《國際太陽能聯盟（ISA）：2023全球光伏市場趨勢報告（英文版）（56頁）.pdf》由會員分享，可在線閱讀，更多相關《國際太陽能聯盟（ISA）：2023全球光伏市場趨勢報告（英文版）（56頁）.pdf（56頁珍藏版）》請在三個皮匠報告上搜索。

1、Global Trends in Solar PowerJuly 2023Trends in Solar PV.15Global Solar Overview.7Introduction.4Executive Summary.3Solar&Equity.48Way Forward.53References.54Contents12347564.1 NDCs and Renewable Energy Trends164.2 Policy and Regulatory Trends.194.3 Solar Technology Trends254.4 Solar Supply Chain Tren

2、ds304.5 Solar Market Trends354.6 Solar Investment Trends424.7 Solar Employment Trends45Executive SummaryIn response to an unprecedented health crisis,countries had hoped to seize the post Covid-19 opportunity for agreen and sustainable recovery.Renewable energy sector experienced record growth in po

3、wer capacity in 2022 dueto the newly installed PV systems,overall rise in electricity demand,government incentives and growing awarenessof need to transition to clean energy sources.The solar PV market maintained its record-breaking streak,with new capacity installations totalling to approximately19

4、1 GW in 2022(IRENA,2023).This was the largest annual capacity increase ever recorded and brought thecumulative global solar PV capacity to 1,133 GW.The solar PV market continued its steady growth despitedisruptions across the solar value chain,mainly due to sharp increases in the costs of raw materi

5、als and shipping.In2022,114 ISA countries(members and signatories)represented approximately 489 GW(43%)of the global solar PVcapacity.Europe&others region account for 56%of the total installed solar capacity among the ISA membersfollowed by the Asia-Pacific(36%),Latin America&Caribbean and Africa re

6、gions contributing to approximately 7%and 1%respectively.In addition to the increase in solar capacity installations,135 countries had included renewable energy componentsin their NDCs globally.The latest/revised renewable energy target in ISA Member countries are discussed in furthersections of thi

7、s report.The number of countries with renewable energy policies increased in 2022,continuing themulti-year trend seen in 2021 and 2020.Most countries support renewables with policy instruments that often varydepending on the technology,scale or other features of installation(e.g.,centralised or dece

8、ntralised).Innovation and cost trends are being increasingly seen across a broad range of technologies.The emergence of newcell architectures has enabled higher efficiency levels.In particular,the most important market shift in cellarchitecture has resulted from bifacial cells and modules.Other tech

9、nology improvements of solar such as solartrees,solar carports and floating solar are also discussed in this report.Solar PV cost trends emphasise on the majordrivers for reduction in the cost of solar PV in 2023 and the decline in costs of solar PV module and othercomponents.Major factors contribut

10、ing to declining module costs included polysilicon availability and decline in theshipping costs and raw materials.The section on Solar Market Trends describes the Distributed Renewables for Energy Access(DREA)systems,whichare a key solution for fulfilling the modern energy needs and also improving

11、the livelihoods of hundreds of millionsof people presently lacking access to electricity/clean cooking solutions.It specifically holds the key in cases wheredevelopment of electric grid to deliver electricity up to the last mile is commercially not viable.Further,the reportcaptures the market trends

12、 covering solar infrastructure and electricity access rates in ISA Member countries.Global investment in renewables reached USD 0.5 Tn in 2022 due to the global rise in solar PV installations.Solar PVdominated investment in 2022,accounting for 64%of the renewable energy investment.The overall snapsh

13、ot of theinvestment trends across Asia-Pacific,Africa,Europe&others and Latin America&Caribbean regions are capturedin the solar PV investment trends section of this report.This report is intended to educate the reader to understand the ongoing trends in the solar space across the worldin terms of t

14、echnology,policy,employment etc.and could bring out positive change in the lives of people and theplanet.1Global trends in Solar Power3IntroductionInternational Solar Alliance was launched on November 30,2015 by India andFrance and ISAs framework agreementcame into force on December 7,2017.Headquart

15、ered in India,the alliance of 114 countries works to address energyneeds and challenges in Member Countries and scale up solar through multipleflagshipinterventions.As part of its Ease of Doing Solar(EoDS)initiative which provides data onrenewable energy with a focus on solar for individual Member C

16、ountries,ISA alsopublishes the Global trends in Solar Power report which provides an overview oftrends in the Solar Sector.About International Solar Alliance(ISA)International Solar Alliance(ISA)aims to provide a dedicated platform for cooperation among solar-resource-richcountries,through which the

17、 global community(governments,bilateral/multilateral organizations,corporates,industry and the stakeholders)can contribute to help achieve the common goal of increasing the use and quality ofsolar energy.Further,ISA seeks to meet the energy needs of its prospective member countries in a safe,conveni

18、ent,affordable,equitable and sustainable manner.ISA has conceptualized the Ease of Doing Solar(“EoDS”)report for its member countries to capture and develop aholistic view of a countrys solar ecosystem.The Global trends in Solar Power report,as a part of the EoDS initiative,is envisaged to present k

19、ey trends in the global solar market with a focus on ISA member countries.The objective ofthe report is to capture the best practices and trends in the area of policy,technology,market eco-system,supplychain and investment/employment in the industry globally with a focus on ISA member countries.To a

20、vert the deleterious effects of climate change,the world is undergoing a major transition in the energy sector toachieve net-zero targets.Renewable energy occupies a central role in energy transition,and it is evident from theincreasing trend of capacity additions,employments,and increasing solar en

21、ergy investments.The major drivers forthe increased penetration of solar deployment are described below,Strong policy support for solar PV is driving the acceleration in capacity growth-Policy support remains a principaldriver of solar PV deployment across the globe.Solar PV is the major renewable t

22、echnology of choice in the private sector-Companies investing in solar PVinstallations on their own premises are responsible for 30%of total installed PV capacity as of 2021.Companies entering into corporate PPAs signing direct contracts with solar PV operators for the purchase ofgenerated electrici

23、ty.Solar PV plants dominate renewables PPAs,with a share of almost 75%in 2020.Net zero ambitions of corporate-Many corporates had set their ambition to be a net zero company.Getting tonet zero requires tremendous,rapid change and large-scaletechnology deployment across industries.2Global trends in S

24、olar Power4GlossaryGlobal trends in Solar Power5AbbreviationDefinitionAPVAgrophotovoltaicBoSBalance of SystemBnBillionCAGRCompound Annual Growth RateCMERICentral Mechanical Engineering Research InstituteCSIRCouncil of Scientific and Industrial ResearchCSPConcentrated Solar PowerDREADistributed Renew

25、ables for energy accessEPCEngineering,procurement and construction EUEuropean UnionEVElectric VehicleFIPFeed-in premiumFITFeed In TariffGWGigawattGWhGigawatt-hourKmKilometrekWhKilowatt-hourLCOELevelized cost of electricityLNOBLeave no one behindMnMillionMUMillion UnitsMVAMillion Volt AmpereAbbreviat

26、ionDefinitionMWMegawattMWhMegawatt-hourMWpMegawatt peakNDCNationally Determined ContributionOGSOff-Grid SolutionsO&MOperation and MaintenancePLIProduction-linked incentive PPAPower purchasing agreementPVPhotovoltaicP2PPeer-to-peerRERenewable Energy RECRenewable Energy CertificateRPSRenewable Portfol

27、io Standards SDGSustainable Development GoalsSHSSolar Home SystemsSTEMScience,Technology,Engineering and MathematicsTnTrillionTWhTerawatt-hourUNUnited NationsUSDUnited States DollarGlobal Trends in Renewables&Solar135 countries have notified net zero target,covering88%of global emissionsAt the 2021

28、UN climate summit,countries agreed to a phase-down of unabated coal power135 countries have notified renewable power targets,and 17 countries have solar specific targets3,372 GW of global installed renewable power capacity in 2022USD 0.5 Trillion in renewables andUSD 308 Billion invested in solar in

29、 20221,053 GW of global installed solar energy capacity in 202212.7 Million Worldwide employment in renewable energy in 20214.3 Million jobs in solar PV,caters one third of the total renewable energy workforce in 2021Fossil fuel subsidies reached USD 532 Billionin 2021Global trends in Solar Power6So

30、urce:REN 21,IEA,IRENA;2022Global Solar Overview3Global Solar MarketA renewable-based economy is a game changer for a more secure,low-cost and sustainable energy future.Development of renewable energy is at the core of energy transition.Globally renewables are expected tobecome the new baseload accou

31、nting for 50%of the power mix by 2030 and 85%by 2050(IRENA,2022).Globalrenewable installed capacity growth accelerated in 2022 adding up to 295 GW1.The growth in renewable energypenetration was largely based on newly installed PV systems,overall rise in electricity demand,governmentincentives and gr

32、owing awareness of need to transition to clean energy sources.Solar sector is gaining traction in recent years and is becoming a dominant force in renewable energy domain.The solar PV market maintained its record-breaking streak with new capacity installations totalling approximately191 GW in 20221.

33、The graph below,depicts the cumulative global solar PV capacity in the last decade.Countrieslike China,the United States,Japan,India and Germany have made some of the significant contributions toglobal solar PV capacity.+31+30+38+40+50+77+103+104+112+139+175+191701041421822323094125166287679421,1330

34、20040060080010001200201120122013201420152016201720182019202020212022Global Solar PV Capacity and Annual Additions in GW(2011-2022)Previous years capacityAnnual additionsCumulative global solar PVcapacity3701041421822323094125166287679420100200300400500600700800900100020112012201320142015201620172018

35、2019202020212022Global Solar PV Capacity in GW,by Country(2011-2022)ChinaUnited StatesJapanIndiaGermanyRest of WorldWorldSource:REN 21,IRENA;20221REN21,2022Global trends in Solar Power81,133Regional InsightsAfricaThe market leaders in the African region in terms of total solar installed capacity are

36、 Egypt,Algeria,Morocco,Senegal,and Mali with 2,949 MW capacity contributing 62%of the total installed solar capacity in Africa.Owing to higher levelsof solar irradiations in the region,countries in Africa are bestowed with large solar potential and technologicalfeasibility.Significantly low levels o

37、f access to electricity in some countries present a significant opportunity for off-grid solar technologies.The total installed capacity of solar PV in Egypt has reached 1,704 MW in 2022 from 160 MW in2017,grown at a CAGR of 60%.The country is targeting renewable energy capacity to reachelectric pow

38、er contribution target of 42%by 2035 as per Egypts Integrated Sustainable EnergyStrategy 2035.EgyptAlgeriaAlgeria constitutes a 9.2%share in the total installed capacity of solar PV in the African region.The total installed capacity has reached 435 MW in 2022 from 400 MW in 2017,grown at a CAGRof 2%

39、.By 2030,it aspires to the deployment of solar photovoltaic and wind power as well asthermal solar energy on a large scale.It also aims to reach the target that 27%of the electricityproduced nationally is derived from renewable sources of energy by 2030.Morocco accounts for 6.7%share in the total in

40、stalled solar PV capacity in Africa.The totalinstalled capacity has reached 318 MW in 2022 from 24 MW in 2017,grown at a CAGR of 68%.Morocco is targeting to achieve a 52%RE share(20%from solar energy,20%from wind energyand 12%from hydraulic energy)in generation mix by 2030.MoroccoMali constitutes a

41、4.8%share in the total installed capacity of solar PV in the African region.Thetotal installed capacity has reached 229 MW in 2022 from 19 MW in 2017,grown at a CAGR of64%.Namibias efforts in renewables contributed to a 30%reduction in electricity imported in2018 which resulted in 330 MW of solar PV

