《非洲開發銀行（AFDB）：2022年非洲可持續發展報告（英文版）（144頁）.pdf》由會員分享，可在線閱讀，更多相關《非洲開發銀行（AFDB）：2022年非洲可持續發展報告（英文版）（144頁）.pdf（144頁珍藏版）》請在三個皮匠報告上搜索。

1、AFRICA SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2022BUILDING BACK BETTER FROM THE CORONAVIRUS DISEASE(COVID-19)WHILE ADVANCING THEFULL IMPLEMENTATION OFTHE2030 AGENDA FORSUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AU/UNECA/AFDB/UNDP,NOVEMBER,2022DisclaimerThe designations used and the presentation of material in this publication

2、 do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the African Union,the Economic Commission for Africa,the African Development Bank and the United Nations Development Programme concerning the legal status of any country,territory,city or area,or of its authorities,or concerning t

3、he delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries,or its economic system or degree of development.Designations such as“developed”,“industrialized”and“developing”are intended for statistical convenience and do not necessarily express a judgment about the stage reached by a particular country or area in

4、the development process.Design and layout:CronCONTENTSList of Acronyms 1Foreword 2Acknowledgements 3Executive Summary and Key Policy Recommendations 4PART I:BACKGROUND AND METHODOLOGY 14CHAPTER 1:REPORT CONTEXT AND BACKGROUND 151.1 Context and background 151.2 Report methodology 151.3 Data sources a

5、nd limitations 15PART II:TRACKING PROGRESS THROUGH FIVE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS 18CHAPTER 2:SDG FOUR:EDUCATION 192.1 The overarching importance oftheEducation Goal 192.2 Impacts of Covid-19 and other shocks ontheEducation Goal 192.3 Tracking Goal Four progress by targets 202.4 Overall prospect

6、s for the Education Goal 242.5 Policy frameworks to support achievement oftheGoal 252.6 Summary observations and policy recommendations 26CHAPTER 3:SDG FIVE:GENDER EQUALITY AND EMPOWERMENT OF ALL WOMEN AND GIRLS 283.1 Gender equality,empowerment and the impact of Covid-19 283.2 Tracking Goal Five pr

7、ogress by targets 293.4 Overall prospects 363.5 Policy frameworks to support achievement ofthe Gender goal 363.6 Summary observations and policy recommendations 37CHAPTER 4:SDG FOURTEEN:LIFE BELOW WATER 384.1 The imperative of conserving marine resources 384.2 Tracking Goal Fourteen progress by targ

8、ets 384.3 Overall prospects 474.4 Policy frameworks to support achievement of goal fourteen 474.5 Summary observations and policy recommendations 48CHAPTER 5:SDG FIFTEEN:LIFE ON LAND 495.1 The importance of biodiversity and land resources 495.2 Tracking Goal Fifteen progress by targets 495.3 Overall

9、 prospects 565.4 Policy frameworks to support achievement of Goal Fifteen 575.5 Summary observations and policy recommendations 58CHAPTER 6:SDG SEVENTEEN:PARTNERSHIPS 596.1 The importance of global solidarity 596.2 Tracking Goal Seventeen progress by targets 596.3 Overall prospects 666.4 Policy fram

10、eworks to support achievement of goal seventeen 676.5 Summary observations and policy recommendations 68AFRICA SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2022PART III:ACHIEVEMENT OF THE SDGS AND SENSITIVITY TO SHOCKS IN AFRICA 70CHAPTER 7:COVID-19 IMPACTS ON THE 2030 AGENDA AND AFRICAS AGENDA2063 717.1 A rather

11、 uncertain post-Covid-19 future 717.2 Scenario-based analysis with multi-dimensional effects 727.3 Covid-19 impacts on the End Poverty Goal(SDG 1)727.4 Covid-19 impact on the Education Goal(SDG 4)787.5 Covid 19 impact on the Climate Action Goal(SDG13)847.6 COVID-19 impact on Access to affordable and

12、 clean Energy(SDG 7)887.7 SDG Push scenario and achievement by African countries 937.8 Summary observations and policy recommendations 94CHAPTER 8:IMPACT OF UKRAINE-RUSSIA WAR ONSUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT INSELECTED AFRICAN COUNTRIES 978.1 Impact of the war across multiple sectors 978.2 Methodology 988

13、.3 Goal 2:End hunger,achieve food security andimproved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture 988.4 Goal 8:Promote inclusive and sustainable economic growth,employment,and decent work for all 1028.5 Goal 9:Build resilient infrastructure,promotesustainable industrialization andfosterinnovation

14、 1078.6 Goal 10:Reduce inequality within and among countries 1108.7 Goal 17:Revitalize the global partnership forsustainable development 1138.8 Summary observations and policy recommendations 117ANNEXES 1221List of AcronymsLIST OF ACRONYMSAAAA Addis Ababa Action AgendaAfCFTA African Continental Free

15、 Trade AreaAfDB African Development BankAGRODEP African Growth and Development PolicyAU African UnionAUC African Union CommissionBAU Business As UsualCBD Convention on Biological DiversityCESA Continental Education StrategyCGE Computable General EquilibriumCO2 Carbon DioxideDESA Department of Econom

16、ics and Social AffairsDRC Democratic Republic of CongoECA Economic Commission for AfricaEFA Education For AllEPI Environmental Performance IndexFDI Foreign Direct InvestmentFAO Food and Agricultural OrganizationGBV Gender-based ViolenceGDP Gross Domestic ProductGEF Global Environment FacilityGNI Gro

17、ss National Income HIV Human Immunodeficiency VirusHPV Human Papillomavirus InfectionHLPF High-Level Political ForumICT Information and Communications TechnologyIFs International FuturesIHME Institute for Health Metrics and EvaluationIMF International Monetary FundINFF Integrated National Financing

18、FrameworkIOSCs Isange One Stop CentresIPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate ChangeIPRT Integrated Planning and Reporting ToolkitIUCN International Union for the Conservation of NatureIWRM Integrated Water Resources ManagementKBA Key Biodiversity AreasLDC Least Developed CountriesLDN Land Degradati

19、on NeutralityLSMS Living Standards Measurement StudyMDGs Millennium Development GoalsMER Market Exchange RateNbS Nature-based SolutionsNBSAPs National Biodiversity Strategy and Action PlansODA Official Development AssistanceOECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and DevelopmentPPP Purchasing Po

20、wer ParityReSAKSS Regional Strategic Analysis and Knowledge Support SystemSDGs Sustainable Development GoalsSDGC/A Sustainable Development Goals Center for AfricaSDSN Sustainable Development Solutions NetworkSDRs Special Drawing RightsSGBV Sexual and Gender-based ViolenceSIDS Small Island Developing

21、 StatesSSA Sub-Saharan AfricaSTI Science,Technology and InnovationTFP Total Factor ProductivityUN United NationsUNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and DevelopmentUNDP United Nations Development ProgrammeUNDP-RBA United Nations Development Programme Regional Bureau for AfricaUNEP United Nation

22、s Environment ProgrammeUNFP United Nations Population FundUNICEF United Nations Childrens FundUNSD United Nations Statistics DivisionUPE Universal Primary EducationVAWG Violence Against Women and GirlsWDI World Development Indicator WHO World Health OrganizationWTO World Trade Organization2AFRICA SU

23、STAINABLE DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2022forewordFOREWORDThe 2022 Africa Sustainable Development Report provides a comprehensive analysis of Africas progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs)and the objectives of the African Unions Agenda 2063.The report is aligned with the 2022 High-Level Pol

24、itical Forum on Sustainable Development theme:“Building back better from the coronavirus disease while advancing the full implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development”and provides an in-depth analysis of the following five SDGs:Goal 4(Quality Education),Goal 5(Gender Equality),Goal

25、14(Life below Water),Goal 15(Life on Land)and Goal 17(Partnerships for the Goals).The analysis projects that the socio-economic effects of the COVID-19 pandemic will reverberate across the continent for years to come,being compounded by the war in Ukraine,which has precipitated a global food,energy,

26、fuel,and finance crisis.The effects of which are perhaps most evident in regions like the Horn of Africa where millions of people are now being pushed into hunger and famine as climate-change-induced drought hits at the same time.Of the 54 countries currently facing severe debt problems,25 of them a

27、re in Africa excluding North Africa.This is limiting their ability to take concrete measures to support citizens in the face of such shocks.The report observes that halfway towards 2030,most African countries are struggling to achieve most SDG targets.Although there is steady progress on school comp

28、letion rates,there is a need to invest in developing more resilient education systems.It is also essential to adopt robust,risk-informed strategies for development planning,including the prioritization of digital technology,free primary education,and sustainable financing.While there have been subst

29、antial declines in maternal and child deaths,as well as steady decreases in the incidence of HIV,malaria,and tuberculosis,a range of fundamental challenges remain.Poverty rates continue to remain stubbornly high across Africa and the majority of the worlds multidimensionally poor people i.e.,people

30、who experience depravations simultaneously such as lack of access to both electricity and clean cooking fuel live in Africa.Crucially,by providing a series of new projections on SDG progress,this new analysis can be used as a tool by policymakers to design interventions that have the most positive i

31、mpact on people and planet.In particular,the report identifies five policy accelerators that can advance the SDGs.First,there is a need to increase funding for educational infrastructure,training of teachers,and digital connectivity.Second,more efforts are needed by countries to enforce legal framew

32、orks for non-discrimination to protect women and girls against domestic violence,child marriage,and female genital mutilation.Third,there is an acute need to strengthen institutional capacities to enforce laws and regulations on the sustainable use of marine resources.Fourth,strengthening the capaci

33、ty of the continent to integrate and increase investment in sustainable biodiversity and land management within national,sub-regional,and regional development frameworks is vital.Fifth,strengthening domestic resource mobilization,curbing illicit financial flows,and support by international actors to

34、 roll-out innovative finance instruments such as green and blue bonds and debt-for-climate swaps will be key to advancing sustainable development.Building the resilience of countries in Africa to external shocks such as the COVID-19 and the war in Ukraine will require focus on the transformation of

35、agriculture,including improving its productivity to reduce the countries dependence on food imports.Moreover,there is a pressing need for investment in equitable and affordable access to clean,renewable energies and the development of social protection systems that help cushion poor and vulnerable h

36、ouseholds from the negative effects of external crises.To help put these set of clear recommendations into practice,the entire United Nations family,the African Union and the African Development Bank will continue to be on hand to support countries and communities to make the co-investments they nee

37、d to make today to realize a greener,more sustainable and more inclusive tomorrow.In particular,Africas development partners should strengthen their support to countries in identifying the optimal pathways to increase income levels,create wealth and ensure equitable access to clean and affordable en

38、ergy to accelerate the continents development.There is no time to lose.Moussa Faki MahamatChairperson,African Union CommissionAntonio PedroActing Executive Secretary,United Nations Economic Commission for Africa Akinwumi A.AdesinaPresident,African Development BankAchim SteinerAdministrator,United Na

