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1、1 ENA REPORT BRITAINS HYDROGEN NETWORK PLANREPORT2 ENA REPORT contents-The Hydrogen Network PlanAboutForewordexecutive SummAryPLAN:Delivering a hydrogen conversion in practiceBENEFITS:The emissions reduction and economic benefits1 objectiveS And PlAn overview2 trAnSForming the networkS to hydrogen2.

2、1 Overall vision for the Net Zero Gas network2.2 Structure of the GB Gas Networks2.3 Developing the Plan2.4 Preparing for Transition-Pathway to 20252.5 Solution Pilots-Pathway 2025 to 20302.6 Scaling up the Transtion-Pathway 2030 to 20352.7 Accelerating the Transition-Pathway 2035 to 20402.8 Full Tr

3、ansition-Pathway 2040s2.9 Hydrogen Applications2.10 The Hydrogen Network Plan and Stakeholder Engagement2.11 Benefits of a Hydrogen Network2.12 The Network Track Record3 houSeholdS3.1 Where We Are Today3.2 Hydrogen Transformation for Homes3.3 Energy Demand Reduction3.4 Delivering a Hydrogen Transfor

4、mation3.5 Benefits3.6 Perspectives from Stakeholder Engagement3.7 Meeting Britains Hydrogen Network Plan Tenets567912131819222427333638394042434647485255586464653 ENA REPORT contents-The Hydrogen Network Plan4 trAnSPort4.1 Where We Are Today4.2 The Role of Gas in the Transport Sector Today4.3 Sector

5、 Support from the Gas Networks4.4 Hydrogen Transformation for Transport4.5 Benefits4.6 Perspectives from Stakeholder Engagement4.7 Meeting Britains Hydrogen Network Plan Tenets5 induStry5.1 Role of Gas in Industry Today5.2 Sector Support from the Gas Networks5.3 Hydrogen Transformation for Industry5

6、.4 Projects to Deliver Hydrogen Transformation5.5 Benefits5.6 Perspectives from Stakeholder Engagement5.7 Meeting Britains Hydrogen Network Plan Tenets6 Power Sector6.1 The role of gas in electricity generation today6.2 The gas networks role in enabling a low carbon electricity supply6.3 Hydrogen st

7、orage6.4 ENA whole system initiatives6.5 Gas network projects supporting power sector integration6.6 Meeting Britains Hydrogen Network Plan Tenets66677070727575767778808186898990919292939797984 ENA REPORT contents-The Hydrogen Network PlanAPPendix 1.StAkeholder engAgementA1.1 AcknowledgementsA1.2 Wh

8、o We Spoke ToA1.3 What They Told UsAPPendix 2.wider Public oPinion reSeArchAPPendix 3.cAPAcity:the ScAle oF hydrogen develoPment neededendnoteS991001001011111141175 ENA REPORT ABOUTAbout ENAWere the voice of the networks.Were the industry body for the companies which run the UK&Irelands energy netwo

9、rks,keeping the lights on and gas flowing.Our members own and operate the wires and pipes which carry electricity and gas into your community,supporting our economy.The wires and pipes are the arteries of our economy,delivering energy to over 30 million homes and businesses across the UK and Ireland

10、.To do this safely and reliably,the businesses which run the networks employ 45,000 people and have spent and invested over 60 billion in the last eight years.Were creating the worlds first zero-carbon gas grid by speeding up the switch from natural gas to hydrogen for the 85%of UK households connec

11、ted to the gas grid.Gas Goes Green,an ENA programme,is our plan to deliver net-zero emissions in the most cost-effective and least disruptive way possible.It is a blueprint for our gas networks to meet the challenges and opportunities of climate change.About DNV GLWe are the independent expert in ri

12、sk management and quality assurance.Driven by our purpose,to safeguard life,property and the environment,we empower our customers and their stakeholders with facts and reliable insights so that critical decisions can be made with confidence.As a trusted voice for many of the worlds most successful o

13、rganizations,we use our knowledge to advance safety and performance,set industry benchmarks,and inspire and invent solutions to tackle global transformations.Since 1864,our Purpose has been to safeguard life,property and the environment.Our experts work right across the hydrogen value chain,from pro

14、duction through transport to end-use.We understand the technical properties of hydrogen,and work with the networks and a wide range of other organisations to identify the key actions needed to roll-out low carbon hydrogen at scale.This Hydrogen Network Plan,being delivered by DNV GL,sits within the

15、Gas Goes Green Programme and describes how a viable pathway to 100%hydrogen alongside other decarbonisation solutions can be delivered practically.https:/www.energynetworks.orgParticipating Gas Goes Green members are the gas network companies:Cadent,National Grid Gas,Northern Gas Networks,SGN and Wa

16、les&West Utilities.https:/6 ENA REPORT 6 ENA REPORT FOREWORDBritain stands on the cusp of a world-leading hydrogen revolution,and one which we are almost uniquely positioned to take advantage of.With an extensive,world-leading gas grid,huge amounts of offshore wind resource and liquid energy markets

17、,there are few other places as well positioned as the UK to lead the international race to build a hydrogen economy.Published as part of Energy Networks Associations Gas Goes Green programme,Britains Hydrogen Network Plan will play a vital role in delivering the UKs ambitions for hydrogen,as set out

18、 in the Prime Ministers Ten Point Plan For A Green Industrial Revolution.This Plan sets out how Britains gas network companies will enable 100%hydrogen to be transported for use in different sectors of the UK economy.It also identifies the wider actions needed to provide hydrogen production and stor

19、age,showing how transitioning the gas networks to hydrogen will allow hydrogen to play a full role in achieving net zero in the hard to decarbonise sectors such as industry,heavy transport and domestic heating,saving an estimated 40 million tonnes of CO2 emissions every year.All five of Britains gas

20、 network companies,responsible for owning and operating 24bn of critical national energy infrastructure,are committing,through this Plan,to delivering this work.It forms a key part of their ambition to building the worlds first zero carbon gas grid,here in the UK.Britains Hydrogen Network Plan is fo

21、unded on four tenets that will underpin the role of Britains gas network infrastructure in a hydrogen economy.These tenets reflect the breadth and scale of the impact that the transformation of our gas networks will have.They will guide how gas network companies ensure peoples safety in a fast movin

22、g and changing energy system.They reflect how the companies will maintain security of supply to our homes and businesses,as we move away from the natural gas that has been the bedrock of our energy system for half a century.They will support the publics ability to choose the right technology,so hous

23、eholds and businesses can choose the low carbon technologies that are best suited to their needs.And they will deliver jobs and investment,so the transition of our gas networks has a lasting and enduring economic impact in communities across the country.As we look to the future,the exciting role tha

24、t hydrogen has to play in delivering a net zero economy is becoming increasingly clear.We look forward to working closely with the customers we serve,the Government and the wider energy industry to turn that ambition into reality.Chris Train,Energy Networks Associations Gas Goes Green Champion.Decem

25、ber 20207 ENA REPORT 7 ENA REPORT Executive SummaryThis detailed and practical plan sets out how Britains gas network companies will fulfil their commitment to transition the countrys gas networks away from delivering natural gas to delivering hydrogen instead.As such,it provides a roadmap for how B

26、ritains five gas network companies will fulfil their commitment to help the UK meet its hydrogen ambitions,including those set out in the Prime Ministers November 2020 Ten Point Plan for a Green Industrial Revolution.That includes how gas network companies will progress to be ready to start blending

27、 up to 20%hydrogen into the gas grid by 2023 and how they will help deliver the UKs first Hydrogen Town by 2030.It shows how this transition will enable Britain to decarbonise hard to reach sectors such as industry,heavy transport and domestic heating,integrating higher volumes of renewable electric

28、ity generation and saving an estimated 41 million tonnes of CO2 a year eliminating around 12%of the UKs total CO2 emissions as we move towards net zero.It sets out the projects that gas networks will,with regulatory approval,carry out to enable 100%hydrogen to be transported for use in different sec

29、tors,identifies the wider actions needed to provide sufficient hydrogen production and storage,and highlights the remaining policy gaps that need to be filled.Conversion of much of the overall gas network to hydrogen is the best way to allow hydrogen to reach all the users who will need it.A full ro

30、le for hydrogen in decarbonisation is estimated to create 195,000 jobs overall,of which 75,000 jobs and 18 billion of economic value added would be created by 2035,supporting the UKs post-Covid recovery.The plan meets the need for hydrogen set out in ENAs previous Pathways to Net Zero report.It has

31、been developed following extensive stakeholder consultation,including workshops and interviews,to understand the key barriers and opportunities for different sectors,and the role for gas networks.This Executive Summary describes our plan to deliver the network elements of a hydrogen transformation.T

32、he required capacity of hydrogen is large,and the networks are prepared to transport and deliver it.This Executive Summary has two parts:PLAN:The projects to deliver the worlds first extensive 100%hydrogen network,the wider actions to enable a hydrogen transformation,and the policy gaps that need to

33、 be filled.BENEFITS:Why hydrogen transported through gas networks is needed to reach net zero in the hard-to-decarbonise sectors and the associated emissions reduction and economic benefits.As we set out below,the task is major,but achievable.But there is no time to waste ambition must be turned int

34、o action at all levels.Please note that all references are provided in the main report.8 ENA REPORT KEY(lead network)Others Regulators Networks Governments SAFETYSECURITY OF SUPPLYCUSTOMER FOCUSSUPPLY CHAIN2020-2025Preparing for transition 2025-2030Solution pilots2030-2040Scaling up 2040-2050Full tr

35、ansition Domestic/distribution grid safety case Network modelling/SO projectsEnergy content billingFirst 20%blending into gas grid100%H2 domestic trials:Hydrogen Neighbourhood Wider 100%H2 domestic pilots:Hydrogen village and town H2-ready appliances mandatedH2-ready(including hybrid)appliances inst

36、alled at rate of over 1m a year H2 training modules developedH2 training rolled-out-becomes a business-as-usual gas safety activityGaseous energy bills based on energy content rather than volume,to allow wider range of de-carbonised gases and blendsSupport for hybrid heatingDomestic conversion fundi

37、ng model agreedH2 vehicles grow,inc.first shipsFirst H2 blend in power generation H2 use in power generation grows Significant use of H2 in power Fast growth in H2 vehicles for heavy transport,including ships.H2 becomes fuel of choice for part of heavy transport sector,including as input to ammonia

38、and syn fuels RIIO2 sufficiently flexible Compact hybrid boiler technologyH2 trucks and buses grow20%blending into gas grid widenedH2 production target and H2/CCS business models Sufficient H2 production target H2 productions connected to networks Planning application expedited Clusters H2 productio

39、ns grows rapidly H2 production grows rapidly with full instrumental roll-out Clusters H2 production-5GW by 2030 Other clusters start to convert First salt caverns re-purposed for H2 More H2 storage capacity developed H2 storage at scale,including roughRAB for H2 storage Industrial clusterFIDsNew H2

40、pipelines within clustersNew H2 pipelines within clustersNational H2 networks in place,for H2 cluster and direct network productionTransmission grid re-purposed or new determinationGS(M)R changed to allow H2 blendsNew 100%H2 StandardMaintaining a safe H2 network is a business-as-usual activity for g

41、as networksUK government heat policy decisionIron mains programme continued until completionH2-ready and H2(including hybrid)appliances manufactured at scale,for industry and domestic H2 transport solutions manufactured at increasing scale 100%H2 conversion rolled out,for domestic,dispersed industry