42、 generation per annum until 2030.MaliSenegal accounts for 5.5%share in the total installed capacity of solar PV in the African region.Owing to the government target to increase the share of RE in the generation mix and favourablepolicies for the RE sector,the total installed capacity has reached 263

43、 MW in 2022 from 107 MWin 2017,grown at a CAGR of 20%.SenegalSource:IRENA,2022Global trends in Solar Power935.8%9.2%6.7%5.5%4.8%38.0%0%5%10%15%20%25%30%35%40%1,704 MW435 MW318 MW263 MW229 MW1,804 MWEgyptAlgeriaMoroccoSenegalMaliOthersTop 5 ISA Member Countries by Solar PV Installation,2022(Total:2,9

44、49 MW)Asia PacificJapan,India and Australia have the major installations accounting for 96.4%of total capacity in the region.The Asia andPacific region comprise a diverse and dynamic region of the globe,with 4.4 Bn people living in 58 markets,ranging fromthe small island economies that are among the

45、 most vulnerable to the impact of the climate change to the worldslargest energy consumer.Along with the vast renewable energy potential,the region already possesses significantknowledge and expertise on renewables.Japan is the market leader in Asia and Pacific region with 78,833 MW of solar PV capa

46、cityinstalled in 2022 from 49,500 MW in 2017,grown at a CAGR of 10%.The Japanese governmentdeveloped a set of measures to expand solar PV,which include requiring 60%of new residentialbuildings to include rooftop PV and deregulating land zoning to allow PV installations onagricultural land.JapanIndia

47、India has shown tremendous growth over the recent years with the total solar PV installedcapacity reaching 62,804 MW in 2022 from 17,923 MW in 2017,grown at a CAGR of 29%.Market expansion was driven mainly by the focus on local manufacturing.The country istargeting to achieve 50%cumulative electric

48、power installed capacity from non-fossil fuel basedenergy resources by 2030.For Australia,the total installed capacity of solar PV in the country has reached 26,789 MW in2022 from 7,352 MW in 2017,grown at a CAGR of 30%.In 2021,Australia set a new global recordof 1 kW of installed solar PV per capit

49、a,which was 31%higher than in the runner-up country theNetherlands(0.765 kW per capita).AustraliaThe total installed capacity of solar PV in the country has reached 2,940 MW in 2022 from 255MW in 2017,grown at a CAGR of 63%.UAEs National Energy Strategy 2050 envisages a 50%share of clean energy(rene

50、wables and nuclear)in the installed power capacity mix by 2050.UAESri Lankas installed capacity of solar PV reached 714 MW in 2022 from 131 MW in 2017,grownat a CAGR of 40%.The country committed to achieve 70%renewable energy in electricitygeneration by 2030 as part of its latest NDC.Sri LankaSource

51、:IRENA,2022Global trends in Solar Power1045.1%35.9%15.3%1.7%0.4%1.5%0%5%10%15%20%25%30%35%40%45%50%78,833 MW62,804 MW26,789 MW2,940 MW714 MW2,664 MWJapanIndiaAustraliaUnited Arab EmiratesSri lankaOthersTop 5 ISA Member Countries by Solar Installation,2022(Total:172 GW)Europe and others*United States

52、 of America is the top market leader in Europe&others region and the total solarPV installed capacity has reached 1,11,535 MW in 2022 from 41,357 MW in 2017,grown at aCAGR of 22%.With increased consumer demand,the residential sector broke records withrooftop installations of 4.2 GW up 30%from 2020 a

53、nd the highest annual growth rate since2015 to reach a total capacity of 23.1 GW.USAGermanyGermany is the second market leader in the Europe region and the total solar PV installedcapacity has reached 66,552 MW in 2022 from 42,291 MW in 2017,grown at a CAGR of 9%.Thecountry has committed to increase

54、 renewable energy in final energy consumption to reach atleast 32%by 2030.The total installed capacity in Italy has reached 25,077 MW in 2022 from 19,682 MW in 2017,grown at a CAGR of 5%.Italy has committed to increase renewable energy in final energyconsumption to reach at least 32%by 2030.ItalyNet

55、herlands installed capacity of solar PV has reached 22,590 MW in 2022 from 2,903 MW in2017,grown at a CAGR of 51%.The increase in the share of solar was due to three factors:ahigher number of PV installations that went online during the year,falling electricity demand,and an exceptional number of su

56、nny hours.NetherlandsSource:IRENA,2022Global trends in Solar Power1140.4%24.1%9.1%8.2%6.3%11.9%0%5%10%15%20%25%30%35%40%45%1,11,535 MW66,552 MW25,077 MW22,590 MW17,410 MW32,863 MWUnited States ofAmericaGermanyItalyNetherlandsFranceOthersTop 5 ISA Member Countries by Solar Installation,2022(Total:243

57、 GW)The market leaders in the region are United States of America,Germany,Italy,Netherlands and France with 243 GWcapacity contributing 88.1%of the total installed solar capacity in the region.The EU has been a front-runner in thespread of solar energy.The European Green Deal and the REPowerEU plan

58、have turned solar energy into a buildingblock of the EUs transition towards clean energy.The accelerated deployment of solar energy contributes toreducing the EUs dependence on imported fossil fuels.The total installed capacity of solar PV in France has reached 17,410 MW in 2022 from 8,610 MWin 2017

59、,grown at a CAGR of 15%.France targets to reduce the share of nuclear from 70%to 50%in its electricity mix by 2035 and close its coal plants by 2022.The government is seeking toaccelerate progress in solar by streamlining permits,promoting flagship initiatives,and aligningregional and national ambit

60、ions.France*USA has been included in the Europe and Others region as per ISAs regional classification of member countries.Major markets in the LAC region are Brazil,Chile,Argentina,Dominican Republic and El Salvador having total installedcapacity of 32,731 MW in 2022,accounting for 96.8%of total cap

61、acity in the region.Latin America comprises some ofthe most dynamic renewable energy markets in the world,with more than a quarter of the primary energy(twice theglobal average)coming from renewable energy sources.The maturing technologies and renewable energy policyreforms offer an unprecedented op

62、portunity to further tap the vast renewable energy potential in the region.Latin America and CaribbeanThe total installed capacity of solar PV in Brazil has reached 24,079 MW in 2022 from 1,104 MWin 2017,grown at a CAGR of 85%.The distributed solar installation led Brazils market for newlyadded capa

63、city,with 4 GW,driven by soaring electricity prices due to a hydropower crisis and bya national net metering regulation.BrazilChileFor Chile,the total installed capacity of solar PV in the country has reached 6,142 MW in 2022from 1,809 MW in 2017,grown at a CAGR of 28%.Chile is home to one of the hi

64、ghestirradiation regions in the world,the desert of Atacama,with“around 60 to 70%of solar PV”capacity installed in the regions of Atacama.The total installed capacity of solar PV in Argentina has reached 1,104 MW in 2022 from 8.8MW in 2017,grown at a CAGR of 163%.Among the several initiatives to inc

65、rease the powergeneration,the Argentinian government has launched the RenovAr Programme to develop theArgentinasrenewable energy sector.ArgentinaDominican Republics installed capacity of solar PV reached 742 MW in 2022 from 106 MW in2017,grown at a CAGR of 48%.The country plans for the displacement

66、of the private vehiclesfleet by 75%EVs and 25%hybrids by 2030 with recharging from renewable sources at anestimated cost of USD 5 Mn.Dominican RepublicThe total installed capacity of solar PV in El Salvador has reached 664 MW in 2022 from 120.5MW in 2017,grown at a CAGR of 41%.El Salvador is in the

67、process of implementing a new long-term national energy policy 2020 2050,which aims to reduce electricity tariffs in the countryby prioritising renewables over fuel imports and facilitating the removal of electricity subsidies.El SalvadorSource:IRENA,2022Global trends in Solar Power1271.2%18.2%3.3%2

68、.2%2.0%3.2%0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%24,079 MW6,142 MW1,104 MW742 MW664 MW1,077 MWBrazilChileArgentinaDominican RepublicEl SalvadorOthersTop 5 ISA Member Countries by Solar Installation,2022(Total:33 GW)AfricaPer Capita Electricity DemandIn 2022,Global electricity demand reached a record high of 28,

69、510 TWh.Major economies were responsible for themagnitude of this demand:China for 8,840 TWh(31%),India for 1,836 TWh(6%),United States for 4,335 TWh(15%),the European Union for 2,794 TWh(10%),Japan for 968 TWh(3%)and Russia for 1,102 TWh(4%).At a global level,the average per capita electricity dema

70、nd reached 3.6 MWh in 2022,with major countries abovethe global per capita average(United States 13 MWh,South Korea 12 MWh,China 6.2 MWh)and other countriessuch as India 1.3 MWh and Bangladesh 0.6 MWh far below.Wind and solar met the majority of demand growth:In 2022,growth in wind and solar met 80%

71、of the increase inelectricity demand,while renewables together met 92%of the growth.In China,wind and solar met 69%of theelectricity demand in 2022.In India,wind and solar met 23%of the demand growth.In the United States,wind andsolar met 68%of the demand growth.The figure below shows the electricit

72、y demand per capita across the 4 geographical regions(Africa,Asia&Pacific,Europe and others,Latin America&Caribbean),0.620.630.630.630.630.620.630.630.620.590.60.640.560.570.580.590.60.610.620.630.640.6520112012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 20192020 2021 2022Per Capita Electricity Demand in MWh(201

73、1-2022)Source:EMBER,2022TheAfricanregionselectricitydemand per capita of 0.6 MWh issignificantly lower than the worldaverage of 3.6 MWh in 2022.Africas proportion of electricitydemandgrowthmetbycleanenergy sources roughly doubled,from 23%during 2008-2015 to 61%during 2015-2022.Europe and others6.176

74、.26.136.026.056.116.146.156.095.926.26.055.755.85.855.95.9566.056.16.156.26.252011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022Per Capita Electricity Demand in MWh(2011-2022)Source:EMBER,2022TheEuroperegionselectricitydemand per capita of 6.05 MWh issignificantly higher than the worldavera

75、ge of 3.6 MWh in 2022.Since 2015,electricity demand intheregionhasbeenbroadlyunchanged and the growth in cleanpower reduced fossil generation.EUs electricity demand declinedfrom 6.2 MWh to 6.05 MWh in2022 due to the mild weather,alongsidedemandreductionmeasures driven in part by highelectricity pric

76、es across the region.Global trends in Solar Power13Latin America and Caribbean2.382.432.482.452.52.492.482.532.492.482.62.692.202.302.402.502.602.702.802011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022Per Capita Electricity Demand in MWh(2011-2022)3.439.710.550.933.260.044.272.326.181.91.3

77、17.56.665.354.911.35.437.7610.576.690.1525.948.211.7913.221.614.7512.87051015202530Per Capita Electricity Demand(MWh)in 2022 ISA Member Countries Source:EMBER,2022The Latin America and Caribbeanregionselectricitydemandpercapita of 2.7 MWh is relativelylower than the world average of 3.6MWh in 2022.T

78、his region effectively increased theclean power over the last few yearstomeettherisingelectricitydemandandtoreducefossilgeneration.Asia Pacific2.192.272.382.492.492.582.712.872.942.963.183.310.000.501.001.502.002.503.003.50201120122013 201420152016201720182019202020212022Per Capita Electricity Deman

79、d in MWh(2011-2022)Source:EMBER,2022The Asia Pacific regions electricitydemand per capita of 3.3 MWh isrelatively lower than the worldaverage of 3.6 MWh in 2022.Over half of the electricity demandincrease in Asia(52%)was metwith clean electricity over the lastfew years from 2015 to 2022.Based on the

80、 data availability from the secondary data sources,the electricity consumption per capita of ISA Member countries are captured below,From the above figure,it can be noted that the Norway has the highest electricity demand per capita of 25.94 MWhfollowed by Sweden(13.22 MWh)and USA(12.87 MWh)in 2022.

