storage technologyThe wind-solar complementary power generation system integrates local wind and solar generators.By taking advantage of the complementary character of wind energy and solar energy,further integration of wind-solar complementarity power generation and compressed air

200、energy storage could alleviate the unfavourable impact of fluctuating wind and solar power to the grid.3.5 Demand response technologyThe transition to a cleaner energy system introduces a great deal of volatility and uncertainty,requiring a wider range of flexible resources to ensure a real-time bal

201、ance between energy supply and demand.It should be noted that an important source of flexibility comes from demand-side management,especially demand response technology.According to the US Department of Energy,demand response is defined as diverting end-users from their normal energy consumption pat

202、terns by inducing reductions in electricity consumption through time-varying electricity prices or incentive payments when wholesale market prices are high or system reliability is threatened 16.Although electric energy constitutes the centre of future energy consumption,it is technically difficult

203、to store it on a large scale.Therefore,although the definition is focused on power demand response,it can also be applied to integrated energy systems.Demand response in the multi-energy coupling system refers to the behaviour of energy consumers who participate in the market through their response

204、to the price signals or incentive mechanisms of the market and through changes they introduce in the inherent consumption pattern.The development of demand response technology should prioritize the research and development of intelligent equipment supporting high-speed information collection and com

205、munication functions,by which the demand 32Key technologies of the multi-energy coupling systemresponse mechanism is established for the multi-energy coupling system.Subsequently,artificial intelligence(AI)can be engaged to analyze and predict user energy consumption behaviours,and personalized dema

206、nd response strategies are then developed based on the data.Eventually,relying on advanced communication and AI technologies,the integrated-energy demand response will be fully automatic and controllable in a real-time framework,to form a complete market transaction mechanism of integrated-energy de

207、mand response.3.5.1 Energy consumption behaviour perception3.5.1.1 User information perception technologyThe deployment of demand response devices on the power system/equipment side of industrial,commercial and residential users enables the acquisition of electrical parameters,thermal parameters,ope

208、rating status parameters and environmental parameters of power system/equipment,allowing proactive evaluation of the demand response capability for power system/equipment.According to the electricity price and incentive information issued by the superior master station,a demand response strategy is

209、automatically generated to support the participation of the users power system/equipment in the demand response business 17.Front-end sensing includes all technologies that realize sensing and control functions(e.g.all kinds of sensors,radio frequency identification(RFID),micromachinery).Based on in

210、telligent sensing technology,comprehensive acquisition and evaluation can be achieved on the running status of the power system/equipment,which improves calculation accuracy of the response capacity and enhances participation convenience of demand response business.3.5.1.2 User portrait technology1)

211、User portrait architectureThe user label architecture that supports the demand response of multi-energy coupling is a two-layer structure composed of data sources and label definitions,where data source includes user electricity consumption information,user basic information,power grid company marke

212、ting data,etc.18.The tagging process includes the generation of tags and library management.Specifically,the generation of tags includes direct generation and analysis-based generation.The directly generated tags are generally users natural attributes,such as gender and age.Analysis-based tag genera

213、tion refers to the formation of the proper label system by data analysis,to guide the definition of labels.The management of the label library is defined as storing and updating the generated labels.Users may develop new power consumption habits within a period of time,after which the labels in the

214、library should be updated to match the power consumption characteristics of existing users.Figure 3-8 shows the architecture of a typical demand response user portrait service.2)Data sources for user portrait analysisUser information of a power enterprise is mainly composed of internal and external

215、data,including real-time electricity consumption,geographic information system(GIS)data,customer service system,marketing system,etc.Data required by user portrait service businesses based on energy big data can be categorized into three types,as shown in Table 3-4:user energy characteristic informa

216、tion,automobile charging pile information,and distributed power information 19.3)Power user label system constructionThe power user portrait label mainly includes user basic information,electricity consumption information and marketing data information.Power companies establish the user behaviour la

