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1、Localizing the Sustainable Development GoalsShanghaiManualA Guide for Sustainable UrbanDevelopment in the 21st Century 2022 Annual Report上?？茖W技術出版社UN-HabitatBureau International des ExpositionsShanghai Municipal Peoples GovernmentSupported by Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the Peo

2、ples Republic of ChinaThe Shanghai Manual:A Guide for Sustainable Urban Development in the 21st Century reflects the longstanding contribution of multilateral cooperation between UN-Habitat,the Bureau of International Expositions and the Shanghai Municipality.This year,under the theme of localizing

3、the Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs)in line with World Cities Day 2022 Act Local to Go Global,the Shanghai Manual 2022 Annual Report presents case studies focusing on the implementation of the SDGs at the local level.The cases selected globally reflect the experience of cities in different parts

4、of the world across various domains of sustainable urban development such as society,economy,and environment,etc.This years report also includes a special chapter on the global programmes,processes and networks concerning the Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs)localization to provide more practical

5、information for city leaders and urban practitioners.Launched on 31st October 2022 as part of the Global Observance of World Cities Day,the Shanghai Manual 2022 Annual Report aspires to be an important point of reference for urban professionals around the world to advance sustainable urbanization.Ca

6、pitalizing on their innate potential as drivers of sustainable development,cities now lead the way in localizing the SDGs whereby bold,innovative,and strategic action can steer city development pathways to create an urban future that works for everyone.However,urban practitioners are still faced wit

7、h many questions in how to advance this process.How can cities forge equitable and inclusive urban communities and redistribute opportunities to ensure prosperity for all urban inhabitants?How can cities transition and scale sustainable economic development models?How can cities bring people and nat

8、ure into harmony,protect the environment,and build in climate resilience for their most vulnerable communities?What is the role of culture in sustainable urbanization and how can it be leveraged to accelerate the process?How can we transition to more participatory and transparent urban governance mo

9、dels that foster collective development of the city?How can cities capitalize upon global networks and initiatives dedicated to SDG localization to accelerate implementation of the Goals?The report explores these questions and analyses inspiring actions undertaken by cities,demonstrating innovative

10、solutions to key challenges across these areas of inquiry.Across the five thematic chapters,the Shanghai Manual 2022 Annual Report presents 21 case studies from 15 different countries.Case studies are dissected into three core areas of focus including their contextual background,their implementation

11、 process,and the Preface 1tangible lessons we can draw from them.In addition,19 policy recommendations are extracted as an essential reference to mayors and local government offi cials,urban planners,and other key stakeholders in urban development to help formulate new solutions to advance sustainab

12、le urbanization.I would like to extend my warmest congratulations for the publication of the 2022 edition of the Shanghai Manual and recommend it to all our partners.I am confi dent that this report will provide urban leaders and practitioners with practical guidance and inspiration to help unlock t

13、he potential of cities in achieving the SDGs and further the process of building inclusive,safe,resilient,and sustainable cities and communities.Maimunah Mohd SharifUnder-Secretary-General and Executive Director of UN-Habitat2SHANGHAI MANUALFostering the development of sustainable,inclusive and inno

14、vative cities was the underlying goal of World Expo 2010 Shanghai,which gathered hundreds of countries from around the world around the theme of Better City,Better Life.It provided the international community with a unique opportunity to showcase innovative solutions for improving urban life,showcas

15、ing and proposing suggestions,innovations and best practices to champion sustainable urban living,At its conclusion,the Shanghai Declaration directly led to the adoption of World Cities Day,celebrated every year on 31 October,and the creation of the Shanghai Manual,which builds on the ideas shared a

16、t the Expo while constantly searching for the latest lessons and best practices for sustainable urban development.As a joint endeavour of the Bureau International des Expositions(BIE),UN-Habitat and the Shanghai Municipal Peoples Government with the support of the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural

17、 Development of the Peoples Republic of China,the Shanghai Manual has,since its fi rst edition in 2011,highlighted effective policies,techniques and frameworks for real-world change.Nurturing the creative spirit of Expo 2010 Shanghai,the Shanghai Manual continues to be updated with concern for the d

18、evelopment of each city,providing a guide in the form of case studies for urban planners and managers seeking innovative development models for greener and more equitable human habitat.Since the UN Sustainable Development Goals Decade of Action plan kicked off in 2020,it has only become increasingly

19、 important that the global community drive bold urban change towards more sustainable cities.This 2022 edition of the Shanghai Manual,entitled Localizing the Sustainable Development Goals,shines a light on the close-to-home solutions that can work towards the achievement of these goals by making hum

20、an settlements greener,more inclusive,and more liveable.In the pursuit of the SDGs,it is essential to tackle the challenges all too common in cities pollution,inequalities,social exclusion by ramping up initiatives to spearhead community initiatives,social mobilisation,and green growth.Similarly,the

21、 opportunities afforded by urban areas innovation,cultural vibrance and local organisation must be leveraged to make cities more smart,inclusive and dynamic than ever before.Drawing on enlightening examples of tried and tested policies and practices from around the world,this Preface 2years edition

22、of the Shanghai Manual showcases the potential and the application of positive urban development.With policy and governance recommendations and actionable approaches at the local level,the 2022 Shanghai Manual continues the legacy of Expo 2010 Shanghai by sharing valuable lessons on sustainable urba

23、nisation.If steered and deployed correctly,these lessons can help cities around the world overcome some of the major global challenges,which are all critical elements of the 2030 Agenda,and support the achievements of the SDGs.Dimitri S.KerkentzesSecretary General of the Bureau International des Exp

24、ositions(BIE)2SHANGHAI MANUALThis annual report represents a collaborative effort,made possible by the contributions of many people.We wish to express our deep appreciation to Ms.Maimunah Mohd Sharif,Executive Director of UN-Habitat.Thanks to her help and support,the Shanghai Manual can come to frui

25、tion and be updated and released annually to provide reference experiences for implementing the urban dimensions in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the New Urban Agenda.We wish also to thank all those UN-Habitat experts who contributed by reviewing the Shanghai Manual and providing v

26、aluable advice,namely:Rong Yang,Sam Gillatt and Xuesai Ma from UN-Habitat Regional Programmes Division;Martino Miraglia,Francine Melchioretto,Claudia Garcia,Claudia Scheufler,Angela Mwai,Lennart Fleck,Isabel Shirin Enyonam Wetzel,Dyfed Aubrey,Xiaoqing Wang,Remy Sietchiping,Matthijs van Oostrum and A

27、nindya Panda from the Global Solutions Division;Bruno Dercon,Afshin Kalantari,Pragya Pradhan,Srinivasa Popuri from the Regional Office for Asia Pacific;Erfan Ali,Shahira Elbokhary,Nada Al Hassan,Rahma Gheriany,Ahmad Elatrash and Amjad Taweel from the Regional Office for Arab States;Oumar Sylla,Claud

28、e Ngomsi and Joel Balagizi from the Regional Office for Africa;Elkin Velasquez Monsalve,Roi Chiti and Alain Grimard from the Regional Office for Latin America and the Caribbean;Stephanie Greenberg as the English copy editor;and Peter Cheseret as the graphic designer.We also thank Mr.Dimitri Kerkentz

29、es,Secretary General at the Bureau International des Expositions,Mr Antoine Bourdeix and their team who provided consistent support and help for the compilation of the Shanghai Manual 2022 Annual Report.Thanks to them,we can continue to carry forward the spirit of Better City,Better Life of the Shan

30、ghai World Expo by releasing the Shanghai Manual 2022 Annual Report.We also wish to thank leaders and colleagues from the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the Peoples Republic of China who provided positive support and valuable advice for the compilation and review of the 2022 Annu

31、al Report.We would also like to express our deep appreciation to Li Qiang,Then-Secretary of the CPC Shanghai Municipal Committee;Gong Zheng,Mayor of Shanghai;Peng Chenlei,Vice Mayor of Shanghai and Wang Weiren,Deputy Secretary-General of the Shanghai Municipal Peoples Government,for their attention

32、and support for the compilation of the annual report.Thanks are also due to all those who assisted in compilation and coordination tasks,and in particular to:Hu Guangjie,Party Secretary of the Urban-Rural Development and Transport Working Committee of the CPC Shanghai Municipal Committe;Director Yao

33、 Kai,Vice Director Jin Chen,Chief Engineer Liu Qianwei and Ms.Peng Bo and Mr.Gao Hongyu from Shanghai Municipal Commission of Housing,Urban-Rural Development and Management,as well as Director Cheng Jian,Ms.Wang Chanya,Ms.Rong Yu,Ms.Mao Yingjuan from the Shanghai Coordination Center of World Cities

34、Day.AcknowledgementsShanghai Coordination Center of World Cities Day organized multiple teams of experts to help compile and modify every chapter of the annual report.The leading experts of each team are:Professor Yu Hai from the School of Social Development and Public Policy at Fudan University;Pro

35、fessor and Director Zeng Gang and Dr.Zhu Yiwen from the Institute of Urban Development at East China Normal University;Professor Zhu Dajian and Dr.Chen Haiyun from the School of Economics&Management of Tongji University;Director Yang Rongbin and Associate Researcher Shi Wen from the Shanghai Library

36、(Institute of Scientific&Technical Information of Shanghai),Professor Peng Zhenwei,Professor Huang Yi,Associate Professor Chen Chen,Associate Professor Li Lingyue and Assistant Professor Tang Weicheng from the School of Architecture&Urban Planning of Tongji University;Director Yu Hongyuan,Dr.Zhu Yun

37、jie from the Shanghai Institutes for International Studies and Professor Li Guangming from College of Environmental Science and Engineering of Tongji University,etc.(Names are listed in the order of chapters.)Among them,Director Yang Rongbin and Associate Researcher Shi Wen were responsible for the

38、theme development of the annual report and framework design in their capacity as the chief experts.Meanwhile,we wish to express sincere thanks to:Guo Weilu,Secretary of CPC Committee;Ye Qing,President;Zhou Lizhi,Vice President and the landscape upgrading work team for Changning Campus at East China