81、USAs electricity demand per capita reached12.87 MWh,more than three times the world average of 3.6 MWh.Increased demand has been primarily met bysolar and wind replacing gas generation and retiring coal plants.Thus,the United States transition to wind and solaris happening faster than the global ave

82、rage.Europes electricity demand per capita of 6.05 MWh is higher than theworld average of 3.6 MWh.European Union is a critical region in the global transition to clean power and its effortsto reduce emissions through wind,solar and other clean electricity sources will have a significant impact to ac

83、hievenet zero by 2050.Source:EMBER,2022Global trends in Solar Power14Trends in Solar PV4NDCs and Renewable Energy TrendsThe section presents an overview of the latest updates in the NDC focusing on the renewable energy targets of ISAmember countries.Renewable energy is one of the key components of t

84、he energy transition,but not all countrieshave included targets for their deployment in their NDCs.Based on the data availability from the secondary datasources,the revised/latest renewable energy targets of 34 ISA Member countries are captured below:CountryAlgeriaAntigua&BarbudaBahrainBarbadosBeliz

85、eBoliviaCambodiaCameroonCape VerdeDescription27%of the electricity produced nationally to be derived from renewable sources of energy by 2030;4%achieved(2020)86%renewable energy generation from local resources in the electricity sector by 2030;7%achieved(2020)Renewables will cover 5%of peak capacity

86、 in 2025 and 10%in 2035;1%achieved(2020)against 2025 targets95%share of renewable energy in the electricity mix by 2030;7%achieved(2020)75%gross generation of electricity from renewable energy sources by 2030 through hydro,solar,wind and biomass;56%achieved(2020)By 2030,19%of the energy consumed wil

87、l come from power plants based on alternative energies(biomass,solar,wind and geothermal);209%achieved(2020)25%of the renewable energy in the energy mix(solar,wind,hydro,biomass)by 2030;218%achieved(2020)To increase the share of renewable energies in the electricity mix to 25%by 2035;263%achieved(20

88、20)30%renewable energy share in the electricity supply in 2025 and up to 50%in 2030;54%achieved(2020)4.1CountryCubaDominicaDominican RepublicEgyptEUGrenadaGuyanaGuinea-BissauIndiaDescription24%of electricity generation based on renewable energy sources in Cuban electricity matrix by 2030(biomass 14%

89、;wind+solar PV 10%);89%achieved(2020)100%renewable energy usage by 2030,principally from the harnessing of geothermal resources;25%achieved(2020)Installation of 479 MW of solar PV power by 2030 at an estimated cost of USD 407.15 Mn;66%achieved(2019)Installing renewable energy capacities to reach ele

90、ctric power contribution target of 42%by 2035;26%achieved(2020)At least 32%renewable energy share in final energy consumption by 2030.Incorporation of 15 MW of renewable energy to the existing feeder line network by 2030;23%achieved(2020)100%renewable electricity by 2025;13%achieved(2020)Increase th

91、e share of renewable energies in the electricity mix to 58%by 2030,from hydro(40%)and rest from solar PV and wind;0%achieved(2020)To achieve about 50%cumulative electric power installed capacity from non-fossil fuel-based energy resources by 2030;40%achieved(2020)Global trends in Solar Power16Countr

92、yCountryDescriptionIsraelMauritiusMoroccoMyanmarNicaraguaOmanPapua New GuineaSamoaDescriptionTo increase the share of renewable power generation to 20%in 2025 and 30%in 2030;27%achieved(2020)against 2025 targets60%of energy needs to be produced from green sources by 2030;35%achieved(2020)52%of the i

93、nstalled electric power from renewable sources,including 20%from solar energy,20%from wind energy and 12%from hydraulic energy by 2030;35%achieved(2020)To increase the total share of renewable energy(solar and wind)to 53.5%by 2030,;90%achieved(2020)To increase the percentage of electricity generatio

94、n through renewable energy sources such as solar,wind and biomass to 60%by 2030,with respect to the year 2007;91%achieved(2020)To raise the penetration of renewable energy in the energy mix to 20%in 2030;2%achieved(2020)To increase levels of renewables in the energy mix for on-grid connection throug

95、h increasing the share of installed capacity of renewable energy from 30%in 2015 to 78%in 2030;35%achieved(2020)To reach 100%renewable electricity generation by 2025;38%achieved(2020)Sao Tome&PrincipeSaudi ArabiaSeychellesSri LankaSurinameTongaUnited Arab EmiratesVanuatuTo increase the use of renewa

96、ble energy sources up to 49 MW,mainly from solar(32.4 MW),hydroelectric(14 MW)and biomass(2.5 MW);6%achieved(2019)To increase the share of renewable energy to reach approximately 50%of the energy mix by 2030;0.1%achieved(2020)To increase the renewable energy share in the electricity supply to 15%in

97、2030 using mainly wind and solar PV;78%achieved(2020)To achieve 70%renewable energy in electricity generation by 2030;55%achieved(2020)To maintain a share of electricity from renewable sources above 35%by 2030;146%achieved(2020)70%of electricity generated from renewable sources by 2030 through combi

98、nation of solar,wind and battery storage;20%achieved(2020)National Energy Strategy 2050 envisages a 50%share of clean energy(renewables and nuclear)in the installed power capacity mix by 2050;9%achieved(2020)To reach approximately 100%renewable energy in the electricity sector by 2030;29%achieved(20

99、20)Source:UNFCCC NDC registryGlobal trends in Solar Power17Increase in ambition of Renewable Energy Targets In the European Union-REPowerEUUntil 2022,Europe relied on the Russian Federation for 40%of its fossil gas and 27%of its imported oil valuedat around EUR 400 Bn a year.The conflict and resulti

100、ng sanctions have raised concerns regarding energysecurity and energy costs that have put extremely high financial pressureon consumers and businesses.In response,the European Commission announced its REPowerEU strategy in March 2022 with the goal ofreducing Russian gas imports by two-thirds by the

101、end of 2022 and entirely by 2030.The strategy focuses onthree key topics,Securing non-Russian supplies of oil and gasExpanding the use of renewable energyImproving energy efficiencyIf the proposal is adopted,the European Unions 2030 target for renewables would increase from the current32%to 45%of th

102、e energy mix.The REPowerEU plan would bring total renewable energy generation capacityto 1,236 GW by 2030(including 600 GW solar PV and 510 GW wind),15%higher than the 1,067 GW envisagedunder Fit for 55.Source:IRENA,2022Global trends in Solar Power18Box 1Policy and Regulatory TrendsAs in 2020,the po

103、wer sector continued to receive the renewable energy policy attention in 2021.Policies to supportrenewables in the power sector include:renewable portfolio standards(RPS),feed-in policies(tariffs andpremiums),auctions and tenders,renewable energy certificates(RECs),net metering and other policies to

104、encourage self-consumption,as well as fiscal and financial incentives(such as grants,rebates and tax credits).The major policy and regulatory trends to support solar energy deployment are described below,Key policiesDescriptionFeed-in Tariff(FIT)/Feed in Premiums PolicyFITs and FIPs,are used to prom

105、ote centralised and decentralised renewable powergeneration,and they remain among the most widely used policy mechanisms forsupporting renewable power.Ireland,which had removed its FIT in 2015,re-introduced it to boost citizen andcommunity participation in the energy transition.Trinidad and Tobago i

106、ntroduced a FIT to support solar PV rooftop systems.Indias introduction of time-of-day(ToD)tariffs to incentivize solar powergeneration during peak demand periods.Australias solar feed-in tariff(FIT)program is transitioning to competitive tenders,promoting cost-effective solar energy deployment.Deve

107、lopers now submit tariffproposals,and contracts are awarded to projects with the most competitive rates.Renewable energy auctions or tendersIt is a competitive process to procure low cost Auctions for renewable energy offera competitive way to buy cheap power from renewable sources.In 2021,anumber o

108、f nations held national or subnational renewable energy auctions ortenders,as shown in the figurebelow:Auction-based solar projects promote competition among developers,leading tocost reductions,increased efficiency,and better value for money.It opens opportunities for price discovery,ensuring selec

109、tion of the mosteconomically competitive projects as well as lessens the subsidy burden on thegovernment for deployment of largescale solar energy projects.7176728182858584838392364655606473839810911613102040608010012014020112012201320142015201620172018201920202021Number of countriesRenewable Energy

110、 Feed-in Tariffs and TendersFeed-in tariff/premium paymentTenderingSource:REN21,20224.2Global trends in Solar Power19Key policiesDescriptionNet meteringNet metering continued to be a popular policy instrument to support renewableenergy i.e.for rooftop solar segmentNet metering is a regulated arrange

111、ment in which electricity generators canreceive credits for excess generation,which can be applied to offset consumptionin other billing periods.Under net metering,customers receive credit at the levelof retail electricity price.In India,Kerala introduced a new net metering rooftop programme with a

112、goal ofinstalling solar panels on 75,000 homes and West Bengal introduced net meteringfor household rooftop solar PV between 1 kW and 5 kW.Malaysia introduced a new programme that allows residential customers to exportsurplus solar generation to the grid.Financial/fiscal policies(grants,rebates and

113、tax credits)At a global level,approximately 17 countries introduced new financial or fiscalpolicies in 2021,including Denmark,France,Italy,Australia and New Zealand.In Europe,Croatia implemented an USD 8.4 bn rebate programme for rooftopsolar PV installations for businesses and households.Sweden mad

114、e available USD 28.7 Mn in rebates for households who install solarPV.Renewable portfolio standards(RPS)RPS mandates requiringutility to install/use a certain share of renewable energy.As of 2021,31 US states and the District of Columbiahad legally binding RPS.Colombia introduced an obligation for u

115、tilities operating in the wholesale energymarket to ensure that 10%of the electricity they distribute is generated byrenewable technologies as of 2022.Renewable energy certificate(REC)A certificate awarded to certify the generation of renewable energy(typically 1 MWhof electricity).RECs are preferre

116、dinstrument to meet renewable energy obligations.Global trends in Solar Power20Key Solar Policies in ISA Member CountriesS NoCountriesFITRPSRECAfrica1Algeria2Benin3Botswana4Burkina Faso5Burundi6Cameroon7Cape Verde8Chad9Comoros10DR Congo11Cote dIvoire12Djibouti13Egypt14Equatorial Guinea15Eritrea16Eth

117、iopia17Gabon18Gambia19Ghana20Guinea21Guinea-Bissau22Liberia23Madagascar24Malawi25Mali26Mauritius27Morocco28Mozambique29Namibia30Niger31Nigeria32RwandaS NoCountriesFITRPSREC33Sao Tome Principe34Senegal35Seychelles36Somalia37South Sudan38Sudan39Tanzania40Togolese Republic41Tunisia42Uganda43Zambia44Zim

118、babweAsia-Pacific45Australia46Bahrain47Bangladesh48Cambodia49Fiji50India51Japan52Kiribati53Maldives54Marshall islands55Myanmar56Nauru57Nepal58Oman59Palau60Papua New Guinea61Samoa62Saudi Arabia63Sri Lanka64Syria65TongaExisting policies/schemesAbsence of policies/schemesNote:FIT-Feed-in Tariff;RPS-Ren

119、ewable portfolio standards;REC-Renewable Energy Certificate Global trends in Solar Power21Key Solar Policies in ISA Member CountriesS NoCountriesFITRPSREC66Tuvalu67United Arab Emirates68Vanuatu69YemenEurope&others70Denmark71France72Germany73Greece74Hungary75Israel76Italy77Luxembourg78Netherlands79No