42、 and transport Delivering Britains Hydrogen Network Plan9 ENA REPORT PLAN:Delivering a hydrogen conversion in practiceThe hydrogen network plan will be delivered in four broad stages:Over the next five years,we will be preparing for transition,including continuing the Iron Mains Risk Reduction Progr

43、amme,completing the safety case,trialling 100%hydrogen in homes,and carrying out network modelling to ensure that security of supply can be maintained.This first stage will give government the information required to make policy decisions on the conversion of networks.From 2025-30,we will be carryin

44、g out solution pilots,including larger 100%hydrogen domestic pilots;20%blending in parts of the network;and billing on the basis of energy content rather than volume.The iron mains replacement programme will also continue.In the 2030s,we will scale up,building new using hydrogen pipelines between in

45、dustrial clusters and to connect with storage facilities;connecting hydrogen production to the networks;and,with the iron mains replacement programme completed,rolling out 100%hydrogen conversion for use in homes,dispersed industry and transport.In the 2040s,the full transition will occur,with a nat

46、ional hydrogen network in place and hydrogen a normal part of training for Gas Safe engineers.TENETSTo deliver a 100%hydrogen network,our plan has four key tenets:The plan sets out to achieve the hydrogen transformation of the network according to these principles,with the networks having projects p

47、lanned and underway across the country to deliver this.These projects are detailed in the main report.SAFETYEnsuring peoples safety:Working closely with the Health&Safety Executive,our innovation projects are making great progress and results have shown that using hydrogen in the natural gas grid is

48、 fundamentally safe.Our safety work is developing the right technology and procedures across the GB system,including:o End-user appliances,such as domestic boilers and industrial burners;o The low-pressure distribution network;o The high-pressure transmission network.CUSTOMERSFocussing on peoples ne

49、eds:Our hydrogen network will have a strong customer focus,supporting consumers to decarbonise in a convenient and cost-effective way,including through interim steps to enable rapid decarbonisation,covering:o Domestic convenience and utility;o Transport sector convenience and utility;o Industrial se

50、ctor convenience and utility;o Interim steps to reduce emissions rapidly and early,including blending and hybrid heating systems;o Energy-content billing.SECURITYSUPPLY CHAINDelivering jobs and investment:We will deliver the supply chain to construct and convert the network needed to allow 100%hydro

51、gen to be introduced on time,which includes:o Equipment,including appliances and long-lead items;o Skilled people.Maintaining security of supply:We will deliver a hydrogen network that meets the same high levels of supply security as today,with very rare unplanned interruptions.This includes ensurin

52、g:o Sufficient physical network capacity and resilience to meet demand peaks;o Effective System Operation;o Linkages to sufficient hydrogen production and storage capacity;o Flexibility to connect new sources at more entry points.10 ENA REPORT Alongside the preparation of gas networks for hydrogen c

53、onversion,a set of wider actions are needed for hydrogen to be adopted at scale.These are outside of the networks control,although projects are being supported by the gas network operators.Building on the Ten Point Plan,the Governments Hydrogen Strategy needs to support work in several areas,to enab

54、le Britains Hydrogen Network Plan the wider actions are spelt out in detail in the main report,and the key areas include:Hydrogen production:There must be sufficient hydrogen production for a widespread gas network conversion to take place from 2030,which means that production must be expanded beyon

55、d the level that is needed for use within clusters.As explained above,this requires GW-scale capacity additions each year,together with the required low carbon electricity generation and/or natural gas and CCS capacity.Hydrogen storage:Alongside sufficient natural gas storage,hydrogen storage capaci

56、ty needs to be expanded at the level of several hundred GWh per year from 2025.This cannot be solely at the expense of natural gas storage inevitably some existing storage facilities will be converted to hydrogen,but other facilities must be newly built,to ensure that the methane network maintains i

57、ts very high reliability.CCS:Ensuring that CCS is developed at scale in several clusters by 2030 is critical to network conversion to hydrogen,as it can deliver more hydrogen more quickly than relying on green hydrogen alone.Over time,green will become the production method of choice,as costs declin

58、e rapidly,but in the interim,blue hydrogen can deliver the required scale.Wider actions Needed11 ENA REPORT Policy support and decisions from government are required for hydrogen development in all sectors.Significant progress is being made,including ongoing work to develop business models for low c

59、arbon hydrogen production,but there are several gaps in policy.These gaps need to be addressed in the forthcoming Hydrogen Strategy to deliver on the commitments made in the Ten Point Plan and to deliver this Network Plan these are set out in more detail in the main report,and the key points include

60、:Hydrogen-ready appliances:There is no timetable for mandating hydrogen-ready appliances,which are necessary in order to facilitate a network conversion.The earlier hydrogen-ready appliances are rolled out,the smoother the conversion will be.A mandate needs to be in force by no later than 2025,which

61、 would mean that most homes would have hydrogen-ready appliances by 2040.Hybrids:Hybrid heating systems should be supported now,for roll-out at scale.Hydrogen production volumes:The main risk is that insufficient volumes of hydrogen production are supported.As we set out above,GW-scale production ca

62、pacity needs to be added each year,and business models need to support this scale.While the Ten Point Plan targets 5 GW of low-carbon hydrogen production capacity by 2030 this needs to be increased to 10 GW to enable this Plan.Storage and conversion support:There are no business models for hydrogen

63、storage or for network conversion,both of which could be funded through the regulated asset base(RAB)framework.A RAB for hydrogen storage should be in place from 2025,and for domestic conversion from 2030.Flexibility:The RIIO2 framework needs to be managed in a sufficiently supportive and flexible w

64、ay to enable the range of innovation projects and trials to be carried out in a timely way.Planning:The planning system will need to be able to accommodate a large volume of applications for hydrogen production,storage,pipeline and other facilities.It is not clear whether the planning system will be

65、 able to manage this in a timely manner.Planning applications should be prioritised and decisions expedited.DeliveryAs we have shown in our time line graphic and description above,delivering our Hydrogen Network Plan requires action on the part of networks,government,regulators and others over the c

66、oming years.Policy Actions Needed to Deliver This Plan12 ENA REPORT BENEFITS:The emissions reduction and economic benefitsReducing emissions Based on hydrogen replacing natural gas in buildings,industry and power generation,and replacing oil products in surface transport and shipping,we conservative

67、ly estimate that hydrogen will lead to emissions savings of between 30 million and 105 million tonnes of CO2,depending on the level of hydrogen adoption in the various scenarios put forward by the Committee on Climate Change,National Grid and Aurora.For the level of hydrogen use in ENAs Pathways to

68、Net Zero report,around 41 million tonnes of CO2 would be saved eliminating around 12%of the UKs total CO2 emissions as we move towards net zero.(Our methodology is explained in full in the main body of the report.)Creating jobs and economic growthThe overall job creation benefits from cross-sectoral

69、 hydrogen deployment are large,supporting the UKs post-Covid economic recovery and helping the UK to build back better,right across the country:Through to 2050,hydrogen and CCS development for broad based decarbonisation could create 43,000 jobs for industrial decarbonisation alone,195,000 jobs if h

70、ydrogen plays a full role in economy-wide decarbonisation,and 221,000 jobs if the UK also becomes a major hydrogen exporter.By 2035,a recent analysis by the Hydrogen Task Force estimated that 75,000 jobs could be created overall,together with 18 billion of GVA,from around 125 TWh of hydrogen.This wo

71、uld include 26,600 jobs in hydrogen production alone,with 12,542 jobs in electrolyser manufacturing and 10,482 jobs in auto thermal reforming.The economic benefits and protection and creation of jobs are most likely to be felt in less affluent parts of the country,where industry and hydrogen product

72、ion would be concentrated.Overall,energy intensive industry accounts for 140 billion in economic value added and employs over 1.1 million people.Tackling the hard-to-decarbonise sectors Hydrogen can make a major contribution to meeting net zero in the hard to decarbonise sectors domestic heating,hea

73、vy transport,and industry where combined emissions are around 180 million tonnes,40%of the UK total.Hydrogen can also help accommodate the growth of renewable electricity,with wind and solar power being used to produce hydrogen,and then the hydrogen being used in a power station to produce electrici

74、ty during periods when wind and solar generation are low,or stored for use in the gas networks.As set out in the recent ENA Pathways to Net Zero report,a balanced decarbonisation solution that includes a significant role for hydrogen transformation,alongside biogases and electrification,is the most

75、cost-effective way to decarbonise,saving 13 billion a year when compared with a fully electrified alternative.Reaching all potential hydrogen usersThe key benefit of gas network conversion to hydrogen is that it is by far the lowest cost and largest scale way of transporting the hydrogen from where

76、it is produced to the dispersed industrial,domestic and transport users who will need it to decarbonise:Dispersed users:Dispersed industry accounts for over half of industrial emissions,and gas networks will be needed to transport hydrogen to these facilities.BEIS figures show that the UKs six main

77、industrial clusters have combined emissions of around 33 million tonnes of CO2.But overall industrial emissions are more than twice that,at 76.5 million tonnes.Cost and feasibility:It is simply not possible to put a hydrogen production unit at the end of every street,or beside every commercial or sm

78、all industrial building,and nor is it feasible to load 236 TWh of hydrogen onto tankers to drive around the country the larger road tankers can carry 600kg of hydrogen,or about 23 MWh,so around 10 million tanker loads would be needed.1.Objectives and Plan Overview13 ENA REPORT 14 ENA REPORT 1.Object

79、ives and Plan OverviewBritains Hydrogen Network Plan sets out how the gas network companies will deliver the worlds first extensive 100%hydrogen network.It details the changes the gas network will undergo to deliver the Governments ambition on hydrogen,as set out in the Ten Point Plan for a Green In

80、dustrial Revolution.Gas networks will:Be ready by 2023 to blend hydrogen into the gas distribution gird up to 20%volume.Commence a neighbourhood trial of 100%hydrogen by 2023,a large village trial by 2025 and be ready to convert a large town by 2030.Accelerate the shift to low carbon vehicles throug

81、h a network of refuelling facilities for zero emissions HGVs.Connect the renewables production,carbon capture and storage and hydrogen use of industrial SuperPlaces,delivering two clusters by the mid-2020s and two more by 2030.And support producers to meet the target of 5GW of hydrogen production ca

82、pacity by 2030,and 1GW by 2025.Ensuring that homes and businesses across the country can connect to the worlds first Net Zero gas network is one of the best ways to achieve a rapid decarbonisation that consumers can afford.Six key steps on the pathway to achieve such a transformation have been outli

83、ned by the networks,and these will be explored further in this report.The plan will also show how a gas network transformation will enable decarbonisation in domestic,industrial and transport applications,and wider use of renewable energy sources.It also sets out the role the gas networks can play i

84、n the green recovery,detailing the economic benefits of a green gas grid.The diagram below covers the key elements of Britains Hydrogen Network Plan,including the main actions from the networks,governments,regulators and others.6 KEY STEPS TO A NET ZERO NETWORK1.Preparing for Transition Strategic,te

85、chnical and policy planning to enable low carbon gases to play a significant role in GBs transition to net zero,while maintaining safe and reliable operation.2.Facilitating Connections More biomethane plants connect to the gas grid.Preparations accelerate for first hydrogen projects.3.Expanding Supp

86、ly First hydrogen projects integrated with CCUS and anchored by baseload consumers,likely industry and transport.Continuing scale-up of biomethane supply.4.Expanding the Demand Base Hydrogen use extends to commercial and residential consumers near the first cluster projects,initially via low blends(