39、University of Political Science and Law,and all the other members of the teams who participated in the compilation of each chapter of the Shanghai Manual.We wish to commend in particular the significant contributions to people who helped review the annual report including Deputy Director Zhou Guopin

40、g,Ms Shi Xiaochen,Ms Peng Ying and Ms Chai Hui from the Development Research Center of Shanghai Municipal Government,Mr Li Jie from the Research Office of Shanghai Municipal Government and Mr Tu Qiyu from the Institute of Urban and Demographic Studies at Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences.Last but

41、not least,we wish to thank the press Shanghai Scientific&Technical Publishers and our translation service provider Lan-bridge(Shanghai)Information Technology Co.,Ltd.for all the thorough and meticulous work!2SHANGHAI MANUALContentsChapter 1Introduction 1Chapter 2Society 17Introduction 19Case Studies

42、 20Chengdu,China:Chengdus Aiyouxi Creating Connected Communities and Community Autonomy 20Beijing,China:Baiwan Jiayuan Social Housing 28Hanoi,Vietnam:Hanois Intergenerational Self-Help Clubs 34Odisha,India:Odisha Urban Wage Employment Initiative Creating Sustainable Livelihood Opportunities 41Buenos

43、 Aires,Argentina:Transforming Barrio Mugica Reintegrating a Socially Excluded Community 46Policy Suggestions 53Chapter 3Economy 55Introduction 57Case Studies 58Curitiba,Brazil:The Pinho Valley Innovation Ecosystem Driving a Creative Economy 58Monterrey,Mexico:Sparking the Potential of Universities t

44、o Drive Innovation and Entrepreneurship via Industry and Community Partnerships 64Heidelberg,Germany:Modernizing Heidelberg through Industrial Upgrading and Diversifi cation 73Shanghai,China:Inheritance and Innovation of Century-old Brands in Shanghais Huangpu District 79Policy Suggestions 84Chapter

45、 4Environment 87Introduction 89Case Studies 90Weihai,China:Building an Exquisite Green City 90Minawao,Cameroon:Creating an Environmentally Sustainable and Resilient GreenRefugee Camp 97Yokohama,Japan:Blue Carbon Project 102Dar es Salaam,Tanzania:Community-driven Flood Resilience in Dar es Salaams In

46、formal Settlements 106Policy Suggestions 113Chapter 5Culture 115Introduction 117Case Studies 118Aden,Sanaa,Shibam and Zabid,Yemen:Cash for Work Empowering Urban Youth through Cultural Heritage Rehabilitation in Yemens Historic Cities 118Belo Horizonte,Brazil:Creative Horizon Renewing Belo Horizontes

47、 Historic Cultural Neighbourhood of Centro-Lagoinha 122Shanghai,China:Stories of Shanghai Architecture Revealing Culture through Historical Buildings 126East Jerusalem,Occupied Palestinian Territories:The Rehabilitation of the Dar Al-Consul Complex a Journey from Endangered Historical Buildings to a

48、 Liveable Cultural Hub 132Policy Suggestions 1402SHANGHAI MANUALChapter 6 Governance 143Introduction 145Case Studies 146Vancouver,British Columbia,Canada:Reconciliation with History to Move the Community Forward a Path towards Sustainable Development in the Grandview-Woodland Community 146Yangtze Ri

49、ver Delta,China:The Yangtze River Delta Eco-green Integrated Demonstration Zone Building a World-class Model of Waterfront Human Settlement Civilization 154Tehran,Iran:Smart Tehran Programme Promoting Inclusive,Integrated and Sustainable Urban Management with Smart City Functionality 161Los Angeles,

50、United States of America:Leveraging Partnerships and Open-source Technology to Drive Local Action on the SDGs 167Policy Suggestions 172Chapter 7Global Programmes,Processes and Networks on SDG Localization 175Introduction 177Global Processes towards Localizing the SDGs 177Global Programmes,Platforms

51、and Networks on SDG Localization 189Concluding Remarks 199Contents3Chapter 1 Introduction 1Chapter 1Introduction2SHANGHAI MANUALChapter 1 Introduction 31 This chapter was written by UN-Habitat experts.Introduction1In our increasingly urbanized world,delivering the Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs)

52、is now more critical than ever,yet cities are today faced with new emerging challenges and uncertainties that threaten their systems and communities.Issues such as growing inequalities,climate change,rising pollution and declining biodiversity,natural disasters,conflict and violence,exclusion and mi

53、gration,as well as the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic have sought cities to rethink their fundamental systems and modalities.Intrinsically linked to the SDGs,cities are key to realizing the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development at the local level whereby smart,innovative and bold urban action will be p

54、ivotal to fully realize their potential as facilitators of sustainable development.With a central theme of Localizing the Sustainable Development Goals,the Shanghai Manual:A Guide for Sustainable Urban Development in the 21st Century 2022 Annual Report reflects upon the existing challenges faced by

55、cities globally,the opportunities they are afforded and the experiences they have gained in the process of sustainable urbanization over the last fi ve years.Accordingly,21 cutting-edge case studies from different parts of the world are presented across these dimensions:society,economy,environment,e

56、tc.-presenting 19 transferable policy suggestions for urban practitioners globally to help cities unlock SDG values.Background and Signifi-canceGlobal urban development has unquestionably led to invaluable breakthroughs and achievements around the world;however,such advances have not been without st

57、aggering detriment to people and the planet.Clearly,there have been winners and losers in the process of globalization and modernization with enormous disproportions in global wealth distributions and access to opportunities whilst unprecedented environmental change has threatened the way of life fo

58、r future generations.Where signifi cant development defi cits remain and the poorest are left furthest behind,world leaders are now pushed to converge to foster a sustainable and equitable path forward to secure prosperity for all.Here,cities and urbanization lie at the forefront as core agents of c

59、hange:community-orientated,connected and primed to transform the urban agenda.The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable DevelopmentMarking a landmark agreement,the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development was officially ratified by global leaders at the United Nations Summit in New York from 25 to 27 September

60、 2015.As a global framework for sustainability,the agenda established a universal plan of action for people,the planet,prosperity,peace and partnership with a focus on eradicating poverty in all its forms and dimensions while protecting the earth,securing a prosperous future for all,fostering peacef

61、ul and inclusive societies,and mobilizing global partnerships on sustainable development.Accordingly,it called upon all countries and stakeholders to serve in collaboration,working towards established SDGs.The 17 SDGs are comprised of 169 targets and 231 unique indicators.The goals are:Goal 1:End po

62、verty in all its forms everywhere.Goal 2:End hunger,achieve food security and improved 4SHANGHAI MANUALnutrition,and promote sustainable agriculture.Goal 3:Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages.Goal 4:Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education,and promote lifelong lea

63、rning opportunities for all.Goal 5:Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls.Goal 6:Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all.Goal 7:Ensure access to affordable,reliable,sustainable and modern energy for all.Goal 8:Promote sustained,inclusive and su

64、stainable economic growth,full and productive employment,and decent work for all.Goal 9:Build resilient infrastructure,promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation.Goal 10:Reduce inequality within and among countries.Goal 11:Make cities and human settlements inclusive,sa

65、fe,resilient and sustainable.Goal 12:Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns.Goal 13:Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impact.Goal 14:Conserve and sustainably use the oceans,seas and marine resources for sustainable development.Goal 15:Protect,restore and promote sus

66、tainable use of terrestrial ecosystems,sustainably manage forests,combat desertification,halt and reverse land degradation,and halt biodiversity loss.Goal 16:Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development,provide access to justice for all and build effective,accountable and inc

67、lusive institutions at all levels.Goal 17:Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for Sustainable development.Since 2015,progress has been made on achieving the SDGs notably in reducing poverty,improving maternal and child health,increasing access to electricity

68、and increasing gender equality.However,considerable shortfalls remain with the COVID-19 pandemic throwing action on the SDGs further off tangent.Since the COVID-19 pandemic began,global extreme poverty rose for the first time in more than 20 years with 93 million people pushed back into extreme pove

69、rty in 2020 alone.2 The COVID-19 pandemic has further entrenched and extended disadvantages and inequalities,not only in cities but across the wider urban-rural divide.3 It is important to note that whilst the emergence of COVID-19 has led to major set-backs in regard to SDG advancement,progress on

70、the Goals was already off-track prior to its arrival.The Sustainable Development Goal Report 2022 issued by the United National Department of Economic and Social Affairs highlighted that the COVID-19 pandemic has wiped out more than four years of progress on poverty eradication,whilst aggravated cli

71、mate change and global conflict put the 2030 Agenda in grave jeopardy due to the multiplicity of cascading and intersecting crises.Critically it urges the need for immediate action to rescue the SDGs and deliver meaningful progress for people and the planet by 2030.Facing these severe realities,citi

72、es around the world must work to mainstream the SDGs into their development agendas,addressing longstanding operational challenges in development,building the capacities of institutions and communities,and facilitating international cooperation on the 2030 Agenda.Set out as a 15-year plan,time is no

73、w of the essence as we are in the Decade of Action(20202030)where bold and transformative actions hold the key to forging a sustainable,inclusive and green pathway into the future.Upon launching the Decade of Action,United Nations Secretary General Antnio Guterres recognized local action to be one o

74、f the key factors to achieve the SDGs by 2030.All stakeholders are called upon to drive collective efforts to deliver on the SDGs,pushing for sustainable solutions to the most pressing global challenges of our time.2 United Nations Department for Economic and Social Affairs.URL:https:/unstats.un.org

75、/sdgs/report/2022/The-Sustainable-Development-Goals-Report-2022.pdf(2021)(Access:08/08/2022).3 United Nations.Progress in the implantation of the New Urban Agenda:Report to the Secretary General.A/76/639(2022).Chapter 1 Introduction 5Localizing the Sustainable Development GoalsLocalizing the SDGs is

76、 the process of transforming the Goals into reality at the local level in coherence with national frameworks and in line with community priorities.It means placing territories and communities at the centre of sustainable development;a two-way process where the local meets the national and the global