120、rway80Sweden81UK82USALatin America&Caribbean83Antigua and Barbuda84Argentina85Barbados86BelizeS NoCountriesFITRPSREC87Bolivia88Brazil89Chile90Costa Rica91Cuba92Dominica93Dominican Republic94El Salvador95Grenada96Guyana97Haiti98Jamaica99Nicaragua100Paraguay101Peru102Saint Kitts and Nevis103Saint Vinc

121、ent and the Grenadines104Saint Lucia105Suriname106Trinidad and Tobago107VenezuelaMajor Policy gaps and Challenges 1.Facilitate permitting for utility-scale systems-Lengthy and complicated permitting processes are one of themajor challenges to the faster deployment of utility-scale solar PV plants in

122、 many parts of the world,especially inEurope.Developing clear rules and pathways for developers applying for a construction permit,determining stricttimeframes for application processing,and public engagement in the identification of land suitable for investmentcould significantlyaccelerate solar PV

123、 deployment.2.Establish a balanced policy environment for distributed PV-Appropriate policies are needed to attractinvestment into distributed solar PV while also securing sufficient revenue to pay for fixed network assets andensuring that the cost burden is allocated fairly among all consumers.Exis

124、ting policies/schemesAbsence of policies/schemesNote:FIT-Feed-in Tariff;RPS-Renewable portfolio standards;REC-Renewable Energy Certificate;Source:REN21,2022 Global trends in Solar Power22A Renewable PolicyTransition in ChinaChina has shifted its renewable energy pricing policy from a premium FIT mod

125、el to a“grid parity”model whererenewable and coal plants sell electricity at the same price.The National Energy Administration stoppedapproving FITs for renewable energy projects in 2018,which was followed by a decision to phase out FITschemes.The move was driven by delay in FIT payments and by the

126、plungingcost of PV modules.The policy transition resulted annual solar PV installations to fall approximately 30%in 2019.However,asprosumers sought to benefit from the final years of FIT,the market grew 60%in 2020,to reach 55 GW of newinstallations in 2021.In 2021,China announced its 14thFive-Year-P

127、lan,puts a continued focus on wind and solar PV power as well asenergy integration and energy storage,aiming for a 20%non-fossil fuel share in the energy mix by 2025.Chinasrecently announced targets for carbon neutrality by 2060 have also driven demand for renewables.Source:REN21,2022 Global trends

128、in Solar Power23Fossil Fuel Subsidies are back on the rise Global ScenarioAccording to IEA,energy subsidies have been rising since 2021 after a noticeable dip in 2020 due to the Covidpandemic.In 2021,rebounding fossil fuel prices and energy had already lifted fossil fuel consumption subsidiesto USD

129、532 billion,around 20%above 2019s pre-pandemic levels.At a global level,Russia was the largest single provider of fossil fuel subsidy payments,followed by Iran andChina in 2021.According to the IEA,subsidies for the use of fossil fuels increased to more than USD 1 Tn in 2022,by far the highest yearl

130、y value ever recorded.In 2022,the cost of fossil fuels experienced significant fluctuations and reached exceptionally high levels due togeopolitical tensions affecting energy markets.Various policy measures were implemented to shield consumersfrom skyrocketing prices.However,these interventions had

131、an unintended consequence of maintaining theartificial competitiveness of fossil fuels compared to low-emission alternatives.Source:IEA,2022Box 3Box 2Phasing out fossil fuel subsidies is a crucial element for successful clean energy transitions,as highlighted inthe Glasgow Climate Pact.Fossil fuel c

132、onsumption is subsidized due to end-user prices being high enough to cover the market value ofthe fuel.During an energy crisis,governments prioritize shielding consumers from price impacts rather thancommitting to phasing out subsidies.This approach led to a significant increase in fossil fuel consu

133、mption subsidies in 2022 and theimplementation of measures to mitigate the impact on energy bills.While this provided temporary relief,it reduced the incentive for consumers to save or transition to cleanerenergy sources,thus delayinga sustainable resolution of the crisis.Moreover,these subsidies de

134、pleted public funds that could have been allocated to other areas,includingclean energy transitions.30,80826,94927,20840,60133,62429,59347,44963,90843,29447,94040,25332,68820,60040,93815,88313,40130,86937,68421,79210,38327,04211,4416,6958,76416,09712,9799,34023,5779,6126,97613,42817,64211,8455,20921

135、,00211,9389,2358,3948,5896,3034,82517,4690200004000060000800001000001200001400001600001800002000002015201620172018201920202021Million USDFossil Fuel Subsidies in ISA Member CountriesIndiaSaudi ArabiaEgyptAlgeriaVenezuelaUnited Arab EmiratesSource:IEA,2022Global trends in Solar Power24Solar PV Techno

136、logy TrendsTaking advantage of the growing solar PV capacity across the globe,several countries are underway to stimulatefuture market growth,exploring innovative solar technologies from bifacial solar cells and floating solar farms tothe energy harvesting trees.The major developments are as follows

137、.TechnologiesDescriptionBifacial solar cellsKey features:Bifacial solar panels can generate up to 30%more energy than monofacialpanels.Bifacial modules have also lower Balance of Systems(BOS)costs as fewer modulesare needed to produce the same amount of energyas traditional modules.Worldwide demand

138、of bifacial modules has also raised,with countries such as the UnitedStates,Brazil and the UnitedKingdom increasingly use these modules for utility scalePhotovoltaic plants.Based on the present market trend,bifacial solar modules are extending their geographicalreach from Japan,Europe to the emergin

139、g markets across the globe.Bifacial solar moduleshave attracted a lot of market attention in the recent years.The International Technology Roadmap for Photovoltaic(ITRPV)predicts that after havinga minimal presence in 2017,the bifacial concept is expected to capture approximately 10%of the market sh

140、are in 2018,increase to 15%by 2020,and potentially reach 40%withinthe next decade(IRENA,2019).Solar treesIn solar tree,the solar modules are planted on a single pillar,which resembles like a treetrunk.Solar tree serves the dual purpose of being an energy generator as well as anartwork.Solar trees se

141、rve as a complementary option to rooftop solar,offering ergonomicadvantages over traditional solar panels.They require around 100 times less spacecompared to horizontal solar plants while generating an equivalent amount of electricity.This makes solar trees a viable solution for economies facing cha

142、llenges of limited land andspace availability.4.3Global trends in Solar Power25The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Mechanical EngineeringResearch Institute(CSIR-CMERI)residential colony in Durgapur is now home to theworlds largest solar tree,developed by CSIR-CMERI.With an inst

143、alled capacity of 11.5kW,this solar tree can generate an annual clean power output of approximately12,000-14,000 units.The design of the solar tree ensures maximum sunlight exposure for each of itsapproximately 35 solar PV panels,minimizing shadow areas below.Unlike rooftop solarfacilities,the solar

144、 trees arms holding the panels are flexible and adjustable accordingto specific needs,providing an additional advantage.Source:CSIR-CMERI WebsiteIndia develops Worlds largest Solar TreeBox 4TechnologyDescriptionSolar carportsSolar carports are ground-mounted solar panels that are installed in the ve

145、hicle parkinglots.Home driveways can also be laid underneath to form a carport.Solar Carports are very popular alternative and supplement to the classic rooftopsystems,with the benefit that the solar carports can be installed entirely independent ofthe roof angle,shape and orientation of the house.B

146、esides providing the shade to the vehicles parked underneath,they can efficientlygenerate electricity and offers a number of benefits.If solar carports are coupled with awell-designed charging system,the electricity produced can be used for EV charging thusreducing the costs of running the vehicle.A

147、n elevated solar carport track the sun throughout the day,can generate 50-70%moreenergy than fixed solar carport systems of similar size and they are becoming a strongand attractive economic proposition in a growing number of markets.Finally,space saving is another important aspect,as carports make

148、better utilisation ofland which is already in use for the vehicle parking rather than using an open land.The energy generation data from the solar tree can be monitored either real-time/ondaily basis.The Solar Tree can also have certain customizable features for application atdiverse sites.The Solar

149、 Trees are designed in a manner to ensure minimum ShadowArea,thus potentially making it available for widespread usage in the agriculturalactivities such as,e-Tractors and e-Power Tillers and High Capacity Pumps.Solar Trees can be aligned with Agriculture for substituting price-volatile fossil fuels

150、.EachSolar Tree has the potential to save 10-12 tonnes of CO2emissions being released intothe atmosphere as GHG when compared with fossil fuel fired energy generation.Besides,the surplus generated power can be incorporated into the energy grid.ThisAgricultural Model can provide a constant economic r

151、eturn and support the farmers tocounter the effects of the uncertain variation in agriculture related activities,thuscreating farming an Economic&Energy Sustainable practice.The solar tree has the capability to include IOT based features,i.e.round-the-clock CCTVsurveillance in agricultural fields,wi

152、nd speed,rainfall prediction,real-time humidity,andsoil analytics sensors.Source:Ministry ofScienceand Technology(India),2016Tata Motors and Tata Power inaugurate Indias largest Solar Carport at its Car Plant in PuneTata Motors and Tata Power jointly inaugurated Indias largest grid-synchronized sola

153、rcarport at the Tata Motors car plant in Chikhali,Pune.The 6.2 MW solar carportdeployed by Tata Power will generate 86.4 lakh kWh of electricity per year and isestimated to decrease 7,000 tonnes of carbon emissions annually and 1.6 lakh tonnesover its lifecycle.Global trends in Solar Power26Box 5Tec

154、hnologyDescriptionFloating solar farms/floatovoltaicsFloatovoltaics refer to the photovoltaic solar power systems that float on dams,reservoirs and other water bodies.These floating photovoltaic panels generate large amount of electricity,and the bestpart is,that they dont use any space on real esta

155、te/land.Due to the cooling effect of water,these floating solar cells generate more power by upto 10%.However,floating solar PV also faces some challenges such as feasible siteselection,rusting due to moisture and high cost as compared to conventional solarplants.Besides producing electricity,these

156、floatovoltaics are also beneficial in watermanagement by reducing water loss due to evaporation.Spanning over to 30,000 square meters,the solar carport will not only generategreen power,but will also provide covered parking for cars in the plant.Also,Tata Power Solar commissioned solar carport with

157、2.67 MW of capacity atCochin International Airport.The project comprised of8,472 solar panels on 27carports spread over 20,289 square meter of area.Benefits:Offsets 1,868 tonnes ofCO2at Cochin International Airport per annum,equivalent to 46,700 tonnes ofCO2offset in 25 years.The plant generates 11,

158、000 units of electricity daily.Source:TataPowerWebsiteHybrid Hydropower and Floating Solar PV systems in ChinaThe development of the grid connected hybrid systems that combine floating solarphotovoltaic and hydropower technologies is still at an early stage.Only a small systemof 218 kWp has been dep

159、loyed in Portugal.In 1989,the Longyangxia hydropower plant was commissioned with the four turbines of320 MW each 1,280 MW in total.It serves as the frequency regulation and major loadpeaking power plant in Chinas northwest power grid.The associated Gonghe solar plant is 30 kms away from the Longyang

160、xia hydropowerplant.The initial phase was built&commissioned in 2013 with a nameplate capacity of320 MW.An additional 530 MWp was completed in 2015.The Photovoltaic plant is directlyconnected through a reserved330 kV transmission line to the hydropower substation.The hybrid system is operated so tha

161、t the energy generation of the hydro and FloatingSolar Photovoltaic components complement each other.After the solar Photovoltaic wasincluded,the grid operator began to issue a higher power dispatch set point during theday.Global trends in Solar Power27Box 6TechnologyDescriptionAgrophotovoltaic(APV)

162、As expected,on a typical day the output from the hydro facility is now decreased,especially from 11 a.m.to 4 p.m.,when solar Photovoltaic generation is high.The saved energy is requested by the operator to be utilised during the early morningand late night hours.Although the daily generation pattern