87、up to 20%)but developing into 100%hydrogen clusters.Consumers in other regions continue to receive natural gas,with increasing biomethane.5.Increasing Low Carbon Gases Hydrogen clusters spread and connect to become hydrogen zones,enabled by an evolving,National Transmission System(NTS).Greater volum

88、es and diversification of low carbon gas supply as more production methods mature technically and economically.6.100%Low Carbon Gases Low carbon gases fully integrated across the GB energy system,with distinct regional solutions.15 ENA REPORT 15 ENA REPORT The diagram on the following page then show

89、s how the four tenets of the Plan are met through network projects.The tenets,which are explained in more detail in Chapter 2,are:Ensuring peoples safety;Maintaining security of supply;Focussing on peoples needs;Delivering jobs and investment through the supply chain.1.Objectives and Plan OverviewTh

90、e need for action to achieve tangible progress on the pathway to net zero has never been greater.The gas networks are ready to support the next transformation,to a greener gas supply,ensuring that homes and businesses across the UK can be connected to the worlds first Net Zero gas network.This repor

91、t sets out the gas networks view on the pathway to hydrogen in the UK.16 ENA REPORT Delivering Britains Hydrogen Network plan KEY(lead network)Others Regulators Networks Governments SAFETYSECURITY OF SUPPLYCUSTOMER FOCUSSUPPLY CHAIN2020-2025Preparing for transition 2025-2030Solution pilots2030-2040S

92、caling up 2040-2050Full Transition Domestic/distribution grid safety case Network modelling/SO projectsEnergy content billingFirst 20%blending into gas grid100%H2 domestic trials:Hydrogen neighbourhood Wider 100%H2 domestic pilots:Hydrogen village and town H2-ready appliances mandatedH2-ready(includ

93、ing hybrid)appliances installed at rate of over 1M a year H2 Training modules developedH2 Training rolled-out-becomes a business-as-usual gas safety activityGaseous energy bills based on energy content rather than volume,to allow wider range of de-carbonised gas and blendsSupport for hybrid heatingD

94、omestic conversion funding model agreedH2 vehicles grow,inc,first shipsFirst H2 blend in power generation H2 used in power generation grows Significant use of H2 in power Fast growth in H2 vehicles for heavy transport,including ships.H2 becomes fuel of choice for part of heavy transport sector,inclu

95、ding as input to ammonia and syn fuels RIIO2 Sufficiently flexible Compact hybrid boiler technologyH2 Trucks and buses grow20%blending into gas grid widenedH2 production target and h2/CCS business models Sufficient H2 Production Target H2 Productions connected to networks Planning Application expedi

96、ted Clusters H2 productions grows rapidly H2 Production grows rapidly with full instrumental roll-out Clusters H2 production-5GW By 2030 Other clusters start to convert First salt caverns re-purposed for H2 More H2 storage capacity developed H2 Storage at scale,including roughRAB for H2 storage Indu

97、strial Cluster FIDsNew H2 Pipelines within clustersNew H2 Pipelines within clustersNational H2 networks in place,for H2 Cluster and direct network productionTransmission grid re-purposed or new determinationGS(M)R Changed to allow H2 BlendsNew 100%H2 StandardMaintaining a safe H2 network is a busine

98、ss-as-usual activity for gas networksUK Government heat Policy decisionIron mains programme continued until completionH2-Ready and H2(Including hybrid)appliances manufactured at scale,for industry and domestic H2 transport solutions manufactured at increasing scale 17 ENA REPORT Meeting Britains Hyd

99、rogen Network Plan TenetsSAFETYSECURITY OF SUPPLYCUSTOMER FOCUSSUPPLY CHAINHOUSEHOLDSIndustryPowerTransport Domestic 100%hydrogen safety case-Hy4Heat(led by BEIS)Distribution grid 100%hydrogen safety case and other safety studies-H21 and phase 2,H100 FIFE,Network safety and impacts board projects.Hy

100、drogen network operation and resilience-transmission modelling.Distribution modelling.System operator transition to Hydrogen Market framework for hydrogen-Gas Markets Plan(GMaP)New hydrogen networks-Aberdeen vision(new network element)HyNet HomesHydrogen Production directly connected to networks-pro

101、ject Cavendish,H100 Fife,H21 Phase 3,HyNet homesCluster Hydrogen-Networks support to industrial cluster projects,including HyNet,zero Carbon Humber,Acorn,Net Zero Teesside,South Wales industrial Cluster and Southampton water Domestic use trials:100%hydrogen Neighbourhood and 100%hydrogen village-H10

102、0 Fife.H21 Phase 3,HyNet homes Enabling hydrogen in transport-H2GV,Cadent Gas Transport pathways Hybrid Heating and hydrogen-Project Freedom,HyHy,HyCompactMains replacement and readiness for hydrogen,including training-iron mains risk reduction programme,network training programme.Entry Connection f

103、or decarbonised gas-Entry connection standardisationCross-sectoral stakeholder engagement to communicate hydrogen network plan and secure feedback Hydrogen de blending for specific customers-De-blending N1A,HyNTS Future Grid Phase 2 Testing of 20%blending for 2023 start-HyDeploy,HyDeploy2 Energy con

104、tent billing to allow blending-future billing,Real Time Networks Transmission grid re-purposing safety and feasibility-HyNTS future Grid phase 1 2.Transforming the networks to hydrogen18 ENA REPORT 19 ENA REPORT 2.Transforming the Networks to hydrogen Meeting long term targets and near term carbon b

105、udgets means taking action now,delivering changes in this decade to set us on the pathway to a greener gas future.The gas networks are ready and able to take the next steps in decarbonising our gaseous energy system.This chapter sets out the overall plan,and the following chapters discuss the implic

106、ations and bene-fits for the key sectors which the networks serve.To support the delivery a Net Zero energy system,this plan considers how we can use decarbonised gasses to safely,efficiently and economically re-place the role of gas in our energy system today.It recognises the central role gaseous

107、energy plays across the system;the relative cost of energy vectors;and the need to tackle hard-to-decarbonise sectors.Overall,it will save 41 million tonnes of CO2 emissions a year.2.1 Overall vision for the Net Zero Gas networkThe Gas Goes Green vision for a Net Zero gas network is set out in the P

108、athways to Net Zero report https:/ the gas networks delivering a combination of hydrogen and biomethane in 2050 depending on their location and customer demands.As biomethane is chemically similar to fossil natural gas,this Plan focusses on the changes require for the parts of the network which will

109、 be converted to hydrogen.The diagram to the right summarises for completeness the full range of hydrogen production methods and hydrogen applications.The Plan follows four steps:2020-25:Preparing for Transition;2025-30:Solution Pilots;2030-40:Scaling Up;2040-50:Full Transition.20 ENA REPORT 2.Trans

110、forming the Networks to hydrogen KEY:Hydrogen from renewablesFossil source no carbon capture Low Cabon gasUnabated grid electricity Abated grid electricity COAL*NATURAL GAS BIOMASSGRID ELECTRICITY RENEWABLE ENERGY ELECTROLYSIS ELECTROLYSIS GASIFICATION Methane Reforming Gasification CCSGAS GRIDsHIP/

111、TRUCK RAILWAY MARITIMEROADMANUFACTURING STORAGE HYDROGEN GRID Hydrogen Grid CCSCCSProduction sourceconversion processcarbon CaptureDistributionApplicationsCSS*NB:Coal not relevant in the UK21 ENA REPORT GASEOUS ENERGY IS CRITICAL TO PEOPLES LIVES:1 Domestic:Gas meets 77%of domestic heating and 65%of

112、 total domestic energy use.Services:Gas meets 63%of heat and 40%of overall energy use.Industry:Gas meets 59%of heat and 46%of overall energy use.Electricity generation:Gas is vital to electricity,providing 41%of total power generation.GASEOUS ENERGY IS LOW COST:Domestic:Average electricity prices ar

113、e 16.6 pence per kWh,compared with 3.8 pence per kWh for gas.2 Households not connected to the gas grid are twice as likely to be fuel poor in England,20.4%of households with electricity as their main source were in fuel poverty compared with 10.1%of people who heated their homes with gas.3 Manufact

114、uring:The average price of gas for manufacturing is 1.9 pence per kWh,compared with 9.9 pence per kWh for electricity.4 UK manufacturing has the highest electricity prices in Europe,but amongst the lowest gas prices,maintaining competitiveness.5 HYDROGEN CAN HELP TO TACKLE THE HARD-TO-DECARBONISE SE

115、CTORS:Since 1990,the UK has reduced emissions by 43%overall,but this achievement masks very different performances in different sectors:6 Electricity:Emissions from generation have fallen by 67%since 1990.Domestic:Emissions have only fallen by 14%since 1990.Transport:The sector has seen little reduc

116、tion,with emissions only falling by 3%,as more efficient engines have been offset by more miles being driven.Industry:Industrial emissions have fallen,but a large part of this is due to offshoring of manufacturing to other parts of the world.Per capita,the UK is the highest net importer of CO in the

117、 world;our net imports from China alone are 80 million tonnes of CO a year.721 ENA REPORT 2.Transforming the Networks to hydrogen 1 BEIS,DUKES 2020:Electricity,Table 5.1 https:/www.gov.uk/government/statistics/electricity-chapter-5-digest-of-united-kingdom-energy-statistics-dukes;BEIS,Energy Consump

118、tion in the UK,2019,End Use Tables,Table U3(domestic heat includes space heating,water heating,and cooking),Table U4(industry heat includes high temperature processes,low temperature processes,drying/separation,and space heating),Table U5(services heat includes hot water and heating)https:/www.gov.u

119、k/government/statistics/energy-consumption-in-the-uk 2 BEIS,Annual domestic energy bills,Tables 2.2.4 and 2.3.4 https:/www.gov.uk/government/statistical-data-sets/annual-domestic-energy-price-statistics 3 https:/assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/

120、829006/Annual_Fuel_Poverty_Statistics_Report_2019_2017_data_.pdf p264 BEIS,Table QEP 3.1.4:Annual prices of fuels purchased by manufacturing industry(p/kWh)https:/www.gov.uk/government/statistical-data-sets/prices-of-fuels-purchased-by-manufacturing-industry 5 BEIS,Quarterly Energy Prices,June 2020,

121、Charts 5.3 and 5.4 https:/assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/895143/QEP_Q1_2020.pdf 6 BEIS,Final UK greenhouse gas emissions national statistics 1990-2018,Table 3 https:/data.gov.uk/dataset/9568363e-57e5-4c33-9e00-31dc528fcc5a/final-uk-greenhouse-

122、gas-emissions-national-statistics 7 Office for National Statistics,October 2019,Figures 1 1-12 https:/www.ons.gov.uk/economy/nationalaccounts/uksectoraccounts/compendium/economicreview/october2019/thedecouplingofeconomicgrowthfromcarbonemissionsukevidence22 ENA REPORT The role of the National Transm

123、ission System(NTS)The NTS is the infrastructure that transports natural gas away from the import terminals(such as St Fergus,Bacton,Grain LNG,South Hook,Easington and Dragon LNG)to industry,power generators and domestic consumers.The most efficient way to move gas to consumers is at high pressures a

124、nd in large diameter pipelines,using compressors at strategic locations to maintain the flows.The NTS currently transports over 97%of the natural gas that flows through the gas distribution networks,the remaining 3%of gas is biomethane which is injected directly into the distribution networks.2.2 St

125、ructure of the GB Gas NetworksThe gas networks deliver 900 TWh/year of energy from natural gas.Decarbonisation of this ener-gy vector can be achieved by converting the existing natural gas network infrastructure to hydro-gen which burns to produce water and heat with no carbon dioxide.Over 85%of hou

