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1、Analysts:Andrew Zignani Senior Research Director THE CONTINUED EVOLUTION OF SHORT-RANGE WIRELESS:NEW TECHNOLOGIES,FUTURE ENHANCEMENTS,AND EMERGING MARKET OPPORTUNITIESTHE CONTINUED EVOLUTION OF SHORT-RANGE WIRELESSINTRODUCTIONOver the last 25 years,short-range wireless connectivity technologies,such

2、 as Wi-Fi,Bluetooth,Zigbee,and Near-Field Communication(NFC),have revolutionized the world in which we live,enabling an enormous connected device ecosystem that is projected to reach an installed base of 48 billion devices in 2023.In recent years,new connectivity technologies,such as Ultra-Wideband(

3、UWB),have entered the market,promising to enable new use cases and experiences across a wide range of applications.These tech-nologies have all undergone significant transformations since their inception,dramatically increasing performance,efficiency,reliability,security,and scal-ability,alongside b

4、ringing additional feature enhancements that enable them to better service certain targeted applications.Taking Wi-Fi as an example,if we compare single-band 2.4 Gigahertz(GHz)802.11b and its several Mega-bits per Second(Mbps)throughput with recent real-world demonstrations of over 5 Gigabits per Se

5、cond(Gbps)throughput via tri-band 802.11be(Wi-Fi 7),it is hard to believe that the two technologies fall under the same umbrella.In the same vein,Bluetooths evolution from what was a high-power con-sumption,audio-centric technology in its Classic form,to a leading low-power wireless technology for I

6、nternet of Things(IoT)applications in the form of Bluetooth Low Energy(LE),is a further testament to the continued progress and expansion of the short-range wireless connectivity market over the last couple of decades.However,continued innovation and growth in the connected device market is dependen

7、t upon the further evolution of short-range wireless connectivity technologies.The enormous diversity of consumer and IoT applications are such that a single technology is not able to meet the needs of every market.Meanwhile,future use cases will demand additional improvements from wireless technolo

8、gies across almost all metricsthis will include throughput,latency,robustness,reliability,power consumption,range,security,scalabil-ity,efficiency,size,cost,interoperability,flexibility,and deployment density,to name a few.These enhancements will enable short-range wireless technolo-gies to enable b

9、etter performance in existing use cases,open new market opportunities,and lead to the development of innovative user experiences across multiple verticals.Combined,this evolution has led to an extremely competitive short-range wireless technology landscape,with multiple different viable technologies

10、,each with its own strengths and weaknesses,targeting a whole host of consumer and commercial use cases.Table 1 highlights the key features and market opportunities for the major short-range wireless technologies discussed throughout this whitepaper.CONTENTSIntroduction.2Short-Range Wireless Technol

11、ogy Overview.6Wi-Fi Technology Overview .6Wi-Fi Market Evolution.9Ultra-Wideband Technology Overview .11Bluetooth Technology Overview .15IEEE 802.15.4(Zigbee/Thread/Matter)Market Overview.19Near-Field Communication.21Future Short-Range Wireless Innovations:Sensing,Positioning,and Ambient IoT Sensing

12、.23Radar and the Road to Integrated Sensing and Communication.23Positioning and Ranging Enhancements .24Ambient IoT.26Challenges and Strategic Recommendations for Next-Generation Wireless Connectivity Technologies.27The Need for Additional Spectrum.27Regulatory Restrictions.27Coexistence.28Multi-Fun

13、ction Technologies.28Support for Heterogeneous Applications.29Growing Competition.29Improved User Interfaces .30Wider System Innovation .30Growing Design Complexity.30The Role of Connectivity Industry Organizations.30CTHE CONTINUED EVOLUTION OF SHORT-RANGE WIRELESSTable 1:Key Short-Range Wireless Co

14、nnectivity Technology Features and Market OpportunityTable 2 maps these technologies across key target market verticals.As it demonstrates,most end markets are being targeted by multiple short-range wireless technologies.Within those verticals,each device type has its own specific requirements,and t

15、echnology choice will depend on the key metrics listed in Table 1.For some market verticals,technologies will be complementary,in others,directly competitive,and in others,technologies will be chosen based on the specific requirements of diverse end device types.For example,smartphones take advantag

16、e of Wi-Fi for video streaming,Bluetooth for audio,UWB for fine-ranging capabilities,and NFC for mobile payments.In Real-Time Location System(RTLS)environments,Wi-Fi,UWB,and Bluetooth often directly compete for market traction.In the smart home,a combination of technologies will be leveraged due to

17、the diverse application requirements,including battery-powered sensors,smart displays,voice-control front ends,smart appliances,video surveillance cameras,and smart door locks,among many others.Wireless TechnologyFrequency BandsThroughputRangePower ConsumptionIndustry OrganizationsMarket Opportunity

18、Bluetooth BR/EDR 2.4 GHz3 Mbps10 mMediumIEEE 802.15,Bluetooth SIG4.17 billion by 2028(includes BR/EDR only and dual-mode BR/EDR and Bluetooth LEBluetooth LE2.4 GHz2 Mbps200 mLowIEEE 802.15,Bluetooth SIG7.66 billion by 2028(includes Bluetooth LE only and dual-mode)802.11n (Wi-Fi 4)2.4 GHz&5 GHz 600 M

19、bpsUp to 200 mMedium(dedicated low-power chipsets also available)IEEE 802.11,Wi-Fi Alliance(WFA)326 million units by 2028802.11ac (Wi-Fi 5)5 GHz433 Mbps(80 MHz,1 SS)6933 Mbps(160 MHz,8 SS)Up to 200 mHighIEEE 802.11,WFA44 million units by 2028802.11ax (Wi-Fi 6&Wi-Fi 6E)2.4 GHz,5 GHz&6 GHz600.4 Mbps(8

20、0 MHz,1 SS)9607.8 Mbps (160 MHz,8 SS)Up to 200 mMedium/high (dedicated low-power chipsets also available)IEEE 802.11,WFANearly 3.5 billion units by 2028802.11be (Wi-Fi 7)2.4 GHz,5 GHz&6 GHz5.8 Gbps clients,46 Gbps capacityUp to 200 mHighIEEE 802.11,WFA1.6 billion by 2028802.11bn (Wi-Fi 8)2.4 GHz,5 G

21、Hz&6 GHzTargeting 10 Gbps for client devicesUp to 200mHighIEEE 802.11,WFA153 million units by 2028802.11ah (Wi-Fi HaLow)Sub-1 GHz78 MbpsUp to 200 mLowIEEE 802.15,Connectivity Standards Alliance(CSA),Thread Group1.7 billion units by 2028Zigbee/Thread(802.15.4)2.4 GHz&sub-1 GHz250 KbpsUp to 200 mLowIS

22、O,NFC Forum1.7 billion units by 2028NFC13.56 MHz106/212/424 KbpsUp to 1 kmLowIEEE 802.15,UWB Alliance,FiRa Consortium1.7 billion units by 2028UWB(802.15.4a,802.15.4z)3.1 GHz to 10.6 GHz27 Mbps10-100 mLowIEEE 802.15,Connectivity Standards Alliance(CSA),Thread Group1.3 billion units by THE CONTINUED E

23、VOLUTION OF SHORT-RANGE WIRELESSTable2:KeyShort-RangeWirelessConnectivityTechnologiesandTargetMarketsWireless Technology and Target MarketBlue-tooth BR/EDR Blue-tooth LE802.11n (Wi-Fi 4)802.11ac (Wi-Fi 5)802.11ax (Wi-Fi 6&Wi-Fi 6E)802.11be (Wi-Fi 7)802.11bn (Wi-Fi 8)802.11ah (Wi-Fi HaLow)Zigbee/Thre

24、ad (802.15.4)NFCUWB(802.15.4a,802.15.4z)Handsets lllllllllMobile&PC Accessories llllPCs&TabletsllllllllHome Ent.lllllllWireless AudiollllllllOther Consumer ElectronicsllllllllSmart Home lllllllllSmart AppliancesllllllllllWearableslllllllllAR/VRllllllAutolllllllSmart HealthlllllllSmart Citiesllllllll

25、llBuilding AutomationlllllllllRTLS&Asset TrackingllllPersonal TrackersllCondition MonitoringllllllllElectronic Shelf LabelsllllPOS TerminalsllllllVideo Surveillancellllll THE CONTINUED EVOLUTION OF SHORT-RANGE WIRELESSAt the same time,short-range wireless technologies are becoming increasingly multi

26、functional.Technologies that once just supported data transfer between devices are now incorporating ad-vanced positioning,ranging,radar and sensing,and wireless charging capabilities.This is enabling multiple unique use cases,such as precise device positioning,Simultaneous Location and Map-ping(SLA

27、M),human presence detection,gesture recognition,and other new non-connectivity re-lated usage scenarios,all while using the same underlying wireless technologies.These advanced features are fundamental to future Integrated Sensing and Communication(ISAC)concepts,whereby ubiquitous wireless technolog

28、ies will combine communications with precise positioning and sensing to enable truly intelligent environments built upon interconnected digital twins.Com-bined with Artificial Intelligence(AI)and Machine Learning(ML),this has the potential to lead to real-time perceptive networks capable of mapping,

29、analyzing,reacting to,and predicting changes in the physical world,leading to the creation of highly valuable transformative services across home,commercial,automotive,industrial,and smart city environments.Several trends are converging to enable these next-generation short-range wireless applicatio

30、ns.These can be summarized in Figure 1:Figure 1:Key Drivers for Next-Generation Short-Range Wireless TechnologiesThis whitepaper seeks to highlight how the short-range wireless market will evolve to enable valu-able new use cases and services over the next decade.First,it will discuss the evolving c

31、ompetitive landscape,key target use cases,and differentiators between each technology.It will then discuss the continued evolution of each technology through the arrival of new standards,new sensing and positioning features,and other enhancements.Finally,it will highlight challenges facing the con-n

32、ectivity market,and provide strategic recommendations on what the short-range wireless con-nectivity market needs to do to reach its full potential over the next decade and beyond.At the same time,short-range wireless technologies are becoming increasingly multifunctional.Technologies that once just

33、 supported data transfer between devices are now incorporating advanced positioning,ranging,radar and sensing,and wireless charging capabilities.This is enabling multiple unique use cases,such as precise device positioning,Simultaneous Location and Mapping(SLAM),human presence detection,gesture reco