39、tions Development Programme3AcknowLedgementsACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThis report is a joint annual publication of the African Union Commission(AUC),the Economic Commission for Africa(ECA)of the United Nations,the African Development Bank(AfDB)and the United Nations Development Programme-Regional Bureau for A

40、frica(UNDP-RBA).The report was prepared under the overall direction of Moussa Faki Mahamat,AUC Chairperson;Antonio Pedro,United Nations Under-Secretary-General and ECA Acting Executive Secretary;Akinwumi A.Adesina,AfDB President;and Achim Steiner,UNDP Administrator.Technical guidance was provided by

41、 Amb Albert M Muchanga,Commissioner for Economic Development,Trade,Industry and Mining,AUC;Djamel Ghrib,Director,Economic Development,Integration and Trade,AUC;Hanan Morsy,Deputy Executive Secretary,ECA;Adam B.Elhiraika,Director,Macroeconomics and Governance Division,ECA;Al Hamndou Dorsouma,OIC Dire

42、ctor,Climate Change and Green Growth Department,AfDB;Osward Chanda,Director,Water and Sanitation Department,AfDB;Ahunna Eziakonwa,Director UNDP Regional Bureau for Africa and Raymond Gilpin,Chief Economist,UNDP Regional Bureau for Africa.Preparation of the report was coordinated by a core team led b

43、y Bartholomew Armah,Chief,Development Planning Section,Macroeconomics&Governance Division,ECA;Atkeyelsh Persson,Economic Affairs Officer,Development Planning Section,Macroeconomics&Governance Division,ECA;Selamawit Mussie,Policy Officer,Economic Development,Integration and Trade,AUC;Balgis Osman-Ela

44、sha,Chief,Climate Change and Green Growth Specialist,AfDB;El Hadji Fall,Strategic Advisor,UNDP Regional Bureau for Africa and Michael Mbate,Research Analyst,UNDP Regional Bureau for Africa.Chapters of the report were drafted by the following lead authors:Selamawit Mussie Mekonnen,AUC(Chapter 2 Quali

45、ty Education);Michael Mbate,UNDP(Chapter 3 Gender Equality);Balgis Osman-Elasha,AfDB(Chapter 4 Life Below Water);Charles Akol,ECA(Chapter 5 Life On Land);Abdoulie Janneh,El Hadji Fall and Michael Mbate,UNDP(Chapter 6 Partnerships for the Goals);El Hadji Fall and Michael Mbate(Chapter 7-Impact of COV

46、ID-19)and Babatunde Abidoye,UNDP(Chapter 8 Impact of Ukraine-Russia Crisis).Technical contributions from the following are highly appreciated:Edem Kossi Kludza,ECA;Ndinaye Sekwi Charumbira,AUC;Rumbidzai Treddah Manhando,AUC;Prudence Ngoujou,AUC/GIZ;James Kenyangi,AfDB;Maimuna Nalubega,AfDB;Olet Emma

47、nuel,AfDB;Charlotte Eyong,AfDB;Ahmed Khan,AfDB;Constant Adeniyi,AfDB;Sonia Borrini,AfDB;Diego Fernandes De Velasco,AfDB;Shimelis Fekadu,AfDB;Jacob Assa,UNDP;Maria Achopa,UNDP;Edvard Orlic,UNDP;Alhassane Camara,UNDP;Vandudzai Mbanda,UNDP;Celine Palmer,Frederick S Pardee Center for International Futur

48、es;Taylor Hanna,Frederick S Pardee Centre for International Futures;and Jonathan Moyer,Frederick S Pardee Centre for International Futures.The report benefitted from wide-ranging consultations with stakeholders and policymakers.Stakeholders included African government representatives,academia,and ci

49、vil society.The consultations included an Expert Group Meeting to review and validate the draft report,held from 30th to 31st August 2022 in Windhoek,Namibia.Participants included the Agenda 2063/SDGs focal persons from African countries as well as representatives from Civil Society Organizations an

50、d the United Nations agencies.The report benefitted from editorial,translation,printing,media and communications,and secretarial support from Freida MCormack,ECA;Citra Kumala,ECA;Emeline Yakey,ECA;Ernest Cho Chi,ECA;Uzoamaka Alice Madu,ECA;Iman Mohamed,ECA;Yamrot Demtse Kifle,AUC;Weiying Zhu,UNDP;Ev

51、e Sabbagh,UNDP;Tony Muhumuza,UNDP;Alhassane Camara,UNDP;Toivo Shikongo,UNDP;Wilmot Reeves,UNDP;Megan Vanturah,UNDP;Alka Bhatia,UNDP;Eric Akobeng,consultant UNDP;Frieda Lukas,UNDP and independent UNDP consultant George Outa.4AFRICA SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2022executive summAry And key PoLicy r

52、ecommendAtionsEXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND KEY POLICY RECOMMENDATIONSContext of the Report The Africa Sustainable Development Report(ASDR)for the year 2022 comes at the midway of the implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development to which world leaders,including African leaders,made commitme

53、nts in 2015,to end extreme poverty,inequality and climate change by 2030.In addition,the ten-year implementation plan of the African Unions Agenda 2063,titled,“the Africa We Want,”that was initiated in 2013,ends in 2023.This report is also paramount because it covers the period when the Covid-19 pan

54、demic and the Ukraine-Russia crisis emerged with significant bearing on the implementation of both agendas.The report is aligned with the 2022 High-level Political Forum(HLPF),which reviewed SDGs 4,5,14,15 and 17,focussed on the theme of“Building back better from the Coronavirus disease while advanc

55、ing the full implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.”It examines the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic and the Ukraine-Russia crisis in the implementation of the SDGs and related goals of Agenda 2063.It tracks the performance of all African countries using latest data and highli

56、ghts critical areas that require urgent policy interventions.The report also provides a benchmark with which to assess the scale of the impacts of both shocks on the SDGs.The key findings,and messages,specific policy recommendations as well as the associated data issues that have been relied on are

57、summarized below.On Education(SDG 4)Africa made slow progress in the provision of quality education for all The COVID-19 pandemic reversed some of the gains African countries had made in the past years.Despite considerable progress in school enrolment,some (288millionschool-age children remain out o

58、f school,especially in countries affected by conflicts.In 2021,proficiency levels in grades 2 or 3 for children in Africa(excluding North Africa)was estimated at 28.9 percent for mathematics and 17.82 percent for reading.This was below the global average of 62.6 percent for mathematics and 61.4 perc

59、ent for reading.Most African countries continue to dedicate less than 20 percent of their national budget to education,and about one out of three dedicate less than 15 percent(AU and UNICEF,2021).The quality of education is also compromised by inadequate school infrastructure and the lack of trained

60、 teachers.The proportion of teachers with the minimum required qualifications in Africa excluding North Africa stagnated at around 68 percent between 2017 and 2019,lower than the global average of 81 percent.However,in 2020,86.5 percent of teachers in Northern Africa had attained the minimum qualifi

61、cations,similar to the global average.On the positive side,completion rates for primary education in Africa excluding North Africa increased from 59.6 percent in 2015 to 63.2 percent in 2020,although this varied across residence(urban and rural)and income levels and was lower than the global average

62、 of 86.7 percent.Completion rates for upper secondary school in Africa excluding North Africa increased from 24.9 percent in 2015 to 26.7 percent in 2020 and remained below the world average of 58.2 percent.In the meantime,Official Development Assistance for scholarships in Africa was estimated at$1

63、.6 billion in 2019,the highest of all global regions.North Africa received the highest The Africa Sustainable Development Report provides a benchmark with which to assess the scale of the impacts of both shocks on the SDGs”5executive summAry And key PoLicy recommendAtionsamount of$98 million,followe

64、d by East Africa at$95 million and Southern Africa,the least amount at$12.5 million.To strengthen the basic foundations for life-long learning,there is a need to focus on pre-primary and primary education.Pre-primary gross enrolment rate in pre-primary in North Africa increased from 41.8 percent in

65、2015 to 42.1 percent in 2020,while in Africa excluding Northern Africa,it increased from 24.9 percent in 2015 to 27.5 percent in 2020.Yet,the global average in 2020 was 60.8 percent.The educational value of pre-school is an integral part of a comprehensive education programme.In addition,school feed

66、ing programmes need to be scaled-up,as they have proved to be effective in increasing access to basic education,particularly for orphans and other vulnerable children.A point of significant note is that the lack of adequate and timely data on indicators of learning outcomes hinders a comprehensive a

67、ssessment of the SDG 4 focus on Quality Education.On Gender Equality and the Empowerment ofWomen(SDG 5)Progress towards gender inclusivity is slow and the enforcement of legal frameworks to protect women and girls against discrimination,domestic violence,child marriage,and female genital mutilation

68、remains weak Most African countries lack adequate policies to end the discrimination of women and girls.In 2020,only 65.6 percent of legal frameworks in Africa(excluding North Africa)addressed violence against women.This is significantly lower than the global average of 78 percent.Violence against w

69、omen is attributed to factors such as conflicts,traditional gender norms and lack of prosecution of culprits of spousal rape(United Nations,2022).During the same period,only 66.3 percent of legal frameworks guaranteed employment and economic benefits for women,compared to the global average of 76.7

70、percent.Modest improvements were noticeable in frameworks that support marriage and family life at 76.1 percent,compared to the global average of 79.1 percent.Eliminating all harmful practices such as child,early and forced marriage and female genital mutilation remain critical.In Africa excluding N

71、orth Africa,the proportion of women married or in a union before the age of 15 declined from 12.6 percent in 2015 to 10.8 percent in 2021,while it declined from 35.8 percent in 2015 to 34.7 percent for women married before the age of 18.Female genital mutilation in Africa excluding North Africa decl

72、ined from 29.4 percent in 2015 to 24.7 percent in 2021,and from 83 percent in 2015 to 74percent in 2021 in North Africa.Political representation of women is on the rise,but with huge differences across regions and countries.The share of national parliamentary seats held by women in Africa excluding

73、North Africa has steadily increased from 22.6 percent in 2015 to 25 percent in 2021 while it has stagnated at 24 percent in North Africa.Despite women comprising a large share of Africas labour force,only 29.8 percent of managerial positions in Africa excluding North Africa in 2020 were held by wome

74、n,a modest increase from 29.3 percent in 2015.In North Africa,women representation in managerial position declined from 7.3 percent in 2015 to 6.7 percent in 2020.Legal gaps and insufficient regulations continue to hinder both men and women from enjoying full sexual rights.In North Africa,no laws an

75、d regulations in 2022 guarantee sex education while only 25 percent guarantee contraceptive consent.However,noticeable progress is registered regarding women maternity care(80 percent)and post-abortion care(80 percent).In Africa excluding North Africa,97 percent of laws and regulations in 2022 guara