217、bel library by identifying the occurrence of user 33Key technologies of the multi-energy coupling systemFigure 3-8|Demand response user portrait business architecture diagram?Note:NTLM=New Technology LAN Manager(Microsoft security protocol suite)behaviours,characterizing the behaviours,finding the c

218、orrelation between user behaviours,and classifying the power behaviours.Not all labels are necessarily stored in the label library.A too-high granularity of the label library leads to library redundancy,while a too-small granularity causes the failure in depicting users.Thus,the label library should

219、 be appropriately adjusted based on service requirements and user characteristics.It should be noted that the energy consumption information is supposed to focus on the power consumption behaviour analysis of multi-energy coupling.User portrait improves the effect of user behaviour research.The key

220、work of forming user portraits is to classify and label users by extracting user characteristics through feature labels.The label model assists in analyzing the relationship between power supply and demand,as well as understanding the influencing factors related to power supply and demand.3.5.1.3 Us

221、er potential assessment technologyDemand-side response potential assessment is conducted by selecting typical user load curves as 34Key technologies of the multi-energy coupling systemData typeNumberRequired dataUser energy characteristics1Network topology(user variable relationship)2User id(serial

222、number,marketing information)3Customer electricity metering data4Customers non-electric metering data(water and gas)5User non-intrusive data6Customer payment information7Customer complaint informationAutomobile charging pile information8Customer charging pile capacity9Customer charging operating vol

223、tage10Customer charging operation current11Customer charging running statusDistributed power supply information12Customer distributed power supply type13Customer distributed power supply capacity14Customer distributed power generation15Customer distributed power supply running statusTable 3-4|User p

224、ortrait service business data typesamples and extracting typical characteristics from the samples.In order to achieve supply-demand balance,electric power companies publish information on demand response(DR),including response time and response capacity 20.Load aggregators participate in demand resp

225、onse through negotiation or bidding,thus obtaining corresponding compensation prices or incentives.The potential assessment method of user demand response based on a deep subdomain adaptive network(DSAN)is shown in Figure 3-9.3.5.2 Demand response management3.5.2.1 Energy efficiency assessmentEnergy

226、 efficiency assessment(EEA)is a technique to evaluate the energy consumption status of energy consumers,which is widely adopted in industrial,commercial,and residential fields.The users can benefit from EEA by knowing their own energy consumption,weakness in energy consumption,and energy waste.EEA a

227、lso benefits the electric company through assisting in energy conservation,carbon emission reduction and improving demand-side management.35Key technologies of the multi-energy coupling systemFigure 3-9|Response potential assessment method and process?Note:LMMD=List mapping motion descriptionThe piv

228、otal step of EEA is to establish a systematic and all-around metrics system,through which the characteristics,habits and energy utilization of energy consumers can be reported correctly 21.By assigning reasonable weighting coefficients to metrics,the comprehensive assessment method is adopted to pro

229、vide a scientific assessment for energy consumers.A typical process of residential EEA is presented in Figure 3-10,where the entropy method and technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution(TOPSIS)method are combined.3.5.2.2 Automatic demand response technologyAutomatic demand re

230、sponse(ADR)technology triggers automatic dispatching of the loads without manual operations,which is shown in Figure 3-11.Thanks to the development of intelligence in multi-energy coupling systems,ADR technology is being expanded to multi-energy fields,including data collecting,transmission,and anal

231、ysis of multi-energy demand response on the user side to form an adjustable resource pool.In case of high electricity price or occurrence of the disturbance,ADR sends the trigger signals to the energy management system on the user side.The trigger signal then activates the demand response to realizi

232、ng the peak and shaving according to the predefined control logic scheme for load equipment and distributed power supply devices.Afterwards,the information is fed back to the ADR server 22.In order to realize fully automatic control in a real-time framework of integrated energy demand response for a