77、,and vice-versa.Although the SDGs explicitly recognize the transformative power of urbanization through SDG 11 Sustainable Cities and Communities,the role of cities and human settlements extends across all 17 of the interlinked Goals whereby urban action contributes to the SDG framework more compreh

78、ensively in reality.It is estimated that 65 percent of the 169 SDG targets will not be reached without the engagement of local governments.4 The process of SDG localization considers sub-national contexts in achieving the 2030 Agenda,relating to how the SDGs can establish a framework for local devel

79、opment policy and how LRGs can support the implementation of the SDGs via bottom-up action:SDG localization helps stakeholders to take ownership of the agenda at the local level.As a complex process with the potential for divergent outcomes across different urban contexts,SDG localization is key to

80、realizing the Goals on the ground,with cities ideally placed to find pragmatic solutions to SDG targets within their own contexts.Dedicated to progressing sustainable urbanization a multi-faceted and complex process SDG 11 targets are strongly linked to a range of aspects across the 4 Organisation f

81、or Economic Co-operation and Development.URL:https:/www.oecd.org/about/impact/achieving-sdgs-in-cities-and-regions.htm(Accessed:09/06/2022).Source:Osman,T.,et al.Voluntary local review framework to monitor and evaluate the progress towards achieving sustainable Development Goals at a city level:Bura

82、idah City,KSA and SDG 11 as a case studyFigure 1.1Interlinkages between SDG 11 and the other SDGs 6SHANGHAI MANUALGoals.Elements such as poverty alleviation,access to basic services,housing,mobility,health and education,gender equality,resilient infrastructure,climate change,migration,sustainable in

83、dustrialization and sustainable consumption and production patterns,financing,food security,good governance and the creation of partnerships to implement the SDGs are all highly relevant(see Figure 1.1).Accordingly,where appropriate linkages between Goals and targets are established,policies must be

84、 aligned to reinforce and further strengthen these connections.Where negative trade-offs occur through these linkages,policy should work towards alleviating detrimental impacts.Cities and local governments must therefore carefully balance policy and strategy,understanding the complexities and interl

85、inkages between development areas,and understanding the SDGs as a holistic framework in which individual actions at the city level will have widespread impact across their entirety.On a positive note,with six years since the establishment of the 2030 Agenda,governments,multilateral bodies,internatio

86、nal organizations,the private sector,non-governmental organizations(NGOs),academic institutions,civil society organizations(CSOs),philanthropic organizations and other important stakeholders have all acquired a wealth of knowledge and expertise on how to better achieve implementation of their ambiti

87、ous global framework.As cities recognize their growing roles as leaders,new breakthroughs emerge in realizing the Goals through inspiring urban initiatives;however,important questions remain on how cities can leverage urban development to optimize and accelerate SDG implementation.Critically,cities

88、and their leaders must fi nd answers to the following questions:How can cities create more inclusive and equitable cities and communities?How can cities transition to sustainable,innovation-driven urban economies?How can cities generate ecologically sensitive cities and communities?How can cities le

89、verage culture and creativity to advance sustainable urbanization?How can cities integrate SDG focused governance models?and How can we engage a diverse range of stakeholders to participate in the SDG localization process?The New Urban AgendaAdopted at the United Nations Conference on Housing and Su

90、stainable Urban Development(Habitat)in Quito,Ecuador on 20 October 2017,the New Urban Agenda understands the power of urbanization as a tool for sustainable development,serving as a common vision for a more sustainable future.Presenting a paradigm shift for urban development,it builds upon the relat

91、ively limited means of implementing SDG 11,providing a roadmap from which we can rethink how to plan,construct,manage and live in cities,interrogating the core processes and actions required to create more prosperous urban settlements for all.Setting out a spatial framework in which to achieve a num

92、ber of the SDGs and their targets,the New Urban Agenda is thus closely intertwined with the 2030 Agenda,understanding it as an overarching set of Goals which require more detailed approaches.As such,the New Urban Agenda can be seen as the delivery vehicle for SDG implementation in urban settlements.

93、Critically,it has pledged the commitment from global leaders in ensuring that cities provide basic services for all;offer equal access to opportunities;eliminate all forms of discrimination and build inclusion for marginalized groups;recognize the rights of migrants,refugees and internally displaced

94、 persons(IDPs);reduce pollution and GHG emissions;incorporate disaster resilience measures;integrate safe,high-quality,green public spaces;improve mobility and connectivity;and establish partnerships for sustainable urban development.Whilst progress on the New Urban Agenda has been achieved,there is

95、 still a long way to go.Findings from the United Nations 2022 Quadrennial Report on progress in the implementation of the New Urban Agenda5 highlight the setbacks induced by the COVID-19 pandemic in alleviating poverty and in advancing womens employment and safety.It also 5 United Nations.General As

96、sembly Economic and Social Council.Progress in the implementation of the New Urban Agenda.Report of the Secretary-General(2022).Chapter 1 Introduction 7stated that an estimated 70 percent of households globally are living under precarious tenure,and pointed to a reversal in the trend of the proporti

97、on of the urban population living in informal settlements which has increased from 23 percent to 23.5 percent since 2018.In addition,issues of displacement and land and housing rights have persisted globally during the COVID-19 pandemic,while increasing migration rates have highlighted the need for

98、inclusive urban responses.Many cities have promoted slum upgrading initiatives as well as focused housing programmes for vulnerable groups since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic,whilst an approved draft resolution by the Third Committee of the General Assembly on inclusive programmes and policies

99、aims to tackle issues of homelessness and promote affordable housing.Further insights suggest that many countries are still challenged to balance urban economic productivity with job creation for all,whereby even in growing economies,social inequalities are increasing.Where unemployment increased dr

100、astically during the COVID-19 pandemic,job-loss rates were seen to be signifi cantly higher for women than for men.6 Regarding environmental sustainability and resilience,the report also notes that air pollution,waste and other forms of pollutions continue to put the health of cities and their inhab

101、itants at risk with open waste dumping and private vehicle use both major contributors.However,many cities globally are now integrating renewable energy systems and more sustainable mobility systems,and with the support of the Global Covenant of Mayors for Climate and Energy,over 10,000 cities have

102、committed to reducing carbon dioxide emissions by 24 billion tons by 2030.The increasing frequency and severity of disaster events has increased emphasis on the need for nature-based solutions(NbS)and the dissemination of knowledge and best practices on disaster risk reduction(DRR)measures,given tha

103、t only 30 percent of countries have adopted a tailored DRR strategy.The state of Urbanization Globally,urban populations continue to experience significant transitions with diverse trends apparent across regions.Where rural-urban migration is directing large swathes of people to cities,a signifi can

104、t portion of urban growth is occurring through natural population growth.As a trend that is predicted to continue,cities will accommodate around 55 percent of the global population by 2050,whilst 25 percent will live in towns and 20 percent in rural areas.7 It should be acknowledged that urban growt

105、h rates can be seen to be slowing.Although a temporary phenomenon,the COVID-19 pandemic somewhat curbed urban growth rates in many major cities with people leaving larger urban cores for suburban peripheries,diminishing their relative pulling power.Accordingly,where flexible working modalities and l

106、ifestyle changes led to alarmist exoduses from city centres,cities were challenged to re-evaluate and adapt to new modes of operation,whilst escalating housing prices have since led to an affordability crisis.Moving forward,many cities will face increasing aging populations,particularly in middle-in

107、come and high-income nations.In contrast,cities in low-income countries will experience the highest urban growth rates and are projected to grow nearly two and a half times by 2070,with their combined population expected to exceed 700 million people.7 By 2030,the world will accommodate 43 megacities

108、(cities with more than 10 million inhabitants);however,where some of the fastest growing urban agglomerations are those with fewer than 1 million people,8 small and intermediate cities will capture the bulk of urban population growth across regions thus reinforcing their critical role in achieving t

109、he SDGs.Marking a turning point,these changing demographic compositions create new,dynamic contexts for urban functionality,strongly interlinked with economic,social and political trends.6 International Labour Organization.Policy brief:building forward fairer:womens rights to work and at work at the

110、 core of the COVID-19 recovery(2021).7 United Nations Human Settlements Programme.URL:https:/unhabitat.org/sites/default/files/2022/06/wcr_2022.pdf(2022)(Accessed:03/08/2022).8 United Nations Department for Economic and Social Affairs.URL:https:/www.un.org/development/desa/en/news/population/2018-re

111、vision-of-world-urbanization-prospects.html(Accessed:14/06/2022).8SHANGHAI MANUALAs a global phenomenon,urban sprawl has swept across cities in all regions of the globe,occurring through both horizontal spreading,dispersed urbanization and peri-urbanization.Cities are today growing faster than their

112、 populations with long-term projections suggesting that the world will continue to urbanize from 56 percent in 2021 to 68 percent in 2050.6 Cities,towns and metropolitan areas are consequently consuming new land at an unprecedented rate,which in tandem with population growth and a spiking demand for

113、 natural resources,continues to deteriorate natural ecosystems,reduce land supply and increase GHG emissions.Where 90 percent of urban expansion will be in the developing world,9 urbanization is likely to result in even greater sprawl in the coming decades,exacerbating issues of poverty and the marg

114、inalization of communities.Cities are now hard-pressed to balance population growth with a dwindling land supply through effective land use policy,sensitively managing their layout,form and built density to ensure sustainable expansion,preventing unsustainable sprawl on the one hand and overcrowding

115、 on the other.Challenges and Opportunities Well-managed urbanization holds the key in unlocking the value of the SDGs;however,it is enmeshed with several existential global challenges.Cities,municipalities and metropolitan regions are already faced with substantial challenges but also an abundance o

116、f opportunities to drive sustainable development.This Manual will analyse these components from perspectives of society,economy,environment,etc.Equitable development can drive prosperity and reduce inequalities in citiesInequalities are a growing phenomenon in cities with a widening gap between rich