34、gnition,and other new non-connectivity related usage scenarios,all while using the same underlying wireless technologies.These advanced features are fundamental to future Integrated Sensing and Communication(ISAC)concepts,whereby ubiquitous wireless technologies will combine communications with prec

35、ise positioning and sensing to enable truly intelligent environments built upon interconnected digital twins.Combined with Artificial Intelligence(AI)and Machine Learning(ML),this has the potential to lead to real-time perceptive networks capable of mapping,analyzing,reacting to,and predicting chang

36、es in the physical world,leading to the creation of highly valuable transformative services across home,commercial,automotive,industrial,and smart city environments.Several trends are converging to enable these next-generation short-range wireless applications.These can be summarized in Figure 1:Fig

37、ure 1:Key Drivers for Next-Generation Short-Range Wireless Technologies This whitepaper seeks to highlight how the short-range wireless market will evolve to enable valuable new use cases and services over the next decade.First,it will discuss the evolving competitive landscape,key target use cases,

38、and differentiators between each technology.It will then discuss the continued evolution THE CONTINUED EVOLUTION OF SHORT-RANGE WIRELESSSHORT-RANGE WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEWTable 1 provided a top-level summary of the major short-range wireless connectivity technolo-gies.This section will provide

39、a more in-depth look at the features,target use cases,market opportunities,competitive landscape,and future innovation roadmap for Wi-Fi,UWB,Bluetooth,ZigBee/Thread,and NFC technologies.WI-FI TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW WI-FI KEY FEATURES AND DIFFERENTIATORSBased on the IEEE 802.11 standards,Wi-Fi technolog

40、y provides high-throughput,low latency,and short-to medium-range connectivity for a wide range of applications.In contrast to alternative short-range wireless technologies,which provide between 250 Kilobits per Second(Kbps)to 27 Mbps data rates,Wi-Fis throughput is order of magnitudes higher,offerin

41、g between hundreds of Mbps to multi-Gbps depending on the specific IEEE 802.11 standard and frequency band in which it operates.Wi-Fi devices can benefit from the ability to connect to an enormous installed base of Wi-Fi Access Points(APs)within home,commercial,and industrial environments,enabling d

42、irect cloud connectivity without the need for intermediary gateways or bridging devices.This not only simplifies installation,but also reduces the overall cost,design complexity,and time to mar-ket when compared to alternative technologies.However,power consumption is typically much higher when comp

43、ared with other short-range wireless solutions.Wi-Fi technology is backward compatible and encompasses multiple technologies operating in a combination of the 2.4 GHz,5 GHz,and newly available 6 GHz bands.This includes 802.11b,802.11a,802.11g,802.11n(Wi-Fi 4),802.11ac(Wi-Fi 5),802.11ax(Wi-Fi 6),802.

44、11be(Wi-Fi 7),and 802.11bn(Wi-Fi 8),each with its own specific features and performance metrics.Most IEEE 802.11 enhancements up until Wi-Fi 5(802.11ac)focused on increasing the throughput of the technology.However,in 2021,the most recent Wi-Fi standard,802.11ax(Wi-Fi 6)was published,placing greater

45、 emphasis on improving overall system performance and per user throughput.Key enhancements,such as Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access(OFDMA),Basic Service Set(BSS)Coloring,Target Wake Time(TWT),and beamforming,were all implemented to improve the overall efficiency of the technology,bringi

46、ng up to a 4X increase in throughput per user,up to 67%reduction in power consumption for Wi-Fi clients,and up to a 4X increase in range,as well as reduced latency and greater reliability in dense deployment scenarios.Wi-Fi 6 also supports a maximum theoretical throughput of up to 9.6 Gbps.Alongside

47、 these,additional sub-1 GHz 802.11ah(Wi-Fi HaLow)and 60 GHz Millimeter Wave(mmWave)802.11ad/802.11ay(WiGig)technologies also fall under the Wi-Fi banner,providing extended range(HaLow)and high-speed point-to-point connectivity(WiGig),respectively.How-ever,opportunities for these technologies have re

48、mained limited to more niche applications,and will likely remain so for the foreseeable future.Beyond the IEEE 802.11 Working Group,which continually develops these Wi-Fi standards,the Wi-Fi Alliance(WFA)is a nonprofit organization made up of hundreds of members active in the Wi-Fi ecosystem that se

49、ek to drive global Wi-Fi adoption through spectrum advocacy,interoperability,and certification programs,as well as developing new security,deployment,and usability THE CONTINUED EVOLUTION OF SHORT-RANGE WIRELESSWI-FI KEY TARGET USE CASES AND COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPEHistorically,Wi-Fi has mainly targete

50、d devices requiring the maximum possible throughput alongside low-latency performance.In addition to APs and Wireless Local Area Network(WLAN)infrastructure,Wi-Fis largest historical markets have been smartphones,notebooks,tablets,home entertainment devices,such as smart Televisions(TVs)and game con

51、soles,and a whole host of other connected consumer electronics products for which high-speed Internet access and video streaming capabilities are paramount.As these devices are typically line powered or have large batteries.Wi-Fis high-power consumption has been a worthy trade-off in providing up to

52、 hundreds of Mbps to several Gbps of throughput.Only cellular technologies,such as 5G,have been able to offer similar capabilities,and the two technologies are often deployed together to provide ubiquitous indoor and outdoor connectivity.However,as Table 2 demonstrated,Wi-Fi is addressing an ever-di

53、versifying set of client devices and is increasingly being adopted within a growing number IoT use cases.This includes smart home automation and smart appliances,RTLSs,commercial building automation,robotics,smart retail,healthcare,and Industrial IoT(IIoT)applications,alongside providing connectivit

54、y for numerous consumer electronics devices that require low-cost,streamlined cloud connectivity.These devices typically have lower throughput requirements,but are also much more limited in terms of form factor,cost,computing resources,antennas,and battery sizes.For many IoT ap-plications,Wi-Fi 4,pa

55、rticularly single-band 2.4 GHz solutions,have been the go-to standard for basic,low-cost Wi-Fi connectivity for these applications.Wi-Fi has traditionally struggled to serve battery-powered IoT markets due to inherently higher power consumption.Alternative technologies,such as Bluetooth,802.15.4,Z-W

56、ave,and propri-etary 2.4 GHz and sub-1 GHz wireless,have,therefore,had greater success in these IoT markets.However,thanks to continued innovations in low-cost,low-power Wi-Fi 4 chipsets and the arrival of Wi-Fi 6,Wi-Fi can increasingly target resource constrained battery-powered IoT devices.Recent

57、innovations in low-power Wi-Fi are enabling enormous improvements in battery life spans for these Wi-Fi-enabled IoT devices,enabling multi-year battery life,while taking advantage of seam-less direct-to-cloud connectivity via existing Wi-Fi infrastructure in the home,enterprise,and industrial enviro

58、nments.At the same time,alternative technologies with more limited throughput are incapable of supporting a growing number of video-related applications across both consum-er and enterprise environments.Wi-Fi-enabled devices,such as video doorbells,home security cameras,and commercial video surveill

59、ance solutions,are projected to grow significantly in the coming years,many of which will be battery-powered.Low-power Wi-Fi can enable greater flex-ibility in deploying these solutions and open up a much larger addressable market.Despite its many inherent advantages,Wi-Fi faces strong competition f

60、rom alternative technolo-gies that are available at lower cost and can provide significantly lower power consumption.To capture a growing portion of the battery-powered IoT market,continued innovation at both the standards level,alongside chipset and Radio Frequency(RF)design,will all be required if

61、 Wi-Fi is to remain a technology of choice for battery-powered IoT applications.However,for the major-ity of devices with limited throughput requirements and the need for low-power consumption,Bluetooth LE and 802.15.4(Zigbee/Thread)-based solutions will have a clear THE CONTINUED EVOLUTION OF SHORT

62、-RANGE WIRELESSWI-FI MARKET OPPORTUNITIESOver the last 25 years,the Wi-Fi market has witnessed enormous growth.By the end of 2022,Wi-Fi-enabled devices reached nearly 34 billion cumulative shipments.As Chart 1 demonstrates,by 2028,annual device shipments are expected to reach more than 5.3 billion u

63、nits,a 53%increase compared with 3.5 billion in 2022.When looking more closely at the growth sectors,traditional areas of success for Wi-Fi,such as smartphones,PCs,home entertainment,and networking in-frastructure,will still see steady growth;however,broadly speaking,it will be areas like the smart

64、home,wearables,and IoT applications that will grow more rapidly over the next 5 years.These markets represent a growing portion of the overall Wi-Fi market.In 2022,IoT applications already accounted for 24%of the total Wi-Fi device shipments.By 2028,this is expected to grow to 44%,equating to 2.4 bi

65、llion Wi-Fi-enabled IoT devices at this time.Chart 1:Wi-Fi-Enabled Device Shipments World Markets:2022 to 2028(Source:ABI Research)These sectors will require a combination of Wi-Fi technologies depending on the specific device type and performance requirements.For example,within the smart home,Wi-Fi

66、 technology can be leveraged to connect smart display voice-control front ends,always-on smart thermostats,battery-powered smart blinds,wireless security cameras,and smart doorbells and door locks,alongside powered devices,such as smart lighting and smart plugs.For wearables,this encom-passes batter

67、y-sensitive smartwatches,as well as high performance Virtual Reality(VR)headsets.In industrial applications,this could require high-throughput,low-latency Augmented Reality(AR)headsets,alongside battery-powered Wi-Fi sensors for industrial machine monitoring.In home entertainment,this will require u

68、ltra-low latency connectivity to game consoles and 8K streaming capabilities for smart TVs.These use cases require Wi-Fi technology to improve at both ends of the performance spectrum and ensure it can effectively address both high-performance,low-latency clients and cost-,size-,and power-sensitive

69、IoT devices.As Chart 2 shows,the Wi-Fi market is currently rapidly transitioning to Wi-Fi 6 technology,ac-counting for 47%of all Wi-Fi chipset shipments in 2023.By 2026,this is expected to reach nearly 2/3 of the total market.Wi-Fi 4 will continue to address low-cost and battery-sensitive applica-Wi

70、-Fi Market Opportunities Over the last 25 years,the Wi-Fi market has witnessed enormous growth.By the end of 2022,Wi-Fi-enabled devices reached nearly 34 billion cumulative shipments.As Chart 1 demonstrates,by 2028,annual device shipments are expected to reach more than 5.3 billion units,a 53%increa