126、seholds in Great Britain choose natural gas for heat this amounts to about one third of current total gas demand.Industry and power generation use the remaining two thirds,and decarbonisation of these sectors could also be achieved through transition to hydrogen.The gas network pathway to the transp

127、ort of greener gases must take account of the needs of all consumers.To transform the network to hydrogen,and recognise the need of the various consumers,it is impor-tant to understand the roles of the transmission and distribution systems,as their hydrogen pathways and timescales will be slightly d

128、ifferent.THE NATIONAL TRANSMISSION SYSTEM2.Transforming the Networks to hydrogen St FergusBarrowBurton PointMilford HavenGrain LNGBactonEasingtonTeesside23 ENA REPORT The role of the gas distribution networksThe gas distribution networks provide the infrastructure that moves high-pressure gas from t

129、he NTS and delivers it to a range of customers.The majority of the original metallic gas distribution mains are being replaced by polyethylene pipes(PE)in the medium and low-pressure networks and by high-density PE in the intermediate pressure network;these PE pipelines are already hydrogen compatib

130、le.GB Gas Distribution companiesThe distribution networks transport gas regionally as follows:241311234SGN supplies all Scotland and South East and South England;Northern Gas Networks supplies Northern and North East England;Cadent supplies East Anglia,East Midlands,West Midlands,North London and No

131、rth West;Wales&West Utilities supplies Wales South,Wales North and England in the South West.2.Transforming the Networks to hydrogen 24 ENA REPORT hydrogen applications To develop this plan,the gas networks have been consulting widely with their customers and broader stakeholders to understand how h

132、ydrogen applications and demand will change over the period to 2050.Fundamentally,a 100%hydrogen network will need to:Maintain current levels of gas supply security;Be funded in a way that continues to be affordable to customers,to minimise fuel poverty andmaintain industrial competitiveness;Meet ne

133、t-zero emissions by transporting low-or zero-carbon hydrogen(or biomethane);Be demonstrably safe.As the networks Prepare for Transition in the early 2020s,they will also support near term carbon reductions by connecting hydrogen producers to blend hydrogen in the existing system.The HyDeploy 1 trial

134、 is currently injecting up to a 20%blend of hydrogen by volume to 130 homes and faculty buildings at Keele University in Staffordshire.Results show that gas appliances using the blend are functioning normally and householders and campus businesses havent noticed any differences to their gas supply.T

135、he next phase HyDeploy 2 will see a 20%blend provided to 670 homes near Gateshead.In matching customers expectations for transition,we have developed a programme of work that will demonstrate how networks will make the changes needed to transform to a greener gas infrastructure,moving from deliverin

136、g natural gas to zero-carbon hydrogen and biomethane.2.3 Developing the planManaging Transitions Ever since the modern gas industry came into being in the1960s,the gas networks have evolved to meet the needs of energy consumers.Those transformations took many forms and have required the industry to

137、face and solve several challenges.They included engineering issues,policy and regulatory issues,ownership and organisational issues,and changes to the nature of the gas itself.Today,the industry is looking forward to supporting another transition;that is,to safely and cost effectively transport low-

138、carbon gas to consumers to support the UKs Net zero ambition.Since 2002,the Iron Mains Risk Reduction Programme(IMRRP)has been delivering the modernisation of the GB gas distribution network.GDNs have already replaced 60,000 km of iron pipelines with polyethylene,representing 62.5%completion of the

139、programme.Polyethylene pipes are fundamentally capable of safely carrying hydrogen.2.Transforming the Networks to hydrogen 25 ENA REPORT hydrogen network plan tenets To deliver a 100%hydrogen network,our plan has four key tenets:Ensuring peoples safetyWorking closely with the Health&Safety Executive

140、,our innovation projects are making great progress and results have shown that using hydrogen in the natural gas grid is fundamentally safe.Our safety work is developing the right technology and procedures across the GB system,including:End-user appliances,such as domestic boilers and industrial bur

141、ners;The low-pressure distribution network;The high-pressure transmission network.Maintaining security of supplyWe will deliver a hydrogen network that meets the same high levels of supply security as today,with very rare unplanned interruptions.This includes ensuring:Sufficient physical network cap

142、acity and resilience to meet demand peaks;Effective System Operation;Access to sufficient hydrogen production and storage capacity;Flexibility to connect new sources at more entry points.Focussing on peoples needsOur hydrogen network will have a strong customer focus,supporting consumers to decarbon

143、ise in a convenient and cost-effective way,including through interim steps to enable rapid decarbonisation,covering:Domestic convenience and utility;Transport sector convenience and utility;Industrial sector convenience and utility;Interim steps to reduce emissions rapidly and early,including blendi

144、ng and hybrid heating systems;Energy-content billing.Delivering jobs and investmentWe will deliver the supply chain to construct and convert the network needed to allow 100%hydrogen to be introduced on time,which includes:Equipment,including appliances and long-lead items;Skilled people.The T-Map on

145、 the next page shows how the networks plan to deliver these objectives in parallel between now and 2050.The sections following the T-Map describe the actions that will deliver a whole system hydrogen transformation.The actions set out are ambitious but realistic,and are informed by the stakeholder e

146、ngagement we have undertaken for this project and across the gas networks planning and innovation activity.2.Transforming the Networks to hydrogen 2050Objectivesexisting networkpreparation new hydrogen networkshydrogen storagecsspolicy enablers2020202520302040Preparingfor transitionSolutionpilotsSca

147、ling upFull transition2020-2025:Investigation ofNTS/GDN connected H2 productionto complement cluster production2025-2030:HyNet LTS and other cluster H2 pipelines start to connect H2 production,storage and use within clusters2030-2040:More new H2pipelines to connect clusters2025-2030:First salt caver

148、ns repurposed for H2 storage2035-2040:Further H2storage capacity developed2025-2030:FirstCCS cluster operational2020-2025:Business models for CCS rolled out2035-2040:CCS capacityexpanded at clusters to includemore facilities and blue H2 production2020-2025:Sufficiently flexible and supportive regula

149、tory framework for RIIO-2;Mandatingof H2-ready boilers2030-2040:Regulatory regime supportive of blending;Insufficient H2 production supported for domestic conversion to start in earnest2030-2040:Non-cluster blue and greenH2 production with NTS/GDN conversionof sections for domestic,heavy transportan

150、d dispersed industry use2022-2035:Completionof mains replacement program2035-2040:Wider hydrogen productionand network conversion starting in earnestFully convertednetworkAmbition to Action for the Networks26 ENA REPORT 27 ENA REPORT Sector decarbonisation pathway through hydrogen For each of the fo

151、llowing sections of the plan that outline actions to 2050,we have adopted a common format.The plans are more detailed for the near-term activities as longer term changes will be shaped by preparatory work,technology development and government policy.We have developed the actions and network projects

152、 in the four end-use sectors:Domestic conversion Heavy transport Industry Power generationWe then cover four cross-cutting enablers:Hydrogen production Existing gas network preparation New hydrogen networks Hydrogen storageFinally,we have identified the key gaps in policy required to deliver a broad

153、-based hydrogen transformation and help the UK meet its hydrogen ambitions,including those set out in the Prime Ministers November 2020 Ten Point Plan for a Green Industrial Revolution.The period to 2025 will be critical to the achievement of net zero in a number of sectors.Solutions deployed now,wi

154、ll enable us to set out on the pathway to decarbonisation,and crucially,be able to present a common vision to consumers in each sector along that pathway.To enable this,we will need clear policies,supportive regulatory regimes,and consumer acceptance,to rapidly develop and deploy end to end hydrogen

155、 value chains.Many elements of the end to end value chain are not currently the responsibility of the regulated gas networks(e.g.hydrogen production and storage)but are critical to its achievement.This has to be secured in a co-ordinated manner,and the gas networks will work with government,regulato

156、rs,hydrogen producers and customers to deliver the plan.During the period to 2025,it will be essential for policy decisions and investments to be made to enable dedicated hydrogen production and storage facilities to be available in the 2025-2030 timeframe,and for a clear domestic heat policy to be

157、determined.In order to ensure that the gas networks are ready for the hydrogen pathway and to demonstrate that it can be completed effectively and efficiently,the gas network companies have already been conducting a significant number of projects to demonstrate safety,enable blending and close any k

158、nowledge gaps.In this section of the plan,they are proposing a further set of pathway projects over the next five years.This first stage will give government the information required to make policy decisions on the conversion of networks.These projects are listed in the table below and described in

159、more detail in the relevant sector chapters later in this document.By its nature,gas network conversion to hydrogen will benefit multiple sectors;we have placed projects in the table in their primary benefit category.2.4 Preparing for Transition Pathway to 20252.Transforming the Networks to hydrogen

160、 28 ENA REPORT gas NETWORK HYDROGEN PATHWAY PROJECTS Existing projectsPlanned projects to 2025AreaDomestic conversionHeavy transportIndustrial clustersExisting network preparationNew hydrogen networksH21 Phase 1 and Phase 2HyDeploy and HyDeploy 2H100 Aberdeen Vision(note elements of this project cov

161、er hydrogen blending in the NTS and other elements a new hydrogen pipeline)Aberdeen Vision(ongoing project)Project Cavendish(ongoing project)HyNet Homes(ongoing project)HyNetGrangemouthSouthampton WaterNECCUSHyHyGMaP hydrogen workstream GGG WS4.1 entry connection standardisation GGG WS2.1 Strengthen

162、ing the case for GS(M)R amendmentLTS FuturesFeasibility of hydrogen in the NTSAberdeen VisionHydrogen deblendingFuture LTSH21 Safety case for trialsIMRPHyNTS FutureGrid Common future end states and transition pathwaysAssessment methodologyBehavioural change and disruptionSystem Transformation data p

163、rojectNew modelling tools and capabilityHyNetGrangemouthSouthampton WaterNECCUSNetwork collaboration in cluster projects,including:Current projects are focused on ensuring the gas networks are ready for a green gas transformation:Planned projects are focused on ensuring the gas networks are equipped

164、 to deliver a green gas transformation:Network collaboration in cluster projects,including:H2GVCadent Gas Transport PathwaysH100 H21 Phase 3HyNet HomesHy4Heat programme(led by BEIS)Cadent blending framework reportProject CavendishHyNet HomesSWICZero Carbon HumberNet Zero Teesside GDNs have already r

165、eplaced 60,000 km of iron pipelines with polyethylene,62.5%completion of the mains replacement programme.Future Billing methodologyReal Time NetworksOptinetSGN BiomethaneFreedom ProjectNGN Hydrogen Conversion Strategy Investigation of impacts of purging during conversionTransmission modellingDistrib

166、ution modelling System Operator transition to hydrogenSystem Transformation outputsNetwork Safety&Impacts projectsSWICZero Carbon HumberNet Zero Teesside29 ENA REPORT In this period,BEIS is supporting a range of research,development and testing projects designed to help determine the feasibility of

167、using low carbon hydrogen as an alternative to the use of natural gas for heating in homes,businesses and industry.BEIS is also working closely with industry and other stakeholders to ensure that the overall programme of work is comprehensive and provides the necessary evidence to assess key issues

168、including safety,feasibility,costs and benefits and the overall consumer experience.The following tables summarise the key pathway activities and enablers to 2025.2.Transforming the Networks to hydrogen Pathway Activities to 2025 in the Four End-Use SectorsDomestic ConversionHeavy TransportIndustryP