117、 and poor,social exclusion and the alienation and marginalization of vulnerable groups,declining community cohesion and unequal access to jobs,services and technology.Unfortunately,historically socially excluded groups such as women and girls,the elderly,children and youth,disabled persons,migrants,

118、IDPs and refugees continue to face the same challenges with minimal access to opportunities,increased exposure to risk and multiple,intersecting forms of discrimination.The global housing affordability crisis is making informal settlements and inadequate housing the only option for millions of low-i

119、ncome households.Equitable development is pivotal to reducing socio-economic inequalities and social polarization in the city,promoting spatial equity in regard to the fair access to adequate housing,basic services,public space,jobs and opportunities,education,healthcare and security for all.Evident

120、ly,urban social inequalities have been seen to undermine civil society,reducing the ability for many to participate in the formal economy and capitalize on opportunities offered in the city.By cultivating cohesive and inclusive environments,and providing more widespread access to opportunities,citie

121、s will strengthen the resilience of neglected communities and improve the livelihoods and prosperity of their inhabitants.Focus should therefore be placed on better integrating these individuals into the fabric of the city whilst ensuring their physical and mental health and well-being,and preventin

122、g dilution of their individual social and cultural identities.Cities must work to protect the most vulnerable whereby targeted social policy affords local governments the capacity to create spatially equitable cities in which all citizens are provided the same rights and equal access to urban servic

123、es and infrastructure to improve socio-economic conditions.Through inclusive governance,cities can turn the tide to unlock shared economic valueCities are agglomerations of trade and commerce accounting for around 70 percent of the worlds economic activity.10 They are therefore a powerful force for

124、addressing sustainable economic growth,driving 9 United Nations.URL:https:/www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/cities/(Accessed:14/06/2022).10 ICLEI Local Governments for Sustainability.URL:https:/www.local2030.org/library/232/ICLEI-Briefi ng-Sheets-02-Cities-and-the-Sustainable-Development-Goals.pdf(

125、Accessed:15/07/2022).Chapter 1 Introduction 9innovation,investment and employment.However,the advancement of urban economies has not been without detriment to the environmental health of the planet whereby rapid growth has been coupled with intensive resource use and waste generation.Increasing the

126、proportion of jobs centred around the green economy will be key for cities in their pursuit of more sustainable economies.Urban economic models still disproportionately favour the affluent whilst the urban poor are largely excluded from economic equity including formal employment and higher income-g

127、enerating opportunities.Exacerbating this,the COVID-19 pandemic has exposed the susceptibility of existing urban economic structures where cities have experienced extensive business closures,wider wealth gaps and higher unemployment with the greatest impact felt by the most marginalized.Underfunded

128、and inaccessible education and job training,and the rise of mega-employers who are able to circumvent labour laws,also remain as major challenges.However,through post-COVID-19 pandemic recoveries,cities are now presented with the unique opportunity to transition to sustainable economies,steering eco

129、nomic innovation,fostering equitable and competitive economic ecosystems and scaling the circular economy.Upgrading to equity centred economic models in which local growth and sustainable models of municipal finance are prioritized thus presenting cities with the opportunity to enhance socio-economi

130、c resilience,better preparing them for the increasing frequency of shocks and disruptions.Urban activity continues to accelerate climate change,yet sustainable urbanization can secure a green,resilient futureDriven largely through unsustainable modes of construction and transportation,urban areas re

131、main the largest contributors to climate change accounting for between 71 percent and 76 percent of carbon emissions from total global energy use.11 As unsustainable urbanization gains pace,the growing intensity of economic activity,construction,transport and industry is increasing pollution and fur

132、ther pressurizing the demand for natural resources,advancing ecological deterioration and depleting vital ecosystems.Cities are now forced to act to curb pollution and protect natural systems,transitioning to environmentally sensitive,low-carbon development models.As dense clusters of infrastructure

133、,financial and human capital,cities and municipalities are some of the areas most vulnerable to climate change impact whereby the increasing frequency and intensity of natural disasters presents enormous challenges,especially as 90 percent of urban areas are coastal.11 Where the impact of climate ch

134、ange is becoming increasingly frequent and severe,natural disasters have extensive potential to devastate cities,damaging urban infrastructure and housing,disrupting urban economies and supply chains,and reducing access to basic and critical services,jeopardizing the livelihoods of urban dwellers wi

135、th the poorest and most marginalized hit the hardest.Where slow responses and a lack of adequate climate policy have so far failed cities in this arena,targeted action that promotes NbS,renewable energy,ecological protection and rehabilitation,sustainable resource management and DRR measures can hel

136、p build green,resilient and environmentally equitable cities that operate in harmony with nature.Through a reflexive,ecosystem-based approach to urban development,cities are therefore equipped with the capacity to serve as frontiers against climate change.Cities can leverage culture to enhance the v

137、itality,prosperity and resilience of communitiesAs a dynamic component that helps to compose the fabric of the city,urban cultural practices have the potential to either drive or impede pathways towards sustainable urbanization.Culture serves as the sphere that shape ideas,behaviours and practices w

138、hereby cultural heritage,creativity and diversity can all play substantial roles in forging more inclusive societies when integrated appropriately.However,as key elements for long-term development,these are often not fully acknowledged in local government policies and plans.Issues such as war and co

139、nflict,climate change and natural disaster events pose significant threats to tangible cultural heritage 11 United Nations Human Settlements Programme.URL:https:/unhabitat.org/topic/climate-change(Accessed:08/06/2022).10SHANGHAI MANUALwhilst the modernization of societies continues to dilute intangi

140、ble cultural heritage such as traditional knowledge and skills that have been passed down for generations.As the glue that binds people together as a community,cultural heritage has direct relevance to the resilience of local communities,with culture and creativity helping to generate supportive net

141、works and open up opportunities to those who are often socially and economically excluded in the city.Cities therefore have the chance to create value from positive cultural aspects,leveraging it as a transformative tool to foster more humanistic and resilient societies,and stimulate local economic

142、development.By facilitating enabling environments,local governments can protect and promote culture,ensuring cultural diversity,access to culture and cultural rights for everyone.The SDGs allow cities to strengthen governance models based on equity and innovation Effective models of urban governance

143、 remain central to localizing the SDGs,yet weak urban management still predominates in many cities globally in which traditional siloed approaches and outdated systems inhibit the advancement of sustainable urbanization.Poor governance can be seen to further exacerbate inequality and poverty,economi

144、c stagnation,vulnerability to disaster risk,cultural deterioration and poor urban planning,preventing prosperity in the city.With the myriad of challenges that cities face today,the necessity for effective decentralization,local fi scal autonomy and accountability within local governments has arguab

145、ly never been so important.Essential in realizing the SDGs,the adoption of multilevel,inclusive and adaptive governance mechanisms will allow cities and territories to facilitate the accelerated transitions required to drive sustainable urban development models.The growing trend in e-governance,the

146、rise of digitalization and smart-city technologies affords local governments prime opportunities to facilitate more inclusive urban development whereby ICT-enabled participation can increase the efficiency of municipal services and transform the interaction between governments and the public.This is

147、 especially signifi cant given that globally the space for civil society and participation in governance is shrinking.Greater public engagement in urban development can facilitate more democratic,and thus legitimate,decision-making.Cross-cooperation and the expansion of partnerships and networks can

148、 also help build capacity in achieving sustainable urbanization through which local governments,the private sector,NGOs and other major urban stakeholders can harness and direct the transformative potential of cities.Building more accountable,participatory and cooperative governance models will help

149、 to steer equitable,inclusive and transparent urban development.Delivering Urban SolutionsIn response to the emerging challenges that urban areas are faced with today,cities globally are implementing inspiring initiatives to counteract and overcome key issues in regard to social,economic,environment

150、al and cultural development,and city governance.Across these initiatives,the principles of equity,inclusion,sustainability and resilience that underline the 2030 Agenda,are all integrated into development processes highlighting their key role in the SDG localization process and in helping develop pr

151、osperous cities and communities.Several important policy measures and suggestions can be drawn from the case studies throughout this Manual to be used as inspiration and guidance for urban actors and decision-makers.To foster more inclusive and participatory cities it is crucial that policy emphasiz

152、es the role of people as participants in urban society,protecting social dynamics,supporting vulnerable social groups and replenishing social vitality through supportive institutional spaces.The involvement of local communities in urban governance can be seen as key to stimulate more diverse and dee

153、p-rooted partnerships between social groups and communities in which the promotion of local community and social governance can enable social groups to become agents of change in urban development.To effectively reinforce these processes,appropriate legalization is important whereby mechanisms must

154、be in place at the institutional level that empower urban residents across all sections of society.Robust urban policy Chapter 1 Introduction 11should encourage flexible governance which balances top-down and bottom-up approaches to social development in the city,recognizing all individuals to be ur

155、ban actors,uniting local communities and increasing participation in urban development processes.As engines of economic growth,cities must develop sustainable economic models to ensure the health and success of their long-term development.Enhancing the long-term economic prosperity and vitality of c

156、ities requires the development of favourable urban business environments which encourage new enterprise and capital flows.Innovative city initiatives have highlighted benefits of capitalizing on knowledge-based facilities such as universities and other innovative education-based campuses,better conn

157、ecting them with local industrial spaces to bridge communities and industry.Such action can help unlock the untapped potential of these urban environments,attracting research and development(R&D)investment,entrepreneurs and local industrial innovation.In addition,where knowledge innovation is the dr

158、iving force for regional industrial development,cities should leverage both their foundational industry,cultural heritage and technical knowledge pools to build thriving industrial clusters which are contextually unique,driving regional industrial development.Building on this,the development of cros

159、s-regional innovation cooperation will better enable the infi ltration of knowledge resources and knowledge networks into the city,increasing sustainable economic development.The value of urban greening has long been discussed by urban practitioners;however,the clear need for green space integration

160、 in the city remains.With urban health and environmental sustainability now firmly at the core of urbanization,the prioritization of green urban development such as pocket parks and community gardens can be seen to afford cities a wealth of benefi ts,improving urban quality and forging a closer rela