71、se compared with 3.5 billion in 2022.When looking more closely at the growth sectors,traditional areas of success for Wi-Fi,such as smartphones,PCs,home entertainment,and networking infrastructure,will still see steady growth;however,broadly speaking,it will be areas like the smart home,wearables,an

72、d IoT applications that will grow more rapidly over the next 5 years.These markets represent a growing portion of the overall Wi-Fi market.In 2022,IoT applications already accounted for 24%of the total Wi-Fi device shipments.By 2028,this is expected to grow to 44%,equating to 2.4 billion Wi-Fi-enabl

73、ed IoT devices at this time.Chart 1:Wi-Fi-Enabled Device Shipments World Markets:2022 to 2028(Source:ABI Research)01234562022202320242025202620272028(Billions)IoT ApplicationsAutomotiveWearablesSmart HomeOther Consumer ElectronicsHome Entertainment and Connected Home DevicesPortable Consumer Electro

74、nicsNetworkingPCs and PC AccessoriesSmartphones and Feature PTHE CONTINUED EVOLUTION OF SHORT-RANGE WIRELESStions,but will eventually be supplanted by IoT-centric Wi-Fi 6 chipsets that can offer additional improvements on power consumption and better performance in crowded environments.In high-perfo

75、rmance applications,the market will increasingly shift toward Wi-Fi 7,discussed in more detail below.Chart 2:Wi-Fi Chipset Shipment Share by Protocol World Markets:2022 to 2028(Source:ABI Research)WI-FI MARKET EVOLUTIONWI-FI 6E AND THE 6 GHZ BAND The recent opening up of the 6 GHz spectrum for unlic

76、ensed use across different regions is arguably one of the most significant events in the history of Wi-Fi.In certain regions,such as the United States,this means an additional 1.2 GHz of spectrum,while others,such as the United Kingdom,have adopted 500 MHz.In extending Wi-Fi 6s benefits to the 6 GHz

77、 band via Wi-Fi 6E,devices can take advantage of more widely available 160 MHz channels and avoid competition with slower legacy devices.This brings numerous benefits,including higher throughput,much more capacity,greater reliability,lower latency,and better Quality of Service(QoS)than ever before,h

78、elping to solve some of the key challenges that Wi-Fi is increasingly facing.IEEE 802.11BE/WI-FI 7(EXTREMELY HIGH THROUGHPUT)However,given that Wi-Fi 6E is an extension of Wi-Fi 6 into the 6 GHz band,it will need addi-tional work to take full advantage of the additional spectrum.As a result,developm

79、ent of IEEE 802.11be,also known as Wi-Fi 7,started in 2019 with the goal of bringing additional features to better use all three frequency bands to deliver further improvements in throughput and latency.Known as Extremely High Throughput(EHT),IEEE 802.11be aims to support a maximum through-put of at

80、 least 30 Gbps,while providing latencies potentially lower than 5 Milliseconds(ms).Key features like 320 MHz channel bandwidths,4K Quadrature Amplitude Modulation(QAM),Multi-Link Operation(MLO),Multi-Resource Units(MRUs)and Restricted Target Wake Time(r-TWT)will enable this,with mainstream 2x2 smart

81、phone,PC,and tablet client devices capable of achieving Wi-Fi 4 will continue to address low-cost and battery-sensitive applications,but will eventually be supplanted by IoT-centric Wi-Fi 6 chipsets that can offer additional improvements on power consumption and better performance in crowded environ

82、ments.In high-performance applications,the market will increasingly shift toward Wi-Fi 7,discussed in more detail below.Chart 2:Wi-Fi Chipset Shipment Share by Protocol World Markets:2022 to 2028(Source:ABI Research)Wi-Fi Market Evolution Wi-Fi 6E and the 6 GHz Band The recent opening up of the 6 GH

83、z spectrum for unlicensed use across different regions is arguably one of the most significant events in the history of Wi-Fi.In certain regions,such as the United States,this means an additional 1.2 GHz of spectrum,while others,such as the United Kingdom,have adopted 500 MHz.In extending Wi-Fi 6s b

84、enefits to the 6 GHz band via Wi-Fi 6E,devices can take advantage of more widely available 160 MHz channels and avoid competition with slower legacy devices.This brings numerous benefits,including higher throughput,much more capacity,greater reliability,lower latency,and better Quality of Service(Qo

85、S)than ever before,helping to solve some of the key challenges that Wi-Fi is increasingly facing.IEEE 802.11be/Wi-Fi 7(Extremely High Throughput)However,given that Wi-Fi 6E is an extension of Wi-Fi 6 into the 6 GHz band,it will need additional work to take full advantage of the additional spectrum.A

86、s a result,development of IEEE 802.11be,also known as Wi-Fi 7,started in 2019 with the goal of bringing additional features to better use all three frequency bands to deliver further improvements in throughput and latency.Known as Extremely High Throughput(EHT),IEEE 802.11be aims to support a maximu

87、m throughput of at least 30 Gbps,while providing latencies potentially lower than 5 Milliseconds(ms).Key features like 320 MHz channel bandwidths,4K Quadrature Amplitude Modulation(QAM),Multi-Link Operation(MLO),Multi-Resource Units(MRUs)and Restricted Target Wake Time(r-TWT)will enable this,with ma

88、instream 2x2 smartphone,PC,and tablet client devices capable of 0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%100%2022202320242025202620272028802.11be/802.11ay802.11be802.11ax/802.11ay(tri-band 2.4GHz,5GHz,60GHz)802.11n/802.11ac/802.11ay(tri-band)802.11ay802.11ah802.11ax/802.11ad(tri-band)802.11n/802.11ac/802.11ad(t

89、ri-band)802.11ad(WiGig)802.11ax802.11n/802.11ac802.11ac(5 GHz)802.11n(dual-band)802.11n(2.4 GHz)802.11g,b,THE CONTINUED EVOLUTION OF SHORT-RANGE WIRELESSa device maximum peak throughput of up to 5.8 Gbps.This represents a 2.4X increase over the 2.4 Gbps achieved via Wi-Fi 6/Wi-Fi 6E.With even single

90、 stream devices capable of supporting up to 2.9 Gbps,this can enable multi-gigabit throughput on more basic Wi-Fi clients,while enormous reductions in latency versus Wi-Fi 6 can be achieved.In terms of overall capacity,while Wi-Fi 6 can deliver a maximum aggregated throughput of 9.6 Gbps,Wi-Fi 7 has

91、 the potential to extend this to over 40 Gbps depending on the specific feature set.This will enable significant increases in the capacity of Wi-Fi networks.These throughput,capacity,and latency enhancements will be critical in enabling Wi-Fi to better address growing demands across a number of cons

92、umer and enterprise applications,including remote working and learning,home entertainment,gaming,AR/VR and metaverse applications,automotive,and IIoT.IEEE 802.11BN/WI-FI 8(ULTRA-HIGH RELIABILITY)While Wi-Fi 7 will bring tremendous benefits,IEEE 802.11 is already beginning work on the next generation

93、 of Wi-Fi,IEEE 802.11bn,also known as Wi-Fi 8.In July 2022,the Ultra High Reliability(UHR)Study Group was formed,serving as the initial steps toward defining Wi-Fi 8.Building on Wi-Fi 7,the major goals of the new standard are to address some of the more demanding and stringent applications for wirel

94、ess technologies that will emerge toward the end of this decade and beyond.This will help enable new market opportunities across consumer and enterprise sectors,leading to the potential creation of valuable new Wi-Fi deployments based on more mission-critical applications.This will also enable the t

95、echnology to better compete with and complement 5G and 6G,which are currently perceived as having much greater reliability within enterprise applications.Of course,reliability is a broad metric,and as the formal task group is not expected to be formed until November 2023,it is difficult to know exac

96、tly what the performance targets will be,as well as how they are intended to be achieved.However,broadly speaking,Wi-Fi 8 targets the 2.4 GHz,5 GHz,and 6 GHz bands,and aims to bring the following improvements when compared with Wi-Fi 7:Higher throughput,network capacity,and throughput over longer ra

97、nges.The current target is 10 Gbps on 2x2 clients,growing from 5.8 Gbps in Wi-Fi 7.Improvements to worst-case latency and jitter,even within high mobility deployments and areas of overlapping networks.This is to provide better manageability and greater determin-ism.More efficient use of the spectrum

98、,including better performance in congested environments.Improvements in power-saving mechanisms for both traditional AP-to-station deployments and within peer-to-peer operations.The idea is to improve device battery life,while optimizing energy efficiency and reducing the carbon footprint of Wi-Fi t

99、echnology.Several techniques have initially been proposed to achieve these goals,including multi-AP coor-dination and distributed MLO to name but a few.However,these are still preliminary and a more concrete roadmap for Wi-Fi 8 will likely emerge in the coming months.While Wi-Fi 7 will undoubtedly b

100、ring vast improvements to QoS and help to deliver on more reliability-centric applications,Wi-Fi 8 is specifically designed to bring further improvements over what Wi-Fi 7 can deliver.Many of the target use cases will also overlap with Wi-Fi 7.However,THE CONTINUED EVOLUTION OF SHORT-RANGE WIRELESSs

101、ome of the initial use case discussions for Wi-Fi 8 have centered on expanding Wi-Fi to new areas,alongside enhancing existing deployments within home,enterprise,and industrial environ-ments.These could help deliver more cost-effective,high-reliability deployments when compared with alternative solu

102、tions,such as private cellular network deployments.For example,some preliminary proposals for target use cases include industrial machine control,collaborative and mobile robotics in warehouse and manufacturing environments,remote telesurgery,agricultural machinery control,high-density Wi-Fi in publ

103、ic venues,and improved AR/VR performance.These use cases will require high throughput,low latency,and stable and speedy handover,alongside ultra-high reliability.ULTRA-WIDEBAND TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW UWB KEY FEATURES AND DIFFERENTIATORSUWB has recently re-emerged as a secure,fine-ranging technology cap

104、able of enabling a wide range of innovative location-based user applications and services.UWB is a short-range impulse radio technology that can securely and accurately calculate the relative position of other UWB-enabled devices at a distance of up to 100 Meters(m)with up to 10 Centimeters(cm)of ac