169、ower Generation Network hydrogen safety work and live consumer trials are completed first Hydrogen Neighbourhood.Hydrogen-ready boilers are mandated and begin to be installed.Hydrogen blending projects ready to start from 2023.Hybrid heating systems are deployed.Consumer engagement and education sta

170、rts in earnest.Boilers and equipment for commercial users.Hydrogen trucks appear on the roads.Continued growth in hydrogen buses.Hydrogen ferries and trains are put into use.Vehicles refuel using distributed onsite green hydrogen or hydrogen tankered to refuelling stations.Research into ammonia for

171、zero-carbon shipping.Continued growth in biomethane trucks and buses.FEED studies at clusters are progressed,funded by schemes such as the Industrial Decarbonisation Challenge and the Industrial Energy Transformation Fund.Final investment decisions are taken at industrial clusters with business mode

172、ls in place.Industrial fuel switching feasibility projects are continued.Work continues to identify system coupling opportunities across electricity and gas networks.A regulatory incentive framework is established for electrolysis of hydrogen.30 ENA REPORT 2.Transforming the Networks to hydrogen Pol

173、icy and regulatory enablers before 2025The governments Ten Point Plan has set out the overall framework for hydrogen including milestones on business models,enabling blending and trialling hydrogen for heating in the early 2020s.In delivering the Hydrogen Network Plan,the gas networks expect that th

174、e following policy developments will be required.The Key Pathway Enablers to 2025Hydrogen ProductionExisting Network PreparationNew Hydrogen NetworksHydrogen Storage2021 An interim business model is established for hydrogen production with a hydrogen production target set by government through a new

175、 hydrogen strategy.2022 A final business model for hydrogen production is established,likely to be a CfD based on the gas and CO2 price with an additional fixed capacity payment.Grant support available for hydrogen production technology from the Low Carbon Hydrogen Production Fund.Research into NTS

176、blending and deblending is carried out.Network modelling ascertains which sections can convert while maintaining reliability in the natural gas parts of the network.Research into hydrogen production to complement industrial cluster production.The Iron Mains Risk Reduction Programme is continued.PE i

177、nstallation continues.A programme is developed to connect off-grid communities to gas networks.The System Transformation programme projects proceed.Assessment of whether existing salt caverns can handle blends of up to 20%hydrogen.Some salt caverns will stay on methane rather than blended hydrogen,d

178、epending on whether blending is introduced into the NTS.31 ENA REPORT National delivery:Coordination of heat decarbonisation efforts to deliver the governments heat strategy.Decisions on where carbon capture and storage(CCS)infrastructure will be installed first,as this impacts on blue hydrogen prod

179、uction and therefore network planning.Business models:A Regulated Asset Base(RAB)financing mechanism for hydrogen storage and a mechanism(CfD or other)to support hydrogen production for hydrogen production,a consultation is expected in 2021,with a final business model in 2022.A funding model for con

180、verting domestic properties to hydrogen,with a thorough understanding of the price consumers should be paying for heat decarbonisation,and a willingness to assign additional costs to either consumers or taxpayers.A clear signal that dedicated hydrogen production for domestic conversion,as well as fo

181、r industrial/transport use is needed.CCS business models finalised.Likely to be a Contract for Difference(CfD)with a capacity payment for capture and a RAB for transport and storage.Regulatory regime:The RIIO2 framework needs to be managed in a sufficiently supportive and flexible way to enable the

182、range of innovation projects and trials to be carried out in a timely way and ensure networks have the means to continue to prepare for future conversion.A regulatory regime that is supportive of hydrogen blending as a precursor to 100%hydrogen,delivering the Ten Point Plan ambition for hydrogen ble

183、nding from 2023 in practice.Mandating of hydrogen-ready boilers.Support for hybrid heating solutions.2.Transforming the Networks to hydrogen 32 ENA REPORT 2.Transforming the Networks to hydrogen The work in the next five years will give government the information required to make policy decisions on

184、 the conversion of networks.It is critical that a policy decision to allow and support 100%hydrogen conversion is taken in the mid-2020s,which will allow larger hydrogen conversion pilots to take place and meet the ambition in the November 2020 Ten Point Plan for a Hydrogen Village and a Hydrogen To

185、wn by 2030.Further policy development will be a critical enabler of the later stages of the plan.The table below presents the gas networks RIIO2 business plans to facilitate a start on the pathway to a net zero energy system before 2025.Lead the development of gas transmission to facilitate the deca

186、rbonisation of heat,industry and transport,specifically hydrogen.Lead the development of the gas markets framework by collaborating to enable the pathway to net zero.Collaborate across industry on a hydrogen workplan and innovation.Creating an innovative testing facility through the FutureGrid progr

187、amme,enabling testing and demonstration of hydrogen within National Transmission System(NTS)assets,leading to live hydrogen transportation on the NTS.Prepare to deliver clean gas at scale through the HyNet North West project,which will create 5,000 jobs and save 1 million tonnes of CO2 per annum.Sup

188、port customers on the clean gas transition,demonstrating the potential for the transportation of a hydrogen blend of gas through our HyDeploy and HyDeploy 2 projects and creating a commercial framework for how this could work in practice.Research into the feasibility and safety case for introducing

189、alternative gases into NGNs network.Demonstration of safety case for 100%hydrogen for heat.Increasing volumes of hydrogen blends through delivery of HyDeploy.First 100%hydrogen community trial delivered.Helping UK Government create a future for heat,power and transport that is low disruption,afforda

190、ble and reliable,building relevant and impartial evidence towards net zero,including 100%hydrogen.H100 Fife:Deliver a 100%hydrogen demonstration network in Levenmouth,Fife,that will bring carbon-free heating and cooking to around 300 homes from the end of 2022.Ambitious whole system plan will decarb

191、onise heat,power and transport in our regions,delivering a net zero ready network by 2035.The plan is founded on extensive research and live trials.National Grid Gas Transmission8Northern Gas Networks10SGN11Wales&West Utilities12Cadent9Gas network RIIO2 net zero preparation commitments8 National Gri

192、d Gas Transmission,Delivering the future gas transmission system,December 2019 https:/ 9 Cadent,Transforming experiences:Customers,Communities,Colleagues,December 2019 https:/ 10 Northern Gas Networks,RIIO-GD2 Business Plan 2021-2026 https:/www.northerngasnetworks.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/NG

193、N-RIIO-GD2-Business-Plan-2021-2026.pdf 1 1 SGN,A plan for our shared future,December 2019 https:/www.sgnfuture.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/SGN-RIIO-GD2-Business-Plan.pdf 12 Wales&West Utilities,A sustainable business in a changing and dynamic sector,December 2019 https:/www.wwutilities.co.uk/me

194、dia/3567/3-wwu-business-plan-december-2019.pdf33 ENA REPORT 2.5 Solution Pilots Pathway 2025 to 2030 During this period,we will deliver the first large scale pilots of 100%hydrogen in domestic properties,including a Hydrogen Town and a substantial ramp-up in the provision of a 20%blend of hydrogen t

195、o consumers.The Iron Mains Risk Reduction programme approaches its conclusion,with the majority of the domestic gas network now hydrogen ready.Significant emissions reductions are now being enabled by the greening of the gas network,and by reductions in gas demand driven by improving energy efficien

196、cy.Britains gas network companies are replacing old iron gas mains with new hydrogen ready pipes,reducing emissions whilst allowing Britains homes and businesses more choice over which zero carbon technologies they will be able to use in the future for their heating and transport.22.4%REDUCTION IN E

197、MISSIONSSINCE 201431,81753,954139,88658,99662,657GAS DISTRIBUTION NETWORKSNORTHERN GAS NETWORKSCADENT GASWALES&WEST UTILITIES(WWU)SGNEQUIVALENT NUMBER OF CARS TAKEN OFF THE ROAD2014-202020-3214,49318,52521,18499,46525,456179,123347,31055.6%REDUCTION IN EMISSIONSSINCE 2020By 2032 the equivalent of 52

198、6,433 cars will have been taken off the road since 2014,thanks to reduced emissions by replacing iron mains.526,433 CARS2.Transforming the Networks to hydrogen Data from Ofgem annual reports or network RIIO2 business plans.tCO2e conversion uses the assumptions and calculation approach prescribed by

199、Ofgem.Greenhouse Gases equivalences use EPA calculations.by 2032we will have66%reductionIN CO2e EMISSIONS SINCE 2014.ACHIEVED AIN REPLACING IRON GAS MAINS WITH HYDROGEN READY PIPES.28billionINVESTED2.Transforming the Networks to hydrogen 34 ENA REPORT 35 ENA REPORT Progress on the Key Pathway Enable

200、rs 2025-2030Hydrogen ProductionExisting Network PreparationNew Hydrogen NetworksHydrogen StorageCluster hydrogen production starts mainly blue with some green and“turquoise”from waste plastic at smaller scale.Distributed green hydrogen production grows for transport,domestic pilots and some disperse

201、d industry.Research continues to scale up the pyrolysis hydrogen production method.Non-clustered hydrogen production for network injection is started.The Iron Mains Risk Reduction Programme approaches its conclusion.Enabling works are carried out in the networks,including ensuring that valves and co

202、mpressors etc are ready for hydrogen use.New hydrogen pipes are starting to connect hydrogen production,storage and use between clusters.The programme of work to connect off-grid communities to hydrogen networks is implemented.The first salt caverns are repurposed for hydrogen storage,depending on w

203、hich clusters go first.Other local storage is developed to support hydrogen conversion pilots.Pathway Activities 2025-2030 in the Four End-Use SectorsDomestic ConversionHeavy TransportIndustryPower Generation Large pilots of 100%hydrogen in homes are undertaken,fed by dedicated hydrogen production H

204、ydrogen Village and Hydrogen Town.Increasing development of hydrogen blending up to 20%limit.Continuing improvements in energy efficiency to reduce average domestic gas consumption.Hydrogen-ready boilers rolling out around 1.5 million a year,similar to the current level of annual boiler replacements

205、.Scale up of hydrogen trucks,buses and trains,fed by onsite distributed green hydrogen production,or tankered hydrogen.Hydrogen and ammonia start to be used for shipping.The first hydrogen from industrial clusters starts to be used for heavy transport.Construction of hydrogen production and CCS is u

206、nderway,together with industrial fuel switching.Substitution of blue/green hydrogen for existing“grey”hydrogen is started.Hydrogen pipelines between clusters to connect hydrogen production,storage and use.Hydrogen blends feeding CCGTs in clusters begins.Gas power generation falls as offshore wind in

207、creases.The first“system coupling”projects are commissioned.2.Transforming the Networks to hydrogen 36 ENA REPORT 2.Transforming the Networks to hydrogen 2.6 Scaling up the Transition-Pathway 2030 to 2035The policies are now clear,and the transition is accelerating.All of the technical challenges ha

208、ve been resolved for hydrogen rollout.Large parts of the distribution networks are carrying a 20%hydrogen blend and we begin to see the arrival of dedicated hydrogen production for domestic consumption.Pathway Activities 2030-2035 in the Four End-Use SectorsDomestic ConversionHeavy TransportIndustry

209、Power GenerationHydrogen-ready boilers continue to roll out at around 1.5 million a year.Following on from pilots,the first 100%hydrogen conversions take place including hydrogen to fuel district heating.Wider roll out of hydrogen trucks,buses and trains takes place,partly as a result of bans on new

210、 petrol and diesel vehicles coming into effect.Hydrogen and ammonia grow in the maritime sector.Hydrogen in aviation begins.Growth in light fuel cell vehicles.Hydrogen production in the clusters scales up,including for use in shipping at industrial ports.Dedicated hydrogen production at scale for do