161、tionship between urban citizens and nature.Urban greening can also be seen to play an integral role in enhancing refugee communities,particularly in instances where environmental deterioration in settlements has left communities void of livelihood opportunities.Cities must also advance the integrati

162、on of DRR measures such as early warning systems and mitigation actions,engaging local communities in the development of resilience strategies,especially in the global south where increased hazard exposure and a lack of public knowledge makes poorer,marginalized communities highly vulnerable.Underpi

163、nning the transition to environmentally orientated urban development,such development should be supported through robust urban policy and legal regulations.Cities undeniably possess strong cultural value.To utilize this,they should curate and implement culturally sensitive urban development plans th

164、at resonate with local cultural heritage,building upon local customs,values and traditions,and protecting local knowledge and assets.In this respect,cities can harness culture as a tool to drive sustainable development.The employment opportunities offered by cultural heritage can be tapped to help i

165、ncrease community prosperity and livelihoods.The creation of dedicated channels to open up culture driven employment has the potential to deliver significant value for cities,advancing local economies through cultural heritage promotion.Cities must situate citizens as the participators and beneficia

166、ries of cultural heritage protection,understanding the key role of communities and local people in cultural heritage.Culture can be used to bind communities together,build partnerships,stimulate social cohesion and foster dialogue between different community groups.City governance ultimately dictate

167、s the management and direction of urban development.Cities must therefore ensure their governance mechanisms demonstrate participation and transparency in decision-making to promote trust and accountability in local governments.The integration of digital technologies into city governance systems(e-g

168、overnance)can help to bridge the gap between citizens and local government,enabling more inclusive and collaborative decision-making,empowering citizens.It is also important that urban decision-makers seek localized solutions to address urban and community challenges,tackling them through focused co

169、mmunity plans in line with the SDGs.The promotion of integrated regional governance which facilitates cross-regional coordination will strengthen urban governance mechanisms and local development,whilst the promotion of public-private partnerships and strengthened municipal finance can help local 12

170、SHANGHAI MANUALgovernments enhance public policy,foster innovation and better address issues in the public interest.The shift to smart city governance,therefore,presents enormous opportunities to local governments and urban actors to govern the city through the principles of equity,inclusivity and s

171、ustainability.Systematizing the ManualIn response to the increasing prominent role that cities are playing in driving sustainable development and realizing the SDGs,the Shanghai Manual 2022 Annual Report builds upon the holistic collection of previous editions,introducing updated cases across a rang

172、e of sustainable urbanization issues which reflect new urban realities.It aims to showcase the potential for cities to spearhead the 2030 Agenda,drawing attention to the enabling and facilitatory role of cities in pursuit of the SDGs.Accordingly,through cutting-edge case studies,it lays out innovati

173、ve solutions to the leading urban development challenges of our time,offering practical guidelines and inspiration for the global community to take action.Urban best practices from different cities and municipalities are presented providing an in-depth assessment into how local governments and urban

174、 stakeholders globally are approaching and overcoming hurdles to drive sustainable urbanization in line with the SDGs.Following this introduction,Chapter 2 to 6 each introduces the key concepts under one thematic area of sustainable urbanization and the SDGs,and presents several case studies which r

175、eflect best practice examples of sustainable urban development under their associated connotation.The case studies are compartmentalized into three sections:A contextual background which introduces the setting and analyses the problem;The implementation process which outlines the complete practice p

176、rocess;and Reference experiences which act as the key practical knowledge building components by presenting transferable lessons learnt for urban practitioners.Each thematic chapter also puts forward a set of concrete policy suggestions,drawing upon a comprehensive assessment of the lessons learnt f

177、rom their individual case studies.A final specialized chapter on international platforms on SDG localization then presents the global processes involved along with the key platforms and networks which cities and local governments can work with to advance the SDG implementation process.1.Society cult

178、ivating prosperous and inclusive urban communitiesAs integral elements to the city,communities play a large role in shaping their resilience and sustainability with direct involvement in the implementation of the SDGs.Enhancing life in communities requires social participation and mobilization where

179、by the principles of social inclusion and equity,equal rights,access to basic services,healthcare,decent work and quality education all remain at the forefront to ensure the vitality,health and prosperity of their inhabitants.This chapter therefore presents outstanding urban initiatives that have ad

180、vanced social development and community prosperity.The case of Chengdus Aiyouxi community development centre in China showcases the potential of volunteer associations in building social connections,enabling self-governance at the grass-roots level of community development and increasing resilience

181、among vulnerable groups.Public housing delivery in Baiziwan,Beijing provides insight into a unique housing project that offers residents affordable,high-quality living,empowering them through autonomy and social management.This chapter therefore reinforces the need for local governments to implement

182、 socially progressive urban policy centred around access,equality,inclusion and empowerment to build stronger,more thriving communities.Where there is a more pronounced focus on public health in cities,the value of community-based healthcare is exemplified through inter-generational self-help clubs

183、across several municipalities in Vietnam which are improving well-being for individuals of all ages and backgrounds.Odishas Urban Employment Wage Initiative demonstrates the value of leveraging labour-intensive public works to afford income-generating opportunities to low-income urban residents,co-f

184、acilitating urban infrastructure improvement with livelihood development.And the case of Barrio Mugica in Buenos Aires highlights the value of spatially equitable development to amend issues of social Chapter 1 Introduction 13exclusion in marginalized communities through pro-poor policy and planning

185、.2.Economy driving innovative urban economiesCities are engines of economic activity and therefore play a substantial role in driving sustainable economic growth.This chapter conducts a detailed discussion into how cities can grow sustainable economies in line with the SDGs,and enhance their product

186、ivity through technology and innovation,diverse creative and heritage industry,and entrepreneurship.The Pinho Valley Innovative ecosystem marks a pioneering movement for economic development in Curitiba,Brazil in which aligning city actions to the SDGs is promoting a vibrant start-up culture as part

187、 of a creative economy model.The case of Monterrey in north-eastern Mexico,demonstrates how cities can capitalize on universities and other knowledge-based institutions in coexistence with industry and communities to stimulate local economies,attracting R&D investment and hi-tech,innovative business

188、es.The third case in Heidelberg,Germany highlights how industrial diversification has aided local economy recovery,focusing on the introduction of new creative industry,and science and technology as emerging industrial clusters.And the case of Huangpu district in Shanghai,China demonstrates how revi

189、talization of traditional industries and business can regenerate local economies,intertwining cultural heritage protection with economic development.Combined,the cases highlight the powerful role of creative industries and entrepreneurship in job creation and urban regeneration whereby knowledge-bas

190、ed and culture-led economic transformation can help inject stimulus into local economies to drive sustainable urbanization.3.Environment building green,resilient citiesWhere urbanization has placed major stress on the natural environment and left certain communities at greater risk to environmental

191、catastrophes,a green,environmentally sensitive and spatially equitable approach to urban environmental management is now vital.This chapter analyses how cities and human settlements can incorporate sustainable city models,build resilient cities that are prepared for disasters and promote ecologicall

192、y conscious development using NbS to ensure the protection and integrity of natural systems,and livelihoods of urban inhabitants.The four cases presented in this chapter highlight the intrinsic value of maintaining natural ecosystems to ensure the health and vitality of cities,the promotion of low-c

193、arbon city models,and the importance of DRR measures and capacity building to create resilient urban communities.An ecologically oriented development in Weihai,China focuses on the protection and enhancement of natural ecosystems,incorporating urban greening,sponge city principles and coastal restor

194、ation,generating a model for environmentally sustainable cities.The greening of Minawaos refugee camp in northern Cameroon draws critical attention to the importance of the protection of natural resources and ecology in order to ensure sustainable livelihoods among refugee populations,a rapidly grow

195、ing demographic.Yokohamas innovative Blue Carbon project in Japan draws light to the importance of leveraging natural resources which focus on carbon offsetting and carbon credits to create sustainable,low-carbon cities.And the Ramani Huria project in Dar es Salaam,Tanzania reflects how community-dr

196、iven mapping has enhanced adaptive capacity to flooding in the citys most at-risk informal settlements.4.Culture promoting culturally vibrant cities As eclectic hubs of people,traditions,jobs and industry,architecture and design,gastronomy,art and music,cities and their communities are living embodi

197、ments of cultural exchange and diversity.This chapter draws light to the importance of protecting urban cultural heritage,and promoting cultural and creative industry.It also aims to raise awareness on the importance of culture as a catalytic tool for sustainable urban development.The case of Belo-H

198、orizonte in Brazil highlights the value of culture in urban regeneration through the Creative Horizon project which illustrates the transformation of the citys Centro-Lagoinha neighbourhood through a creative economy activity.Two cases focusing on the physical restoration and rehabilitation of urban

199、 cultural heritage are also presented.The rehabilitation of the Dar Al Consul complex in east Jerusalem which has helped to replenish local cultural identity,stimulate civic exchange and enhance community cohesion.And the UNESCO-led Cash for Work project in Yemens historic cities of Aden,Sanaa,Shiba

200、m and Zabid demonstrate the potential for urban cultural heritage to sustain and enhance livelihoods whereby heritage safeguarding 14SHANGHAI MANUALhas created income-generating opportunities for marginalized urban youth.In addition,the case of Shanghai,China showcases how the city is promoting Read

201、able Architecture to enable its citizens to gain a better appreciation of historic heritage through a culture-led approach.The chapter offers unique,solution-orientated practices which reflect the role of cultural heritage in strengthening community resilience by empowering marginalized citizens,rei

202、nvigorating social connections,creating jobs and catalyzing new innovative,creative economies.5.Governance towards smart,inclusive urban managementServing as the overarching component in localizing the SDGs,good governance models will ultimately dictate the fate of cities in their path towards susta

203、inable urbanization.This fi nal thematic chapter highlights four innovative practices in sustainable and inclusive,urban and community governance.In Canadas Grandview Woodland Community,Vancouver one of the citys oldest settlements local government cooperation with the First Nations and indigenous p