163、 of the hydropower hasvaried,the daily reservoir water balance could be maintained at the same level asbefore to meet the water requirementsof the other downstream reservoirs.All power produced by the hybrid system is fully absorbed by the grid,without anyreduction.This system shows that hydro turbi

164、nes can provide adequate response todemand.Source:World Bank,2018Global trends in Solar Power28Fiji AgrophotovoltaicProject in OvalauIn order to reduce Fijis reliance on hydropower,the electricity output is becomingincreasingly volatile owing to irregular annual rainfall,this project aims to develop

165、 a 4MW solar PV power generation system that will boost local agricultural production,andto combine it with a 5 MW battery storage system.The total project value is USD 10million,including Green climate funds loan of USD 3.9 Mn and a USD 1.1 Mn grant.Source:IRENA,2022Box 7APV technology aligns with

166、sustainable agriculture practices by utilizing landefficiently and promoting renewable energy generation in rural areas.APV systems can help farmers diversify income streams by generating electricityand potentially accessing additional revenue streams through renewable energyincentives.Research effo

167、rts are focused on understanding the agronomic impacts of APVsystems,exploring compatible crop combinations,and assessing the long-termsustainability of this integrated approach.The Agrophotovoltaics Resource-Efficient Land Use(APV-RESOLA)project,situatedin Germany near Lake Constance,has successful

168、ly demonstrated the APV concept.Theproject involved a 194 kW solar system mounted on a 5-meter-high structure aboveland used for cultivating celery,clover,potatoes,and winter wheat.The findingsconfirmed earlier research,with land use efficiency reaching 160%in 2017 and 186%in 2018(IRENA,2019).Italy

169、included USD 1.24 Bn in support for agrovoltaics in its post-COVID recovery plan.Farmers are beginning to gain wider awareness of the benefits of agricultural PV including higher crop yields.TechnologyDescriptionSolar energy storageSolar energy storage systems stores solar energy during the day to u

170、tilise at night/duringperiods of low sunlight,reducing the need for grid electricity.There are several benefits of solar storage,including storing excess energy for use duringperiods of high demand,reducing reliance on the grid,and providing backup power in caseof an outage.Building-integrated photo

171、voltaics(BIPV)Building-integrated photovoltaics are photovoltaic materials that are used to replaceconventional building materials in parts of the building envelope such as the roof,skylights,or facades.BIPV serves dual-purpose:they serve as both the outer layer of a structure andgenerate electricit

172、y for on-site use or export to the grid.The key benefits are:No unoccupied area requiredDecreased heat-transmittanceDecreased harmful irradianceSome of the constraints include:Higher capital cost for installationDifficult and expensive to retrofit older buildingsMore complex and requireshigh labour

173、charges than normal PV modules installationGlobal trends in Solar Power29Maryland,U.S-Solar and Battery Storage for Customer and Ancillary ServicesSolar Grid Storage LLC provided 500 kW AC storage comprising about 300 kWh oflithium-ion batteries and inverter combination to the headquarters of Konter

174、ra inMaryland.The storage and inverter system are connected to the solar PV panels with400 kW capacity.The key objective of the Solar Grid Storage LLC is to provide both the customer and thegrid with multiple benefits.This includes fast-power balancing support to the local grid,backup emergencypower

175、 during grid outages and reduced system cost.The battery storage systems are connected to the local utility and can thus provide arange of ancillary services when required by the utility or grid operator through normaldispatch.Solar Grid Storage LLCs standard service is to provide the inverter and s

176、toragesystem at a very low cost.Solar Grid recovers these costs plus a profit margin through ancillary services provided tothe grid and paid by the grid operator.Thus,Solar Grid Storage LLC business modeleffectively utilises solar battery storage to capitalise on the regulatory markets forancillary

177、services in the United States.Source:IRENA,2022Box 8Solar Supply Chain Trends This section focuses on the trends in the solar PV supply chain,bottlenecks and measures to build a more securesupply chain.For the solar PV technology,the main segments of the value chain include manufacturing ofequipment

178、,construction and installation,and O&M,plus a range of support services,enabling functions andgovernance aspects.Manufacturing Construction and InstallationOperation and MaintenanceSolar Supply Chain-OverviewSource:IRENA,2022The solar PV manufacturing capacity shifted from Europe,the United States t

179、o China over the last decade.In 2022,China dominates the global solar PV supply chains.The global manufacturing capacity of solar PV jumped fromapproximately 25 GW(2010)to 220 GW(2022),with China accounting for 97%of the production.In addition,300GW of manufacturing capabilities have already been an

180、nounced,underlying the willingness to prevent other actorsfrom gainingsignificant shares of the market.The Chinese market dominance reflects the ability of local companies to gain benefit from the economies of scale,and the government support which has set strategic long-term goals in the industry.B

181、etween 2017 and 2021,around half of the total Chinese production of PV modules has been delivered to Asia-Pacific regions and India while the other half delivered to Europe,with smaller amounts directed to Latin Americaand Caribbean and the rest of the world.4.4Global trends in Solar Power30Key dete

182、rminants of solar supply chainRaw material availabilityManufacturing capacity and technologyMarket demand and growthPrice and cost dynamicsInnovation and research and developmentTrade policies and regulationsThe skewed geographical concentration in solar PV supply chain has led the European Union,In

183、dia and theUnited States to introduce policy incentives to support domestic solar PV production.However,diversifyingsolar PV manufacturing will be possible only if the production costs reduce to ensure competitiveness withthe lowest-cost producers(like China)in both short and long term.China has inf

184、rastructure and industrial policies that built an integrated supply chain with large economies ofscale.Low labour cost is also a key enabler.Chinas industrial policies focusing on solar PV have enabledeconomies of scale and enabled continuous innovation throughout the supply chain.In 2021,Thailand,V

185、ietnam and Malaysia have become manufacturing and assembly hubs,togetherrepresenting approximately 9%of cell and module production.Further Japan,India and Singapore accountfor 10.5%of cell and 7.6%of module production.Global trends in Solar Power3178.20%96.80%88.60%3.20%0.50%0.20%18.30%2.50%2.80%0.3

186、0%0.20%8.40%0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%100%201020212027WafersChinaEuropeAsia-PacificRest of the World28.60%79.20%89.20%19.40%8.00%2.40%21.50%6.00%2.00%30.50%6.80%6.40%0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%100%201020212027PolysiliconChinaEuropeAsia-PacificRest of the WorldSource:IEA,202255.70%74.70%73.90%12

187、.80%2.80%2.00%18.70%15.40%10.70%12.80%7.10%13.40%0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%100%201020212027ModulesChinaEuropeAsia-PacificRest of the World57.90%85.10%79.50%7.30%0.60%0.70%28.40%12.40%9.90%6.40%1.90%9.90%0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%100%201020212027CellsChinaEuropeAsia-PacificRest of the WorldBase

188、d on the IEA Data and Statistics(2022),the previous,and expected solar PV manufacturing capacitybased on different technologies by region for the FY 2010,FY 2021 and 2027 provided below,Manufacturing activities accounted for 1.6 Mn of the PV jobs;construction andinstallation accounted for almost 1 M

189、n jobs,with O&M accounting for 0.8million jobs.Chinas dominant role in solar PV employment reflects its strong position asboth the dominant manufacturer of equipment and its commanding position incapacity installations.Supported by industrial policy measures,China is home to the bulk of the globalPV

190、 supply chain.Approximately 72%of global polysilicon production takes placein China,with massive expansion of capacity under construction or planned.Key Trends in Solar PV ManufacturingChinaIndiaThe Indian government imposed import duties of 40%on all modules and25%on all cells effective April 2022.

191、The country also introduced a production-linked incentive(PLI)scheme toboost domestic manufacturing of high-efficiency modules.This offersfinancial support for project developers who commit to setting upproduction facilities along the supply chain.In 2021,the rising costs in China had knock-on effec

192、t on module prices.Indian PV imports sank to a low of approximately USD 500 Mn,down fromalmost USD 4 Bn in 2018.USAThe Inflation Reduction Act,passed in August 2022,embraces elements of abroader industrial policy.It includes manufacturing credits for clean energy,in addition to a long-termextension

193、of existing solar and wind tax credits and many other climate andhealth provisions.A clean manufacturing tax credit alone could trigger approximately 1,15,000job-years(direct,indirect and induced jobs),and tax credits for solar,windand battery manufacturingcould create another 5,61,000 jobs.Global t

194、rends in Solar Power32In the past year,rising global commodity prices have led to higher material costs for solar PV manufacturing.Today,China and ASEAN countries(Viet Nam,Thailand and Malaysia)have the lowest solar PV module manufacturing costsfor all segments of the supply chain.Economies of scale

195、,supply chain integration,relatively low energy costs andlabour productivity make China the most competitive solar module manufacturer worldwide.Higher investment costsin India are the primary reason for the cost differential with China,while higher overhead and labour costs makes USPV manufacturing

196、 not as competitive.In Europe,rising energy prices following Russias invasion of Ukraine widened the cost gap with China.Today,EUindustrial energy prices are more than triple those of China,India and the United States.The solar PV manufacturing supply chain is influenced by factors such as land,ener

197、gy,capital,and labor.However,government industrial policies play a critical role in shaping viable supply chains.Polysiliconproduction requires significant capital investments and skilled labor.Solar cell manufacturing relies on access tomodern production equipment and skilled machine operators.Modu

198、le production,focused on assembly,requires less technical skill compared to cell fabrication.Diversifying solar PV supply chains requires addressing key challenges-The cost competitiveness of existingsolar PV manufacturing is a key challenge to diversify supply chains.China is the most cost-competit

199、ive countryto manufacture components of the solar PV supply chain.Costs in China are 20%lower than in the UnitedStates,10%lower than in India and 35%lower than in Europe.Large variations in labour,and investmentexplain these variations.In the absence of manufacturing support and financial incentives

200、,the bankability ofmanufacturing projects remains limited outside China and few countries in Southeast Asia.Low-cost electricity is a key enabler for the competitiveness of the solar PV supply chain.Electricity accountsfor over 40%of production costs for polysilicon and 20%for ingots/wafers.Solar pa

201、nel manufacturers can alsouse their own renewable electricity on site,thereby reducing both electricity bills and emissions.Government policies are vital to build a more secure solar PV supply chain-High commodity prices andsupply chain bottlenecks resulted in the increase of 20%in solar panel price

202、s over the last year.Globally,policies to support solar PV have focused mostly on increasing demand and lowering costs.However,sustainable and resilient supply chains are needed to ensure timely and cost-effective delivery ofsolar panels.Governments need to turn their attention to ensuring the secur

203、ity of solar PV supplies as anintegral part of clean energytransition.Global trends in Solar Power33Solar PV Cost TrendsOne of the key trends in the solar PV industry in 2023 is the continued decline in the cost of componentsrequired for solar panel installations,such as solar cells and inverters.Th

204、is is due to the increased manufacturingefficiency,advances in technology and economies of scale.Manufacturers have become more efficient in theirsolar PV production processes,leading to produce solar panels at a much faster pace.Advances in technologyhave led to manufacturing of solar cells and inv

205、erters at a lower cost.The economies of scale have resulted inthe cost-effective production of solar panels in larger quantities.The figure below depicts the key driversinvolved in reducing the price of solar panels,Technology improvements that have reduced system losses have played a vital role.The

206、 recent adoptiontowards an increased use of bifacial modules has increased the performance of the solar panel by generatingmore energy(than mono-facial panels).Further,solar PV module prices return to the downward curve they were following prior to the covid-19pandemic,as polysilicon supply becomes