211、mestic conversion begins.Industry outside clusters begin to decarbonise using hydrogen from the gas networks.Hydrogen pipelines start to link clusters and support hydrogen in heavy transport in between.More CCGTs in clusters start to take a hydrogen blend.The first CCGTs in clusters convert to 100%h

212、ydrogen.CCGTs outside of clusters decide whether to move to hydrogen or remain on methane and fit CCS.An increasing number of“system coupling”projects are delivered,to support decarbonisation of the electricity sector and increase available renewables capacity.37 ENA REPORT 2.Transforming the Networ

213、ks to hydrogen Progress on the Key Enablers 2030-2035Hydrogen ProductionExisting Network PreparationNew Hydrogen NetworksHydrogen StorageCluster hydrogen production grows in earnest,including blue,turquoise,large onshore green,and the start of offshore green.A start is made using pyrolysis productio

214、n at scale.Hydrogen production dedicated for domestic consumption connected starts in earnest.The Iron Mains Risk Reduction Programme is completed.The distribution network is now 100%hydrogen ready.Hydrogen blending in the distribution is widespread.Non-clustered hydrogen production starts in earnes

215、t,with conversions of sections of the networks for domestic,heavy transport and dispersed industry use.More hydrogen pipelines connect clusters to provide greater resilience and ensure the parallel methane network resilience.Development of new NTS and LTS sections dedicated to hydrogen.Rough is repu

216、rposed for hydrogen storage,to allow scale within clusters.LNG increases in importance for methane storage,as more salt caverns switch to hydrogen.Ammonia storage emerges at the LNG import terminals.38 ENA REPORT 2.Transforming the Networks to hydrogen Domestic ConversionHeavy TransportIndustryPower

217、 Generation Hydrogen-ready boilers continue to roll out at 1.5 million a year,with the rollout to all properties nearing completion by the end of the decade.Wider domestic conversion starts,changing from a 20%hydrogen blend,to 100%hydrogen.Hydrogen trucks,buses and trains continue to roll out.Hydrog

218、en and ammonia grow in the maritime sector.Hydrogen in aviation continues to grow.Further growth in light fuel cell vehicles.Cluster hydrogen production continues to scale up,including for use in industrial ports.Other clusters,which started in the early 2030s,are scaling up.Hydrogen pipelines are n

219、ow linking clusters and supporting non cluster industry and heavy transport in between.Continuing CCGT and gas engine switchover to hydrogen or gas with CCS plus new hydrogen CCGTs.Gaseous power generation provides backup power,especially if no new nuclear at scale.If considerable electrification of

220、 heat,gaseous power will increase.An increasing number of“system coupling”projects delivered,to support decarbonisation of the electricity sector and increase available renewables capacity.Activities 2035-2040 in the Four End-Use Sectors2.7 Accelerating the Transition-Pathway 2035 to 2040Nearly all

221、domestic properties are now hydrogen ready,with boilers,cookers,and other devices now converted.Dedicated hydrogen production at scale is now available,and widespread conversion of housing to 100%hydrogen is underway.39 ENA REPORT 2.Transforming the Networks to hydrogen 2.8 Full Transition-Pathway 2

222、040sConversion of the gas networks to net zero is now complete.Domestic conversion is completed.The gas and electricity networks are interconnected and mutually supportive.Activities in the 2040s in the Four End-Use SectorsDomestic ConversionHeavy TransportIndustryPower Generation Widespread domesti

223、c conversion with sufficient hydrogen production and storage is now well established.Hydrogen is an established energy carrier for trucks,buses,trains and ships(includingin the form of ammonia)and is being delivered through gas networks with onsite purification.Hydrogen scales in aviation.Additional

224、 cluster hydrogen production is brought onstream to support the conversion of homes and dispersed industry,with appropriate business models.Electricity and gas networks are interconnected,and support whole energy system needs.Progress on the Key Enablers 2035-2040Hydrogen ProductionExisting Network

225、PreparationNew Hydrogen NetworksHydrogen StorageCluster hydrogen production grows to support more industry/power switching.Dedicated hydrogen production for domestic consumption fully available.Wider hydrogen production and network conversion is now continuing in earnest.There is now a significant h

226、ydrogen content in the NTS.Parallel sections of the NTS are converted or built new to allow wider domestic conversion to while maintaining resilience in the methane network.More new or repurposed hydrogen pipelines are connecting clusters.Further hydrogen storage capacity is developed in a number of

227、 forms.40 ENA REPORT Progress on the Key Enablers 2040-2050Hydrogen ProductionExisting Network PreparationNew Hydrogen NetworksHydrogen StorageLarge-scale green is increasingly the method of choice for new hydrogen production.Pyrolysis is also established.Sufficient hydrogen is now being produced to

228、 use more widely outside of clusters,including larger volumes of NTS/GDN-connected hydrogen.Existing networks are fully prepared for hydrogen conversion,with hydrogen-ready boilers in all properties.Further build out of new hydrogen pipelines to connect wider production,storage and use,and conversio

229、n of parts of the NTS.Hydrogen storage widespread,and overall hydrogen system resilience increasing.2.9 Hydrogen applicationsAlongside the Hydrogen Networks Plan,policy and regulation needs to support the transition for Hydrogen Production and across the end use sectors.Major steps are set out in th

230、e T-Plan below,aligned with the Hydrogen Networks Plan.Chapters 3-6 set out the implications and options in the use sectors in more detail.2.Transforming the Networks to hydrogen 2025-2030:H2-ready boilersstart rolling out at 1.5m a year2020-2025:Hybridboiler technology available 2020-2025:First H2

231、trucksand growth in H2 buses2030-2040:H2/ammoniagrowth in shipping2025-2030:Construction of H2 production,CCS and industrial fuel switching/substitutionof blue for grey H2,Pipelines within cluster;Blending of H2 into local 2045-2050:Electricityand gas networks areinterconnected andsupport whole syst

232、emsenergy needs2040-2045:Large scale greenH2 increasingly themethod of choice2030-2040:Increasingnumber of“system coupling”projects delivered,tosupport decarbonisationof electricity sector2020-2025:Identifying suitablelocations for“system coupling”across electricity and gas networks2030-2035:Cluster

233、 H2 productiongrows in earnest blue,larger green2021:Hydrogen productiontarget set by governmentthrough hydrogen strategy2040-2045:Additionalcluster H2 for domestic anddispersed industry2040-2045:Widerdomestic conversion withsufficient H2 production andH2 storage established2030:Hydrogen readyboiler

234、s and domesticH2 conversions continueto scale up2050ObjectivesDomesticconversionHeavytransportIndustrialclustersPowerHydrogenproduction2020202520302040Preparingfor transitionSolutionpilotsScaling upFull transitionhydrogen applications road map41 ENA REPORT 42 ENA REPORT 2.10 The Hydrogen Network Pla

235、n and Stakeholder EngagementMethane in networks:There will still be a need for methane in the NTS for some time to come,and it is likely that parallel high-pressure hydrogen pipelines will be built.Wider public opinion researchThere has been extensive public opinion research on hydrogen and alternat

236、ive heat decarbonisation options,including through quantitative and qualitative surveys by the Decarbonised Gas Alliance,Leeds Beckett University for the H21 project,Energy Systems Catapult,the Freedom Project,Ofgem and Climate Assembly UK.The key findings of these surveys are provided in Appendix B

237、 and are briefly summarised below:Net zero:There is widespread support for the net zero target,with many people feeling that climate change is one of the most pressing issues of our time.But cost and lifestyle changes are a major barrier,with people unwilling to pay significantly more or face large

238、disruption.100%hydrogen:People tend to be most worried about additional cost and the disruption from a hydrogen conversion,which people tend to think would be major.Most people seem to be relaxed about the decision being made for them,although there was concern about politicians changing their mind

239、it had not been long,for example,since politicians had actively persuaded people to turn to diesel vehicles.Stakeholder engagement for this projectTo develop the plan and test the practical transition options in detail,considerable stakeholder engagement has been undertaken.In August and September 2

240、020,we:Held two workshops with almost 200 participants covering producers,transporters,industrial users,consumer groups and policy experts.Carried out 17 individual focused discussions with key organisations,including:o Producers and industrial clusters:Johnson Matthey,ITM Power,BOC,North West(Progr

241、essive Energy),South Wales(CR Plus,Milford Haven Port Authority,Costain,University of South Wales),Humber(Equinor,Centrica),Scotland(Pale Blue Dot,SHFCA),Teesside(BP).o Other industrial consumers:Chemical Industries Association.o Domestic consumers and appliances:Worcester Bosch,Citizens Advice.o Tr

242、ansport:Shell.o Power generation and electricity grid:SSE,National Grid ESO.o Storage:Storengy.Appendix A provides a detailed description of what the stakeholders told us,and we also summarise the key points in the relevant sector chapters.Below we highlight a few of the common topics that the stake

243、holders we spoke to raised with respect to the transformation plan:Low regrets steps:Mandating hydrogen-ready boilers and blending hydrogen into the network to build confidence with consumers,deliver interim carbon savings and make a future conversion smoother.Overarching risks:Managing higher costs

244、 and ensuring sufficient volumes of hydrogen production are key risks.Hydrogen in transport:To start with,hydrogen is likely to be produced onsite for refuelling stations,but as the use of hydrogen in transport grows,the role of hydrogen in gas networks,with onsite purification,will become more impo

245、rtant.2.Transforming the Networks to hydrogen 43 ENA REPORT 2.Transforming the Networks to hydrogen 13 Committee on Climate Change,Net Zero Technical Report,May 2019 https:/www.theccc.org.uk/publication/net-zero-technical-report/14 National Grid,Future Energy Scenarios 2020 https:/ 15 Energy Network

246、s Association,Pathways to Net Zero,2019 https:/www.energynetworks.org/gas/futures/pathways-to-net-zero-report.html16 Aurora Energy Research,Hydrogen for a Net Zero GB:An integrated energy market perspective,2020 https:/ all scenarios,at least 150 TWh of hydrogen is required in 2050.The key contribut

247、ion that network conversion can make is to enable hydrogen to be transported and used far more widely,including in buildings,non-clustered industry and a full national heavy transport network.2.11 Benefits of a Hydrogen NetworkHydrogen supply and emissions savingsSeveral different scenarios have bee

248、n published for meeting net zero in the UK as a whole,which all use hydrogen to a greater extent.These include:Committee on Climate Change(CCC):The CCCs net zero report envisages up to 270 TWh of hydrogen to meet net zero.13 National Grid:The National Grid Future Energy Scenarios set out three scena

249、rios which meet net zero,using between 152 TWh and 591 TWh of hydrogen.14 Energy Networks Association(ENA):The ENAs recent Pathways to Net Zero report envisages 236 TWh of hydrogen in 2050.15 Aurora Energy Research:Auroras recent hydrogen report found that hydrogen can play an ambitious role in meet

250、ing net zero in the UK,with between 212 and 515 TWh of hydrogen use in 2050.16 The following table provides a breakdown of hydrogen use in 2050 in the main scenarios.SectorENA PathwaysCommittee on Climate Change Net ZeroNational Grid Consumer TransformationNational Grid System TransformationNational

251、 Grid Leading the WayAurora High Adoption*Aurora Targeted Adoption*Buildings140532131968Industry59120101 1867Surface transport 3025325645Shipping(including ammonia)-70707035Power generation72202820TOTAL236270153591235515212*For the Aurora scenarios,a precise sectoral breakdown is not givenHydrogen d

252、eployment scenarios for 2050(TWh)44 ENA REPORT 2.Transforming the Networks to hydrogen 17 NB:Gross CV measure;natural gas 100%mineral blend,as biomethane would still be used in parts of the network not converting to hydrogen.UK Government GHG Conversion Factors for Company Reporting,2020 https:/www.