76、ntee lifesaving commodities,81 percent guarantee maternity care but only 31percent guarantee women full and equal access to abortion.Most African countries lack adequate policies to end the discrimination of women and girls”6AFRICA SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2022executive summAry And key PoLicy

77、recommendAtionsOn Life Below Water (SDG 14)Organic and chemical pollutants from human activities continue to endanger Africas marine ecosystemThere are variations in the overall progress made by the African region towards Goal 14.For many countries,intermediate progress is reported,stagnation for so

78、me,and declining trends for several others.In most countries,coastal,marine,and freshwater waters are affected by pollution and acidification,dumping of solid and liquid wastes,discharges and runoff from agricultural chemicals,and poor coastal infrastructure management.In 2021,77 percent of litter o

79、riginating from national land-based sources in Africa ended in the beach,compared to the global average of 65.5 percent.The low awareness from communities on waste management and the increasing urbanization of coastal areas without adequate waste management infrastructure imposes pressure on the oce

80、ans.The lack of appropriate circular economy policies and regulations to monitor marine and freshwater resources,including protection from waste and plastic pollution,further threatens the marine ecosystem,especially in Small Island Developing States(SIDS),whose economies are highly dependent on tou

81、rism.In 2021,Africa,(excluding North Africa)had a coverage of protected marine areas of 23percent,greater than the global average of 20 percent.Although some countries have demonstrated a strong commitment to enhancing the conservation and sustainable use of their marine oceanic resources (17 out of

82、 54 countries),they are constrained by various socio-demographic,technological and financial factors.These include knowledge and information gaps,finance,limited technical capacities and awareness of the importance of conserving oceans and seas.On Life on Land (SDG 15)Loss of forest cover,biodiversi

83、ty and land degradation remains high and widespread in AfricaIn 2020,the proportion of forest area in Africa was 21.3 percent,lower than the global average of 31.2 percent.From 2010-2020,Africa had the largest annual rate of net forest loss.This was mainly due to the conversion of forest land for fa

84、rming and grazing,and climate change.There are,however,considerable differences in forest cover among subregions.In 2020,Central Africa had the highest proportion of forest area of 44.3percent,while North Africa had only 3.5 percent.As the loss of forest cover continues,some countries have demonstra

85、ted good practices in the integrated and sustainable management of forests,land and water catchments,such as Ethiopias Green Legacy Initiative.Land degradation is widespread and affects 46 percent of Africas land and 65 percent of the population,costing the region US$9.3 billion annually.The main dr

86、ivers include variation in climatic conditions,demographic growth,land tenure insecurity and the expansion of settlements due to deforestation,unsustainable land and soil management,and poor farming practices.Generally,African countries performed well in the conservation,restoration,and sustainable

87、use of mountain ecosystems.Between 2000 and 2020,the average proportion of mountain key biodiversity areas covered by protected areas increased from 16 percent to 27.6 percent in North Africa and from 33.2 percent to 41.7 percent in Africa excluding North Africa.Poaching for ivory and loss of habita

88、t has decreased the number of elephants.In 2021,the African forest elephant(Loxodonta cyclotis)was listed as Critically Endangered,and the African savanna elephant(Loxodonta africana)as Endangered.The threat to the Maccoa Duck in Eastern and Southern Africa was elevated from Vulnerable to Endangered

89、,due to water pollution and the drainage of wetlands.In 2021,77 percent oflitter originating from national landbased sources in Africa ended in the beach”7executive summAry And key PoLicy recommendAtionsOn Partnerships for the Goals(SDG 17)Africa needs to foster its domestic resource mobilization an

90、dsavings as well as boost its ICT to accelerate implementation of the SDGs and Agenda 2063The continent has made little progress in implementing SDG 17.Africas domestic revenue generation continues to lag behind other regions.In Africa,excluding North Africa,revenue as a proportion of GDP declined f

91、rom 16.5 percent in 2019 to 15 percent in 2020 before rebounding to 16.4 percent in 2021.Africas proportion of the domestic budget financed by domestic taxes remained high at 65.8 percent in 2019 compared to 61.9 percent in 2015.In 2020,Africa lost about$89 billion to illicit financial outflows(IFFs

92、).OECD countries have collectively fallen short of their target to dedicate 0.7 percent of their gross national income(GNI)to Official Development Assistance(ODA).In addition,Foreign Direct Investments(FDIs)inflows to Africa continue to lag behind other regions such as Asia and Latin America SDG 17

93、and the Caribbean.In 2021,Africa received$83 billion of FDI,far less than the$690 billion received in Asia and$134.4 billion received in Latin America and the Caribbean.Debt management has been challenging for African governments,with debt servicing taking away already scarce capital resources from

94、sustainable development and much-needed critical infrastructural projects.In Africa,excluding North Africa,debt service increased from 27.9 percent of exports of goods and services in 2019 to 32.8 percent of exports of goods and services in 2020 and 29.5 percent of exports of goods and services in 2

95、021.ICT in Africa remains limited despite some notable progress.Although fixed broadband subscriptions in Africa increased from 0.4 subscriptions per 100 inhabitants in 2015 to 0.60 subscriptions per 100 inhabitants in 2021,this is significantly lower than the global average of 16.7 subscriptions pe

96、r 100 people.The subscription rate varies in Africa,with Egypt,South Africa,and Tunisia recording the highest subscriptions.The proportion of individuals using the internet in Africa constantly increased from 16.3 per 100 inhabitants in 2015 to 35.3 per 100 inhabitants in 2021.Impact of COVID-19 on

97、the implementation oftheSDGs in AfricaThe impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on selected SDG indicators is conducted under four scenarios:a no Covid;a COVID baseline;a High Damage scenario,and;an SDG Push scenario.The pandemic pushed 23.6 million people in Africa into extreme poverty in 2021 compared t

98、o a hypothetical world without Covid.By 2030,at least 492 million people will be left in extreme poverty and at least 350 million people by 2050.With countries accelerating the SDGs through deliberate policies(SDG Push),the number of people in extreme poverty would decline from 489 million in 2021 t

99、o 442.4 million in 2030,and 159.7 million by2050.The pandemic did not significantly affect school completion rates.By implementing SDG Push policies,primary education completion rates could increase from 75.1 percent in 2021 to 85.2 percent in 2030 and 95.8 percent by 2050.The pandemic had negligibl

100、e effects on carbon emissions.In 2021,African countries emitted 0.4 billion tons of carbon across all scenarios.By 2030,a high damage scenario would lead to 0.6 billion tons of carbon emissions relative to an SDG push scenario with 0.58billiontons.Adopting climate-smart policies could decrease carbo

101、n emissions in all African regions,although with varying magnitudes.While electrification rates are projected to increase from 54 percent in 2021 to 60 percent in 2030 and 79.8 percent by 2050 under the Covid baseline scenario,implementing SDG Push policies would increase access to 76.5 percent by 2

102、030 and 92.1 percent by 2050.By 2030,a high damage scenario would lead to 0.6 billion tons of carbon emissions relative to an SDG push scenario with 0.58billiontons”8AFRICA SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2022executive summAry And key PoLicy recommendAtionsOverall,with a more ambitious pursuit of the

103、 SDGs,15 African countries can eradicate malnutrition(compared to five under the Baseline)by 2030,and 19 countries would reduce neonatal mortality to at least 12 per 1000 live births(compared to 13 countries under the baseline)by 2030.In the long term,42 countries would have less than 3 percent of t

104、heir population suffer from malnourishment(compared 19 countries under the baseline)and 33countries would have less than 3 percent of its population in extreme poverty(compared to 20 countries).Impact of the Ukraine-Russia crisis on the implementation of the SDGs in AfricaA steady increase in the pr

105、ices of food,fuel and energy have been recorded in international markets,mainly due to the effects of the Ukraine and Russia crisis.The negative supply shock is threatening food security and economic stability and triggering social unrest in some African countries.Four scenarios(Business as usual(BA

106、U),COVID-19,Ukraine,and Ukraine+COVID-19)are used to analyze the impact of the shocks on SDGs using price changes over the period 2020-2022.Overall,GDP growth in Africa is anticipated to decline by negative 3.3 percent under the Ukraine+Covid-19 scenario compared to BAU.However,there are significant

107、 differences among countries,and in 2022,high commodity exports will increase GDP growth in Ethiopia by 0.2 percent,Guinea by 4.4 percent and Nigeria by 0.6 percent.The Ukraine+Covid-19 shock had a negative 0.2 percent effect on agricultural labour productivity in Africa,while the Ukraine crisis led

108、 to an overall decline of 0.7 percent in agricultural labour productivity in 2022.At the country level,both shocks led to a decline in rural household incomes in 8 out of 15 African countries analyzed.The combined effect of the shocks has increased unemployment in 11 of the 16 countries analyzed in

109、this report.African countries dependent on imports from Ukraine and Russia show significant delays in achieving SDGs 8 on decent work and economic growth and SDG 9 on industry,innovation and technology.The effects of these shocks on the growth rates of household income among the bottom 40 percent of

110、 the population and on the share of labour in GDP is moderate.Key policy recommendationsOverall,African countries need to invest in building and strengthening the capacities of national statistical offices for better and timely collection of highly disaggregated data that tracks the implementation o

111、f the SDGs and Agenda 2063.On quality education(SDG 4)Africa is progressing on the targets of universal primary education,particularly on enrolment,completion,and gender parity.However,coverage is still inadequate,and the quality of education remains low.The Covid 19 pandemic has endangered the over

112、all moderate progress recorded over the last decade.Building and upgrading school facilities in terms of drinking water availability,electricity,computer and internet still remains a challenge.Concerted efforts by policymakers are needed to reduce the number of out-of-school children.The educational

113、 value of pre-school is an important part of a comprehensive education programme and school feeding initiatives could be scaled up,given their effectiveness in increasing access to basic education,more so for orphans and other vulnerable children.Pre-primary and primary education is also vital for l

114、aying the basic foundations for life-long learning.Despite significant efforts by African countries to finance education during the Covid-19 crisis,significant disruptions were observed due to inadequate financing.More public resources are needed to address the inadequate school infrastructure and T

115、he Covid 19 pandemic has endangered the overall moderate progress recorded over the last decade”9executive summAry And key PoLicy recommendAtionsequip teachers with the required training.The private sector can play a major role in filling the financing gap.The lack of accurate and timely data,as wel

116、l as data on learning outcomes impedes the measuring of progress,evidence-based planning and decision making in the education sector.There is an urgent need for countries to invest in building the necessary statistical capacities for comprehensive gathering of the appropriate data.Main policy recomm

117、endations:Close the education financial gap by mobilizing financial resources for school infrastructure and improving the quality of teacher training.Invest in building capacities of national statistical offices in collecting timely and highly disaggregated data.Development partners must align behin