233、 large number of users,intelligence integrated energy demand response terminals with self-learning capability and online real-time control are embedded in the multi-energy coupling system,as well as a precise and reliable automatic control 36Key technologies of the multi-energy coupling systemFigure

234、 3-10|User energy efficiency evaluation process of the multi-energy intelligent coupling systemFigure 3-11|Automatic demand response service standardization design idea?37Key technologies of the multi-energy coupling systemmodule with zero delays for a large number of demand response devices 23.The

235、current framework,operation model and mechanisms of ADR systems vary greatly among countries,and no standard has been proposed.Among them,cyber-physical systems(CPS)support the information interaction between the grid and the loads.Moreover,CPS also supports active identification of the access of us

236、er-side devices to the multi-energy coupling demand response,which expedites the bilateral information coordination and sharing of network and load 24.In terms of key technologies such as interface standards for grid-to-load,the most popular protocol standards are the US OpenADR2.0 and China power i

237、ndustry standard DL/T 1867-2018,Electricity Demand Response Information Exchange Specification,which potentially unify and standardize the equipment communication interface and improve the efficiency of demand response.The differences between ADR and traditional DR are shown in Table 3-5.3.6 Intelli

238、gent technologies3.6.1 Integrated energy system service platformGreat changes can be observed in energy production and consumption patterns due to economic development,among which energy interconnection is an unavoidable trend.As a response,many energy enterprises tend to focus on multi-energy busin

239、ess issues,including supply services,customer energy efficiency improvement,energy structure optimization,power grid supply and demand interaction,source network load,and storage collaboration,etc.On the other hand,by incorporating the internet concept and using digital techniques,a smart energy ser

240、vice platform is under construction.Supported by policies in favour of the digital industry and also by the integration of energy and digital technique,the smart energy service platform is being launched to provide services in comprehensive energy management for end users,Table 3-5|Comparison of ADR

241、 and traditional DRItemADRTraditional DRAutomationHighLowInformation feedbackReal-time and two-wayDelay and one-wayOperationMulti-users participate via integrated energy platformGrid operation and regulationIncentivesMarket priceMarket priceSupporting technologiesSmart terminals,two-way communicatio

242、n technology,energy management system,power measurement and evaluation,edge computing technology,AI technology,etc.Power measurement and evaluation,direct load control technology38Key technologies of the multi-energy coupling systemin interactions between platform operators and user cooperative manu

243、facturers,and in business transactions.Specifically,the platform is expected to be equipped with the following applications.Planning software:This module realizes the plan,design and benefit calculation for distributed monomer projects or integrated energy projects,such as PV,wind power,gas,and ener

244、gy storage.It aims at improving the convenience,rationality and accuracy of the projects design.Distributed energy management:This module offers digital management for the equipment and stations involved in the distributed power system,such as PV,wind power,and gas unit projects.Specifically,digital

245、 management includes energy and equipment information collection,condition monitoring,data statistics,and index analysis,which realizes real-time monitoring of the performance of the distributed energy system and efficient operation/maintenance of distributed power supply.Energy storage system:This

246、module monitors the operation data of the energy storage battery pack,energy storage converter,and other devices,thus indicating the operation status of the energy storage system.In addition,it can also analyze battery performance,operation efficiency,and economic benefit based on historical operati

247、on data,which may optimize the operation,maintenance,and overhaul strategy of the energy storage system.Energy efficiency analysis and diagnosis:Through available information on energy consumption,equipment and the environment from end users,this module analyzes the running status,efficiency and ene

248、rgy utilization rate of energy-using units,thus improving the management ability of energy-using systems.Relying on massive energy consumption data,the module mines users energy consumption characteristics,equipment status,and habits,in order to help users to diagnose energy efficiency issues,guide

249、equipment selection,and optimize energy consumption strategy.Operation management:This module is enabled for multi-stage monitoring of equipment,system,customer,park,and region,as well as in predicting energy consumption.It also serves the applications of demand response agents,energy efficiency ben