253、gov.uk/government/publications/greenhouse-gas-reporting-conversion-factors-2020 18 NB:Natural gas supply chain emissions are from 2018 UK natural gas mix(including LNG),and are included in both the total natural gas emissions and the total hydrogen production emissions.H21 North of England,2018 http

254、s:/northerngasnetworks.co.uk/h21-noe/H21-NoE-23Nov18-v1.0.pdf19 NB:Gross CV measure;100%mineral diesel,as biodiesel would still be used for heavy transport not converting to hydrogen.UK Government GHG Conversion Factors for Company Reporting,2020 https:/www.gov.uk/government/publications/greenhouse-

255、gas-reporting-conversion-factors-202020 NB:Gross CV measure.UK Government GHG Conversion Factors for Company Reporting,2020 https:/www.gov.uk/government/publications/greenhouse-gas-reporting-conversion-factors-202021 NB:Natural gas supply chain emissions are from 2018 UK natural gas mix(including LN

256、G),and are included in both the total natural gas emissions and the total hydrogen production emissions.H21 North of England,2018 https:/northerngasnetworks.co.uk/h21-noe/H21-NoE-23Nov18-v1.0.pdfEmissions savings from hydrogen deployment scenarios for 2050(Million tonnes CO2)SectorENA PathwaysCommit

257、tee on Climate Change Net ZeroNational Grid Consumer TransformationNational Grid System TransformationNational Grid Leading the WayAurora High AdoptionAurora Targeted AdoptionBuildings23.89.03.654.11 1.5Industry10.020.41.720.01 1.4Surface transport 6.05.06.41 1.29.0Shipping(including ammonia)14.614.

258、614.67.3Power generation1.20.33.44.83.4TOTAL41.049.329.7104.742.687.436.0%of UK CO2 emissions1 1.7%14.0%8.4%29.8%12.1%24.9%10.2%of UK total GHG emissions9.4%1 1.3%6.8%24.1%9.8%20.1%8.3%The table below presents the emissions savings associated with each deployment option.We have assumed that:Hydrogen

259、 is replacing natural gas for buildings,industry and power generation.Natural gas,if combusted directly,has emissions of 184.2 g/CO2 per kWh17,plus an additional 35.3 g/CO2 per kWh17 in the natural gas supply chain18.Hydrogen is replacing diesel for heavy surface transport and marine fuel oil for sh

260、ipping.These have emissions of 249.419 and 258.8 g/CO2 per kWh20,respectively.Lifecycle blue hydrogen production emissions,including emissions of 35.3 g/CO2 per kWh in the natural gas value chain,are 49.8 g/CO2 per kWh.21 This gives emission savings of 169.7 g/CO2 per kWh compared with natural gas,1

261、99.7 g/CO2 per kWh compared with diesel and 209.1 g/CO2 per kWh compared with marine fuel oil.To be conservative,we have also made the following assumptions in reality,the emissions savings from hydrogen would be higher than we have calculated:No supply chain emissions are assumed for diesel and mar

262、ine fuel oil,and no fuel cell efficiency increase for hydrogen over internal combustion engines is assumed including supply chain emissions and higher fuel cell efficiency would increase hydrogen emissions savings relative to diesel and marine fuel oil.All hydrogen is assumed to be blue hydrogen gre

263、en hydrogen from renewables would increase emissions savings,and in reality,a significant proportion of hydrogen will be produced from dedicated renewables.Emissions savings in the two Aurora scenarios,where a sectoral breakdown is not given,are related to natural gas only.45 ENA REPORT Hydrogen als

264、o provides an opportunity to develop UK exports of decarbonised industrial products,together with exports of hydrogen technology and services:Overall,the global hydrogen market could reach 1.9 trillion a year by 205025,with the global fuel cell market reaching over 140 billion.The European electroly

265、ser market will grow rapidly,given the EU Commissions ambitions for 6 GW of electrolysers by 2024 and 40 GW by 2030.The global market for electrolyser exports could reach 250 billion and exports of hydrogen from offshore wind could be worth 48 billion.262.Transforming the Networks to hydrogen The ta

266、ble shows that emissions savings from network enabled hydrogen use can be conservatively estimated at between 30 million and 105 million tonnes of CO2,depending on the level of hydrogen adoption.Based on 2019 UK CO2 emissions of 351.5 million tonnes and total greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions of 435.2 mi

267、llion tonnes of CO2-equivalent22,the table also shows the proportion of UK emissions that hydrogen can remove hydrogen use as set out in the ENA pathways report would save around 12%of UK CO2 emissions.Economic opportunitiesThe overall job creation benefits from cross-sectoral hydrogen deployment ar

268、e large,supporting the UKs post-Covid economic recovery and the Ten Point Plan,and helping the UK to build back better,right across the country.Through to 2050,hydrogen and CCS development for broad based decarbonisation could create 43,000 jobs for industrial decarbonisation alone,195,000 jobs if h

269、ydrogen plays a full role in economy-wide decarbonisation,and 221,000 jobs if the UK also becomes a major hydrogen exporter.23 By 2035,a recent analysis by the Hydrogen Task Force estimated that 75,000 jobs could be created overall,together with 18 billion of GVA,from around 125 TWh of hydrogen by 2

270、035.This would include 26,600 jobs in hydrogen production alone,with 12,542 jobs in electrolyser manufacturing and 10,482 jobs in auto thermal reforming.24 The economic benefits and protection and creation of jobs are most likely to be felt in less affluent parts of the country,where industry and hy

271、drogen production would be concentrated.Overall,energy intensive industry accounts for 140 billion in economic value added and employs over 1.1 million people.22 2019 UK greenhouse gas emissions,provisional figures https:/www.gov.uk/government/statistics/provisional-uk-greenhouse-gas-emissions-natio

272、nal-statistics-2019 23 Element Energy and Equinor,Hy-impact Study 1:Hydrogen for economic growth,November 2019 http:/www.element-energy.co.uk/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2019/1 1/Element-Energy-Hy-Impact-Series-Study-1-Hydrogen-for-Economic-Growth.pdf 24 Hydrogen Taskforce,Economic impact assessmen

273、t(EIA)of the hydrogen value chain on the UK by 2035 https:/www.hydrogentaskforce.co.uk/resources/25 Hydrogen Council,Hydrogen scaling up,November 2017,p.8 http:/ 1/Hydrogen-Scaling-up_Hydrogen-Council_pressed.pdf26 Offshore Renewable Energy Catapult and Offshore Wind Industry Council,Offshore wind a

274、nd hydrogen:Solving the integration challenge,July 2020 https:/s3-eu-west- UK Economic and employment opportunities from hydrogen (2020-2035)jobs totalgva totalUpstream28,5784,197mMidstream15,1975,264mDownstream30,6318,724m46 ENA REPORT 2.12 The Network Track RecordThe gas networks have demonstrated

275、 the capability to manage the transition to a hydrogen network,including through:Managing a very reliable gas network,which provides 99.999%supply reliability.On average,there is an unplanned interruption to gas supply only once every 140 years.Replacing 60,000 km of iron pipelines with polyethylene

276、 since 2002,helping to make the network ready for hydrogen.The 30-year mains replacement programme,due to finish in 2032,is now 62.5%complete.Carrying out major projects as part of their business-as-usual activities,including constructing a new 5 km tunnel 30 metres under the Humber estuary;an exten

277、sion to the gas network in Northern Ireland,connecting up to 40,000 new customers each year;and a new waste-to-gas project to convert 8,000 tonnes of households waste each year into enough gas to heat 1,800 homes.Building new major pipelines in the North of England to distribute natural gas from Nor

278、way.The project,which was completed in 2007,saw the construction of two new 48-inch high-pressure gas transmission pipelines,one running for 53km between Ganstead and Asselby in Yorkshire,and the other 94km from Pannal in Yorkshire across to Nether Kellet in Lancashire.This chapter has set out the o

279、verall Network plan for delivering the hydrogen transformation required to meet the challenge of net zero.The following four chapters discuss the implications and benefits for the key sectors of households,transport,industry and power.2.Transforming the Networks to hydrogen 3.Households47 ENA REPORT

280、 48 ENA REPORT 3.HouseholdsConverting domestic heating to hydrogen is the lowest cost,least disruptive decarbonisation option for most households.This section outlines how this transition will be enabled by the gas networks and how two major advances are being prepared for:By 2023 to blend hydrogen

281、into the gas distribution grid up to 20%volume;Deliver a neighbourhood trial of 100%hydrogen by 2023,a large village trial by 2025 and be ready to convert a large town by 2030.3.1 Where We Are TodayToday,more than 22 million27 homes enjoy having their heating and cooking requirements delivered from

282、a low cost,safe and extremely reliable gas network.In 2017,BEIS published a report28 on gas security of supply and reported that:There has never been a gas deficit emergency;The strength of the gas system is built on supply diversity;There is currently spare capacity on the gas system;We are resilie

283、nt to multiple infrastructure failures.In the same report it is stated that Ofgem noted in 2012/13 that between 60%and 70%of supply infrastructure would need to fail before supplies to domestic gas customers would be interrupted.Hydrogen was first used as a domestic energy source in 1792,when Willia

284、m Murdoch lit his house and office in Redruth,Cornwall from towns gas-a mixture of hydrogen,carbon monoxide,and carbon dioxide.The use of towns gas in UK households finished in the early 1970s when the UK transitioned from towns gas to natural gas,from gas fields in the UK sector of the North Sea.By

285、 bringing hydrogen back into the gas mix for domestic consumers,and ultimately delivering dedicated hydrogen networks,we can meet the challenges of the 21st century.Demonstrate that consumers can still choose gas,as hydrogen,for heatGas ConsumersOver 80%want,and choose,gas for heatHeat is a basic hu

286、man need for warmth,cooking and hot water.Integrated hydrogen trialsRole of Gas NetworksTransport gas for heat27 Number of homes on the natural gas network https:/www.energynetworks.org/energy-networks-explained/28 BEIS 2017 report on security of supply:https:/assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/govern

287、ment/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/770450/gas-security-supply-assessment.pdf49 ENA REPORT Gas safety in homesFuel povertyThe gas industry prides itself on excellent performance when it comes to safety and the same high standards will be taken through to a blend of hydrogen on the netwo

288、rk and to 100%hydrogen networks.The industry manages the transportation of a highly flammable material under pressure to more than 24.5 million domestic and industrial connections,while keeping the number of incidents extremely low.In the last dataset(2018/2019)29 published by the HSE,there were 131

289、 reported incidents,broken down as seen below.Almost 75%of those incidents involved the generation of carbon monoxide from gas combustion,a risk that would not be present with hydrogen.These statistics do not include fatalities arising from cabon monoxide poisoining in off gas grid properties using

290、LPG or solid fuels.All hydrogen appliances would have a Gas Safe check,reducing incident risk.For comparison,in 2018/2019 in England,there were 2,334 electrical appliance fires,including 926 from microwaves,523 from washing machines and 479 from tumble dryers.30The fuel poverty status of a household

291、 depends on the interaction between three key drivers household income,the cost of heat and the efficiency of the home.In order to move people out of fuel poverty,we therefore need to either raise incomes,improve energy efficiency,or reduce energy cost.The low cost of gas today helps keep many milli

292、ons of consumers out of fuel poverty.Household incomeEnergy efficiencyEnergy cost3.Households2018/19131FlammableGas Incidents972 Fatalities291 Fatalities50 FatalitiesExplosion/FireOther exposuree.g.to unburnt gasCarbon Monoxide29 Number of safety incidents associated with natural gas https:/www.hse.