118、d the SDG 4 monitoring agenda in countries,ensuring that all their initiatives in the education sector are consistent with the SDG4 monitoring agenda.Donors financing for the education sector should ensure that the SDG4 monitoring indicators,especially learning outcome indicators,are supported and f

119、unded in every national education plan and budget.More public and private sector resources are needed to address the inadequate school infrastructure and equip teachers with the required training.There is the need to increase the number of professionally qualified teachers.African countries need to

120、prioritize redesigning their teacher development programmes at all levels,including digital and pedagogical skills for learner-centered,inclusive quality education.Focus on foundational learning from an early stage to raise learning levels and the overall quality of education by emphasizing teaching

121、 focused on basic reading and mathematics in preschool and primary school.The curricula at primary school should provide dedicated time and methodological approach on literacy and numeracy to improve foundational learning skills.Social protection programmes that include cash transfers or child allow

122、ances should be dedicated to groups where the school dropout rates are very high.A specific focus should be given to young Africans at secondary school that fail to participate in education.On gender equality(SDG 5)Mixed progress on gender equality and womens empowerment are observed in Africa.One f

123、ourth of seats in national parliaments are held by women in 2021 which is a slow upward trend since 2015.The gender With the exception of North Africa,the gap in managerial positions is gradually closing in Africa over the last 2 decades,but the situation has worsened in Northern Africa.There is the

124、 need to strengthen the regions political commitment to gender equality and empowerment,through the introduction and implementation of legal frameworks that fight discrimination on the basis of sex and also strengthen womens economic independence.Governments in Africa must work towards addressing ex

125、isting social and cultural behaviour and norms that facilitate outlawing practices such as female genital mutilation and violence against women,through advocacy and grass-root engagement on womens rights,especially in rural and marginalized settings.Measures must be instituted to address barriers to

126、 womens integration and career progression in the labour market,as well as ensure adequate social protection measures to cushion against shocks.Main policy recommendations:There is an urgent need for countries to invest in building the necessary statistical capacities for comprehensive gathering of

127、the appropriate data”10AFRICA SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2022executive summAry And key PoLicy recommendAtions Protect women and girls from violence,child marriage and outlawed practices such as female genital mutilation by fully implementing existing legal frameworks that criminalize such offens

128、es.Barriers to womens integration and career progression in the labour market and political sphere need to be addressed through legislative provisions that impose mandatory principles of equality and those that integrate gender into workplace policies.Cushion the vulnerable,especially women from the

129、 negative effects of external crises through targeted social protection schemes.On life below water(SDG 14)The analysis shows variations in the overall progress made by the African region towards Goal 14 on life below water.For many countries,intermediate progress is reported for some indicators(lit

130、tering,conservation of protected areas,and sustainable fisheries).The Chlorophyll-a indicator a common indicator of coastal eutrophication(excess nutrient loading into coastal environments and resulting into the excess growth of plants and algae),has experienced a reverse trend.Most countries have d

131、emonstrated strong commitments to enhancing conservation and the sustainable use of marine and oceanic resources for inclusive and sustainable development.Coastal and marine resources present huge potential for development of the tourism industry,fisheries,and aquaculture as well as a great opportun

132、ity for the Blue Economy including the creation of green jobs that can serve to curb unemployment.Despite their contribution to the economy and social life,there is limited awareness on the importance of conservation of oceans and seas in Africa.Coasts and marine waters are affected by pollution and

133、 acidification,dumping of solid and liquid wastes as well as discharges and runoffs from agricultural chemicals,and poor coastal development in many countries.It is critical to create awareness regarding the potential negative impacts of increasing coastal population and associated infrastructure de

134、velopment(ports,industries,tourism,and production facilities).Special emphasis should be given to protection of coasts and marine ecosystems to ensure sustainable development.Main policy recommendations:Diversify economic activities,especially in SIDS and promote the development of climate resilienc

135、e and a low carbon emission tourism industry,fisheries,and aquaculture sectors.Encourage investment in the ocean,marine research and coastal development master plans.Create awareness of waste management and infrastructure development in coastal areas so as to curb pollution.On life on land(SDG 15)Mo

136、derate progress was recorded on Goal 15 that focuses on life on land.Given current trends,the promise of protecting,restoring,and promoting sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems and biodiversity is unlikely to be achieved by 2030.The probability of survival of threatened species has been decreas

137、ing since 2000;the trends in overall extinction risk for species(red list index)have deteriorated over the last 2 decades.Governments should mobilize and channel increased funding for a green and resilient recovery from COVID-19 and to scale up sustainable management of land,forests,and biodiversity

138、.As part of this effort,they should exploit innovative sources of finance such as There is limited awareness on the importance of conservation of oceans and seas inAfrica”11executive summAry And key PoLicy recommendAtionsthe Liquidity and Sustainability Facility designed by ECA and its partners,debt

139、 swaps for sustainability,green and blue bonds,and carbon credits.Increased financing should be channelled to decentralized entities and local communities in order to achieve a tangible and meaningful impact on the well-being of people and ecosystems.Moreover,Member States should strengthen public a

140、nd private partnerships,coordination,and implement at-scale,policies,plans and legislative frameworks for the sustainable management of land,forests,and biodiversity.Governments,private sector,and other partners need to scale up investments for nature-based and integrated solutions to the interrelat

141、ed problems of climate change,forest and biodiversity degradation and loss,land degradation,and natural disasters.Governments should strengthen and scale up the valuation of natural capital and the mainstreaming of biodiversity,nature-based solutions,and climate-friendly agriculture and disaster ris

142、k reduction in voluntary national reviews and development plans and budgets.Also,governments should endeavour to empower women,young people,indigenous peoples,and local communities by strengthening and enforcing resource tenure rights and enhancing access to finance,to achieve inclusive wealth creat

143、ion and the sustainable management of forest and biodiversity resources and to manage natural resource-based conflicts and disputes.Main policy recommendations:Significantly scale up efforts to domesticate and implement the policy frameworks to foster sustainable management of forests,biodiversity,a

144、nd land.Mobilize resources to increase funding for the activities related to the protection,restoration and sustainable use of forests,land and biodiversity.Put in place strategies to enhance alternative livelihood options for communities that heavily rely on forests for livelihood.They should empow

145、er local communities by strengthening and enforcing resource tenure rights and access to finance to accelerate the sustainable management of forest and biodiversity while also mitigating natural resource-based conflicts and disputes.On partnerships for the goals(SDG 17)The continent has made little

146、progress overall on Goal 17.The enablers for the implementation of the Goals have registered only slight improvement.New partnerships and sources of development financing are required to meet the rising needs of future development in Africa.Both regional development banks,as well as the Bretton-Wood

147、s institutions,need to urgently step up their efforts to boost their financial support to African countries.For instance,advanced economies could re-channel a share of their Special Drawing Rights(SDRs)resources to Africa.This could be a potential additional source of resources for countries,cushion

148、 against food and oil shocks,and support debt repayment.African governments should aim to strengthen domestic resource mobilization through accelerating digitalization,improving tax policy and administration,curbing illicit financial flows,and creating the enabling governance,legal and judicial fram

149、eworks for enhanced accountability,transparency,and participation.Better alignment of development strategies with development financing frameworks through the Integrated National Financing Framework(INFF)will support efforts to improve public financial management and procurement systems,and adopt re

150、sult-oriented debt management strategies.Main policy recommendations:Prioritize efforts to expand fiscal space through ambitious domestic resource mobilization initiatives,eliminating unnecessary tax waivers and incentives,addressing New partnerships and sources of development financing are required

151、 to meet the rising needs of future development inAfrica”12AFRICA SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2022executive summAry And key PoLicy recommendAtionstax leakages and improving the efficiency and effectiveness of tax administration systems.Tighten public financial management systems,including sound b

152、udget formulation andexecution,allocating public resources to priority areas and maximizing value for moneyby mainstreaming procurement systems.Strengthen debt management policies,including debt transparency,a careful balancebetween increased spending and borrowing and better negotiation of debt con

153、tracts.Encourage strategic development cooperation,specifically through enhanced south-south cooperation,channelling foreign investments into productive sectors,and,tapinginto innovative financial instruments.Building resilience from external shocksDigital disruption and innovation will be key in ad

154、dressing the challenges faced by the education system across the continent.With schools closed and stark divides in access to online learning,closing the internet access gap would halve the human development regression by getting children back to education albeit remotely.The surge in tele-schooling

155、,tele-working,tele-medicine,and digital payments being deployed during the COVID-19 crisis are just the tip of the iceberg.Investments in digital transformation have been simultaneously driving pandemic response and setting the path for acceleration beyond recovery.Governments should keep investing

156、in digital transformation of public services,the education system,the health sector,etc.,through digital platforms while planning broader digital transformation strategies.Digital transformation should target designing solution that allow:Delivering critical governments services,including healthcare

157、,remotely;Supporting data integration and insights for better decision-making;Establishing digital payment platforms and e-commerce systems,with a focus onwomen-run small and medium enterprises and closing the digital divide for women andfor marginalized populations;Enhancing digital financing optio

158、ns,including for improved remittance flows.Reducing poverty will require strong investment in diversifying and transforming African countries economies.Governments will have to create fiscal space to invest in priority markets,strengthen engagement with the private sector,and develop inclusive,green

159、 economic recovery strategies,including in partnership with development partners.Social protection,including cash transfers,universal health coverage and access to other basic services,will be central to uprooting the inequalities that permeated societies before the pandemic,and that are starkly vis

160、ible today.Public-private solidarity and partnerships will be critical to build resilient social protection systems that can weather shocks,create strategies for informal sector workers,and design a new generation of resilient,green jobs that support youth-led entrepreneurship.Temporary Basic Income

161、 and Universal Basic Income could be part of a renewed social contract as well as social protection measures and fiscal stimuli that reflect the care economy and are inclusive,reaching domestic and informal workers,people with disabilities and women migrants.Rebalancing nature,climate,and the econom

162、y will be key to fight against the climate change.Designing and de-risking nature-based solutions will be critical to orient African countries quest for development in a sustainable pathway.Also,encouraging sustainable public-private partnerships such as in ecotourism and green transport systems,Inv

163、estments in digital transformation have been simultaneously driving pandemic response and setting the path for acceleration beyond recovery”13executive summAry And key PoLicy recommendAtionstransforming agriculture from a carbon contributor to a carbon sink,and ensuring integrated thinking and actio

164、n with the health sector to tackle air pollution that kills 7 million people each year are among the policies to tackle the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic in Africa.African countries must translate the Nationally Determined Contributions and adaptation plans into urban planning,agriculture and lan

165、d use climate solutions.Among the opportunities,African countries should explore green recovery grants to promote and protect nature-based jobs and livelihoods,including rural entrepreneurship;promote community-based and owned solutions and approaches,especially in indigenous communities,and acceler