105、cu-racy.As the name suggests,UWB uses a wide channel bandwidth(500 MHz)between 3.1 GHz and 10.6 GHz,and short 2 Nanosecond(ns)pulses to accurately measure the Time-of-Flight(ToF)between two devices,such as smartphones,wearables,keys,tags,door locks,and anchor points.When in proximity,these devices b

106、egin ranging using ToF measurements that calculate the roundtrip time of the communication.One device can,therefore,calculate the relative location of the other instantly(with refresh rates at 100X per second)continuously,with movements be-ing monitored in real time.Meanwhile,Angle of Arrival(AoA)te

107、chniques ensure that the system knows the precise location and direction of a device,ensuring that devices like door locks can determine on which side of the door a user is standing,and fully understand user intent.As UWB operates in the 3.1 GHz to 10.6 GHz part of the spectrum,it remains distanced

108、from the crowd-ed 2.4 GHz band that other unlicensed wireless technologies operate in,and allows it to work alongside Wi-Fi,Bluetooth,NFC,and IEEE 802.15.4 with little interference.UWB is also capable of data communication,supporting throughput of up to 27 Mbps at relatively low-power consump-tion,e

109、nabling unique secure positioning and communication use cases.In August 2019,the Fine Ranging Consortium(FiRa)was founded.This organization seeks to aid with the promotion,development,and adoption of fine ranging and positioning use cases as-sociated with UWB.It also defines standards and certificat

110、ions for interoperability among chip-sets,devices,and solutions to provide seamless and safe experiences without restrictions.The UWB Alliance is another UWB organization aiming to create a favorable regulatory and spectrum landscape for UWB technology,working on securing rulesets to expand new use

111、cases,enabling spectrum sharing with low interference,making additional spectrum available,and influencing regional regulatory bodies for global expansion of UWB spectrum.UWB KEY TARGET USE CASES AND COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPEOver the last decade,IEEE 802.15.4a-based UWB solutions have increasingly been

112、adopted within high-accuracy indoor RTLS applications.It has faced strong competition from alternative Wi-Fi and Bluetooth-based RTLSs that,despite lower accuracy,can typically be deployed at lower cost.In the last few years,development of the new IEEE 802.15.4z UWB standard has led to addi-THE CONT

113、INUED EVOLUTION OF SHORT-RANGE WIRELESStional security extensions being added to the technology.This has provided UWB with the ability to provide secure,authentic,and centimeter-level accurate distance and location measurement,enabling a number of secure fine-ranging and positioning applications dem

114、anded by automotive,mobile,smart home,smart building,and other IoT solution providers.These unique secure rang-ing abilities have incentivized many smartphone,wearable,automotive,and smart home vendors to incorporate the technology.However,Bluetooth and Wi-Fis upcoming ranging capabilities combined

115、with their already ubiquitous presence in mobile devices and infrastructure may dis-suade some in investing in UWB technology.Figure 2 demonstrates the leading fine-ranging UWB use cases as defined by the FiRa Consor-tium.This includes a combination of device-to-device and device-to-infrastructure a

116、pplications,including hands-free secure vehicle and building access,indoor localization,asset tracking,hands-free payments,seamless smart home interaction and automation,AR,gaming,and a whole range of emerging smart building,smart city,industrial,and other IoT applications.Figure 2:UWB Fine-Ranging

117、Use Cases(Source:FiRa Consortium)UWB MARKET OPPORTUNITIESChart 3 shows UWB-enabled device shipment forecasts.While we are undoubtedly still very much in the early stages of UWB adoption,over the next 5 years,UWB adoption is expected to be rapid,growing from 386 million units in 2023 to more than 1.3

118、 billion by THE CONTINUED EVOLUTION OF SHORT-RANGE WIRELESSChart 3:UWB-Enabled Device Shipments World Markets:2022 to 2028(Source:ABI Research)UWBs ecosystem growth will depend significantly on the rollout of UWB technology within smart-phone devices.In 2022,21%of smartphone shipments included UWB t

119、echnology,including Apples iPhone 11 to 14 series of devices,Samsungs Galaxy S21,S22,S23 Ultra,Z Fold 2,3,and 4 devices,Googles Pixel 6 Pro,7 Pro,and Fold,and Xiaomis Mi MIX 4.In 2023,this has already expanded to new vendors,including the HONOR Magic 5 Ultimate and Meizu 20 Infinity.By 2028,ABI Rese

120、arch expects nearly half of smartphones shipped to include UWB technology as penetra-tion extends beyond flagship devices.Adoption in Apple Watches from the Series 6 onward has also propelled the smartwatch market to become one of the biggest markets for UWB adoption to date.Integration of UWB in sm

121、artphone and wearable platforms will be vital in driving further UWB adoption in a range of accessory items,alongside automotive keyless entry applications,smart home,smart building access,and payment applications.Secure car access will act as a catalyst for the first adoption wave within the automo

122、tive and mo-bile device industry.Strong backing from the Car Connectivity Consortium(CCC)and its various members,including car Original Equipment Manufacturers(OEMs),automotive Tier One suppli-ers,phone manufacturers,chipset vendors,security product suppliers,and app developers,has led to the creati

123、on of the Digital Key Release 3 specification,released in July 2021,an open stan-dard that combines UWB,NFC,and Bluetooth LE to enable devices like mobile phones to func-tion as a key that will seamlessly lock,unlock,and start vehicles from the pocket.A number of new vehicles have already been equip

124、ped with UWB technology.This includes the BMW 7,iX and iX1,X1,XM,i4,and i7 series,Genesis GV60,the Kia EV9,the Mercedes-Benz E-Class,and Volvo EX30.Meanwhile,iOS and Android smartphones equipped with UWB support these digital car keys from various vendors.There are a number of potential future appli

125、cations for UWB within vehicles,including paying for valet parking automatically,and car-as-a-key where a UWB-enabled garage door lock would unlock as the vehicle approaches it.By 2028,nearly 1/3 of vehicles shipped are expected to be equipped with UWB as secure access technology.Smartphones with UW

126、B are capable of locating items,such as keys,wallets,backpacks,luggage,and other personal items,with a UWB personal tracker tag attached to them.In April 2021,Apple unveiled its AirTag solution,enabling users to more accurately locate their lost items through its UWBs ecosystem growth will depend si

127、gnificantly on the rollout of UWB technology within smartphone devices.In 2022,21%of smartphone shipments included UWB technology,including Apples iPhone 11 to 14 series of devices,Samsungs Galaxy S21,S22,S23 Ultra,Z Fold 2,3,and 4 devices,Googles Pixel 6 Pro,7 Pro,and Fold,and Xiaomis Mi MIX 4.In 2

128、023,this has already expanded to new vendors,including the HONOR Magic 5 Ultimate and Meizu 20 Infinity.By 2028,ABI Research expects nearly half of smartphones shipped to include UWB technology as penetration extends beyond flagship devices.Adoption in Apple Watches from the Series 6 onward has also

129、 propelled the smartwatch market to become one of the biggest markets for UWB adoption to date.Integration of UWB in smartphone and wearable platforms will be vital in driving further UWB adoption in a range of accessory items,alongside automotive keyless entry applications,smart home,smart building

130、 access,and payment applications.Secure car access will act as a catalyst for the first adoption wave within the automotive and mobile device industry.Strong backing from the Car Connectivity Consortium(CCC)and its various members,including car Original Equipment Manufacturers(OEMs),automotive Tier

131、One suppliers,phone manufacturers,chipset vendors,security product suppliers,and app developers,has led to the creation of the Digital Key Release 3 specification,released in July 2021,an open standard that combines UWB,NFC,and Bluetooth LE to enable devices like mobile phones to function as a key t

132、hat will seamlessly lock,unlock,and start vehicles from the pocket.A number of new vehicles have already been equipped with UWB technology.This includes the BMW 7,iX and iX1,X1,XM,i4,and i7 series,Genesis GV60,the Kia EV9,the Mercedes-Benz E-Class,and Volvo EX30.Meanwhile,iOS and Android smartphones

133、 equipped with UWB support these digital car keys from various vendors.There are a number of potential future applications for UWB within vehicles,including paying for valet parking automatically,and car-as-a-key where a UWB-enabled garage door lock would unlock as the vehicle approaches it.By 2028,

134、nearly 1/3 of vehicles shipped are expected to be equipped with UWB as secure access technology.Smartphones with UWB are capable of locating items,such as keys,wallets,backpacks,luggage,and other personal items,with a UWB personal tracker tag attached to them.In April 2021,Apple unveiled its AirTag

135、solution,enabling users to more accurately locate their lost items through its UWB Precision Finding technology,guiding them to their AirTag using sound,haptics,and visual feedback.In April 2021,Samsung also officially launched its Galaxy SmartTag+tracker.In the longer term,as the cost of UWB soluti

136、ons continues to fall,UWB has the potential to be embedded directly within consumer goods to enable precise tracking of valuable personal items.0.00.20.40.60.81.01.21.42022202320242025202620272028(Billions)IoT ApplicationsAutomotiveWearablesSmart HomeOther Consumer ElectronicsHome Entertainment and

137、Connected Home DevicesPortable Consumer ElectronicsNetworkingPCs and PC AccessoriesMobile Device AccessoriesSmartphones and Feature PTHE CONTINUED EVOLUTION OF SHORT-RANGE WIRELESSUWB Precision Finding technology,guiding them to their AirTag using sound,haptics,and visual feedback.In April 2021,Sams

138、ung also officially launched its Galaxy SmartTag+tracker.In the lon-ger term,as the cost of UWB solutions continues to fall,UWB has the potential to be embedded directly within consumer goods to enable precise tracking of valuable personal items.UWB has the potential to enable more seamless,automate

139、d,and personalized experiences within the home,thanks to its ability to precisely pinpoint the distance and direction between different UWB-enabled objects within the home environment.This will allow for better end-user interaction experiences and more intelligent automated homes that rely less on m

140、anual interac-tion and can adapt in real time to the specific needs for end users.For example,UWB-enabled smartphones can interact with other UWB-enabled connected home devices,such as speakers,TVs,light bulbs,thermostats,or other smart appliances like fans.Thanks to UWBs high accuracy and direction

141、 capabilities,the smartphone can detect exactly what device is being pointed at and automatically open up a relevant control panel on the smartphone display.Commercial and residential access control is perhaps the most natural extension of UWBs initial activities within the automotive secure access