250、chmarking,operation and maintenance information analysis,and remote monitoring,so as to establish comprehensive energy operation service standards.Using big data from operations,it aims to expand services in multi-function complementary,multi-user coordination and optimization,and regional comprehen

251、sive energy operation,and to realize a data-enabled energy system.Energy ecology:By building an energy market,connections are made among upstream equipment suppliers,application service providers system integrators of integrated energy and downstream end enterprise customers.Based on enterprise ener

252、gy consumption data and accumulated product data,it realizes the matching between product suppliers and users.Project management:For all types of projects in the field of comprehensive energy services,such as market consultation,equipment sales,engineering construction,etc.,online services are avail

253、able for the whole process of customer negotiation,project decision-making,project implementation,project acceptance,project settlement,project post-evaluation,etc.,to improve the development efficiency of comprehensive energy projects.The overall architecture of the smart energy service platform co

254、nsists of three layers,namely,the physical layer of equipment,the business management layer,and the interactive application layer.The platform business architecture has two parts:customer front desk(user server)and business back end(platform management).39Key technologies of the multi-energy couplin

255、g systemThe platform technology architecture is mainly composed of a resource layer,service layer,application layer,presentation layer,and process management,in which the resource layer mainly includes computer equipment,network equipment,storage equipment,and other hardware equipment.The service la

256、yer is supported by the technology middle platform,data middle platform and business middle platform.3.6.2 Swarm intelligence technology3.6.2.1 AI-based user behaviour inference technologyAs the randomness of user behaviour handicaps load forecasting,the study of user energy consumption behaviour wo

257、uld be beneficial to energy planning and dispatching.This requires studies on the analysis technique for a large number of user behaviours based on AI,so as to uncover the essence of user behaviour.It also necessitates studies on model deduction techniques based on the users performance behaviour,as

258、 well as studies on the deductive technology of human user behaviour under the environmental climate index of human common expectation.3.6.2.2 Application scenarios of intelligent energy1)Multi-energy intelligent collaborative technology based on a zero-carbon power systemA variety of renewable ener

259、gy and energy storage technologies contribute to the zero-carbon power system.Nonetheless,the nature of randomness,uncertainty,intermittency,and dispersion for renewable energies calls for studies on collaborative operation and control technology of regional zero-carbon power systems based on AI and

260、 blockchain technology(digital twin).Studies are also demanded on group intelligent collaborative technology of regional zero-carbon power systems to realize overall intelligence and digitalization(5G)of the regional zero-carbon power system.Generally speaking,group intelligence and digital technolo

261、gy are becoming increasingly important.2)Multi-energy intelligent collaborative technology based on micro energy network groupBy virtue of the fact that a regional micro-energy network group is mainly composed of a combination of renewable energy,energy storage,and load,the independent operation at

262、the network level or group level for regional micro-energy networks can be achieved through advanced control and protection technology.Moreover,research on edge computing technology of the edge group would benefit the improvement of the intelligence level of the edge system and computing centre.3.6.

263、3 Smart contract technology for energy trading3.6.3.1 Block chain-based game trading contract technologyBlockchain is a decentralized framework and trust-free technology.Due to broad features including distributed data storage model,smart and consensus contract mechanism,chain expansion and encrypti

264、on technology,blockchain can be combined with a fully distributed computing process,so as to realize a calculation process that is deemed to be equivalent,secure,intelligent,traceable and tamper-proof.The necessities include the development of optimal game trading contract techniques between stakeho

265、lders,and research on multi-function trading price mechanisms,as well as a trading mechanism based on blockchain technology,so as to organically coordinate the best trading contracts of all parties 25.40Key technologies of the multi-energy coupling system3.6.3.2 Block chain-based transaction contrac

266、t between multifunctional intelligent coupling system and large power gridThe connection of regional multi-energy intelligent coupling energy systems to the large power grid requires a reasonable energy trading mechanism and trading strategy.Thus,great importance is given to the study of developing