204、opulation shows how collaborative governance is key to building equity in the city,promoting affordable housing provision,sustainable transport schemes,green building development and local economic policy to cultivate new and diverse markets.The Yangtze River Delta Eco-Green Integrated Demonstration

205、 Zone illustrates how coordinated,cross-regional development has enhanced the local industrial economy,ecological culture and quality of human settlements using governance concepts of co-construction,joint responsibility and win-win cooperation.The Smart Tehran project showcases the potential of sma

206、rt city functionality in reformulating city management leveraging e-governance and digital applications to increase municipal service delivery and citizen participation in decision-making,bridging the common dialogue gap between citizens and government offi cials.And in the United States of America,

207、the use of open-data tools in Los Angeles highlights the value of online,SDG data-driven platforms enabling cities and local governments to directly align their city strategies to the SDGs.This chapter,therefore,draws upon pioneering examples of sustainable urban governance in recent years,expoundin

208、g how digitalization and open data can align urban action with the SDGs,enhance efficiency in urban management and more closely engage citizens in urban development processes.It also reveals the value of strengthening government relationships with local communities,and the benefits of integrated,coo

209、perative local and regional governance.6.Global programmes,processes and networks on SDG localizationThe success of the 2030 Agenda and SDG localization hinges on effective collaboration between all relevant actors whereby knowledge,skills,resources and partnerships can be enhanced if they are share

210、d at an international scale,allowing cities to increase their capacities,foster knowledge,exchange experiences,forge partnerships,raise funds and gain commitment on the SDGs.Illuminating the role of cities from a higher strategic lens,this chapter lays out the core elements involved in the SDG local

211、ization process by highlighting some of the key global SDG localization programmes,networks and platforms that are available to support urban stakeholders.Critically,it conveys the importance of advocacy and awareness-raising on the SDGs,the development of a contextually sensitive strategy for SDG a

212、ction,as well as the key role of Voluntary Local Reviews(VLRs)as monitoring tools to assess SDG progress and inform urban policy.Regarding global SDG programmes,processes and networks,it outlines the Local2030 Coalition,SDG Cities programme,United Cities and Local Governments(UCLG)SDG Localization L

213、earning Forum and GTF,World Cities Day(WCD)and the Shanghai Declaration as well as dedicated United Nations level activities.As diverse SDG related delivery resources,relevant toolkits are also showcased providing stakeholders with best practices and experiences as well as practical,flexible instrum

214、ents that help drive locally contextualized SDG actions throughout the entire life cycle from development and implementation to monitoring and review.Case Selection and Related Principles Cases highlighted within this Manual present examples of sustainable urban development across their respective t

215、hemes whereby each directly contributes to the local implementation of a number of different SDG targets.As such,they present urban actors with Chapter 1 Introduction 15practical initiatives which are helping to drive the SDG localization process.To ensure the inclusion of high-quality examples,case

216、 studies were selected based upon six core criteria:Formal recognition as a best practice;Demonstration of innovation;Ability to be replicated in various urban contexts;Contribution to building more inclusive cities;Integration of sustainability principles with regard to sustainable urban developmen

217、t;and Up-to-date context in regard to their impact on the city and its inhabitants.Recognizable:Cases are recognized as best practices by the international community,for example,through formal award nomination from authoritative organizations or prestigious awards programmes,through recommendation b

218、y official websites,or through their inclusion in international journals and publications.Accordingly,these case studies can be seen to have made outstanding contributions to sustainable urban development.Innovative:To implement the SDGs,new,innovative modalities of urban development are required,es

219、pecially where certain SDG targets remain abstract when translated into reality on the ground.Selected cases hence demonstrate innovation within their practice processes,for example,in regard to urban planning and design,science and technology,policy,governance and partnership building.Replicable:Th

220、e ability for case study practice processes to be replicated in different urban contexts is considered,such as the ability to be adopted and facilitated across urban areas of different physical proximities,populations,geographic environments,cultures and municipal capacities.Case studies were theref

221、ore chosen based on their ability to be appropriately scaled and their applicability to different urban contexts.Inclusive:Case studies demonstrate their contribution to creating more inclusive cities and communities specifically through the lens of social inclusion in respect to people living in vu

222、lnerable situations.The selected cases present equity-driven urban initiatives that have helped to promote the better integration of socio-economically disadvantaged communities,women and girls,children and youth,the elderly,disabled individuals,refugees and other vulnerable groups into urban life.S

223、ustainable:As a basic principle,case studies ultimately address urbanization issues across the core pillars of development through a sustainable approach.In this respect,each case study contributes to the global knowledge repository of model city practices that help drive sustainable urbanization.Up

224、-to-date:In order to reflect current realities in global urban development,selected cases have demonstrated impact within the past five years.This ensures that their practical application can be transferred to issues that are signifi cant to our time.16SHANGHAI MANUALChapter 2 Society 17Chapter 2Soc

225、iety 18SHANGHAI MANUALChapter 2 Society 19Introduction1Creating societies that work for all is essential to advance sustainable urban development.Inclusive cities are built upon the collective visions of all stakeholders in which planning and decision-making processes are participatory,encompassing

226、principles of universal design,integrated planning,transparent and accountable institutions,and governance mechanisms.Knowledge and information sharing,public participation and contribution to urban and community development,and social mobility and protection are all integral components for the crea

227、tion of prosperous human settlements.All individuals must be afforded equal rights to the city a common good to be shared and benefitted by everyone.It is therefore the unequivocal responsibility of cities to afford every inhabitant access to basic urban services,quality public spaces,adequate housi

228、ng and livelihood opportunities such as education and employment.Urban societies free of discrimination and which promote gender equality and inclusive citizenship are critical to ensure inclusivity and equity.In light of these factors and to maximize impact on social issues in local communities,urb

229、an policies require authenticity,participation and scalability.It is clear that sustainable urbanization will require greater participation among local people and communities to ensure that cities truly benefit those who live and work there.Bottom-up approaches to urban development are therefore ess

230、ential,mainstreaming public participation into the planning,design and management of cities,and empowering social groups to ensure their influence in local development in accordance with their own needs and interests.To increase public participation,the self-mobilization of diverse social groups and

231、 strengthened social mechanisms must be supported by governments and institutions,enabling local people to develop urban solutions across a spectrum of development matters from the design of public space to spatial development and the management of community affairs.Despite the distinct contexts of

232、each city and community,the experiences of local development practices can be extended by connecting with public policies,providing a frame of reference for other urban communities around the world.Where the development experience of local communities is individual and diverse,public policy is syste

233、matic and operable hence discovering the connection between community actions and public policies can help to scale efforts towards the SDGs localization.In urban societies that are facing new challenges,sustainable approaches to local development can enable urban residents to master tools and metho

234、ds in their daily lives,and enhance their capacity to deal with challenges on the local level.From a social perspective,ensuring authenticity in the SDGs localization process is also key.In other words,the temporal and spatial continuity of the urban community is fully leveraged and respected.Cities

235、 are composed of a diversity of social groups of which the spatial attribute is the community and the temporal attribute the community tradition.With respect to the spatial dimension,authenticity means protecting the existing architectural composition of the community and retaining existing spatial

236、symbols even if cities are in the process of renewal.Concerning the temporal dimension,authenticity understands the organic continuation of community traditions.This chapter presents fi ve cases focused on the principles of authenticity,participation and extension.Firstly,the case in Chengdu,China.A

237、iyouxi,an organization seeking to build social connections and community autonomy,highlights the impact active community work has had in strengthening participation in social life among community members at the community level.Secondly,Beijings Baiwan social housing development project showcases a 1

238、 This chapter was contributed by the team led by Yu Hai from School of Social Development and Public Policy of Fudan University.The authors include:Sun Zhe(Shanghai University of Finance and Economics);Liu Zhaoyin(Jimei University);Yang Ling(Chengdu Aiyouxi Community Development Center);Zhu Yi(NPO D

239、evelopment Center,Shanghai);Liu Zhen(The UNESCO World Heritage Training and Research Institute for the Asia and the Pacifi c Region);Si Zhu(Shanghai Clover Nature School Teenager Nature Experience Service Center);Zou Huahua(Shanghai University of Medicine&Health Sciences).A special thanks goes to Li

240、u Fei from Chengdu Aiyouxi Community Development Center for his involvment in the discussion and writing process.20SHANGHAI MANUALpioneering approach to social housing delivery in the city centre novel housing for low-income residents,typifi ed by people-centred,inclusive and open design concepts wh

241、ich enhance social connection and urban integration.Hanois use of the ISHC developed by HelpAge International highlights the success of community-based health care models to enhance the well-being of the elderly and vulnerable members within local communities.The project has helped to create synergi

242、es to help the community tackle social challenges through a holistic,intergenerational approach in which people are treated as assets and partners in the development process.Odisha,Indias Urban Wage Employment Initiative demonstrates how a proactive social welfare initiative led by the Odisha state

243、government in response to the COVID-19 pandemic helped empower marginalized individuals through employment provision in the form of labour-intensive public works,co-facilitating community upgrading to increase community prosperity and resilience.And the fi nal case reflects the Barrio Mugica social

244、urban integration project in Buenos Aires,a successful example of the social re-integration of a historically excluded community in the heart of the city where urban infrastructural upgrading and formal services delivery has catalysed a remarkable transformation to improve the lives of local residen

245、ts.Case StudiesChengdu,China:Chengdus Aiyouxi Creating Connected Communities and Community Autonomy2 Case backgroundThe Chengdu Aiyouxi Community Development Centre is one of the top 100 social work organizations in China.The centres associated Yicang Neighbourhood Mutual Assistance Programme is rec

246、ognized on the United Nations Volunteers programmes Knowledge Portal on Volunteerism for its contribution to SDG 1:No Poverty.From 2009 to 2018,Aiyouxi has fostered 739 volunteer groups of 15,748 volunteers and encouraged 2,719 residents to become active volunteers for their neighbourhoods.Working i

247、n various fields including social relief,residents mutual assistance,volunteer organizations,community culture and environmental safety,among others,Aiyouxi is more cross-disciplinary,active and influential than regular social work organizations in China.Aiyouxi has been involved in localization of