142、realm.Embedding UWB within residential and commercial door locks and access control readers has the potential to improve security,enable better user experiences,and provide innovative advanced capabilities,such as flexible digital key,provisioning that can adapt to specific needs and requirements of

143、 the end user or enterprise.Much like in the automotive realm,IoT access control enables UWB-enabled end user devices,such as smartphones,wearables,key fobs,or badges,to act as digital keys.In November 2022,Samsung partnered with Zigbang to create the first UWB-enabled smart home door lock.Meanwhile

144、,key members of the FiRa Consortium include key access control market vendors like Allegion,Bosch,HID Global,Thales,dormakaba,Kastle Systems,LEGIC,and Elatec,among others.The FiRa Consortium also has a dedicated working group working toward the standardization of access control use cases.This will h

145、elp ensure that mobile devices from various OEMs will be able to open locks and readers from different OEMs,and that different devices will be able to seamlessly transfer access control keys between them.UWB MARKET EVOLUTIONWhile a number of use cases and devices have already been investigated and d

146、eveloped,UWB is still a new technology,and as its adoption continues to grow,so will its potential and innovation.A growing ecosystem of solution providers,including Apple,Samsung,NXP,Qorvo,STMicroelec-tronics,Infineon,and SPARK Microsystems,among others,will all help drive further development of th

147、e UWB market.Beyond 2030,ABI Research expects UWB technology to proliferate far more significantly in other environments.This will be driven not only by fine-ranging applications,but also data transfer-centric and radar-based use cases,as discussed below.UWB as a High-Throughput,Low-Latency Networki

148、ng TechnologyVarious UWB chipset vendors have also demonstrated the potential of the technology as a high-throughput,low-latency data transfer technology.This could help enable next-generation audio experiences,improvements in wearable devices,innovation in personal area networks,better AR/VR device

149、s,and potential medical use cases like miniaturized wireless telemetry modules.For example,imec has developed a UWB chip capable of providing data rates of 1.66 Gbps using less than 10 Milliwatt(mW)of power;UWB chipsets from SPARK Microsystems provide data rates of up to 10 Mbps 1.5 nJ/bit energy ef

150、ficiency,and in March 2023,PSB Speakers,Sonical,and MQA THE CONTINUED EVOLUTION OF SHORT-RANGE WIRELESSannounced a partnership to create high-resolution audio headphones based on Qorvos UWB technology.These efforts,along with future enhancements to UWB technology,could place UWB in growing competiti

151、on with Wi-Fi and Bluetooth technology for high-speed point-to-point ap-plications,lossless audio,low-latency PC and gaming accessories like keyboards and mice,and a number of IoT applications,including smart home appliances and sensors,door locks,Electronic Shelf Labels(ESLs),and medical devices,su

152、ch as diagnostic devices,surgical instruments,and patient monitoring solutions.IEEE 802.15.4abNext-Generation UWB While it seems like 802.15.4z has barely arrived on the market,the IEEE is already hard at work in developing the next generation of UWB technology.IEEE 802.15 Task Group 4ab,also known

153、as the UWB Next Generation,was formed in 2021 and is building on 802.15.4-2020 and 802.15.4z-2020 to bring several PHY/MAC-related ranging enhancements to the technology.The intention is to expand the standard and enable it to target a wider range of applications,while maintain-ing backward compatib

154、ility.It also takes advantage of UWBs growing presence across a number of fine-ranging applications,as well as the use of UWB in sensing and data-related applications.Completion of the extension is expected in 2024,and major enhancements targeting peer-to-peer,peer-to-multi-peer,and station-to-infra

155、structure applications include:Additional coding,preamble,and modulation schemes to support improved link budget and/or reduced air-time relative to IEEE Std 802.15.4 UWB Additional channels and operating frequencies Interference mitigation techniques to support greater device density and higher tra

156、ffic use cases relative to the IEEE Std 802.15.4 UWB Improvements to accuracy,precision,reliability,and interoperability for high-integrity ranging,alongside schemes to reduce complexity and power consumption Definitions for tightly coupled hybrid operation with narrowband signaling to assist UWB En

157、hanced native discovery and connection setup mechanisms Sensing capabilities to support presence detection and environment mapping Mechanisms supporting low-power low-latency streaming,as well as high data-rate streaming allowing at least 50 Mbps of throughputThese enhancements will be vital in help

158、ing to ensure that the UWB ecosystem does not fully fragment across the different use cases and ensure that UWB chipsets remain fully interoperable while able to support more diverse applications.BLUETOOTH TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW BLUETOOTH KEY FEATURES AND DIFFERENTIATORSThere are two main types of Blue

159、tooth technology,Bluetooth Basic Rate/Enhanced Data Rate(BR/EDR),also known as Bluetooth Classic,and Bluetooth Low Energy(LE),both of which oper-ate in the 2.4 GHz unlicensed Industrial,Scientific,and Medical(ISM)band.Bluetooth Classic is a point-to-point technology that supports a maximum data rate

160、 of 3 Mbps when using the EDR PHY,and has primarily been used as an audio streaming technology to enable wireless head-phones and speakers,automotive infotainment systems,and file transfer between THE CONTINUED EVOLUTION OF SHORT-RANGE WIRELESSPower consumption is relatively high at approximately 1

161、Watt(W).In contrast,Bluetooth LE,first arriving in 2010,is a continually evolving low-power(between 0.01 W and 0.5 W)Bluetooth tech-nology that supports multiple topologies and additional features,such as positioning capabilities.Depending on the specific operation mode,Bluetooth LE can support data

162、 rates of up to 2 Mbps.Bluetooth technology is available at very low cost,with standalone Bluetooth LE Systems-on-Chip(SoCs)typically available for well under US$1.Over time,Bluetooth LE has continued to improve performance and add new features to better target new markets.New topologies,such as bro

163、adcast functionality,have enabled the technol-ogy to target beacon and RTLS applications,while the arrival of Bluetooth mesh in 2017 enabled the technology to increasingly target commercial lighting applications,bringing it in direct compe-tition with 802.15.4-based solutions like Zigbee.Bluetooth 5

164、.0,introduced in 2016,brought sup-port for 2 Mbps throughput to Bluetooth LE,alongside a 4X range increase and an 8X increase in data broadcasting capacity.Bluetooth 5.1 in 2019 brought Direction Finding,enabling support for AoA and Angle of Departure(AoD)positioning techniques to provide much highe

165、r accuracy location services versus previous Received Signal Strength Indicator(RSSI)methods.This made it more competitive with technologies like UWB within RTLS applications.Bluetooth 5.2,in December 2019,laid the foundations for Bluetooth LE Audio,leading to im-proved audio quality,reduced power c

166、onsumption,lower latency,improved interoperability,easier development of hearing aids and true-wireless devices,new audio device types,and the emergence of new public and private audio sharing and broadcast use cases for both con-sumer and assistive listening applications,known as Auracast broadcast

167、 audio.Most recently,in early 2023,the Bluetooth Special Interest Group(SIG)announced the release of a new wireless standard for the ESL market.The intention is to create a scalable,low-power,secure ESL stan-dard that can enable the ESL market to reach its full potential.The Bluetooth ESL standard w

168、ill leverage key new feature enhancements introduced in Bluetooth Core Specification Version 5.4,including Periodic Advertising with Responses(PAwR)and Encrypted Advertising Data,to deliver secure and scalable connectionless ESL deployments required by the ESL market.The Bluetooth SIG is a global or

169、ganization of more than 38,000 companies responsible for the development of Bluetooth technology through creating new Bluetooth specifications,delivering an extensive certification program,and raising awareness and the adoption of Bluetooth technol-ogy across many verticals.BLUETOOTH KEY TARGET USE

170、CASES AND COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPEOf all the short-range wireless technologies discussed in this whitepaper,Bluetooth arguably has the most diverse range of target markets and applications.Bluetooth has built a ubiquitous presence in smartphones,tablets,and PCs via dual-mode solutions that support both

171、 Bluetooth Classic and Bluetooth LE technology,enabling wireless audio,peripheral,and accessory connec-tivity.This enormous presence in source devices like,combined with the inherent low power and low cost of the technology,availability from a wide selection of chipset vendors,integration with Wi-Fi

172、 in combo Integrated Circuits(ICs),and continual technical evolution,have meant that the technology has almost become the default choice for device-to-device connectivity across a wide range of consumer and IoT applications.As a result,Bluetooth LE has propelled itself into an enormous range of mark

173、ets,including wearables,connected toys,mobile and PC accessories,THE CONTINUED EVOLUTION OF SHORT-RANGE WIRELESSpersonal trackers,hearing aids,automotive key fobs,smart home automation devices,and smart appliances.It has also built traction across a wide range of IoT applications spanning low-power

174、sensors,beacons and tags,commercial building automation and lighting control,smart health-care devices,ESLs,and industrial equipment monitoring.Given this diversity,Bluetooth also faces strong competition from alternative technologies,such as low-power Wi-Fi,UWB,Zigbee and Thread,as well as propriet

175、ary 2.4 GHz technologies,from connectivity,positioning,and ranging perspectives.However,in many use cases,such as wearables,smart appliances,and automotive key fobs,among others,Bluetooth is deployed alongside competitive technologies via combo and multiprotocol ICs to enable streamlined device prov

176、isioning or low-power mobile device interaction.BLUETOOTH MARKET OPPORTUNITIESChart 4 shows forecasts for all Bluetooth technologies between 2022 and 2028.Since the arrival of Bluetooth LE,annual Bluetooth shipments have accelerated dramatically,growing from 1.4 billion devices in 2010 to 4.8 billio

177、n in 2022.By 2028,this will reach approach 8 billion.While dual-mode platform devices,such as smartphones,PCs,and tablets,will see steady growth over the next 5 years,the biggest future opportunities in the Bluetooth market will come from Blue-tooth LE devices across a number of diverse sectors.This

178、 is expected to grow to nearly 3.7 billion annual device shipments by 2028.Meanwhile,legacy Bluetooth Classic is expected to decline considerably,from 10%of the market in 2022 to less than 3%in 2028,as LE Audio increasingly gains market share and as additional Bluetooth LE enhancements to throughput

179、 and latency emerge.In addition to nearly 1.3 billion mobile accessories,most notably headsets and true-wireless earbuds,growth in several IoT applications is expected to propel the Bluetooth market forward.Bluetooth smart home devices are expected to reach more than 1.3 billion annual unit shipment