267、blockchain-based transaction strategies between regional multi-energy intelligent coupling systems and large power grids,in order to promote deep coupling of energy and maximize the revenues.3.6.3.3 Game technology between intelligent multifunctional coupling systemsDue to the ongoing decentralized

268、energy revolution,the energy system will focus on the development of an intelligent coupling energy system and apply the game between nearby energy consumption and a multi-energy intelligent coupling system.It is believed that the construction of a new power system and the realization of carbon neut

269、rality will be facilitated by research on multi-stakeholder energy trading contract techniques based on blockchain technology.41Figure 4-1|Integrated energy serviceSection 4Integrated energy service:market and development trendNo unified definition has been reached concerning what precisely constitu

270、tes integrated energy service.The mainstream view is that integrated energy service includes two main aspects:comprehensive energy sources,including electricity,natural gas,cold,steam and high-temperature liquid,and comprehensive services,including project planning and construction,investment and fi

271、nancing selection,consulting services,operation and maintenance,as shown in Figure 4-1.42Integrated energy service:market and development trendIntegrated energy services can be further subdivided according to the following perspectives.1)Energy supply extension perspectiveA new energy service model

272、is being built based on a traditional integrated energy supply,including renewable energy,hydrogen energy and energy storage facilities.It realizes multi-energy coordinated supply and comprehensive cascade utilization of energy through natural gas combined cooling,heating,and electricity supply,dist

273、ributed energy,and energy-intelligent micro-grid.2)The interaction of energy supply and demandThe diversified development of energy supply and the diversified demands of demand-side consumption patterns have given birth to various energy service forms.The energy service innovation model combines mul

274、tiple energy supply modes on the energy supply side with different demand responses on the energy consumption side.3)Service business perspectiveThe combination of various energy services contains distributed energy services,energy conservation,emission reduction and demand response service.Each ser

275、vice business can be divided into basic service and deep service.4.1 Current market status4.1.1 Potential usersIntegrated energy service covers a wide range of business segments.Integrated energy service providers should consider the users energy consumption scale,demand stability,profitability,abil

276、ity to pay,and other factors.Customers actual needs and service acceptance should be accounted into various forms of energy services.To effectively develop integrated energy services,power generation enterprises should define the target customer groups,accurately grasp the needs of different custome

277、rs,pertinently match service resources,and form a standardized customer classification.Identical clients can be found for energy services regardless of traditional systems or smart multi-energy coupling systems.Generally,energy users include industrial and residential customers,which can be further

278、categorized according to various groups,such as commercial complexes on a larger scale,colleges and universities,hospitals and residences.In terms of the service market of multi-energy coupling systems,market entities are linked to a certain extent instead of independent individuals.Large-scale user

279、s characterized by a high level of demand or engaged in a promising industry are preferred in the energy services of multi-energy coupling systems.The following user categories could be strategically emphasized:All kinds of parks:scattered-distributed manufacturing industrial parks,process(incubatio

280、n)industrial parks,and emerging research and development(R&D)industrial parks.Industrial enterprises:industries including steel works,construction materials,chemicals,non-ferrous metals,etc.Large-sized public facilities:government premises,schools,hospitals,smart buildings,etc.IEC may provide energy

281、-saving transformation and electrical energy replacement.Energy hosting and other services can improve the energy efficiency of buildings.Data centres:energy interconnection enterprises,banks,etc.Residences:central heating system,smart home,etc.43Integrated energy service:market and development tren

282、d4.1.2 Services for the supply of energyThe energy service of a multi-energy coupling system provides novel service patterns based on the electricity product involved.Specifically,the service propels electrification and improvement in energy efficiency on the user side,thereby reducing energy-relate

283、d costs by applying efficient energy technologies including heat pump,electric kiln furnace,dedicated charging station,heat recovery steam generators(HRSG),green lights,etc.For electrical apparatuses and power distribution facilities,the service offers professional and smart operation and maintenanc