248、SDGs in two main aspects.Firstly,it has helped develop social resilience in vulnerable groups,and secondly it has promoted participatory self-governance at the community level.Implementation process1.Leveraging experience in volunteering to establish a social work organizationAs the founder and core

249、 representative of Aiyouxi,Liu Fei was a volunteer for many years before she established the organization.Based on the premise of the involvement of all,Aiyouxi3 focuses particularly on individuals who are in disadvantaged situations.Fei has a lot of experience initiating,organizing and leading volu

250、nteering activities.She started by promoting voluntary blood donations in 2009 working with around 300 volunteers script writing,acting,fi lming,editing and producing promotional videos(see Figure 2.1).The group subsequently established the Aiyouxi Drama Club aimed at promoting volunteerism especial

251、ly on welfare issues of blind children and children living in rural areas who were being left behind.It soon became apparent that more tangible interventions were needed working directly with individuals in challenging contexts,a vision that 2 Many thanks to Liu Chaoyin(Professor at the College of A

252、rts&Design,Jimei University)and Yang Ling(Director of Cultural Project at Aiyouxi)for the development of this case study.3 Aiyouxi translates as I-YOU-SHE meaning the involvement of all.Chapter 2 Society 21transformed into the social work organization,leveraging their wealth of experience in volunte

253、ering.2.Undertaking social work in line with the local context through the principle of mutual assistanceAiyouxis transformation was accelerated through local government support from the Jinjiang district in Chengdu who provided free office space,training and project opportunities.The Aiyouxi Commun

254、ity Culture Development Centre was subsequently established in 2011.Most social work organizations in China have a close relationship with the government,acting as agents to deliver assistance and services to disadvantaged persons and communities via a top-down approach while avoiding addressing dee

255、per questions of structural issues within society.This conventional means of social work plays the role of a service provider as opposed to social activists.Without professional constraint and because of their experience in volunteerism,Aiyouxi confronts complex social challenges via a different app

256、roach,looking for structural strategies that tackle root causes.The fi rst community survey conducted by Aiyouxi was in the Shuijingfang sub-district in 2011.Shuijingfang is a downtown area steeped in heritage,a centre of urban renewal in Chengdu.However,there are complicated social problems hidden

257、behind the newfound prosperous urbanization.The old,original neighbourhoods generally lacked any form of property management,and with most of the residents being older and on a low income,they gained only a little support from the government or their relatives.In general,the more disadvantaged the r

258、esidents were,the less they understood how to enable and leverage mutual help within the community;and even when they did,their capabilities were very limited.Surrounding urban renewal then brought tenants into the old neighbourhoods,causing a disturbance to the original population structure.This in

259、 turn created friction between old and new residents,where the young and middle-aged were largely indifferent to public affairs whilst older residents typically sought to listen to the government.While these social problems were seen to be systematic and not in isolation,it was understood that monet

260、ary donations as a temporary measure would not solve the underlying structural issues.Aiyouxi did not want to facilitate one-way relations through a means of giving and receiving,but instead sought to blur the boundary between donors and recipients,building mutual assistance between them.To establis

261、h a mechanism to ensure the roles of donors and receivers were interchangeable,Aiyouxi acknowledged the importance of events and face-to-face communication to create a more tangible and impactful system promoting the notion that community challenges must be solved within communities via mutual help

262、amongst community members themselves.3.Developing the Yicang Neighbourhood Mutual Assistance ProgrammeAiyouxi introduced the Yicang Neighbourhood Mutual Assistance Programme to Chengdu,4 seeking to build vibrant,resilient communities with strong foundations and a culture of volunteerism.Yicang consi

263、sts of four aspects:The store,managed by Aiyouxi,in which each item carries an independent code so that it can be traced using tracking software and the internet;Donors,whom Aiyouxi refers to as compassion Source:Image authorized by AiyouxiFigure 2.1Volunteers fi lming the voluntary blood donation p

264、ublic welfare drama Journey to the West:Seeking Blood 4 Yicang originally refers to the traditional public granary in the rural area which the imperial authority failed to effectively reach a grassroots communal assistance mechanism managed by people in local villages.22SHANGHAI MANUALfamilies typic

265、ally community opinion leaders which then extended to ordinary residents.While some people were hesitant about volunteering,Aiyouxi persuaded opinion leaders to take voluntary action first,which attracted other people to participate through a snowball effect;Recipients such as disadvantaged families

266、;and Neighbourhood mutual assistance centres a type of community volunteer organization overseen by Aiyouxi who are in charge of delivering supplies.To enhance resident participation and the sense of community,Aiyouxi extended Yicang to a series of sub-projects including:A Spoon of Rice:children and

267、 parents in the community are invited to contact 10 neighbours and receive a spoon of rice from each resident,to initiate the sharing of a community meal,as shown in Figure 2.2 One-Audience Theatre:community volunteers perform theatre plays even if there is only one person in the audience.This form

268、of entertainment reduces social isolation(particularly for those who are living alone,aging and/or disabled),helping to build bridges between them and the wider society Yicang Stop:this operates to receive small non-cash donations including used materials,food and laundry products,and personal time,

269、among others.Beneficiaries can subsequently become service deliverers by donating their time Charitable Market:to balance the gap between the donations of used materials and the demand for food and washing detergent,the charitable market was opened where residents can sell used items with the procee

270、ds donated to Yicang to help support the needs of the disadvantaged.Free health clinics,charitable performances and Source:Image authorized by AiyouxiFigure 2.2Community members participating in A Spoon of RiceChapter 2 Society 23Source:Image authorized by AiyouxiFigure 2.3Participants gather in a m

271、eeting of the Charitable Lattice cooperative sub-projectNGO exhibitions are also provided in the charitable market.Resource exchanges and face-to-face communication make it a very popular community occasion,and it marks a unique opportunity for the development of community volunteer organizations Ch

272、aritable Lattice:while Yicang and the charitable market can relieve difficulties in some areas,they cannot completely solve all livelihoods problems.The Charitable Lattice cooperative therefore emerged where,through the use of public space on the street,lattice shops could be built with small grants

273、(CNY 1,000 or approximately USD 150)offered by individuals or enterprises.Donors can then become shareholders of the fund,and disadvantaged individuals can establish their own businesses or join a cooperative with a small lattice shop(see Figure 2.3)Since 2013,Aiyouxi has been promoting Yicang natio

274、nwide.Currently,Yicang has extended to 32 provinces(municipalities),98 cities,2,600 communities,300,000 families and 3,000 organizations,with over 5 million people having participated in related activities.Through a mix of formal and informal volunteering,and mutual assistance vulnerable and margina

275、lized community members are encouraged to become active volunteers reducing their social isolation.This has allowed for more resilient,collective responses,highlighting the importance of participation to build confidence and empower local people and communities.4.Fostering a collective approach to s

276、ocial consensus building to strengthen community autonomy Following the success of preliminary project work,Aiyouxi were invited to take part in a specialized project to promote community autonomy by the local government.In the context of Chinas community governance,community autonomy is by law,the

277、goal;however,in reality the administrative authority penetrates almost every aspect of daily life.Following the catastrophic earthquake on 12 May 2008,Chengdu government called for societal solidarity during post-disaster reconstruction and generated policy to boost the development of social organiz

278、ations and empower self-governance at the community level.To this end,Shuijingfang sub-district government assigned Aiyouxi to work actively on enhancing community autonomy.Chengdus municipal government has attempted to construct community autonomy at the neighbourhood level and institutionalize nei

279、ghbourhoods through three major organizations:the party group;the neighbourhood management committee;and the local council.However,following unsuccessful attempts in institutionalization and neighbourhood committees self-management,Aiyouxi recognized that the real obstruction to community autonomy w

280、as the defect of social connection,i.e.,that when people do not know each other,it is challenging to persuade them to work together.Aiyouxi therefore,amended the strategy to address social connection and community demands,enhancing links between residents by encouraging them to assist disadvantaged

281、individuals and encouraging them to solve common neighbourhood issues by building acquaintances with neighbours.When residents become accustomed to solving common issues in public negotiation,self-governance is initiated.The first step Aiyouxi took to encourage public discussion was to initiate resi

282、dent forums to make common issues explicit in order to help tackle issues through open discussion and collective action.To highlight this,where there were complaints about poor urban environmental quality,Aiyouxi encouraged those interested in environmental protection and who were willing to reduce

283、waste,to build farmable 24SHANGHAI MANUALgardens using common community land,as shown in Figure 2.4.Where issues of safety arose due to illegal construction,Aiyouxi provided support in applying for the community security council to conduct a safety inspection,guided residents to discuss demolition p

284、lans and helped applications to the governmental maintenance fund.In addition,where some residents complained about a lack of public facilities,Aiyouxi identifi ed and encouraged individuals to become active volunteer leaders and helped them implement their community improvement proposals for the pu

285、blic good.In combination,these actions built confi dence among residents to discuss,negotiate,propose and work together on public affairs towards a common good.It also transformed the mentality of older residents who were used to relying on governmental intervention(a lengthy process which,historica

286、lly,did not lead to fast results)and instead empowered them to take matters into their own hands.It was recognized that common neighbourhood issues are not necessarily concerned with common interests,but more often a conflict of interests.To address this,Aiyouxi devised strategies to encourage mutua

287、l assistance as part of a greater collective moving away from the notion of an individualistic society.In instances where there was conflict among residents,Aiyouxi encouraged these matters to be expressed and provided rules,methods and platforms to help them negotiate and constructively address the

288、 issues.In these situations,the subsequent resident forum would not be initiated until the proposed common issues Source:Image authorized by AiyouxiFigure 2.4Community members take part in the co-production of food via shared urban gardens,bridging social gaps and promoting a greater sense of commun

289、ityChapter 2 Society 25from the previous forum were solved.Via this method,residents became open to discussing public affairs and learned to balance their own interests with public interests to reach consensus through negotiation and mutual understanding a key step for effective self-governance.5.En