180、s in 2028,while nearly 700 million wearables,over 500 million beacons,tags,and per-sonal trackers,135 million building automation devices,108 million healthcare devices,and 100 million ESLs will account for the largest portions of this growth.Chart 4:Bluetooth-Enabled Device Shipments World Markets:

181、2022 to 2028(Source:ABI Research)combo and multiprotocol ICs to enable streamlined device provisioning or low-power mobile device interaction.Bluetooth Market Opportunities Chart 4 shows forecasts for all Bluetooth technologies between 2022 and 2028.Since the arrival of Bluetooth LE,annual Bluetooth

182、 shipments have accelerated dramatically,growing from 1.4 billion devices in 2010 to 4.8 billion in 2022.By 2028,this will reach approach 8 billion.While dual-mode platform devices,such as smartphones,PCs,and tablets,will see steady growth over the next 5 years,the biggest future opportunities in th

183、e Bluetooth market will come from Bluetooth LE devices across a number of diverse sectors.This is expected to grow to nearly 3.7 billion annual device shipments by 2028.Meanwhile,legacy Bluetooth Classic is expected to decline considerably,from 10%of the market in 2022 to less than 3%in 2028,as LE A

184、udio increasingly gains market share and as additional Bluetooth LE enhancements to throughput and latency emerge.In addition to nearly 1.3 billion mobile accessories,most notably headsets and true-wireless earbuds,growth in several IoT applications is expected to propel the Bluetooth market forward

185、.Bluetooth smart home devices are expected to reach more than 1.3 billion annual unit shipments in 2028,while nearly 700 million wearables,over 500 million beacons,tags,and personal trackers,135 million building automation devices,108 million healthcare devices,and 100 million ESLs will account for

186、the largest portions of this growth.Chart 4:Bluetooth-Enabled Device Shipments World Markets:2022 to 2028 (Source:ABI Research)Bluetooth Market Evolution These enhancements clearly demonstrate the successful history of Bluetooths technology evolution and the ability to adapt itself to support new ma

187、rket sectors.Over the next 5 to 10 years,there are several additional enhancements that the Bluetooth SIG and its members have identified as key priorities for future innovation and to fend off any competitive threats.01234567892022202320242025202620272028(Billions)IoT ApplicationsAutomotiveWearable

188、sSmart HomeOther Consumer ElectronicsHome Entertainment and Connected Home DevicesPortable Consumer ElectronicsNetworkingPCs and PC AccessoriesMobile AccessoriesSmartphones and Feature PTHE CONTINUED EVOLUTION OF SHORT-RANGE WIRELESSBLUETOOTH MARKET EVOLUTION These enhancements clearly demonstrate t

189、he successful history of Bluetooths technology evolu-tion and the ability to adapt itself to support new market sectors.Over the next 5 to 10 years,there are several additional enhancements that the Bluetooth SIG and its members have identi-fied as key priorities for future innovation and to fend of

190、f any competitive threats.Higher Data ThroughputAs discussed,Bluetooth 5.0 enabled Bluetooth LE to support double its existing throughput via the LE 2M PHY.The intention was to enable enhanced data transfer performance for a wide range of devices increasingly supporting Bluetooth LE connectivity.How

191、ever,with alternative technologies like UWB being able to support higher data rates,Bluetooths more limited through-put may pose problems in the longer term as UWB is increasingly embedded within smart-phones.This could include audio applications where lossless audio is increasingly desired,but limi

192、ted to proprietary codecs and implementations,such as from Qualcomm via its aptX lossless codec.As a result,the Higher Data Throughput project was established,with the intention of supporting data rates of up to 8 Mbps.This could not only enable lossless audio,but potentially video applications,crea

193、ting new product categories for Bluetooth and ensuring it remains com-petitive in traditional stronghold areas like audio and IoT applications.Bluetooth LE in Higher Frequency BandsBluetooth has remained a technology that has operated in the 2.4 GHz band since its inception.However,growing congestio

194、n and inherent limitations of the band itself make it difficult to bring further innovation.As a result,development is underway within a subgroup of the Bluetooth Core Specification Working Group to enable Bluetooth LE to operate in higher RF bands like 5 GHz and 6 GHz.In November 2022,the Bluetooth

195、 SIG announced that it was targeting these additional bands in order to allow the technology to continue to develop on key areas,such as increasing throughput,bringing lower latency,and enhancing positioning accuracy,for the next couple of decades.Along with UWB and Wi-Fi,this also helps make a stro

196、nger case for 6 GHz spectrum to be designated for unlicensed use.Ultra-Low Latency HIDBluetooth is increasingly being leveraged within controlling devices across many market sectors,including PC accessories,gaming,and AR/VR headsets.These markets are increasingly desiring greater sensitivity,higher

197、accuracy,and lower latency.However,Bluetooth is not currently ideal for gaming controllers and mice due to lower polling rates,resulting in worse latency than wired or proprietary wireless alternatives.For example,Bluetooth typically has a polling rate of 125 Hz,resulting in delays of up to 8 ms.In

198、contrast,1,000 Hz polling rates,which is being targeted by the enhancement,typically supported by gaming mice,reduce this to around 1 ms.This could allow Bluetooth to better compete against proprietary wireless and,increasingly,UWB technolo-gies,while taking advantage of new controller applications

199、brought about by growth in the AR/VR space.Of course,this list is by no means exhaustive,and numerous other enhancements will also de-pend on future support for Bluetooth in the 5 GHz and 6 GHz spectrum.However,Bluetooth will continue to innovate,while the strong ecosystem of vendors and low-cost so

200、lutions will drive the market forward over the next THE CONTINUED EVOLUTION OF SHORT-RANGE WIRELESSIEEE 802.15.4(ZIGBEE/THREAD/MATTER)MARKET OVERVIEWKEY FEATURES AND DIFFERENTIATORSDeveloped by the IEEE 802.15 Working Group for Wireless Specialty Networks(WSN),IEEE 802.15.4 is another important wire

201、less radio standard.First released in 2003,the IEEE 802.15.4 radio forms the foundation for multiple standard and proprietary network layer protocols,such as Zigbee,Thread,ISA100.11a,and WirelessHART,among others,and targets a wide range of low throughput,low-power,and low-cost use cases.IEEE 802.15

202、.4s range is typically limited to 10s of meters,though this can be extended with mesh implementations,while the maximum supported data rate is around 250 Kbps.While this data rate is limited,it ensures that resource-constrained devices like wireless sensors can support years of battery life,ideal in

203、 environments where re-placing batteries on a regular basis could lead to costly maintenance cycles.IEEE 802.15.4 radios can operate in either sub-1 GHz or 2.4 GHz bands depending on the deployment requirements.Support for mesh capabilities allow for the building of scalable,long-range,dense network

204、 de-ployments,ideal for commercial lighting,Industry 4.0,or smart city environments.KEY TARGET USE CASES AND COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPEDepending on the specific network layer protocol,IEEE 802.15.4 radios target a number of dif-ferent applications.For example,Zigbee,historically the most popular 802.15.4

205、 technology,has targeted a range of applications across smart home,commercial building,smart utility,and In-dustry 4.0 environments.Popular Zigbee smart home automation devices include smart lighting,door locks,thermostats,smoke detectors,and other battery-powered wireless sensor devices.In smart bu

206、ildings,Zigbee technology is typically leveraged within networked lighting control ap-plications,wireless sensors,and Heating,Ventilation,and Air Conditioning(HVAC)control.Zigbee has also been widely deployed within a number of smart metering rollouts around the world,including a simultaneous 2.4 GH

207、z and sub-1 GHz rollout in the United Kingdom.Another IEEE 802.15.4-based technology targeting the smart home is Thread.Operating in the 2.4 GHz band,Thread is an alternative low-power IPv6-based network layer protocol that sup-ports mesh and comes with enhanced security and lower latency.Its suppor

208、t for IP enables interoperability at the application layer via cross-industry initiatives,such as Matter.This is a protocol designed by the Connectivity Standards Alliance(CSA)to run over technologies like Wi-Fi and Thread,in order to make it easier for device manufacturers to build smart home devic

209、es that can work together effectively and enable valuable new smart home services.While the transi-tion from Zigbee to Thread will not be total and will not be immediate,Matter and its support for Thread will make significant inroads into the demand and the future of Zigbee within the resi-dential m

210、arket.Zigbee will remain a strategic choice among vendors and service providers for if and how they transition their existing Zigbee support over to Thread,but as existing devices age and are replaced with greater functionality and interoperability,it will increasingly be a case of when,not if Zigbe

211、e is replaced by Thread.Zigbee and Threads main competition has historically been Z-Wave and Bluetooth LE,particularly within sensor and lighting applications.For industrial environments,technologies like ISA 100.11a and WirelessHART leverage IEEE 802.15.4 to deliver mesh networks for process automa

212、tion and other industrial use cases.Several IEEE 802.15.4-based technologies are managed by the CSA,formerly the Zigbee Alliance,an organization with over 600 members that is responsible for developing the Zigbee and Matter standards,alongside Smart Energy,Green Power,RF4CE,and JupiterMesh.Thread is

213、 developed by the Thread GTHE CONTINUED EVOLUTION OF SHORT-RANGE WIRELESSMARKET OPPORTUNITIESChart 5 shows total IEEE 802.15.4-enabled device shipment forecasts.Driven by continued adoption of Zigbee and Thread,the smart home market will represent the largest portion of IEEE 802.15.4 shipments for t

214、he foreseeable future.By 2028,over 60%of the IEEE 802.15.4 market will come from the smart home,accounting for well over 1 billion units.Within this segment,low-power home automation devices will dominate growth,followed by residential smart lighting,smart appliances,and voice-control front end and

215、controller devices,many of which have begun to embed Zigbee and Thread technology.Over time,growth in other key IoT sectors,such as commercial building automation and smart meters,will lead to over 420 million annual IoT ship-ments by 2028,accounting for nearly 1/4 of the IEEE 802.15.4 market by 202

216、8.Chart 5:802.15.4-Enabled Device Shipments World Markets:2022 to 2028(Source:ABI Research)FUTURE EVOLUTIONThanks to the activities of the CSA,Zigbee technology continues to evolve.In January 2023,the CSA introduced Zigbee Direct,which seeks to leverage Bluetooth LE technology to help simplify the o

217、nboarding and control process of Zigbee devices.Essentially,this allows a Bluetooth-en-abled device,such as a smartphone or voice-control front end,to establish a connection with a Zigbee Direct device,which can then be used to control or onboard devices to the Zigbee mesh network.Considering that s