166、ate a green energy transition as part of the COVID-19 response,including the political economy of fossil fuel subsidy reform.Countries must collectively adopt a set of decisions and actions that,to the greatest extent,meet the needs of all.The threats of the COVID-19 pandemic require global response

167、,based on unity and mutually beneficial bilateral and multilateral cooperation.It is time for selfishness and greed to be replaced by solidarity.Main policy recommendations:Build resilient economic systems to reduce the over-reliance on food imports by transforming agricultural productivity through

168、modernization Make significant investments to promote equitable and affordable access to energy so as to sustain economic transformation.Global solidarity and partnership is required to address the threats of the COVID-19 pandemic.PART I:BAckgroundAnd metHodoLogy15executive summAry And key PoLicy re

169、commendAtionsCHAPTER 1:Report Context and Background1.1 Context and backgroundThis report has been prepared in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic and Russia-Ukraine crisis,It identifies sub-regional policy solutions to the continents structural weaknesses and vulnerabilities and offers guidance to po

170、licymakers on how to enhance resilience to external shocks.The report uses the International Futures modelling framework to understand the scope and magnitude of potential effects that the COVID-19 pandemic and Russia-Ukraine crisis have,both in the short,medium and long term.Ultimately,the report a

171、ims to help African countries in the design and implementation of inclusive recovery policies.1.2 Report methodologyThe report has been prepared jointly by the African Development Bank(AfDB),the African Union Commission(AUC),the Economic Commission for Africa(ECA)and the United Nations Development P

172、rogramme-Regional Bureau for Africa(UNDP-RBA).Working groups were assembled,and consultative workshops were held to establish the overall framework and parameters of the report.This was followed by the commissioning of a series of background papers for the five selected Sustainable Development Goals

173、(SDGs).The report uses the following subregional delineation.1.3 Data sources and limitationsData gaps remain a major challenge for adequate reporting of Africas progress towards the realisation of the SDGs and Agenda 2063.African States have developed different approaches and frameworks for collect

174、ing economic,social,and environmental data that can make comparisons difficult.The report therefore uses the latest data from a broad range of sources,including the United Nations Development Programme(UNDP),Table 1.1:Delineation of African subregionsNorthern AfricaAlgeria,Egypt,Libya,Mauritania,Mor

175、occo,Tunisia.Western AfricaBenin,Burkina Faso,Cabo Verde,Cte dIvoire,the Gambia,Ghana,Guinea,Guinea-Bissau,Liberia,Mali,Niger,Nigeria,Senegal,Sierra Leone,Togo.Central AfricaBurundi,Cameroon,Central African Republic,Chad,Republic of the Congo,Democratic Republic of the Congo,Equatorial Guinea,Gabon,

176、So Tom and Prncipe.Eastern AfricaComoros,Djibouti,Eritrea,Ethiopia,Kenya,Madagascar,Mauritius,Rwanda,Seychelles,Somalia,South Sudan,Sudan,Tanzania,Uganda.Southern AfricaAngola,Botswana,Eswatini,Lesotho,Madagascar,Malawi,Mozambique,Namibia,South Africa,Zambia,Zimbabwe.16AFRICA SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

177、 REPORT 2022executive summAry And key PoLicy recommendAtionsUnited Nations Economic Commission for Africa(ECA),the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development(UNCTAD),the United Nations Statistics Division(UNSD),the International Monetary Fund(IMF)and the World Bank.The international data is

178、supplemented by national data to demonstrate best practices.To the extent possible,data is disaggregated by age,gender,and geography(Central,East,North,West,and Southern Africa).Africas performance(North Africa and the rest of Africa)is compared with other regions of the world.Member States are urge

179、d to continue to strengthen the capacities of their statistical systems for reporting on the two Agendas.PART II:trAcking Progress tHrougH five sustAinABLe deveLoPment goALsCHAPTER 2:SDG four:Education2030 AgendaAgenda 2063Goal 4-Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong

180、learning opportunities for allGoal 1-A high standard of living,quality oflife,and well-being for all citizensGoal 2-Well-educated citizens and skills revolution underpinned by Science,Technology,and Innovation(STI)Goal 17-Full gender equality in all spheres oflifeGoal 18-Engaged and empowered youth

181、and children2.1 The overarching importance oftheEducation Goal Achieving SDG 4 is critical due to its linkage with most SDGs,especially SDG3,SDG5,SDG8,SDG12 and SDG13,which provide direct reference to education.Education can help to build behaviours and habits that have a positive impact on an indiv

182、iduals health.Children who complete basic education eventually become parents who are more capable of providing quality care for their own children and make better use of health and other social services.Education can also help mothers to prevent child morbidity and mortality by recognize early sign

183、s of illness and seeking medical help in a timely manner(UNFPA,2014).Access to clean water and improved sanitation is also linked to school attendance especially for girls education as it influences decisions that generate health gains.Economic growth and decent work are also linked to education sin

184、ce higher quality education can generate productivity gains that fuel economic growth.Evidence shows that education is a key component to effective environmental governance(UNDP,2014).2.2 Impacts of Covid-19 and other shocks ontheEducation GoalCOVID-19 has eroded the gains made on education by putti

185、ng 288 million school-age children out of school(Africa SDG Index and Dashboard Report,2020),mostly from poor and rural households.It has widened existing inequities with the lack of adequate infrastructure affecting online schooling during school closure.Millions of children were also forced to dro

186、p out of school due to ongoing conflicts.The pandemic also adversely impacted the progress some African governments were making on increasing their budget on education and the gains in increasing school enrolment and the quality of education.Millions of children still remain out of school,and more t

187、han 60 percent of children and young people are not meeting the minimum proficiency requirements in reading and mathematics(UNSD,2022).All African countries are facing challenges 19cHAPter 2|SDG FOUR:EDUCATIONat different levels and are not on track to achieving goal 4 by the target date,except Maur

188、itius and Seychelles(SDSN,2022).On a positive note though,many countries instituted new forms of virtual and distance learning,as well as revised their national curriculums.Due to data unavailability for some indicators,only target 4.1,4.2,and 4.5 are assessed under this goal.2.3 Tracking Goal Four

189、progress by targetsTarget 4.1:By 2030,ensure that all girls and boys complete free,equitable,and quality primary and secondary education leading to relevant and effective learning outcomes.Indicator 4.1.1:Proportion of children and young people:(a)in grade 2 or 3;(b)at the end of primary education;a

190、nd(c)at the end of lower secondary education achieving at least minimum proficiency level in(i)reading and in(ii)mathematics,by sex.In Africa,excluding North Africa,the minimum proficiency level in grades 2 or 3 was 25.8 percent for mathematics and 24.1 percent for reading.This was significantly low

191、er than the global average minimum proficiency level of 46.4 percent for mathematics and 47.2percent for reading.There are considerable disparities across countries.Out of the 15countries with data for minimum proficiency level in mathematics in grade 2 or 3,Burundi had the highest proficiency at 99

192、 percent while Zimbabwe had the lowest at 5percent as shown in(Figure 2.1).In Malawi,the proportion of children achieving at least minimum proficiency level in reading improved from 66.4 percent in 2016 to 74.3 percent in 2021.For mathematics in lower primary school,the proficiency improved from 41.

193、1 percent in 2016 to 44.5 percent in 2021(Malawi VNR Report,2022).In Ghana,the National Educational Assessment conducted in 2018 showed a decline in proficiency in English and Mathematics for both Primary 4(P4)and Primary 6(P6)pupils(Ghana VNR Report,2022).Proficiency in English was 25 percent for b

194、oth P4 and P6,while for Mathematics,it was 19 percent for P4 and 22 percent for P6.Generally,girls outperformed boys in English in P4 and P6 while boys performed better than girls in Mathematics in P6.The National standardized test was introduced in 2021 to help improve proficiency at the basic leve

195、l.The maiden edition was conducted in December 2021 for all P4 pupils in public schools.Many countries instituted new forms of virtual and distance learning,as well as revised their national curriculums”20PART II:TRACKING PROGRESS THROUGH FIVE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALSAFRICA SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPM

196、ENT REPORT 2022Figure 2.1:Proportion of grade 2 or 3 students(male and female)attaining minimum proficiency level in mathematics in 2019(%)020406080100ZimbabweTogoCameroonGuineaBurkina FasoBeninChadNigerCte dIvoireCongo,Democratic RepublicSenegalCongoGabonBurundi98.688.586.379.176.868.067.164.562.06

197、1.260.258.147.05.1Source:UNSDIndicator 4.1.2:Completion rate(primary,lower secondary and upper secondary education)Compared to the other regions,completion rates in Africa remains the lowest at primary,lower secondary and upper secondary education levels shown in(Figure 2.2)Reference source not foun

198、d.In Africa excluding North Africa,the completion rate in primary school increased from 60.6 percent in 2015 to 64.1 percent in 2019.The completion rates at the lower secondary education level were 46.2 percent and 29.1 percent for upper secondary level in 2019.At the country level,available data in

199、dicates that Algeria,Botswana,South Africa,and Tunisia have reached above 90 percent primary level completion rate.Yet,in 14 African countries,this was below 50 percent in 2019(UNICEF,2021).Globally,the completion rate is higher for females than males in all regions except North Africa and West Asia

200、.However,at the lower secondary and secondary level,the completion rate is higher for males than females in Africa.There is a wide disparity by place of residence(urban,rural)and income group(poorest and richest households)in completion rates at all levels of education.Students residing in rural are

201、as and those from the poorest households have lower completion rates compared to those in urban areas or those from the richest households.About 69 million children were out of school in Africa in 2021 due to school closures related to COVID-19 and other factors such as school fees,child labour,scho

202、ol dropout especially among girls and access challenges for children with disabilities(UNICEF,2021).Findings from the Rapid Assessment on School Absenteeism and Dropout by Girls in Ghana reveals that menstruation remains a major contributor to school absenteeism and dropout among girls,particularly

203、in the rural areas(Box 2.1).21cHAPter 2|SDG FOUR:EDUCATIONFigure 2.2:Completion rate primary,lower secondary and upper secondary education,both sexes in 2019(%)020406080100WorldAfrica,excluding North AfricaNorth AfricaLatin America and the CaribbeanUpper secondaryLower secondaryPrimarySource:UNSDBox

204、 2.1:Findings from the Rapid Assessment on School Absenteeism and Dropout by Girls in GhanaAlthough school attendance and completion rates have improved at all levels,menstruation remains a major contributor to school absenteeism and dropout among girls,particularly in the rural areas.This is a resu

205、lt of a myriad of challenges including:i.The increasing cost of sanitary materials,thereby resulting into the usage of unhygienic materials;ii.Menstrual pain and health-related issues;iii.Fear of staining and its perceived stigma;iv.The absence of sick bays or rest areas for girls during painful men