207、more abundant.The raw material and shipping costs decline in 2023also has a direct impact on solar component prices.Advances in technology1Manufacturing efficiency2Economies of scale3Global trends in Solar Power34Key factors influencing price of Solar PV Modules Source:IEA,2020Solar PV Module Price

208、TrendKey factors influencing price of Solar PV Modules Technological advancements:The continuous improvement in solar cell efficiency,manufacturing processes,and material utilizationhas led to cost reductions and increased module output,resulting in lower prices.Scale of production:As the solar indu

209、stry expanded and production volumes increased,economies of scalekicked in.Larger manufacturing capacities allowed for bulk purchasing of raw materials and equipment,reducing production costs,and driving down module prices.Policies and incentives:Various policies,such as feed-in tariffs,tax credits,

210、and subsidies,have played asignificant role in driving demand for solar PV installations.These incentives have stimulated market growth,increased competition,and ultimatelyled to price reductions.Reduction in manufacturing costs:Over time,manufacturers have optimized production processes,improved yi

211、eld rates,and reduced manufacturing costs.Factors such as automation,economies of scale,andincreased competition among manufacturers have contributed to cost savings and subsequently lower moduleprices.Supply and demand dynamics:Fluctuations in supply and demand have influenced module prices.Increas

212、eddemand has strained the supply chain at times,resulting in temporary price spikes.Conversely,oversupplysituations have led to price declines.Raw material prices:The prices of key raw materials used in solar PV modules,such as silicon,silver,andaluminium,have experienced fluctuations.Changes in the

213、se material costs can impact module prices,althoughtechnological advancementsand manufacturingefficiencies have helped mitigatethe impact.Trade policies and tariffs:Trade policies,including import duties and tariffs,have affected the price of solarPV modules.Imposition of tariffs on module imports h

214、as disrupted the supply chain and increased prices insome instances.Balance of system costs:The components beyond the module itself,such as inverters,mounting structures,and installation costs,it has an indirect impact on module prices.As the balance of system costs decreaseddue to technological adv

215、ancements and market competition,it created downward pressure on overall systemprices,including modules.Research and development(R&D)investments:Investments in solar PV research and development havedriven technological advancements and innovation.R&D initiatives have led to the discovery of new mate

216、rials,manufacturingtechniques,and cell designs,all of which have contributed to price reductions over time.Global market dynamics:Changes in the global solar PV market,including the emergence of new markets,regional variations in demand,and geopolitical factors,have influenced module prices.Market d

217、ynamics impactthe balance of supply and demand,which in turn affectsprices.USD 0.2 per WattSolar Market TrendsThe rise of increasingly cost-effective energy storage combined with greater demand-side flexibility and theexpansion of transmission infrastructure is making it possible for regions to tran

218、sition to fully renewable-basedpower systems.Another factor enabling the transition to solar-based energy systems is the improvement in theelectricity access rates,especially in the off-grid areas.The figure below highlights the share of the population withaccess to electricity in 2020 across ISA Me

219、mber Countries,Status of Access to Electricity(%)ISA Member Countries44%0%64%45%94%65%100%95%By the end of 2020,91%2of the global population had access toelectricity.In Asia&Pacific,access to electricity reached 92.9%in 2020,Europe and others(100%),Latin America(96.4%).In Africa,access to electricit

220、y rates almost tripled from approximately 8Mn between 2000 and 2013 to 24 Mn people between 2014 and 2019.The population without electricity access,peaked at 613 Mn in 2013,declined progressively to 572 Mn in 2019.Much of this transition camefrom countries such as Kenya,Senegal,Rwanda,Ghana and Ethi

221、opia,while more than 40%of Sub-Saharan African countries do not yet haveofficial electricity access targets.Most of the gap in electricity access can be attributed to the countrieswhere population growth has outpaced the electrification rate,such asBurundi,Chad,Malawi and Democratic republic of Cong

222、o.Thesecountries should effectively utilise the natural solar potential toimprove the electricity access rates.The figure below highlights thesolar radiation availability across ISA Member countries,Source:World Bank,20202 IRENA,20224.5ISA Member Countries with lowest Electricity Access(%)AfricaBeni

223、n41.4%Burkina Faso 18.9%Burundi11.7%Chad11.1%DR Congo19.1%Guinea 44.7%Guinea Bissau33.3%Madagascar33.7%Malawi14.9%Mali50.6%Mozambique30.6%Niger19.3%South Sudan7.2%Source:World Bank,2020Global trends in Solar Power35Distributed Renewables for Energy Access(DREA)systems are renewable-based systems(sta

224、nd-alone off-gridsystems)that can generate and distribute energy independently of a centralised electricity grid.DREA systemsprovide a wide range of services including cooking,lighting,space heating and cooling in the urban and rural areasof the developing world.DREA system represents an essential s

225、olution for fulfilling modern energy needs and also improving the livelihoodsof hundreds of millions of people presently lacking access to electricity/clean cooking solutions.Stand-alone systems and Mini-grids are considered as the least cost option for providing access to electricity tonearly half

226、of the population in Sub-SaharanAfrica by 2030.Distributed Renewables for Energy AccessFurther,to improve the electricity access rates across Africa and other such regions with lower access rates,Distributed Renewables for Energy Access(DREA)could be a possible solution.Global Horizontal Irradiation

227、(GHI)in kWh/m2/day ISA Member CountriesSource:Global Solar Atlas,2020The figures from the Global Solar Atlas from World Bank reveal the average potential of solar energy around theworld and this infographic shows the solar advantage of African countries many of which are ISA MemberCountries.The real

228、ity is that most of these nations have not yet taken action to utilise this advantage.Approximately,20%of the global population living in 70 countries possess excellent conditions for solar.A significant quantum of solar energy potential in Africa is still untapped and represents a unique opportunit

229、yto provide affordable,reliable,and sustainable electricity services to a large share of population whereimproved economic opportunities and quality of life are the most needed.In Benin,Burkina Faso,Fiji,Papua New Guinea,Rwanda,Samoa,Tanzania and Vanuatu at least 9%of thepopulation has benefited fro

230、m off-gridsolar lightingsystems.5.4 4.54.4 3.16.3 5.53.0 2.4(Unit:kWh/m2/day)Global trends in Solar Power36Top 5 ISA Member Countries with highest Electricity Access(%)from Distributed Renewable Energy Solutions,20222%4%3%5%5%6%4%0%1%2%3%4%5%6%7%8%9%10%NepalRwandaVanuatuFijiBangladeshShare of popula

231、tion connected to solar PV mini-gridsShare of population using solar home systems(11-50 W)Share of population using solar home systems(50 W)Source:REN21,2022For distributed renewable energy systems for energy access,Micro-grid typically refers to an independent gridnetwork operating on a scale of le

232、ss than 10 kW power,while the mini grids are designed to generate 10 kW ormore power using renewable energy that distributes electricity to a limited number of customers.Unliketraditional grid systems,microgrids are decentralized and located close to the area they serve.Microgrids canserve as a supp

233、lement to a larger,connected grid system or as a stand-alone power source.1.Solar Micro grids/Mini gridsGlobal trends in Solar Power37Solar PV mini-grids are the preferred technology for providing electricity access across Africa and Asia.The globalinstalled capacity of solar mini-grids totalled 365

234、 MW in 2019.The graph below shows the region-wise trend oftotal installed capacity of mini-gridsin ISA Member countries,Source:IRENA,2021The figure below shows the top 5 ISA Member countries with highest electricity access rate from off-grid solar solutions(solar home systems and mini-grids)in 2019.

235、2.12.84.68.19.874.2246.7262.0280.4283.716.72419.36924.93531.10938.34550.00750.73256.03360.02860.271.3792.1032.2492.2492.2534.1314.72616.67517.94917.9490.0120.0120.0170.0170.0173.7673.7673.7673.7673.7670.050.0100.0150.0200.0250.0300.02010201120122013201420152016201720182019Region-wise Trend of Instal

236、led Capacity in Solar Mini-grids(MW)AfricaAsiaLatin Americ&CaribbeanMiddle EastIn West Africa,Nigeria has one of the worlds largest mini-grid support programmes under the Nigeria ElectrificationProject(NEP)and aims to electrify 300,000 households and 30,000 local enterprises through private sector-d

237、rivensolar-hybrid mini-gridsby 2023.Nigerias Rural Electrification Authority commissioned several installations in 2020,including two solar-hybrid mini-grids(totalling 135 kW)developed by Renewvia Energy and a 234 kW solar-hybrid mini-grid installed by a localdeveloper to power nearly 2,000 househol

238、ds.In 2021,the Authority signed agreements with Husk Power to buildseven mini grids providing over 5,000 new connections.Global trends in Solar Power38Energy Access in the Health Sector-NigeriaRenewable energy solutions have supported the provision of health care and other essential services,especia

239、lly sincethe start of the COVID-19 pandemic.Solutions range from small-scale off-grid installations for unelectrified ruralclinics,to larger,steady power delivery services for urban clinics that house crucial medical devices but are subject tounreliable grids.During the pandemic,there has been a par

240、ticular focus on cold chains to keep COVID-19 vaccineschilled from production to delivery.These cold storage facilities require a 24/7 power supply,which has come fromhybrid solar/diesel,battery/inverter systems or direct-drive solar refrigerators.During 2020 and 2021,a variety of initiatives includ

241、ed mini gridsand microgrids in the health sector:Nigerias Rural Electrification Agency developed several solar mini-grids for use at hospitals and other healthcarefacilities as an emergency response to COVID-19.Health facilities also were a focus of several other donor-drivenmini-gridinitiatives.Pow

242、er Africa,funded by the US Agency for International Development,directed USD 4.1 million in grants to off gridcompanies in 2020 to electrify health clinics in rural and peri-urban areas throughmini-grids.Source:REN21,2022Box 9Solar PV for Electricity Access-ChadAt a global level,Chad has one of the

243、lowest electricity access rates.As of 2019,approximately 8%of the populationin the country had electricity access,with a significant gap between urban(20%)and rural(1%)areas.Apart from 1 MW wind power plant in the country,electricity is supplied only by generators,which break downregularly.The energ

244、y situation affects quality of life and hinders socio-economic development,especially in Chadssecond largest city,Abch.With 80,000 inhabitants,the city remains unconnected to the national grid and hasstruggledto develop its infrastructurebecause of security challenges.InnoVent,the French renewable e

245、nergy firm has developed Chads first solar power plant in Abch.The pilot phaseof the plant(1 MW)was built between 2020 and November 2021,with soldiers providing security for both personneland equipment.In 2021,the first electricity was delivered to the national grid in the country.Source:REN21,2022B

246、ox 104.75.88.716.929.647.768.586.0107.2133.450.967.995.4133.0161.6177.6178.5204.4196.3209.10.60.60.91.82.11.82.55.84.94.92010201120122013201420152016201720182019Region-wise Trend of Installed Capacity in Solar Lights&Home Systems(MW)AfricaAsia&PacificLatin America&CarribeanGlobal trends in Solar Pow

247、er39Source:IRENA,20212.Solar Lights and Solar Home Systems(SHS)The Solar home systems are off-grid solar systems,rated at 11 watts(W)and above,that can be usedfor lighting and to power small electrical appliances.As of 2020,100 Mn people had gained access tobasic residential electricity services thr

248、ough the use of solar lighting and solar home systems.In 2019,SHS supplied electricity to approximately 8 Mn people in Bangladesh,4.4 Mn people in Indiaand 3.4 Mn people in Kenya.In Asia&Pacific,the installed capacity of solar lights and SHS increased from 51 MW in 2010 to 209MW in 2019,followed by

249、Africa with 4.6 MW in 2010 to reach 133.4 MW in 2019 and Latin America&Caribbean with only 0.6 MW in 2010 to reach 4.9 MW in 2019.The graph below shows the region-wise trend of total installed solar lights and home systems.Nigeria supports 5 Million SHS/Mini grid connections serving upto25 Million c