284、e(O&M)as well as precise diagnostic trouble code(DTC)analysis and condition-based maintenance,thereby improving stability in energy consumption and safeguarding the electricity consumption for users.Moreover,it is also required to provide diversified and distributed energy-related services,to set up

285、 a complementary energy supply system with terminals integrated.The main services for energy supply are summarized as follows:Planning and designing for energy consumption:this service docks with the energy plan formulated by the government and provides services of planning and designing for energy

286、supply systems.It also offers solutions to a comprehensive supply of multiple energies including water,electricity,gas,cooling source,etc.This service is mainly targeted at industrial parks and enterprises.Services of comprehensive supply of energy:this service provides users with integration of mul

287、tiple energies including power supply,cooling and heating sources,water,etc.Diversified and distributed energy-related services:with real-time data of loads on the source network as a bond,this service erects a comprehensive platform for energy sources subject to diversified information exchange,in

288、order to provide users with services involving smart control,responses to demands,prediction of trading and mining of values in data.Construction and operation related to energy storage:this service invests in the construction of energy storage stations or energy storage facilities for users,with th

289、e stations and facilities being charged at off-peak tariffs at night and releasing charged energy in the daytime.4.1.3 Value-added servicesThe core of integrated energy service management is to meet users needs.Proactive expansion of business is required in value-added services.Power generation ente

290、rprises should combine their value propositions and resource advantages.There is a tendency to expand comprehensive energy services from both the energy supply side and the energy consumption side through industrial chain extension under mature techniques in electricity,heat,cold,gas,water,hydrogen

291、and other energy sources,including the following four aspects:1)Energy efficiency improvement serviceThe efficiency improvement occurs within the service range by supplying electricity,heat,cold,gas,water,hydrogen and other energies based on the actual energy demand of users,realizing the coordinati

292、on of energy production and marketing,optimizing the scheduling of energy,improving energy utilization efficiency,absorbing renewable energy to the maximum extent,and improving total factor production efficiency.2)Transaction agency serviceReform of the electricity sales side and electricity trading

293、 mechanism promotes the release of user demand,which gives users more flexibility in electricity consumption.Power generation enterprises can profit from agency fees by providing energy agency transaction services through construction of energy transactions.44Integrated energy service:market and dev

294、elopment trend3)Energy value-added serviceAccording to objective conditions such as the dynamic development demand of the market and the technical level of the industry,it is necessary to expand the value chain,take the market as the guide and the demand as the centre,and provide value-added service

295、s such as equipment operation and maintenance,energy hosting and energy-saving transformation based on the users of the energy market,in order to enhance user loyalty and increase the growth point of benefits.4)Energy data servicesBig data technology can be used to uncover long-term accumulated ener

296、gy consumption data,thus providing extensive data analysis and information services for different types of users,including the government,enterprises,schools and residents,based on the premise of ensuring the security of sensitive data.Profits can be made through data renting and selling,data analys

297、is and data trading.Specifically,value-added services may cover the following items:Smart O&M services:concerning electrical apparatuses,power distribution facilities,etc.,providers may offer professional and smart O&M services,as well as services about precise DTC analysis and condition-based maint

298、enance,so as to improve stability in energy consumption and safeguard the electricity consumption for users.Monitoring and analysis of energy efficiency for users:through online monitoring of the energy consumption of major electric apparatuses of users,on a regular basis,the service provider may of

299、fer analysis reports to users regarding energy consumption and propose suggestions to improve energy efficiency,strengthen management in energy conservation and reduce the cost of energy consumption for users.Improvement in energy efficiency for users energy systems:service providers may improve use

300、rs energy efficiency by reconstruction,such as replacement of electricity,electricity conservation,energy conservation in heating(cooling)systems,and mechanical energy conservation,to reduce the cost of energy consumption for users.Services for trusteeship of energy sources:service providers can con