206、strual periods;v.The absence or limited access to water and sanitary facilities;vi.Inaccessible washrooms for people with disabilities;and vii.Lack of convenient facilities to dispose sanitary materials.Source:Ghana VNR Report(2022)Target 4.2:By 2030,ensure that all girls and boys have access to qua

207、lity early childhood development,care,and pre-primary education so that they are ready for primary education.Indicator 4.2.2:Participation rate in organised learning(one year before the official primary entry age),by sex.Organized learning before the official start of primary school has been shown t

208、o boost a childs social,emotional,and intellectual development and build a strong base and readiness for primary education and future learning(UNICEF,2021)Participation rate in organized learning in Africa is the lowest globally.In Africa excluding North Africa,it stagnated at 43 percent and 55.7 pe

209、rcent in North Africa between 2015 and 2019.The average participation rate globally in early childhood and primary education increased slightly from 72 percent in 2015 to 73 percent in 2019,with Latin America and the Caribbean leading at 96 percent,as demonstrated by Figure 2.3.At the country level,

210、fifty percent of African countries have less than 50percent enrolment in preschool.There is also wide variation among countries,ranging from 99 percent in Togo to 13 percent in Djibouti in 2020(UNSD,2022).Target 4.5:By 2030,eliminate gender disparities in education and ensure equal access to all lev

211、els of education and vocational training for the vulnerable,including persons with disabilities,indigenous peoples,and children in vulnerable situations.Indicator 4.5.1:Parity indices(female/male,rural/urban,bottom/top wealth quintile and others such as disability status,indigenous peoples and confl

212、ict-affected,as data become available)for all education indicators on this list that can be disaggregated.By 2020,gender parity for achieving a minimum proficiency level in reading had been achieved at grades2 and 3 and primary level in all regions of the world except in Africa,excluding North Afric

213、a.All regions have attained gender parity at lower secondary level by 2020.However,by 2020,none of the regions had attained gender parity in achieving a minimum proficiency level in mathematics at lower secondary level.Gender parity in pre-primary school enrolment had been attained in all regions of

214、 the world by 2019.In Ethiopia,the gross enrolment rate for persons with disabilities is low both at primary and secondary education.Of the 35,638primary schools,only 18.6 percent have water and 37.2percent of schools have sanitation facilities accessible to children with disabilities,in 2020/21.Sim

215、ilarly,approximately 41.2percent and 49.5percent of the 3428secondary schools have water and sanitation facilities accessible to children with special needs,respectively.This suggests the need for special considerations and support for persons with disabilities in school enrolment and accessing faci

216、lities(Ethiopia VNR Report,2022).22PART II:TRACKING PROGRESS THROUGH FIVE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALSAFRICA SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2022Figure 2.3:Participation rate in organized learning one year before the official age of entry into primary school(2015 and 2019)(%)020406080100Africa,exclu

217、ding North AfricaNorth AfricaWorldLatin America and the Caribbean20152019Source:UNSD(2022)Eritrea has experienced improvement in female enrolment,gender gap,and parity between boys and girls(Box 2.2).Target 4.b:By 2020,substantially expand globally the number of scholarships available to developing

218、countries,in particular least developed countries(LDCs),small island developing states(SIDS),and African countries,for enrolment in higher education,including vocational training and information and communications technology,technical,engineering,and scientific programmes in developed countries and

219、other developing countries.Indicator 4.b.1:Volume of official development assistance(ODA)flows for scholarships by sector and type of study.Globally,official development assistance(ODA)for scholarships amounted$1.6 billion in 2019.Africa ranked above all regions in receiving ODA($341 million)for edu

220、cation followed by Western Asia that received$160.5 million(UNSD,2022).Figure 2.4 shows that North Africa received the highest amount,$98 million,followed by East Africa at$95 million and West Africa at$93 million.Southern Africa ranked below all regions with$12.5million.At the country level,Morocco

221、 was the highest recipient at$25million whereas Equatorial Guinea was the lowest recipient at half million in 2019(UNSD,2022).23cHAPter 2|SDG FOUR:EDUCATIONBox 2.2:Enrolments and educational strategies in EritreaIn Eritrea,enrolment rates have improved across all levels.The adjusted net enrolment ra

222、te at the primary level increased slightly from 83.5 percent(female:81.2 percent)in 2019 to 83.7 percent(female:81.5 percent)in 2020,which means a slight decline in the proportion of primary-age out-of-school children from 16.5 percent in 2019 to 16.4 percent in 2020.Female enrolment continues to st

223、eadily grow,and the historically huge gender gap is narrowing.Parity between boys and girls in primary education has been achieved,while gender disparities in secondary and tertiary education enrolment continue to decline.Efforts have focused on strengthening the relevance of education,promoting stu

224、dent-centered learning,ensuring efficiency and effectiveness,changing the role of teachers,and improving educational management.Learner achievement levels and attainment targets are regularly assessed,with the transformation of the monitoring system being a priority.Policy interventions have largely

225、 focused on the following initiatives:The provision of subsidized and free learning materials,financial assistance to vulnerable households to keep children enrolled.The mother language policy,adult and outreach learning programs.The establishment of boarding schools for students from remote communi

226、ties or nomadic groups,literacy and skills programs for rehabilitee prisoners,and transport assistance(such as bicycles or donkeys for disabled youth).Boarding schools have been constructed in the historically and economically disadvantaged communities,and they operate with public funding at all lev

227、els of learning.Substantial investment and support for technical and vocational education.Source:Eritrea VNR Report(2022)Figure 2.4:Total official flows for scholarships,by recipient(2019)(Millions of constant 2019 United States dollars)050100150200250300350Southern AfricaCentral AfricaWestern Afric

228、aEastern AfricaNorthern AfricaAfrica12.534197.794.59343.4Source:UNSDTarget 4.c:By 2030,substantially increase the supply of qualified teachers,including through international cooperation for teacher training in developing countries,especially LDCs and SIDS.Indicator 4.c.1:Proportion of teachers in:(

229、a)pre-primary;(b)primary;(c)lower secondary;and(d)upper secondary education who have received at least the minimum organised teacher training(e.g.,pedagogical training)pre-service or in-service required for teaching at the relevant level in a given country.Table 2.1 presents the proportion of teache

230、rs with minimum required qualifications in primary education.Globally,the proportion of teachers who are qualified to teach at primary level fell from 84.5 percent in 2015 to 81 percent in 2019.Although Africa showed a slight increase between 2015 and 2019,it still remains the continent with the low

231、est proportion of qualified teachers in primary schools.2.4 Overall prospects for the Education GoalThe figure 2.5 herebelow shows that Africa will need to accelerate progress on school completion rates,net enrolment rates(pre-primary),inequality indices for education indicators,organized teacher tr

232、aining and the proportion of schools offering basic services to achieve most of the targets by 2030.School completion rates have been being rising over the last 20 years and in Africa excluding North Africa,primary school completion rate increased from 49.2 percent in 2000 to 64.1 percent in 2019.24

233、PART II:TRACKING PROGRESS THROUGH FIVE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALSAFRICA SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2022Table 2.1:Proportion of teachers with the minimum required qualifications in primary education,both sexes(%)Region2015201720182019World84.584.584.481Africa,excluding North Africa63.365.865.7

234、65.1North Africa8788.689.687.1Latin America and the Caribbean90.790.99182.6Source:UNSDFigure 2.5:Expected achievements for Africa on SDG 4 indicators(Africa expected gap,%)4.1.24.2.24.5.14.c.14.a.14.b.14.1.14.2.14.3.14.4.14.6.14.7.1Completion rateNet enrolment rate(pre-primary)Inequality indices for

235、 education indicatorsOrganized teacher trainingProportion of schools offering basic servicesODA for scholarshipsMinimum profciency in reading and mathsChildren developmentally on trackFormal and non-formal education and trainingICT skillsLiteracy and numeracy skillsSustainable development mainstream

236、ing in education020406080100Reverse trendAccelerate progressOn-track indicatorsCant be measuredSource:Africa UN Data for DevelopmentAfrica is on track on ODA for scholarships.Building and upgrading school facilities(drinking water,electricity,computer,and internet)remain a critical challenge on the

237、continent.Scholarships should be targeted to the marginalized,focus on gender balance,and support studies that are aligned with the necessary human capital required for economic transformation in Africa.2.5 Policy frameworks to support achievement oftheGoalThe Incheon declaration on education is an

238、extension of the education for all(EFA)movement and the Millennium Development Goals on Education.It sets out a new vision for education for 15 years.The declaration is based on the pricinciple that education is a fundamental human right,it is a public good,of which the state is the duty bearer and

239、gender equality is inextricably linked to the right to education for all.As such,achieving SDG 4 necessitates the mobilization of national,regional and global efforts that are aimed at achieving effective and inclusive partnerships;improving education policies,ensuring highly equitable,inclusive and

240、 quality education systems for all,mobilizing resources for adequate financing for education and ensuring monitoring,follow-up and review of all targets.At the global level,the Education 2030 Framework for Action(FFA)outlines how to translate into practice,the commitment made in Incheon,at national,

241、regional and global levels.It aims at mobilizing all countries and partners around the SDG on education and its targets,and proposes ways of implementing,coordinating,financing and monitoring Education 2030 in order to ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and lifelong learning opportunit

242、ies for all.At the continental level,the African Union Commission(AUC)has developed and adopted a comprehensive ten-year Continental Education Strategy for Africa 20162025(CESA).This strategy is driven by the desire to set up a system of education and training that builds quality human capital to de

243、liver on the vision and mission of the AU.The CESA has twelve strategic objectives that are aligned with most of the SDG targets.The twelve strategic objectives are as follows:Revitalize the teaching profession to ensure quality and relevance at all levels of education Build,rehabilitate,preserve ed

244、ucation infrastructure and develop policies that ensure a permanent,healthy and conducive learning environment in all sub-sectors and for all,so as to expand access to quality education Harness the capacity of ICT to improve access,quality and management of education and training systems Ensure acqu

245、isition of requisite knowledge and skills as well as improved completion rates at all levels and groups through harmonization processes across all levels for national and regional integration Accelerate processes leading to gender parity and equity Launch comprehensive and effective literacy program

246、mes across the continent to eradicate the scourge of illiteracy Strengthen the science and math curricula in youth training and disseminate scientific knowledge and culture in society Expand TVET opportunities at both secondary and tertiary levels and strengthen linkages between the world of work an

247、d education and training systems Revitalize and expand tertiary education,research and innovation to address continental challenges and promote global competitiveness The Continental Education Strategy for Africa 20162025 has twelve strategic objectives that are aligned with most of the SDG targets”

248、25cHAPter 2|SDG FOUR:EDUCATION Promote peace education and conflict prevention and resolution at all levels of education and for all age groups Pillars Improve management of education system as well as build and enhance capacity for data collection,management,analysis,communication Set up a coalitio