218、martphones,many smart home controllers,and wireless APs still do not support Zigbee technology,this helps avoid the need to develop additional gateways or bridging devices that have traditionally added to the cost and complexity of deploying Zigbee-enabled devices.In April 2023,the CSA announced the

219、 release of Zigbee Pro 2023.This will bring new standardized security features to authenticate devices before joining the network,added support for sub-1 GHz frequencies in Europe and North America,and improved operations within hub-centric networks.These enhancements will bring significant improvem

220、ents to Zigbees security,range,power consumption,and reliability,potentially opening up new opportunities within smart home,commercial building,smart energy,and smart city applications.controller devices,many of which have begun to embed Zigbee and Thread technology.Over time,growth in other key IoT

221、 sectors,such as commercial building automation and smart meters,will lead to over 420 million annual IoT shipments by 2028,accounting for nearly 1/4 of the IEEE 802.15.4 market by 2028.Chart 5:802.15.4-Enabled Device Shipments World Markets:2022 to 2028(Source:ABI Research)Future Evolution Thanks t

222、o the activities of the CSA,Zigbee technology continues to evolve.In January 2023,the CSA introduced Zigbee Direct,which seeks to leverage Bluetooth LE technology to help simplify the onboarding and control process of Zigbee devices.Essentially,this allows a Bluetooth-enabled device,such as a smartp

223、hone or voice-control front end,to establish a connection with a Zigbee Direct device,which can then be used to control or onboard devices to the Zigbee mesh network.Considering that smartphones,many smart home controllers,and wireless APs still do not support Zigbee technology,this helps avoid the

224、need to develop additional gateways or bridging devices that have traditionally added to the cost and complexity of deploying Zigbee-enabled devices.In April 2023,the CSA announced the release of Zigbee Pro 2023.This will bring new standardized security features to authenticate devices before joinin

225、g the network,added support for sub-1 GHz frequencies in Europe and North America,and improved operations within hub-centric networks.These enhancements will bring significant improvements to Zigbees security,range,power consumption,and reliability,potentially opening up new opportunities within sma

226、rt home,commercial building,smart energy,and smart city applications.Near-Field Communication Key Features and Differentiators NFC is an ultra-short-range wireless connectivity technology that uses the 13.56 MHz frequency band to support data rates of up to 424 Kbps over typical ranges of 2 cm via m

227、agnetic field induction.The two main types of NFC devices are known as active and passive.Active refers to devices like smartphones or other powered devices that can send and receive data to and from passive,battery-less devices and objects,such as cards and NFC tags.These active devices transmit po

228、wer over the connection to enable communication 0.00.20.40.60.81.01.21.41.61.82.02022202320242025202620272028(Billions)IoT ApplicationsAutomotiveWearablesSmart HomeOther Consumer ElectronicsHome Entertainment and Connected Home DevicesPortable Consumer ElectronicsNetworkingPCs and PC AccessoriesSmar

229、tphones and Feature PTHE CONTINUED EVOLUTION OF SHORT-RANGE WIRELESSNEAR-FIELD COMMUNICATIONKEY FEATURES AND DIFFERENTIATORSNFC is an ultra-short-range wireless connectivity technology that uses the 13.56 MHz frequency band to support data rates of up to 424 Kbps over typical ranges of 2 cm via magn

230、etic field induction.The two main types of NFC devices are known as active and passive.Active refers to devices like smartphones or other powered devices that can send and receive data to and from passive,battery-less devices and objects,such as cards and NFC tags.These active devices trans-mit powe

231、r over the connection to enable communication with the passive objects.This enables highly secure,low-cost,and proximity-based communications between a wide range of devices.NFC technology is managed by the NFC Forum,which is responsible for defining various specifi-cations for NFC technology across

232、 different use cases.KEY TARGET USE CASES AND COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPENFC technology has a number of operating modes depending on the specific target use cases.This can include Card Emulation Mode,enabling devices like smartphones or smartwatches to emulate a contactless card and communicate with a con

233、tactless reader device.This can be leveraged for contactless payments and ticketing applications and is the largest use case for NFC technology today.NFC technology is also increasingly being leveraged as an access control tech-nology for home,commercial,and automotive access control via key fobs,sm

234、art cards,or phone-as-key implementations,and is being deployed alongside Bluetooth LE and UWB solutions for backup purposes.Alongside this,the Reader/Writer mode enables devices like smartphones to read information from NFC tags that can be embedded in almost any product.This enables better consume

235、r engagement,enhanced supply chain monitoring,greater brand protection,and new product authentication use cases.This can include embedding tags in luxury items,food and pharmaceutical products,and product accessories and refills,among many other applications.For example,smart appliances like toothbr

236、ushes or power tools are now embedding NFC read-ers to ensure they are connected to authentic attachments or refills equipped with NFC tags.These can also be used to automatically configure the accessories to the optimal parameters.In addition to this,in October 2021 the NFC Forum released its Wirel

237、ess Charging Specification(WLC)2.0.Building on the 1.0 specification released in 2020,this enables devices like smart-phones to be able to charge small,battery-powered consumer and IoT devices,such as true-wireless earbuds,smartwatches,and mobile accessories,at a rate of up to 1 W.This could open si

238、gnificant new opportunities for embedding NFC technology within compact device categories.Alongside this,NFC is also leveraged as a provisioning technology for a wide range of headless IoT devices thanks to its strong smartphone presence.MARKET OPPORTUNITIESChart 6 shows forecasts for NFC technology

239、.Perhaps unsurprisingly,the two largest market opportunities for NFC technology will continue to be within smartphones and smartwatches,primarily for mobile payment-related applications.By 2028,ABI Research expects NFC technol-ogy to be present within 75%of smartphones and 94%of smartwatches as cont

240、actless payment technology continues to be accepted around the world.Related to this,more than 56 million Point-of-Sale(POS)terminals equipped with NFC technology are expected to ship annually by 2028.Other notable market opportunities include the automotive sector.In-car use cases for NFC include d

241、river authentication for engine start,seamless pairing of personal devices to the automotive Bluetooth or Wi-Fi,and a simplified way of recognizing the driver and personalizing the air conditioning,seat,and mirror settings to their preferred settings.NFC is also likely to be increasingly leveraged i

242、n automotive access key fobs,alongside UWB and Bluetooth LE,with THE CONTINUED EVOLUTION OF SHORT-RANGE WIRELESSNFC being used as a backup technology for battery-drained fobs or mobile devices.This can also be applied to smart door locks within the home,or commercial access control readers in smart

243、building applications.Within the smart home,a growing number of smart appliances are expected to support NFC reader technology for authentication and automated configuration of accessories equipped with NFC tags.Finally,as NFC wireless charging builds momentum over time,it is possible that NFC could

244、 see a significant expansion in areas like true-wireless earbuds,mobile and PC accessories,and other battery-powered mass market consumer products with small antenna sizes that can benefit from wireless charging capabilities.ABI Research forecasts that NFC tag shipments will grow from 1 billion annu

245、al shipments in 2022 to over 3.8 billion by 2028 as the penetration of NFC readers increases across key market seg-ments,awareness of NFC tag use cases increases,and tag prices continue to fall.However,these tags are likely to face new competition from alternative passive Bluetooth LE and UWB ambien

246、t IoT solutions that are starting to be deployed in scalable volumes,as discussed later.Chart 6:NFC-Enabled Device Shipments World Markets:2022 to 2028(Source:ABI Research)FUTURE EVOLUTIONAs with other short-range wireless connectivity technologies,NFC continues to evolve to add new features and enh

247、ancements.In June 2023,the NFC Forum unveiled its new 5-year technology roadmap,encompassing the following five key initiatives:Increasing the wireless charging capabilities from 1 W to 3 W Increasing the range by 4X to 6Xfrom the current maximum of 5 cm Expanding the capabilities of a single tap to

248、 support several actions,such as receipt delivery or loyalty card recognition Enabling smartphones to become POS terminals to allow users to receive payments anywhere Enabling NFC to share data formats needed to improve sustainability,such as how and where to recycle a product,regulatory requirement

249、s,and information on the product compositionCombined,these efforts have the potential to improve the overall utility and usability of NFC technology,accelerate payment rollouts,encourage further NFC adoption in devices,and open up new market opportunities within wireless charging applications where

250、previous limitations may have prevented adoption.ABI Research forecasts that NFC tag shipments will grow from 1 billion annual shipments in 2022 to over 3.8 billion by 2028 as the penetration of NFC readers increases across key market segments,awareness of NFC tag use cases increases,and tag prices

251、continue to fall.However,these tags are likely to face new competition from alternative passive Bluetooth LE and UWB ambient IoT solutions that are starting to be deployed in scalable volumes,as discussed later.Chart 6:NFC-Enabled Device Shipments World Markets:2022 to 2028(Source:ABI Research)Futur

252、e Evolution As with other short-range wireless connectivity technologies,NFC continues to evolve to add new features and enhancements.In June 2023,the NFC Forum unveiled its new 5-year technology roadmap,encompassing the following five key initiatives:Increasing the wireless charging capabilities fr

253、om 1 W to 3 W Increasing the range by 4X to 6Xfrom the current maximum of 5 cm Expanding the capabilities of a single tap to support several actions,such as receipt delivery or loyalty card recognition Enabling smartphones to become POS terminals to allow users to receive payments anywhere Enabling

254、NFC to share data formats needed to improve sustainability,such as how and where to recycle a product,regulatory requirements,and information on the product composition Combined,these efforts have the potential to improve the overall utility and usability of NFC technology,accelerate payment rollout

255、s,encourage further NFC adoption in devices,and open up new market opportunities within wireless charging applications where previous limitations may have prevented adoption.0.00.20.40.60.81.01.21.41.61.82022202320242025202620272028(Billions)IoT ApplicationsAutomotiveWearablesSmart HomeOther Consume

256、r ElectronicsHome Entertainment and Connected Home DevicesPortable Consumer ElectronicsNetworkingPCs and PC AccessoriesMobile Device AccessoriesSmartphones and Feature PTHE CONTINUED EVOLUTION OF SHORT-RANGE WIRELESSFUTURE SHORT-RANGE WIRELESS INNOVATIONS:SENSING,POSITIONING,AND AMBIENT IoT SENSINGR