290、riching community identity to strengthen social solidarityTo fully embed community self-governance,a sense of community and identity is key.Aiyouxi initiated cultural activities to create a deeper and richer sense of community,promoting action research to collaboratively build local knowledge with r

291、esidents,covering elements such as oral history,community video and theatre,and food culture,among other topics.Art interventions such as the Lab of Artistic and Social Innovation;Fanjian Community Public Art Festival;Community Miniature Art Museum;Community Curator Training;and the Love Museum were

292、 set up in which associated dialogic artists co-created public art with residents,playing an effective role in activating reflection among residents in regard to their own communities and strengthened community identity(see Figures 2.5 and 2.6).Source:Image authorized by AiyouxiFigure 2.6The Fangjia

293、n Community Public Art FestivalSource:Image authorized by AiyouxiFigure 2.5Volunteers and social workers fi lm the documentary Relocation26SHANGHAI MANUALIn addition to stimulating diverse social groups,Aiyouxi also promoted social reconnection and reorganization.Firstly,for the community level at t

294、he stage of self-governance,the need for leading community activists was evident whereby Aiyouxis role was to provide opportunities for community members to initiate mutual cooperation and assistance.Interest clubs and community demands simplify this process with the establishment of various groups

295、catering for night-runs,parent-child reading and patients with ill-health within communities.These groups automatically overlap to form networks in which active members operate as individual network nodes connecting inter-group relations from which networks of mutual assistance grow and strengthen c

296、ommunity resilience.Secondly,Aiyouxi provides certain curriculums and small grants programmes to enhance the capacity of volunteers,bolstering reputations due to their enhanced capabilities in public affairs.In accordance,volunteers naturally gain the position of central organizers and when more vol

297、unteers transition to organizers,this promotes evolution and growth within communities from preliminary phases of self-governance to more mature,autonomous and democratic forms of self-governance at the community level.Based on the abovementioned progress,this allows the process of reorganization to

298、 proceed involving the development of an institutionalized hierarchy of organizations.For instance,neighbourhood organizations can be reorganized to operate as associations at the community level.And within the associations,neighbourhood organizations can negotiate the allocation of resources.Commun

299、ity associations with various issues can also be reorganized to form a union which cooperates and negotiates with community committees as part of a community governance process.In this way,although the nature of the community committee in China is administratively driven,it will not fall into totali

300、tarianism as unions are generated from the bottom-up.To further deepen their work in certain communities and increase independency,Aiyouxi transformed their community work from project-oriented to site-oriented in 2019.Regarding the project-oriented modality,the quality of the project is greatly inf

301、luenced by preferences and government support and policy.As for the site-oriented mode,the government is needed to provide public spaces in exchange for the community services provided by Aiyouxi for a specific time.The site-oriented mode liberates Aiyouxi from the stated contracted goals,enabling A

302、iyouxi to focus solely on the dynamics of communities and thus identify the actions necessary,including the introduction of community commerce to empower local communities.Where Aiyouxi defines their work as developmental social work,they accumulate experiences regarding the management of common pro

303、perties so they can support community assets in a more sustainable manner(by setting up community funds for the revitalization of idle assets in public services,for example).Reference experiences1.Understand the value of developmental social work as established by AiyouxiSimilarly to conventional so

304、cial work organizations in China,Aiyouxi facilitates service delivery;however,it uses a unique and novel approach.The extension of social work across China began in 2013,typified by the top-down delivery of services which avoided direct involvement and engagement on a personal level.Aiyouxi aims to

305、create networks of social connections in which donors,recipients,social workers,volunteers,organizers,participants and the government all mutually benefi t what Aiyouxi terms developmental social work.This includes a number of aspects:Through the spirit of volunteerism,Aiyouxi attempts to manage ser

306、vice delivery within the community itself and enable neighbours to mutually help each other,transitioning from the reliance on external resources;Through the enthusiasm of volunteering and the recognition that identity serves as a driving force,Aiyouxi encourages its staff members to allow connectio

307、ns between service recipients to occur naturally.With their assistance,helpers and recipients are encouraged to share life stories in the form of a growing group to enhance mutual understanding,empathy and identity;By understanding and accepting the nature of human selfishness,Aiyouxi creates opport

308、unities to allow people to benefit from helping others.Under this notion of helping Chapter 2 Society 27themselves via helping others,Aiyouxi organizes mutual helpers into various social groups which are further interlinked into a matrix of social networks.Individuals belonging to a certain group ca

309、n fi nd others through this matrix to help others or gain help from others,reducing their isolation and presenting them with the opportunity to become potential volunteers;and Once volunteers emerge it is essential that they are organized to maximize their potential in leading community actions.Brin

310、ging individuals together does not necessarily lead to them working together unless a certain degree of organization is managed.Through good organization,communities of mutual benefit,public welfare and commercial cooperatives are constructed step by step.2.Build community autonomy based on strong s

311、ocial connectionsWhen developmental social work expands to community autonomy,the social connections with some degree of organization can promote social solidarity.The top-down model of administration may be more efficient for forming legitimate bodies of neighbourhood autonomy;however,these bodies

312、tend to collapse quickly due to the absence of a social foundation based on organized connections.For neighbourhoods lacking self-governing habits and capabilities,it is fundamental to unfold a bottom-up procedure.The following principles are key:Establish neighbourhood groups based on daily life an

313、d activities including hobbies,interests,preferences,value orientation,devotion,charity or mutual assistance.By activating these neighborhood groups,potential volunteers will naturally emerge Initiate resident forums to allow residents to raise any issues and complaints or concerns,suggestions and w

314、ishes,and highlight the common issues which need to be solved by collective actions Provide methods and rules of public discussion to help residents resolve issues through their own solutions and avoid engaging in the conflicts of interest Provide small resource allocations and support residents to

315、implement their solutions,and ensure they maintain practice in co-planning,co-building and co-management In order to gain the trust of people,do not call the next resident forum until the previous common issues are successfully resolved Based on the above,through commendation and training,increase t

316、he capability,recognition and appeal of active volunteers emerging from the residents.Build a network of social groups to consolidate and strengthen social resilience.Cooperate with the government to establish formal institutions of neighbourhood autonomy including local councils and neighbourhood m

317、anagement committees.3.Create communities that value and apply the principle of helping othersIt is a common phenomenon for participant motivation to weaken over the course of public welfare projects.To counteract this issue and to ensure pragmatism,Aiyouxi has acknowledged and adapted to this reali

318、ty,encouraging resident participation in line with the principle of benefiting yourself from serving others.In order to transform the roles of isolated residents into mutual helpers and active volunteers in the public domain,a transparent,open and traceable institution is necessary in particular for

319、 urban communities where there may be little trust amongst the population.This is exemplifi ed through Yicang in which a clear system of management,warehouse manager responsibilities and donor information is required for material warehousing.For material delivery,it contains delivery plans,material

320、receipt publicizing,materials registration records,recipient information and real-time information on delivery.For the query and supervision of Yicang,there are regular inventory checks,real-time updates and statistical analysis whilst Yicangs management software provides traceable bar codes for eac

321、h item so that donor requests for information can be promptly responded to.In addition,five databases about volunteers,donor families,recipient families,assistant enterprises and the media have been created so that all actions are open to the public.Through performing tangible actions,the public cre

322、dibility that is generated 28SHANGHAI MANUALfrom this system of transparency and openness leads to a qualitative change in the participators.4.Leverage the Chengdu model for community autonomyThe success of Aiyouxi as an exemplar of social work organization promoting social connection and community

323、autonomy owes to the fact that Chengdu has been committed to promoting community co-governance and resident autonomy:From 2003 to 2008,Chengdu promoted the institution of community council,firstly in rural villages and then extending into urban communities.Community empowerment and resident particip

324、ation were here determined to be the key governance objectives From 2009 to 2012,the institution of community public finance was constructed from rural villages to urban communities.The institutions of community council and community public finance founded a base for participatory governance which f

325、acilitated organizations,regulations,activities and the financial disclosure of neighbourhood autonomy Since 2010,Chengdu has emphasized the policy of delegating power,empowerment and restoration for community governance.Delegating power means to guarantee the capabilities and behaviours of resident

326、 self-governance;empowerment refers to guaranteeing resources that support community autonomy;and restoration relates to the normalization of sub-district governments and community committees Starting from 2014,Chengdu initiated the three socials programme in which community committees are responsib

327、le for identifying resident needs.Based on these needs,social work organizations develop service projects and social workers deliver professional services,whilst fi nancial support is provided by the government Since 2016,Chengdu has promoted a programme of community empowerment emphasizing resident

328、 subjectivity,democracy by discussion,bottom-up procedure,participation,rights-responsibility consistence,process orientation and sustainability Since 2018,trust governance has been in operation which requires introducing a trust system into neighbourhood management strategies using a transparent an

329、d participatory mechanismBeijing,China:Baiwan Jiayuan Social HousingCase backgroundBaiwan Jiayuan is located in the city centre to help promote social integration among low-income groups through more dignified living.The project aims to build high-quality social housing on a large scale via the join

330、t efforts of government,enterprise and society based on the concepts of open neighbourhoods,three-dimensional communities and access to adequate sunlight.This enables people who would be challenged to find affordable housing to rent property in decent living conditions and dignity,whilst facilitatin

331、g their contribution to sustainable development in the city and society on the basis of community integration.Ma Yansong,the main designer of the social housing and an internationally renowned architect,focuses on people in the course of her design,attaching importance to efficiency and functionalit

332、y.Interviews were conducted with local communities to understand their needs,and the overall aesthetics of the buildings were also taking into account when planning for public activity spaces so as to increase the connection between the community and the city.The social housing project is managed by

333、 the Beijing Municipal Affordable Housing Construction Investment Centre,a state-owned enterprise established by the Beijing State Government in 2011.It is a representative and exemplary project among more than 100 social housing projects in operation across Beijing.Unlike other social housing which is located in remote areas where transportation is inconvenient,Baiwan Jiayuan is just outside the