249、n of stakeholders to facilitate and support activities resulting from the implementation of CESA 16-25.The African Union has also established a Committee of ten Heads of State and Government to champion education,science,and technology development.The committee aims to develop ICT capacity and the u

250、se of technology platforms at all levels of the education system in order to promote access to quality education,research,knowledge creation and innovation so as to exploit opportunities in the digital technology space.2.6 Summary observations and policy recommendations Ensuring access to quality ed

251、ucation for all is central to attaining full and productive life for all individuals and the realization of the SDGs and Agenda 2063.Despite considerable progress in school enrolment,millions of children still remain out of school especially in African countries affected by conflicts.COVID-19 pandem

252、ic also reversed some of the gains made in the past years.Despite significant efforts made by African countries and development partners to finance education during the COVID-19 crisis,a lot of disruptions were observed due to inadequate financing.Most African countries dedicate less than 20 percent

253、 of their national budget to education and about one out of three African countries dedicate less than 15 percent of their national budget to education(AU and UNICEF,2021).To address the financing gap,countries need to allocate more domestic resources to ensure sustainable financing for emergency re

254、sponses.Both the public and the private sectors should also invest in ICT infrastructure to facilitate distance learning during emergencies and crisis.Policymakers and development partners must work towards bringing the out-of-school children back to school.There is a need to focus on pre-primary an

255、d primary education to strengthen the basic foundations for life-long learning.The educational value of pre-school,even in its care-focused form,is an important part of a comprehensive education programme;and the school feeding programmes have proved to be effective in increasing access to basic edu

256、cation particularly for orphans and other vulnerable children.This Report presents the following recommendations for transforming education systems in Africa towards 2030:Considering the lack of adequate and timely data on the education system indicators for a comprehensive assessment of this goal,t

257、he report calls for an urgent need for African countries to invest in building capacities of national statistical offices in collecting timely and highly disaggregated data.African countries must increase domestic expenditures to cover multipurpose school and household surveys and learning assessmen

258、ts that would generate data on multiple indicators.The international community must finance SDG 4 data collection and capacity development mechanisms.Development partners must align behind the SDG 4 monitoring agenda in countries,ensuring that all their initiatives in the education sector are consis

259、tent with the SDG 4 monitoring agenda.Donors financing for the education sector should ensure that the SDG 4 monitoring indicators,especially learning outcome indicators,are supported and funded in every national education plan and budget.More public and private sector resources are needed to addres

260、s the inadequate school infrastructure and equip teachers with the required training.There is the need to increase the number of professionally qualified teachers.Qualified teachers are integral to robust education systems,and schools across Africa faced a chronic There is a need to focus on preprim

261、ary and primary education to strengthen the basic foundations for lifelong learning”26PART II:TRACKING PROGRESS THROUGH FIVE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALSAFRICA SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2022shortage of qualified teachers.African countries need to prioritize redesigning their teacher developmen

262、t programmes at all levels,including digital and pedagogical skills for learner-centered,inclusive quality education.As the COVID-19 school closures have shown,it is now critical for teachers to possess skills as learning facilitators and instructional designers,using a wide range of technologies to

263、 meet students varying needs.African countries should focus on foundational learning from an early stage to raise learning levels and the overall quality of education by emphasizing teaching focused on basic reading and mathematics in preschool and primary school.The curricula at primary school shou

264、ld provide dedicated time and methodological approach on literacy and numeracy to improve foundational learning skills.Social protection programmes that include cash transfers or child allowances should be dedicated to groups where the school dropout rates are very high.A specific focus should be gi

265、ven to young African at secondary school that fail to participate in education.The quality of education in Africa is also compromised by inadequate school infrastructure.Investments in WASH infrastructure,development of detailed protocols on hygiene measures(including handwashing,use of protective e

266、quipment,and safe food preparation practices),are needed for access to basic handwashing facilities in African schools.Digital innovation and technology should be incorporated in new education priorities to build innovative teaching and learning approaches that expand access to online learning resou

267、rces to all children,including the most disadvantaged and vulnerable.An education compact with telecom companies will be a key enabling factor to provide ICT infrastructure and digital connectivity to bring down the cost of airtime,mobile data and broadband services for the education system includin

268、g the most vulnerable children.27cHAPter 2|SDG FOUR:EDUCATIONCHAPTER 3:SDG Five:Gender Equality and Empowerment of all Women and Girls2030 AgendaAgenda 2063Goal 5 -Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls.Goal 1-A high standard of living,quality of life,and well-being for all citizens

269、.Goal 17-Full gender equality in all spheres of life.3.1 Gender equality,empowerment and the impact of Covid-19Gender as a cross-cutting issue is based on the recognition that,men and women,boys and girls often have different priorities,constraints,and preferences with respect to development.As such

270、,they can contribute to,and be affected differently by development interventions.As stated way back by the former Secretary General of the United Nations:“Gender equality is more than a goal.It is a precondition for meeting the challenge of reducing poverty,promoting sustainable development,and buil

271、ding good governance”(KofiAnnan,1998).The Covid-19 pandemic has unleashed devastating effects on women and girls,and significantly delayed the attainment of most gender-related SDGs(Box 3.1).African countries will need to confront structural obstacles to gender equality and strengthen policies and i

272、nitiatives to accelerate womens economic empowerment amidst prevailing social-economic and political challenges.Social protection measures need to be enhanced and targeted to the most vulnerable,while harmful social norms need to be addressed through legal frameworks that protect women and girls aga

273、inst violence,child marriage and female genital mutilation.28PART II:TRACKING PROGRESS THROUGH FIVE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALSAFRICA SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2022Box 3.1:The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on women and girlsGender inequality has occurred through multiple channels,including

274、:Education:Disruptions in learning due to school closures,with women and girls more likely to drop out of school;Health:High maternal death due to disruption in the delivery of health services;Poverty and inequality:Unequal income loss with female headed businesses experiencing significant losses;De

275、cent work:More women than men losing jobs and relying on unpaid domestic work.3.2 Tracking Goal Five progress by targetsTarget 5.1:End all forms of discrimination against all women and girls everywhere.Indicator 5.1.1:Whether or not legal frameworks are in place to promote,enforce and monitor equali

276、ty and non-discrimination on the basis of sex.Table3.1 depicts regional trends of legal frameworks that promote,enforce,and monitor gender equality and reveals that most African countries lack sufficient policy measures to safeguard gender equality in the public life.In 2020,only 65.6percent of lega

277、l frameworks in Africa excluding North Africa provided provisions to address violence against women,significantly lower than the global average of 78percent.Africa,excluding North Africa performed relatively well in legal frameworks securing marriage and family life for women(76.1percent),which was

278、higher than the average for LDCs(74.5percent),but still slightly lower than the global average of 79.1percent.In Northern Africa and Western Asia,the region performed lower than Africa,excluding North Africa in all dimensions of legal frameworks,with only 54.1percent of all legal frameworks providin

279、g provisions to secure gender equality,and 63percent addressing both violence against women and womens employment and economic benefits.Overall,legal frameworks remain weakly enforced,restricting the participation of women in the labour force,hindering equality in the workplace,recognition of care r

280、esponsibilities among men and women,as well as,persistent gender pay gaps(OECD,2021).The 2003 Constitution of the Republic of Rwanda enshrines the principles of gender equality and womens rights and provides for a minimum of 30 percent quota for women in all decision-making organs(Rwanda VNR Report,

281、2022).The proportion of seats held by women in national parliament in Rwanda increased from 56 percent in the 2008 elections to 64percent in the 2013 elections to 61percent in 2021,while the average for Africa excluding North Africa marginally increased from 18 percent in 2008 to 22percent in 2008 b

282、efore slightly increasing to 26percent in 2021(World Bank,2022).Target 5.2:Eliminate all forms of violence against all women and girls in the public and private spheres,including trafficking and sexual and other types of exploitation.Indicator 5.2.1:Proportion of ever-partnered women and girls aged

283、15years and older subjected to physical,sexual,or psychological violence by a current or former intimate partner in the previous 12 months,by form of violence and by age.29cHAPter 3|SDG FIVE:GENDER EqUALITy AND EMPOWERMENT OF ALL WOMEN AND GIRLSTable 3.1:Legal frameworks that promote,enforce,and mon

284、itor gender equality(percentage)in 2020(%)RegionOverarching legal frameworks and public lifeViolence against WomenEmployment and economic benefitsMarriage and FamilyWorld 70.97876.779.1Africa,excluding North Africa65.565.666.376.1Northern Africa and Western Asia54.16363.359.3Latin America and the Ca

285、ribbean71.483.875.585Land Locked Developing Countries79.881.471.579Least Developed Countries67.3655974.5Small Island Developing States54.578.171.379.5Source:United Nations(2022).It is clear from Figure3.1 that gender-based violence remains pervasive at both the global and regional level.In Africa ex

286、cluding North Africa,an estimated 20.4percent of women in 2018 experienced either physical or sexual violence or both by an intimate partner.The region ranks above the global average of 12.5percent.There is also significant variation across countries.Violence against women was high in countries such

287、 as Equatorial Guinea(43.6percent),Democratic Republic of Congo(36.8percent),Liberia(35percent),Cameroon(32.7percent)and Gabon(31.5percent),due to various factors such as conflict-related sexual violence,acceptance of traditional gender laws,the failure of authorities to prosecute the guilty party a

288、nd laws that do not address spousal rape(UnitedNations,2022).On the other hand,this was low in countries such as Comoros(4.9percent),Gambia(7.3percent),CaboVerde(7.8percent)and Burkina Faso(9.3percent)WHO(2022)due to factors such as awareness-raising campaigns,comprehensive laws against violence on

289、women and developing national strategic action plans(United Nations,2021).North Africa performed relatively well,with violence from a current or former intimate partner estimated at 14.7percent.At the country level,Rwanda is strengthening integrated services for sexual and gender-based violence vict

290、ims(Box3.2).Lesotho has instituted measures to reduce the prevailing economic cost of violence against women(Box3.3).Some African countries are making progress toward achieving the triple zero targets(zero preventable maternal deaths,zero unmet need for family planning,and zero gender-based violence

291、)as agreed upon in the Nairobi Summit.Eswatini is instituting measures to ensure behavioural changes at the family level.Zimbabwe is embarking on the young women empowerment project.SouthAfrica has embarked on Comprehensive Sexuality Education(CSE)training for youths.Tanzania has engaged in CSE and

292、Sexual Reproductive Health information through youth clubs and youth corners(Save the children ASRHR project,2019).30PART II:TRACKING PROGRESS THROUGH FIVE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALSAFRICA SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2022Figure 3.1:Proportion of ever-partnered women and girls aged 15-49 subjec

293、ted to physical and/or sexual violence by a current or former intimate partner in the previous 12 months in 2018.(%)0510152025WorldAfrica,excludingNorth AfricaNorth AfricaLatin Americaand the CaribbeanLeast DevelopedCountriesSmall IslandDeveloping States201812228.314.720.412.5Source:United Nations(2