301、tract energy-related works including water,electricity,gas,cooling,heating,etc.,optimize the energy supply system,implement technical energy conservation and reconstruction,and strengthen management in energy consumption,so as to control energy consumption for users.R&D of novel technologies and pro

302、duct distribution:service providers should keep an eye on market demands and develop equipment for the self-owned brand,thus providing users with novel technologies to improve energy efficiency and services about sales of equipment and products with higher energy efficiency.Services for energy tradi

303、ng:services may be provided as an agent for sales of such energy sources as electricity and carbon assets,which reasonably set types of trading,hedge risks for users,and predict energy consumption,so as to provide users with favourable energy prices.Management on the demand side:through analyzing th

304、e energy consumption characteristics of users,service providers may make full use of transferable and interruptible load resources for users and act on their behalf to take part in providing responses to electricity demands.Charging and battery swap services for EV:through building charging and batt

305、ery swap facilities in proper locations,services are made available to users for charging and battery 45Integrated energy service:market and development trendswap options in relation to their EVs.Service providers make a profit by charging the users for service fees.Financial services for energy con

306、sumption:financial services are available in connection with energy consumption,including equipment leases,financing leases,etc.Based on the effects of emission controls and returns on investment arising from comprehensive energy services,service providers gradually develop derivatives related to cr

307、editors rights in carbon asset projects,etc.With the advantages arising from data analysis,it is possible to cooperate with business enterprises and financial institutions,thereby providing users with financial solutions.Value-added services for big data:service providers may erect a service platfor

308、m in comprehensively applying modern information technologies,thus collecting,processing and analyzing all types of data in a comprehensive manner.4.2 Development trend4.2.1 Service development directionMultiple competitors are active in the integrated energy service industry.Entering into contact w

309、ith enterprise customer segments and profoundly understanding user needs is the key to the success of the integrated energy service.1)Extension of the energy industry chainPower generation enterprises have been engaged in the power production business for a long time and have developed user assets c

310、overing energy production and consumption.By extending the industrial chain,the model of energy+service will be more widely available and the transformation of users will be accelerated.2)Building a digital platformNumerous participants and a variety of business models are currently engaged in integ

311、rated energy services.As a result,a digital platform can be built to incorporate energy supply,consumption,and transaction information to acquire and retain customers and meet the diversified needs of users.3)Building an offline marketing networkThe comprehensive energy service sector is highly mark

312、et-oriented,making the establishment of specialized departments and the integration of resources necessary for further understanding users demands and improving customer experience through offline consultation and effective interaction,in order to provide convenient and high-quality services.4)Stren

313、gthening cooperation in industrial alliancesComprehensive energy service projects are multi-faceted and highly professional,requiring close cooperation with government agencies,scientific research institutes,external energy service enterprises,energy equipment suppliers and other industrial ecology

314、actors to develop unified promotion strategies and achieve joint development and progress.5)Scaling up multi-energy intelligent coupling services at the city and cross-regional levelsThe multi-energy coupling system constitutes one of the key links in building a smart city,which is also closely rela

315、ted to broader urban production and life.This requires digital transformation,digital twins,comprehensive modelling of multi-physics information hybrid systems,data-driven recognition of complex link characteristics,multi-heterogeneous model solution,multi-scenario application and feedback of fusion

316、 measurement,etc.46Integrated energy service:market and development trend6)Exploration of value-added services and business modelsCurrently integrated energy service platforms in the market all have their own shortcomings.No single type of enterprise can fully meet the market demand even in the pres

317、ence of platforms.This requires the expansion of the platform scale and the deepening of various services,as well as the business model innovation of intelligent energy integrated service platforms.4.2.2 Core resourcesAs the hub of energy production and supply,power generation enterprises have advan

318、tages in electric heating resources,data and information resources,financial capital resources,and talent and technology resources,which support their comprehensive energy services.1)Electricity and heat resourcesPower generation enterprises are advantaged by power production resources,low cost and