250、ustomers under the Solar Power Naija InitiativeTo help the economic recovery in response to the COVID-19 pandemic,the Nigerian government has launchedan initiative as part of the Economic Sustainability Plan to achieve the roll-out of 5 Million new solar basedconnections in the communities that are

251、not grid connected.The Solar Connection Intervention Facility willsupplement the governments effort for providing affordable power to underserved rural communities throughthe provision of long term low-interest credit facilities to the Nigerian Electrification Project NEP,assemblers/manufacturers of

252、 solar components and off-grid energy retailers in the country.The 5 Million SolarPower Naija connection scheme is a Federal government initiative that aims to,i.Expand energy access to 25 Mn individuals(5 million new connections)through the provision of solarhome systems/connection to the mini-grid

253、ii.Increase local content in the off-grid solar value chain and also facilitate the growth of the localmanufacturingindustry.iii.Incentivize the formation of 250,000 new jobs in the energy sector.Source:Rural Electrification Agency of Nigeria WebsiteBox 11Solar Home Systems with Micro Credits in Ban

254、gladeshRural electrification through solar PV technology is becoming more popular day by day in Bangladesh.SolarHome Systems are decentralized and are particularly suitable for inaccessible and remote areas.Under the“Rural Electrification Program”of the Government of Bangladesh,about 3 Mn SHS have b

255、eeninstalled in the last 16 years.Of these 3 Mn,around 1.5 Mn were installed by the Grameen Shakti since 1996.Grameen Shakti focuses on the off-grid rural areas.Grameen Shakti is also promoting the small Solar HomeSystem to target the low-income rural households.Solar Home System can be used to ligh

256、t up shops,homes and fishing boats etc.It can also be used to chargecellular phones as well as to run radios,televisions,and cassette players.Solar Home Systems have becomeincreasingly popular among users because they present an attractive alternative to conventional electricity.Advantages include n

257、o monthly bills,no fuel costs,very low repair and maintenance costs,easy installationanywhere,etc.Solar Home Systems installed by the Grameen Shakti has had a beneficial impact on ruralhouseholds.Grameen Shakti has introduced a micro utility model to reach the poorer people in rural areas who cannot

258、afford SHS separately.More than 1.5 Mn SHS have been installed in Bangladesh through the microcredit systemprovided by the Grameen Shakti.Making it possible to charge mobile phones with SHS provides new access tomore reliable telecommunication in off-gridareas.Around 10 Mn people are getting benefit

259、s from the systems,and several tonnes of CO2are abated each year asone Solar Home System saves 0.2 tonne of CO2/yearfrom avoided kerosene use.Source:International Network for Sustainable Energy Website3.Solar PumpsIn developing countries,most of the population depends on agriculture for living and t

260、he agricultural sectorcontributes a significant share of the GDP.Unavailability of water for irrigation due to dependence on rain andabsence of affordable water pumps due to unavailability of electricity is a major challenge this sector is facing.Solar Pump is one of the proven technologies that aim

261、 to increase the yield of agricultural lands by making watersupply available in areas where the grid is not available.Bangladesh targets to deploy 50,000 solar pumps by 2025 and Morocco,100,000 by 2022.India also targeted toachieve a solar capacity of 30.8 GW by 2022 under the Kusum Solar Pump Schem

262、e.Global trends in Solar Power40Box 121.52.63.24.25.06.58.39.212.813.312.612.615.220.351.9109.5181.6355.3537.8563.90.60.60.70.80.91.01.11.51.72.22010201120122013201420152016201720182019Region-wise Trend of Installed Capacity in Solar Pumps(MW)AfricaAsia&PacificLatin America&CarribeanThe graph below

263、shows the region-wise trend of total installed capacity of solar pumps till 2019,consideringonly ISA Member countries.In Asia&Pacific,the installed capacity of solar pumps increased from 12.6 MW in 2010 and reached 564 MW in2019,followed by Africa with 1.5 MW in 2010 to reach 13.3 MW in 2019 and Lat

264、in America&Caribbean with0.6 MW in 2010 to reach 2.2 MW in 2019.Nearly 70%of Indias salt is made in the Rann of Kutch in Gujarat.The majority of 43,000 salt pan farmersutilise inefficient diesel powered water pumps for extracting brine from ground as part of salt harvestingprocess.The diesel account

265、s for a significant proportion of farmers production costs.In fact,farmers spend upto 40%of their annual revenue buying diesel for the next production season,thus reducing disposable income.Two pilot projects,carried out by the Self Employed Womens Association,have demonstrated that poweringpumps wi

266、th solar energy can decrease production costs,increase reliability,efficiency and salt harvest outputs,resulting in the improved rural livelihoods.Annual savings for a farmer rose to INR 83,000-a 161%raise when compared to those using diesel-poweredpumps with additional benefits including reduced ai

267、r pollution.Across the Kutch,replacing diesel water pumpswith solar and hybrid solar/diesel ones could potentially reduce CO2emissions by 115,000 tonnes.The multi-functional nature of solar panels also increases its value,particularly for the off-grid villages,enablingcomplementary uses such as powe

268、ring the households.Interestingly,some salt traders-who usually loan salt-pan-worker money to purchase diesel for irrigation,have now acquired the solar pumps and are leasing themout to salt pan workers on an annual basis.In this manner,they are able to recover their investment in three years,while

269、making the technology accessiblefor salt pan workers who now need not incur the capital costs of the system.Source:NRDC,2018Reducing Production Costs using Solar Pumps:IndiaGlobal trends in Solar Power41Box 13Source:IRENA,2021Solar PV Investment TrendsThe annual investments in renewable energy conti

270、nued a positive trend in 2022.Global investment in renewablesreached USD 430 Bn in 2021 and in 2022 they further increased by 16%reaching almostUSD 0.5 Tn.Solar PV continued to dominate investment in 2022,accounting for 64%of the renewable energy investment.Thestrong growth in solar PV investment in

271、 2021 expanded further in 2022,to reach approximately USD 308 Bn.Increasedmaturity and declining costs attracted investments in solar technologies,particularly in solar PV deployment,whichaccounts for approximately 90%of total solar investments between 2013-2020.The figure below represents theglobal

272、investmenttrends across renewable energyand solar,4.6Source:IRENA,2022165142170138134162226308340263351322329348430499010020030040050060020152016201720182019202020212022USD BillionGlobal Investment in Solar(2015-2022)Solar PVRenewable energy42Global trends in Solar PowerThe increase in renewable ene

273、rgy investments has been driven by,1)Policy makers growing awareness of theimportance of renewable energy in fighting climate change,strengthening energy security and reducingdependence on volatile energy sources;2)Investors appetite for alternatives to balance out the volatility and risksof investm

274、ents in fossil fuels.Regional HighlightsThe overall snapshot of the investment trends across renewables on regional basis is summarised below,Europe and othersIn Europe,the European Commission presented a Green Deal Industrial Plan,which would provide investment aidand tax breaks towards technologic

275、al development,manufacturing,production and installation of net-zeroproducts in green sectors including renewables and hydrogen.The plan looks to mobilise EUR 225 Bn in loansfrom its existingRecovery and Resilience Facility,and an additional EUR 20 Bn in grants.Europe attracted USD 54 Bn in 2019 and

276、 USD 67 Bn in 2020(16%and 19%of the global total,respectively).As perIRENA,the investments reached USD 77 Bn in 2021,but dropped to USD 61 Bn in 2022.In 2020,investments in theregion grew by 24%compared to 2019,driven primarily by an threefold increase in the Netherlands and a fourfoldincrease in in

277、vestments in the United Kingdom.Global trends in Solar Power43AfricaLatin America and CaribbeanAfrican region remains the major destination for off-grid renewables investment-Between 2010-2021,theregion attracted USD 2.2 Bn,more than 70%of global off-grid investments.Within Africa,the countries such

278、 asKenya,the United Republic of Tanzania and Rwanda attracted higherinvestments.Investment in these countries benefited from the existing mobile money ecosystem,which was leveraged by thepay-as-you-go(PAYGO)business model.Approximately 78%of the total commitments in off-grid renewablesbetween 2010-2

279、021 involved the funding of projects using PAYGO,with East Africa accounting for USD 917 Mn.Asia and PacificAsia and Pacific region continues to attract the majority of global renewable energy investment of USD 170 Bn in2020.Investment in renewable energy has grown significantly in Viet Nam,which ov

280、ertook Japan to become the second-largest destination in 2020,largely due to expiring of FIT policy.From 2013 to 2020,investment grew by an averageof 219%per year,rising from USD 47 Mn to USD 18.7 Bn.However,after the expiration of FIT,investmentsdeclined quickly from USD 18.7 Bn in 2020 to USD 9.7

281、Bn in 2021 to less than USD 4.7 Bn in 2022.The region attracted USD 137 Mn in off-grid renewable energy investments in 2019,led primarily by Myanmar.During 2020-2021,investments plummeted to USD 3 Mn,likely due to the pandemic and political developments.United States consistently attracted the major

282、ity of solar investments since 2013.In the United States,the 2022Inflation Reduction Act encompassing new tax credits,USD 30 Bn in grants and loans for clean energygeneration and storage,and USD 60 Bn in support of manufacturing of low-carbon components is expected toattract USD 114 Bn investment by

283、 2031.Latin America and Caribbean region attracted 4.9%of global investments in 2020,followed by Asia and Africa.During 2018-2021,Latin America and Caribbean attracted USD 21 Mn,equivalent to less than 1.5%of cumulativecommitments over that period.The region has electricity access rates of more than

284、 90%.With smaller shares of the population living in off-gridlocations,these regions represent relatively small markets for decentralised energy systems.Investment Trends in Vietnam and Thailand Vietnams rapid industrialisation has prompted a surge in energy demand.Much of this industrial growth has

285、been fuelled by foreign direct investment,as companies look to diversify their supply chains away from China.Rooftop solar installations in industrial parks have grown to meet these companies requirement for renewableenergy(and more climate-friendly products).The country has incentivised the growth

286、of renewable energygeneration via FiTs in the solar industry.Tariffs for onshore and offshore wind were made more generous in2018 after poor initial uptake.Coal is still the primary source of electricity production in the country,thoughslow development of new plants led the government to pivot to so

287、lar(and later wind)along with gas to meetits risingenergy needs(Government of Vietnam,2016).In contrast,investment in neighbouring Thailand has been anaemic.This can be partly explained by differencesin the two countries stages of economic growth,and energy mixes,among other factors.While endowed wi

288、thsimilar natural resources,economic growth in the 1990s helped Thailand set up a well functioning and robustpower supply.A subsequent decline in economic growth rates slowed energy demand significantly,andThailands demand now lags that of its rapidly industrialisingneighbour.Thailands Power Develop

289、ment Plan aims for a 10 GW expansion in solar PV capacity by 2037,whereasVietnam has targeted an additional 18 GW of solar PV capacity by 2030 and another 18 GW from wind power.With renewable energy growth in Thailand remaining tepid for the foreseeable future,private energy giantssuch as Super Ener

290、gy Corp have been increasingly turning to foreign markets,including Vietnam,to fuelgrowth.Both Vietnam and Thailand have used generous FiTs to help grow the supply of renewable energy.However,Vietnams high energy demand and ambitious renewable energy targets have made FiTs a more effectivepolicy too

291、l.Source:IRENA,2023Box 14Global trends in Solar Power44Solar PV Employment TrendsThe renewable energy sector employed 12.7 Mn people,directly and indirectly,in 2021.About two-thirds of alljobs are in Asia,and China accounts for 42%of the global total.It is followed by the European Union and Brazilwi