294、022).Box 3.2:Gender-based violence in RwandaThe Government of Rwanda is strengthening integrated services for victims of SGBV through the establishment of Isange One Stop Centres(IOSCs)which provide comprehensive services to victims of SGBV under the same roof free of charge on a 24hours 7days basis

295、.Having increased from 23 to 44 over the last three years,they provide various services such as medical care,psychosocial support,legal services,relief,temporary shelter and re-integration.Other initiatives to combat SGBV include The enactment of the Law governing matrimonial regimes,donations and s

296、uccessions.Criminalization of offenses for child defilement,marital rape,sexual violence and harassment of a spouse.The establishment of the National Women Council with structures from national to village level to mobilize and empower women to participate in national development programs.Establishme

297、nt of community level forums to discuss GBV and child abuse.Source:Rwanda VNR Report,2022Target 5.3:Eliminate all harmful practices,such as child,early and forced marriage and female genital mutilation.Indicator 5.3.1a:Proportion of women aged 20-24 years who were married or in a union before age 15

298、 and before age 18.Table 3.2 shows that the prevalence of child marriage before the age of 15 in Africa excluding North Africa has declined from 12.6percent in 2015 to 10.8 percent in 2021,although there are substantial disparities across countries.In North Africa,child marriage is significantly low

299、er than on the rest of the continent,having declined from 4.2percent in 2015 to around 3.5percent in 2021,due to the implementation of laws that guide the role and status of women in marriage,and rights in divorce and custodial matters(Kimani,2008).However,the proportion of women married before the

300、age of 18 was still high in Africa excluding North Africa and was estimated at 34.7percent in 2021,a slight reduction from 35.8percent in 2015.In North Africa,child marriage before 18 years slightly declined from 18percent in 2015 to around 17.7percent in 2021(Table3.3).African countries with the 31

301、cHAPter 3|SDG FIVE:GENDER EqUALITy AND EMPOWERMENT OF ALL WOMEN AND GIRLSTable 3.3:Proportion of women aged 20-24 years who were married or in a union before age 18(%)Region20002005201020152021World25.423.822.621.319.5Africa,excluding North Africa38.336.237.835.834.7North Africa21.419.218.41817.7Lea

302、st Developed Countries47.145.544.439.936.8Small Island Developing States23.925.125.423.322.4Source:United Nations(2022)Box 3.3:Case study of economic cost of violence against women in LesothoThe economic cost of violence against women and girls(VAWG)in Lesotho is estimated at 1.3percent of its GDP o

303、r an equivalent of M462.9million.The direct costs,estimated at M428.2million(1.23percent of GDP)include out-of-pocket expenses by victims and income loss while indirect costs,estimated M34.7million(0.10percent of GDP),include national output loss due to a reduction in consumption.The cost of VAWG to

304、 girls was estimated at 0.82percent of GDP or learning time lost in school)while the cost to the public sector was equivalent to 2.26percent of GDP.This situation calls for more intensive and extensive strategies to change the perception of the girlchild.Several initiatives that the government is un

305、dertaking include Capacity building workshops for police,prosecutors and judicial officers on laws to counter domestic violence.Translation of international conventions and protocols and national legal documents into indigenous and simple language.Source:Lesotho VNR Report,2022Table 3.2:Proportion o

306、f women aged 20-24 years who were married or in a union before age 15(%)Region20002005201020152021World9.38.37.26.24.7Africa,excluding North Africa14.61213.812.610.8North Africa5.84.844.23.5Latin America and the Caribbean4.24.54.55.14.0Least Developed Countries19.316.616.313.310.5Small Island Develo

307、ping States6.56.87.56.85.3Source:United Nations(2022)highest proportion of child married between 2005 and 2017 included Ethiopia,Eritrea,Madagascar,Mozambique,and South Sudan(UNICEF,2022a).This has been driven by several interrelated factors such as inadequate access of quality education to girls an

308、d weak legal services.Poverty is also a major driver,with girls from the poorest households twice as likely to get married before the age of 18(Klugman et al.,2014).Indicator 5.3.2:Proportion of girls and women aged 15-49 years who have undergone female genital mutilation/cutting,by age.Female genit

309、al mutilation(FGM)in Africa excluding North Africa has declined from 35.2percent in 2000 to 29.4percent in 2015 and to 24.7percent in 2021,while in North Africa,it declined from 83percent in 2015 to 74percent in 2021.However,it is estimated to be very high in several countries such as Djibouti,Somal

310、ia and Guinea(UNICEF,2022b),largely due to religious and socio-cultural and traditional beliefs(Awolola and Ilupeju,2019).Target 5.5:Ensure womens full and effective participation and equal opportunities for leadership at all levels of decision-making in political,economic and public life.Indicator

311、5.5.1:Proportion of seats held by a woman in(a)national parliaments and(b)local governments.The share of national parliamentary seats held by women in Africa excluding North Africa has constantly increased from 11.5percent in 2000 to 22.6percent in 2015 and to 25percent in 2021(Table 3.4).The best p

312、erforming countries in terms of women representation include Rwanda(61percent),South Africa(46percent),32PART II:TRACKING PROGRESS THROUGH FIVE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALSAFRICA SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2022Figure 3.2:Proportion of girls aged 15-19 who have undergone female genital mutilatio

313、n/cutting(%)53.85449.243.524.73629.432.434.535.291.493.1North AfricaLandlocked developing countriesAfrica,excluding North Africa 88.78374010203040506070809010020212015201020052000Source:United Nations(2022)Table 3.4:Regional trends in the proportion of seats held by a woman in national parliaments a

314、nd local governments(%)Region200020052010201520202021World13.315.91922.324.925.6Africa,excluding North Africa11.514.418.422.624.325North Africa5.410.913.224.620.124.3Least Developed Countries9.313.119.321.723.124.3Small Island Developing States141820.523.325.627.7Source:United Nations(2022)Namibia(4

315、4percent),Senegal(43percent)and Mozambique(43percent)(International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance,2021).North Africas proportion also increased from 5.4percent in 2000 to 24.3percent in 2021.This positive trajectory is also reflected in other regions although with differentiated m

316、agnitudes,due to quotas that reserve seats for women or initiatives that enhance womens leadership skills through training on public speaking and leadership(UN Women,2018).Although womens participation is crucial for public decision-making processes such as gender responsive laws and gender budgetin

317、g,their under-representation and the pace of increasing the number of women in politics remains slow to achieve gender parity by 2030(United Nations,2022).Indicator 5.5.2:Proportion of Women in Managerial PositionsWhile women continue to account for nearly 62percent of the labour force across Africa

318、n countries(World Bank,2022),they only held 29.8percent of managerial positions in Africa excluding North Africa in 2020(Table 3.5),a modest increase from 29.3percent in 2015.In North Africa,only 6.7percent of women in 2020 held managerial positions,a decline from 7.3percent in 2015 and this has dis

319、proportionately affected women entrepreneurs.Several countries such as Morocco are turning this around(Box3.4).Target 5.6:Ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights as agreed in accordance with the Programme of Action of the International Conference on Populati

320、on and Development and the Beijing Platform for Action and the outcome documents of their review conferences.Indicator 5.6.2a:Number of countries with laws and regulations that guarantee full and equal access to women and men aged 15 years and older to sexual and reproductive health care,information

321、 and education.33cHAPter 3|SDG FIVE:GENDER EqUALITy AND EMPOWERMENT OF ALL WOMEN AND GIRLSTable 3.5:Regional trends in the proportion of women in managerial positions(%)Region20002005201020152020World25.326.827.427.228.3Africa,excluding North Africa27.626.527.129.329.8North Africa9.29.612.57.36.7Lea

322、st Developed Countries24.219.919.521.222.8Small Island Developing States29.132.934.634.936.4Source:United Nations(2022)Box 3.4:Boosting womens representation in the public life in MoroccoIn 2021,Morocco implemented significant corporate governance reforms,and the parliament amended a provision of th

323、e public limited company act to promote the representation of women in corporate institutions.The law instituted mandatory quotas for women at the board-management level of publicly traded companies,with the intention of achieving at least 30 percent female representation by 2024,and 40 percent by 2

324、027.This not only led to increased gender equality,but also board effectiveness.Key aspects of the legislative reform include:Mandatory quota for women on boards of directors of limited companies.Incorporating the equality of women and men within the Family Code.Banning discrimination based on sex,c

325、olour,language and disability.The domestic workers protection law.Law on combatting trafficking in human beings and against violence against women.Revision of election laws to increase the representation of women in regional and prefectural councils.Source:CFA and IFC(2022)and OHCHR(2022)Access to i

326、nformation on sexual health care remains pervasive and varies across regions.In 2022,only 71percent of laws and regulations in Africa excluding North Africa and 57percent in North Africa fully guaranteed access to sexual and reproductive health care,information and education to both women and men(Fi

327、gure3.3).This is however below the global average of 76percent.Indicator 5.6.2b:Extent to which countries have laws and regulations that guarantee full and equal access to women and men aged 15 years and older to sexual and reproductive health care,information and education,by thematic areas(section

328、s).In Africa excluding North Africa,laws and regulations were particularly encouraging for HIV and HPV(79percent),contraceptive services(71percent)and maternity care(71percent),while below par for sexuality education(55percent)-(Table3.6).In North Africa,performance across all the key dimensions ind

329、icate the need to enact legislation on sexuality education and promote the open discussion of contraceptive services(49percent).In Botswana,progress has been achieved against sexual and reproductive health and rights indicators.There has been a decline in AIDS-related deaths from 5300 in 2017 to 510

330、0 in 2020.The total fertility rate has declined from 3 to 2.8births per woman and contraceptive prevalence rate has increased from 53 percent in 2017 to 64.7percent in 2020(Botswana VNR Report,2022).Indicator 5.6.2c:Extent to which countries have laws and regulations that guarantee full and equal ac

331、cess to women and men aged 15 years and older to Maternity care,by component(Percentage).34PART II:TRACKING PROGRESS THROUGH FIVE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALSAFRICA SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2022Figure 3.3:Extent to which countries have laws and regulations that guarantee full and equal access

332、 to women and men aged 15years and older to sexual and reproductive health care,information and education,total,2022(%)01020304050607080WorldAfrica,excludingNorth AfricaNorth AfricaLeast DevelopedcountriesSmall IslandDeveloping States6071715776Source:UNSD(2022)Table 3.6:Extent to which countries hav

333、e laws and regulations that guarantee full and equal access to women and men aged 15years and older to sexual and reproductive health care,information and education,by thematic areas(sections),2022(%)RegionsMaternity CareContraceptive ServicesSexuality EducationHIV and HPVWorld74766581Africa,excluding North Africa71715579North Africa7749067Least Developed Countries71705678Small Island Developing S