293、gov.uk/statistics/tables/index.htm30 See https:/www.electricalsafetyfirst.org.uk/what-we-do/our-policies/westminster/statistics-england/In 2014,the Government put in place a new statutory fuel poverty target for England in order to ensure that as many fuel poor households as reasonably practicable a

294、chieve a minimum energy efficiency rating.In the latest available analysis of 2018 data 10.3%of households in England(2.40 million households)were classed as fuel poor,a reduction of 0.7%(130,000 households)from 2017.The average fuel poor household required an annual reduction of 334 to their fuel c

295、osts to move them out of fuel poverty.In 2018,further progress was made towards the interim 2020 fuel poverty target,with 92.6%of all fuel poor households living in a property with a fuel poverty energy efficiency rating of Band E or better,as illustrated below.Improving energy efficiency in older p

296、roperties is neither easy,nor cheap.Typically,the cost of improving the energy efficiency of a Band F property to Band C would be over 15,000,and to move a Band E property to Band C would be over 10,000.This does not include the cost of changing the heating solution.Englands statutory fuel poverty t

297、arget.Image credit:BEIS3.HouseholdsThe gas networks play a key role today in helping consumers avoid fuel poverty,and could provide a key solution,to both reducing fuel poverty and CO2 emissions for those not on the gas grid.The affordability of a decarbonised heat network is a critical factor for g

298、overnment to consider when implementing future changes to heat policy.The latest Government data on energy costs31 reveals that between Quarter 1 2019 and Quarter 1 2020,in real terms prices(including VAT)there has been an increase of 6.8%for electricity but a decrease of 1.9%for gas.The average pri

299、ce of energy today is 3.8 pence per kWh for gas,and 16.6 pence per kWh for electricity.32 Clearly,any consideration of domestic fuel poverty must consider the much lower price for gas as opposed to electricity.Households using electricity as their main fuel for heating have the highest likelihood of

300、 fuel poverty at 20.2%,compared to gas at 9.3%according to the government data.33 Even allowing for the fact that a change to a hydrogen solution could increase domestic gas prices(if the full cost was passed onto consumers),it would still be the case that on a kWh basis,hydrogen would be still be a

301、 cheaper option for consumers than electricity.31 Energy costs https:/assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/895143/QEP_Q1_2020.pdf32 BEIS,Annual domestic energy bills,Tables 2.2.4 and 2.3.4 https:/www.gov.uk/government/statistical-data-sets/annual-do

302、mestic-energy-price-statistics33 Annual Fuel Poverty Statistics in England,2020(2018 data).50 ENA REPORT In 2018 households using electricity as their main fuel for heating had double the likelihood of being in fuel poverty than those using gas.The Other category in this graph includes off grid prop

303、erties using heating oil,anthracite nuts,household coal,smokeless fuel,wood,propane,bulk LPG,or community heating from boilers/CHP/waste heat.Many of those properties could also benefit from a connection to a low carbon gas grid,both from a cost,and emissions perspective.Fuel poverty by main fuel ty

304、pe(2018)ElectricityOtherMain Fuel typeProportion of households in fuel povertyGas0%5%10%15%20%25%20.20%10.82%9.30%3.Households51 ENA REPORT 3.2 Hydrogen Transformation for HomesThe gas network trials of 100%hydrogen,to a neighbourhood in 2023 and then to a village in 2025,will return crucial learnin

305、g to enable long term policy decisions to be made.There is no single solution to the decarbonisation of heat,and the question of domestic heat in particular,needs to be considered in the light of the whole system changes that will be taking place in the coming decades.The increased use of renewable

306、energy brings substantial savings in CO2 emissions related to power generation,but the increasing deployment of renewables also brings challenges to the existing electricity network in terms of entry points,system configuration and load balancing.The increase in renewable generation with relatively

307、low annual load factor means significantly more capacity is required to meet demand.National Grids Future Energy Scenarios34 report indicates in all scenarios,a substantial increase in demand for electricity transmission and distribution by 2050.Gas peak supply requirements2018Balanced ScenarioGas u

308、se for peak powerOther gas useAll gasPeak faily demand(GWh/day)Electrified Scenario01,0002,0003,0004,0006,0005,0005,1904,4802802,520780Electricity system peak requirements2018Balanced ScenarioPeak demand(GW)Electrified Scenario050100150200250591162043.HouseholdsEnergy system benefitsUsing hydrogen f

309、or domestic heating reduces the need for peak electricity generation and storage capacity to meet peak heat requirements on the coldest evenings,with this added capacity then lying idle for much of the year when heating is not needed.In the ENA Pathways to Net Zero analysis,35 a balanced scenario,in

310、cluding 100%hydrogen conversion in parts of the country,would produce far lower energy system peaks than a fully electrified scenario:Today,peak gas system daily demand is 5,190 GWh,and peak electricity generation is 59 GW.In the balanced scenario,peak electricity generation reaches 1 16 GW,and peak

311、 gas system daily demand falls to 3,300 GWh.By contrast,in the electrified scenario,peak electricity generation is 204 GW,and peak daily gas demand(almost all of which is for peak power generation)is 4,760 GWh.34 National Grid Future Energy Scenarios 2020 https:/ ENA,Pathways to Net Zero,2019,Figure

312、 6 https:/www.energynetworks.org/assets/images/Resource%20library/ENA%20Gas%20decarbonisation%20Pathways%202050%20FINAL.pdf52 ENA REPORT Consumer disruption benefits Transformation to hydrogen heating would be less disruptive to consumers than many alternatives,as a hydrogen conversion would not nee

313、d to be accompanies by other home improvements and changes,such as additional insulation and equipment to accommodate low temperature heat,including larger pipework,larger radiators and a need for hot water tanks it is worth noting that almost 14 million homes in England have no hot water tank.36Hea

314、t pumps do present a viable option for decarbonising heat in new build properties where the Energy Performance Certificate(EPC)of the house is C or above.The 100%hydrogen trials,discussed below in section 3.4,will demonstrate hydrogen as the least disruptive option.Different types of buildingDiffere

315、nt types of building are likely to need alternative solutions.Very well insulated new builds may be suitable for heat pumps,while existing buildings off the gas grid,facing higher heating costs,may benefit from bio-LPG.For buildings on the gas grid,energy efficient improvements can help to reduce em

316、issions,and biomethane injection can provide further decarbonisation,potentially in combination with hybrid heating systems.The development of low carbon heat networks could potentially use hydrogen as the heat source,and this may be suitable for multi-occupancy buildings(MOBs).Homes with space cons

317、traints may not be able to fit a heat pump and the associated hot water tank,these homes are likely to be better suited to a hydrogen conversion.Older,less well-insulated homes would be decarbonised more cost-effectively through hydrogen,with less expensive retrofitting needed.Finally,remote communi

318、ties with their own discrete gas networks(SIUs)would need a bespoke solution,given that they would not be able to access hydrogen from the main grid.In these cases,local hydrogen production and storage,including from local renewable facilities,could be installed.3.Households36 English Housing Survey

319、 2018:energy report,Annex Table 2.8 https:/www.gov.uk/government/statistics/english-housing-survey-2018-energy-report 53 ENA REPORT If a 20%hydrogen blend was rolled out across the country it could save around 6 million tonnesof carbon dioxide emissions every year,theequivalent of taking 2.5 million

320、 cars off the road.22 million homes use gas for heating and cooking85%of UKhouseholds areconnected to thegas gridGreater than99.9%supply availabilityMore than175,000miles of gasdistribution pipelineEmissions from residential combustion represent 15%of UK CO2 emissions and must be reducedCompared to

321、electricity,customers on gas are half as likely to be fuel poorOver 1 million gas boilers are installed each year Mandating hydrogen ready boilers now makes perfect sense54 ENA REPORT Average sap rating and average domestic gas consumption2003200520072009201 1201320152017Average domestic gas consump

322、tion(LHS)Mean SAP score(RHS-inverted)20,000455018,0006014,0005516,00012,00065KWhSAP score(inverted)3.3 Energy Demand ReductionWhatever options we choose to transform our heating systems,we need to start with a country wide programme of improving the energy efficiency of our housing stock.This is a k

323、ey“no regrets”step as it reduces both energy related emissions and the cost to the consumer.Household gas use has been steadily declining for more than 15 years,primarily due to improvements in energy efficiency,including the introduction of condensing boilers.Were these energy efficiency gains to b

324、e continued,they could lead to dramatically lower domestic gas use in the future,making a hydrogen transformation more straightforward,reducing the extent of network reinforcement,hydrogen production and storage needs.2003-2017 what has happenedAverage domestic gas consumption As the chart below sho

325、ws,between 2003 and 2017,average building SAP scores(a composite measure recording the overall energy efficiency of the building37)have increased from 48 to 62.Over the same period,average domestic gas consumption fell from 18,000 kWh to 12,000 kWh a decrease of a third.The inverse correlation betwe

326、en average SAP scores and average domestic gas consumption is very strong,at-0.91,meaning that greater building efficiency reduces gas demand considerably.38Total domestic gas consumption Declining average consumption has meant that,even though the number of domestic gas connections has increased fr

327、om 21.4 million to 24.2 million over the period,total domestic gas consumption has fallen from 386 to 295 TWh,a decrease of nearly a quarter.39Total domestic gas consumption and number of customers2002003200520072009201 1201320152017Domestic gas consumption(LHS)Number of domestic gas customer(RHS)45

328、0252423222120400250300350TWhMillion3.Households37 An SAP calculation indicates a score from 1 to 100+for the annual energy cost based on:-The elements of structure,-The heating and hot water system,-The internal lighting,-The renewable technologies used in the home.The higher the score the lower the

329、 running costs,with 100 representing zero energy cost.Dwellings with a rating in excess of 100 are net exporters of energy.For more explanation of the SAP system,see https:/www.eden.gov.uk/planning-and-building/building-control/building-control-guidance-notes/sap-calculations-explained/#:text=Buildi

330、ng%20Regulations%20require%20that%20a,heating%20and%20hot%20water%20system 38 Total domestic gas consumption BEIS,DUKES Natural Gas;Number of domestic gas connections United Kingdom Housing Energy Fact File to 201 1;BEIS,Sub-national electricity and gas consumption summary reports from 2012;SAP scor

331、e 2017-18 English Housing Survey Headline Report(assumed similar for Scotland,Wales and Northern Ireland)39 Total domestic gas consumption BEIS,DUKES Natural Gas;Number of domestic gas connections United Kingdom Housing Energy Fact File to 201 1;BEIS,Sub-national electricity and gas consumption summ

332、ary reports from 2012;SAP score 2017-18 English Housing Survey Headline Report(assumed similar for Scotland,Wales and Northern Ireland)55 ENA REPORT 3.HouseholdsThrough to 2030 what might happenDomestic gas connectionsSince 2000,there has been a steady growth in the number of domestic gas connection

333、s.If we project the trend forward until 2025,then around 26.5 million households would be connected to gas.We conservatively assume that new connections stop after 2025,although policy in this area has not yet been confirmed.40 Energy efficiency SAP scoreThe trend between 2003 and 2017 in average SAP score improvements has been very consistent,apart from a slowing down of improvements between 2014