292、th 10%each,and the United States and India with 7%each.The number continued to grow worldwide overthe past decade,with most jobs in the solar PV,bioenergy,hydropower and wind power industries.In 2021,solar PV employed 4.3 Mn jobs,the fastest-growing sector,accounting for more than a third of the tot

293、alrenewable energy workforce.The figure below shows the Global Renewable energy employment trends by solaracross 2012-2021,7.38.59.510.010.110.511.111.512.012.71.42.32.52.83.13.43.73.84.04.3024681012142012201320142015201620172018201920202021Million JobsRenewables and Solar PV Employment(2012-2021)Re

294、newablesSolar PVSource:IRENA,2022These employment trends are shaped by a multitude of factors,including investments,new and cumulativecapacities,and by a broad array of policy measures to enable renewable energy deployment,generate viablesupply chains and create a skilled workforce.The figure below

295、highlights the Global renewable energyemployment in 2021 by technology,In 2021,Solar PV contributed to the highest number of jobs globally,followed by Bioenergy with 3.4 Mn jobs,Hydropower(2.4 Mn jobs),Wind(1.4 Mn jobs),Solar heating/cooling(0.8 Mn jobs).Considering solar PVemployment,China alone ac

296、counts for 63%of PV jobs3in 2021.Source:IRENA;2022*Others includes geothermal energy,CSP and Ocean energy3IRENA,20224.70.40.81.42.43.44.30.00.51.01.52.02.53.03.54.04.55.0OthersSolar heating/coolingWindHydropowerBioenergySolar PVMillion jobsRenewable Energy Employment by Technology(2021)*Global trend

297、s in Solar Power45Based on the secondary data sources,solar PV employment(2021)in ISA Member Countries are captured below,S NoCountriesNumber of jobs(in thousand)1United States of America2552India2173Japan150.54Bangladesh1205Brazil115.26Germany51.37Australia358Nigeria34.29Uganda23.7910Netherlands20.

298、111France17.63412Italy14.9813Chile12.214Ethiopia12.1815United Kingdom6.416United Arab Emirates5.117Israel518Greece3.668S NoCountriesNumber of jobs(in thousand)19Denmark3.3520Sweden3.121Egypt1.922Mali1.923Argentina1.3924Ghana1.23425Zambia1.226Rwanda1.07527Guinea128Morocco129Hungary0.72930Algeria0.531

299、Namibia0.4632Peru0.3833Luxembourg0.2334Norway0.2235Nicaragua0.236Tunisia0.2Source:IRENA,2022From the above table,it can be seen that the United States of America is the top performer among ISA Membercountries in providing the solar PV employment to 255,000 workers followed by India and Japan.At a Gl

300、obal level,China accounted for about 2.7 Mn jobs(i.e.63%of PV employment worldwide).Asia Pacific countries host 79%ofthe worlds PV jobs,reflecting the regions continued dominance of manufacturing and strong presence ininstallations.The remaining jobs were in the Americas(7.7%of all jobs),Europe(6.8%

301、)and the rest of the world(4.9%)4.Solar PV Employment in 2021:ISA Member Countries4 IRENA,2022Global trends in Solar Power46Renewable Energy Employment landscape in Vietnam&AustraliaVietnam is a major manufacturer,exporter and installer of PV cells and modules.Solar cell production rosefrom just 37

302、MW in 2014 to 3.75 GW;module output increased from 1.2 GW to 8.5 GW in 2021(WoodMackenzie,2022a).The breakneck expansion of domestic solar installations,triggered by high FITs,broughttotal capacity from 105 MW in 2018 to 17 GW in 2020.As a result,the countrys electricity grid became severely overloa

303、ded,leading to curtailments.Despite somegrid improvements,the domestic solar PV expansion came to an abrupt halt in 2021,and emphasis shifted tooff-gridrooftop deployment.The unprecedented installations in 2020 resulted in significant economic activity and job creation.More than ahundred new install

304、ation companies were set up in south-central Ninh Thuan province,which was home toaround 2.5 GW of installations in 2021.As installations shot up,Vietnams solar PV workforce rose to 1,26,300 jobs in 2020.In 2021,the lack ofinstallations apart from the rooftop additions has resulted in reduction of t

305、he workforce.In the Pacific,Australia completed some of its largest solar projects in 2021,according to the Clean EnergyCouncil(2022).New capacity additions included 3.3 GW of small-scalesolar and 1.2 GW of large-scalesolar.The Clean Energy Council reports another 9.3 GW worth of renewable energy pr

306、ojects under construction orfinancially committed at the end of 2021,representing over 35,000 jobs,including almost 21,000 in New SouthWales.Meanwhile,the federal governments bioenergy roadmap created some 26,200 full-time jobs.Thegovernment committed about AUD 464 Mn to the construction of seven re

307、gional hydrogen hubs,which mightcreate 1,30,000 jobs by 2030(Clean Energy Council,2022).Source:IRENA,2022Global trends in Solar Power47Box 15Solar&Equity5Solar&Gender EquityThe inclusion of women in renewable energy weaves together SDG 5 on gender equality and womensempowerment whereas SDG 7 on affo

308、rdable and clean energy.Gender equity refers to the provision of fairnessand justice in distribution of benefits and responsibilities between women and men.The energy industry has long been known for its male-dominated culture and unequal opportunities for womenscareer advancement.At a Global scenar

309、io,the share of women working full time in the solar PV industry is 40%,the highest share of anyrenewable energy sub-sector.40%21%0%10%20%30%40%50%Solar PVWindWomen in Wind&Solar PV industry,2021Most women in solar PV hold administrative jobs(58%),followed by non-STEM(science,technology,engineeringa

310、nd mathematics)technical positions(38%).It is well reported that across the economy,in policy making andgovernance,womens presence on company boards and in senior management positions is low.According toIRENAs solar PV survey,women hold barely 30%of managerial jobs and 17%of senior management positi

311、ons,faringbetter in solar PV compared to the wind power.58%38%35%32%0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%AdministrationNon-STEM technicalOther Non-technicalSTEMWomen in Solar PV workforce 2021,by role30%17%13%8%0%5%10%15%20%25%30%35%ManagementSenior managementWomen in Management positions in Solar PV and Wind ene

312、rgy,2021Solar PVWindSource:IRENA,2022Source:IRENA,20225Global trends in Solar Power49Therefore,while women are better represented in solar PV management than in other technologies and sectors,substantial efforts are needed to enable greater participation of women at all levels and to expand the skil

313、ls andtalents needed to drive the transformation.Womens share of solar PV employment is smaller in Europe and others,Latin America and the Caribbean than inthe Asia-Pacific and Africa regions.In the solar PV sector,women are represented in administrative positionsacross the globe.The spread between

314、womens shares in administration and in all other roles is mostpronounced in companies in the Asia-Pacific region.27%33%38%40%0%5%10%15%20%25%30%35%40%45%Europe and othersLatin America&CarbbeanAfricaAsia PacificWomen in the Solar PV workforce,by regionSolar Sister Is Addressing Gender Equity and Clim

315、ate Change-AfricaSolar Sister,a network of women entrepreneurs operating in multiple African countries,has enabled 3 millionindividuals to access clean energy as of 2022.What sets it apart is its dedication to empowering women inestablishing sustainable enterprises within their communities.The initi

316、ative recruits,trains,and supports female entrepreneurs,equipping them with off-grid solar productslike solar lighting.Solar Sisters efforts benefit rural communities by providing assistance,generating incomefor women entrepreneurs,and expanding the availability of clean energy sources.Since its est

317、ablishment in 2010,Solar Sister has assisted over 7,000 entrepreneurs,distributed more than647,250 clean energy products,and impacted 3 million people.Energy equity is a crucial aspect of Solar Sisters mission.By offering economic opportunities to women,theprogram has facilitated the creation of cle

318、an energy businesses for over 6,800 entrepreneurs.A significant 86%of these businesses focus primarily on supporting women,although men are also involved to some extent.The products sold by Solar Sister entrepreneurs have successfully prevented the emission of over 946,763metric tonnes of CO2.Source

319、:Solar SisterWebsiteBox 16Source:IRENA,2022Global trends in Solar Power50Victoria(Australia)launched a USD 11 Mn plan to subsidise 50%of the cost of apprenticeships,professional mentoringand ongoing education for women entering the renewables industry as electricians,plumbers and solar installers,et

320、c.In Africa,the state-owned Ethiopia Electric Utility looks to employ 30%women by 2030 by providing scholarships andinternships in STEM(science,technology,engineeringand math)fields.Efforts towards Gender EquityBarbadosAlongside providing social assistance,the Barbadian government prioritizes the fa

321、cilitationand support of womens entrepreneurship and business development as a means toaddress the increasing levels of unemployment,layoffs,and contribute to the economicrecovery efforts.In order to adhere to the overarching principle of global sustainable development,whichemphasizes the inclusion

322、of all individuals,it is imperative that the climate finance strategyensures equitable representation of various aspects such as gender,indigenous communities,people with disabilities,and youth.BelizeBoliviaBolivia is committed to integrating a gender perspective into its Plurinational Policy for Cl

323、imateChange in order to address inequality gaps in various dimensions.This recognition stems from theunderstanding that climate change impacts women and men differently and acknowledges thecrucial role that women play in areas such as water management,agricultural production,food andenergy security,

324、and community resilience.Therefore,Bolivia is dedicated to incorporating agender and intergenerational approach into its climate policy to ensure inclusivity and equality.Cambodia upholds four key measures:promoting gender equality,fostering innovation,ensuring inclusivity,and empowering women.Cambo

325、diaCape VerdeImplement the Gender and Energy Action Plan and provide support for the growth of localenterprises while actively encouraging economic opportunities for women,with a specific focuson the renewable energy sector.The Ministry of New&Renewable Energy(MNRE)has been actively promoting the in

326、volvement ofwomen in the renewable energy sector.Recently Women in Renewable Energy(RE):Call forAction was organized to recognize the contributions of women entrepreneurs and leaders in theRE sector and to chart a path for the future.To expedite this initiative,MNRE has established anempowered commi

327、ttee consisting of government officials,experts,and industry associations.IndiaGlobal trends in Solar Power51Financing for Women in SolarBarriers to Womens inclusion in the Solar SectorMultiple barriers limit womens ability to access energy technologies and participate in solar projects andprograms.

328、A variety of pervasive factors interact at the individual,institutional,and societal levels that directlylimit womens inclusion in the sector,including:Gender and Social Norms-Gender norms and intrahousehold dynamics inhibit womens access to energytechnologies.In addition,men are the main purchasers

329、 of energy products,even when women are the primaryend users;this results in skewed consumer data and products that do not always reflect the needs orpreferences of women.As in other sectors,gender norms and bias,as well as broader systemic barriers,limitwomens ability to enter the workforce and obt

330、ain funding.Lack of appropriate financing for women-owned and led businesses-Although financial institutionsincreasingly design gender-neutral policies and services,these tend to reflect the preferences of men.Researchshows that womens businesses may,for example,need a combination of financial and n

331、onfinancial productsand services,including training,mentoring,networking,and other advisory services.Specifically,for early-stageoff-grid energy enterprises,financing for women to grow and sustain their businesses is limited.Microfinanceand traditional rural village savings and loan associations and

332、 cooperatives are the most common financingoptions available to women.Lack of policies that address gender inequality in the solar sector-Gender discrimination in laws,policies,andregulations prohibit and inhibit women from accessing the benefits of energy services and from activelyparticipating in

333、the sector.The 2021 Women,Business and the Law(World Bank,2021)reports that 75countries limit womens property rights in some form,and various legal barriers prevent women from workingin specific sectors and occupations.Renewable energy policies and frameworks can be catalytic in introducinglabor conditions that are conducive to womens active participation in the sector,although even when energyfra