319、integration of sales.In the early stage,distributed renewable energy power generation and distribution services can be deployed to the client.For example,it will be valuable for enterprises to further develop natural gas cold,heat and electricity generation to provide customers with reliable electri

320、city and heat products.2)Data information resourcesPower generation enterprises possess power data,customer data and equipment data resources,which can provide considerable data support for comprehensive energy services and become the core competitive resource for future business development.3)Finan

321、cial capital resourcesPower generation enterprises possess huge assets,long-term stable operation and continuous,stable and low-cost capital sources,which can ensure that there will be no shortage of funds in project implementation.4)Professional talents/technologyPower generation enterprises usuall

322、y have dedicated engineering and technical departments operated by a large professional power generation team.This ensures mature and reliable power generation technology,energy-saving,and energy storage technology and equipment,thus providing customers with professional,systematic power and energy

323、services.47Section 5StandardizationThe multi-energy coupling system is featured by close coordination of multiple energies,rapid and accurate control,as well as high-extent intelligence in energy management,of which the complexity should be internationally standardized.It should be noted that a seam

324、less and smooth transition is supposed to be ensured between existing standard documents and planned standardization works.5.1 Present standardization workCurrently,no standardization body has been specifically launched focussing on the technical specifications of multi-energy coupling systems.Even

325、so,as illustrated by Figure 5-1,existing publications and standardization bodies are available with relevant scopes including microgrids and distributed generations,smart grid and energy internet,energy storage systems,and energy management systems.In the early stage of standardization for the multi

326、-energy coupling system,those existing standards may regulate ongoing works.Figure 5-1|Standard landscape on multi-energy intelligent coupling systems48Standardization5.1.1 Microgrids and distributed generations IEC TC 8/SC 8B:Decentralized electrical energy systemsIEC Technical Committee 8:System a

327、spects of electrical energy supply,focuses on the standardization of electricity supply systems within the scope of microgrids,distributed generations,distributed electrical energy storage and virtual power plants.IEC TC 8/SC 8B has published the worlds first international standard on microgrids,IEC

328、 TS 62898-1:2017,Microgrids Part 1:Guidelines for microgrid projects planning and specification.The successively released IEC TS 62898 series maps the microgrid in planning,operation,monitoring,protection,etc.In the field of distributed generation,IEC TC 8/SC 8B is also preparing two international s

329、tandards for publication,IEC TS 63189 and IEC TS 63276,focussing on virtual power plants and capacity carrying evaluation,respectively.Besides TC 8/SC 8B,other IEC committees including TC 57 and TC 82 are also working on the standardization of distributed generations.TC 57s assigned scope of activit

330、y concerns information exchange between distributed resources and the power system,within which IEC TS 61850-7-420 and IEC TR 62351-12 were published.TC 82 focuses on solar PV energy systems and IEC TS 62257-9-2 was published accordingly.IEEE SASB/SCC 21:Fuel Cells,Photovoltaics,Dispersed Generation

331、,and Energy StorageIEEE Standards Coordinating Committee 21 (IEEE SCC 21)is a standard coordinating committee of IEEE,which oversees and manages the development of standards within the scope of fuel cells,PV,dispersed generation,and energy storage.In the field of microgrids,IEEE SCC 21 has published

332、 the IEEE Std 1547 series with respect to interconnecting distributed resources,incorporating requirements relevant to performance,operation,testing,safety considerations and maintenance.It is noted that the IEEE Std 1547 series is the only standard adopted at the national level in the US that deals

333、 with the interconnection of system-level distributed resources to the distribution system.In the fields of PV power generation,distributed generation and electric energy storage technologies several standards have been published by IEEE SCC 21,excerpts of which are summarized in Table 5-1 below.Table 5-1|Excerpts of IEEE SCC 21 publicationsNo.Standard no.Update dateFields covered1IEEE Std 1526202