257、ADAR AND THE ROAD TO INTEGRATED SENSING AND COMMUNICATIONWI-FI SENSING AND IEEE 802.11BF Wi-Fi sensing is an emerging technology that leverages RF signals from Wi-Fi infrastructure to detect presence and motion.The technology is fast becoming one of the most competitive sens-ing solutions on the mar

258、ket,and with the final standardization of IEEE 802.11bf,also known as Wi-Fi sensing,on track for March 2025,this will enable Wi-Fi to evolve from a communication-only standard to a dual-function technology that forms a fundamental component of the future of ISAC visions.By combining communication an

259、d sensing,the overall value of Wi-Fi deployments and devices over the coming decade will increase,thanks to the creation of valuable new services across both consumer and enterprise environments.IEEE 802.11bf is targeting operation across the 2.4 GHz,5 GHz,6 GHz,and mmWave bands,including 45 GHz and

260、 60 GHz,each with its own unique advantages.The IEEE 802.11bf task group has defined a number of different use cases for Wi-Fi sensing.These can be broadly categorized in five major areas,including:Room Sensing:Including presence detection,motion detection,intrusion detection,direc-tional audio,and

261、people counting.Gesture Recognition:Including finger,hand,and full body gesture identification,aliveness detection,face and body recognition,proximity detection,and home appliance control.Healthcare:Including fall detection,remote diagnostics(e.g.,breath and heart rate monitor-ing),elderly and infan

262、t presence detection and monitoring,and sneeze sensing.In-Car Sensing:Including in-vehicle presence detection and driver sleepiness/condition detection.3D Vision:Including mapping of 3D environments.In the longer term,Wi-Fi sensing is set to evolve from a relatively low-precision technology to one w

263、ith increased granularity and more advanced sensing algorithms,enabling more precise use cases to be developed.Alongside other next-generation wireless technologies like 6G,Wi-Fi sens-ing could enable combined ISAC functionality to unlock new use valuable cases,including:Vehicle-to-Everything:Includ

264、ing secure hands-free access,high-precision location,SLAM,and vehicle platooning.Remote Sensing:Including Drone Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR)imaging,satellite imaging,and broadcasting.Smart Manufacturing and IIoT:Including high-accuracy robotics localization and tracking,Automated Guided Vehicle(AGV

265、)navigation,remote facility monitoring,employee health over-sight,employee localization and authorization,and predictive maintenance.Sensing-as-a-Service:Including mobile crowd sensing,cooperative localization and imaging,channel knowledge map construction,and drone monitoring and THE CONTINUED EVOL

266、UTION OF SHORT-RANGE WIRELESS Environmental Monitoring:Including rain,pollution,or insect monitoring.Wi-Fi sensing is still in the early stages of maturity,and the ecosystem has barely scratched the surface of what is possible.IEEE 802.11bf will help provide the necessary framework for Wi-Fi sensing

267、 to realize its true potential,enabling the technology to scale to new applications and environments.However,much works needs to be done to ensure the successful rollout of Wi-Fi sensing technologies.This includes vendor interoperability,greater ecosystem collaboration,wider access to Channel State

268、Information(CSI),regulatory and privacy compliance,certification and quality assurance,the proliferation of compatible chipsets and devices,continued improve-ments in accuracy and reliability,and education on the value of Wi-Fi sensing for consumers and enterprises alike.UWB AS RADAR/SENSING TECHNOL

269、OGYA number of companies are also beginning to leverage UWB as a radar/sensing technology across a number of different applications.The ability for UWB radar to provide fine motion detec-tion has the potential to enable use cases,such as automotive child and pet presence detection,gesture recognitio

270、n and control,consumer electronics proximity and presence detection,cot in-fant monitoring,and motion sensing in smart buildings,among many others.For example,NXPs UWB Trimension portfolio was recently expanded to include a single-chip solution combining UWB and fine-ranging capabilities.Meanwhile,C

271、EVA announced that its RivieraWaves UWB IP has been extended to support UWB radar for Child Presence Detection(CPD)as specified by The Eu-ropean New Car Assessment Programme(Euro NCAP)and similar specifications in other regions.As UWB is increasingly deployed in vehicles for keyless entry,automotive

272、 OEMs could potentially enable the same radios as a radar technology,reducing the need or complementing alternative in-vehicle radar/sensing technologies,such as 60 GHz.Other companies like NOVELDA offer a UWB radar solution for both proximity and occupancy solutions.The company has partnered with L

273、enovo to enable auto-wake-up and auto-lock functionality via an embedded UWB sensor in ThinkPad notebooks,while the company also launched a UWB occupancy sensor for lighting applications.POSITIONING AND RANGING ENHANCEMENTS IEEE 802.11AZ-BASED WI-FI NEXT-GENERATION POSITIONING AND IEEE 802.11BK 320

274、MHZ SUPPORT A common thread between Wi-Fi and other short-range wireless innovations are continual improvements to positioning capabilities.Wi-Fis enormous presence across home,commercial,and industrial environments also make it uniquely suited to deliver valuable location services with minimal infr

275、astructure rollouts.The IEEE 802.11-2016 standard,also known as IEEE 802.11mc,introduced Fine Time Measure-ment(FTM),enabling Wi-Fi equipment to providing ranging estimates between two Wi-Fi-enabled devices,such as a Wi-Fi AP and a smartphone.This enhancement enabled the potential to track devices w

276、ithin 1 m to 2 m.However,to date,it has been unable to build a strong presence com-pared with alternatives,such as Bluetooth LE and UWB.IEEE 802.11 recently finalized its next evolutionary step in Wi-Fi location technology,with the ar-rival of IEEE 802.11az in March 2023,also known as Next Generatio

277、n Positioning(NGP).This will enable sub-1 meter accuracy with the potential to enable much higher quality location services,THE CONTINUED EVOLUTION OF SHORT-RANGE WIRELESSincluding indoor navigation,proximity services,traffic analytics,geo-authentication,asset and personnel tracking,access control,i

278、mproved Wi-Fi handover,enhanced AR,and contextual services within home and commercial environments.With the arrival of 6 GHz,IEEE 802.11az could also be leveraged to self-locate 6 GHz APs,enabling standard power 6 GHz via Automated Frequency Coordination(AFC),thanks to the higher accuracy it can bri

279、ng.A key addition in IEEE 802.11az is the introduction of enhanced security and anti-spoofing mech-anisms.This will help prevent man-in-the-middle and other attacks to enable secure ranging applications.This could overlap with many UWB and Bluetooth High Accuracy Distance Measure-ment(HADM)use case

280、ranges from automotive and commercial building keyless entry to device unlocking.IEEE 802.11az can also use Multiple Input,Multiple Output(MIMO)technology to take advantage of multiple transmitters to enhance performance in environments with multiple obstacles/Non-Line-of-Sight(NLOS),which are typic

281、al challenges within warehouse or industrial environments.Improved accuracy is also enabled through the use of wider 160 MHz channels introduced in Wi-Fi 6.IEEE 802.11az also brings scalability improvements,enabling highly accurate location services,even within dense deployment scenarios,such as sta

282、diums,transportation terminals,and retail environments.Improvements in range acquisition time and dynamic scheduling also means cli-ent devices will use less energy and that location services will not detrimentally impact battery life.Some existing chipsets on the market from Intel and NXP are alrea

283、dy forward compatible with the IEEE 802.11az standard;however,ABI Research expects this to become much more commonplace over the next few years.With the availability of the 6 GHz spectrum,the IEEE 802.11 is also working on bringing further enhancements that take advantage of potential 320 MHz channe

284、ls in Wi-Fi 7 and Wi-Fi 8.IEEE 802.11bk,set to be completed in 2024,could bring even higher accuracy when using 320 MHz channels,and will extend the capabilities of IEEE 802.11az to support these channel widths.BLUETOOTH HIGH ACCURACY DISTANCE MEASUREMENT Bluetooth is also continuing to build upon i

285、ts existing positioning capabilities to allow it to enable additional use cases and better compete with alternative technologies,such as UWB.Enhance-ments to the Bluetooth Core Specification are being made to incorporate Channel Sounding ca-pabilities.This will use phase-based ranging to enable HADM

286、 between two Bluetooth LE devices,bringing significant enhancements for positioning applications,improving the accuracy,latency,and security over existing systems,and it is expected to be widely supported by the chipset eco-system without the need for a new chip or advanced antenna designs.This mean

287、s that Bluetooth technologys ranging capabilities will be included as standard and could potentially require a lower investment than UWB with its own dedicated chip.Use cases like automotive keyless entry are an obvious target,thanks to the ability to prevent relay attacks,a key challenge facing exi

288、sting RSSI implementations and a big reason behind the switch to UWB.In November 2022,Alps Alpine Co.,Ltd.and Broadcom Inc.announced the introduction of an automotive Phone as a Key(PaaK)system based on Bluetooth LE HADM.Other notable tar-geted applications include residential and commercial access

289、control,and smartphone and other device-to-device item location.Leading Bluetooth LE vendors,such as Silicon Labs and Nordic Semiconductor,have also recently demonstrated two-way ranging via HADM for a variety of ap-plications.Similarly,Synaptics recently launched a tri-band SoC with support for Blu

290、etooth HADM.As a result of Bluetooths upcoming support for secure ranging and an almost ubiquitous pres-ence of Bluetooth within mobile devices,some vendors may decide not to invest in UWB,but THE CONTINUED EVOLUTION OF SHORT-RANGE WIRELESSinstead offer unique positioning experiences via Bluetooth t

291、echnology.This could help reduce the cost and design complexity of ranging-capable devices.AMBIENT IOTOver the last few years,a new class of wireless connectivity solutions has emerged.Known as ambient IoT,this encompasses embedding connectivity into virtually any“thing”and enables those things to b

292、e able to share vital information about their location or condition without the device requiring a battery.These ultra-small,ultra-thin,low cost,and battery-free tags have the potential to revolutionize the way in which we monitor food,medical,and manufacturing sup-ply chains,as well as enable a num

293、ber of different use cases across automotive,clothing,smart home,commercial buildings,and consumer goods tracking.For example,in the food supply chain,ambient IoT tags can be leveraged at the item level to help authenticate products,ensure the integrity of products,optimize logistics and inventory m

294、anagement,automate compliance,prevent losses,and reduce waste,among others.Based on Bluetooth LE technology,Wiliot has developed battery-free or battery-assisted tags that are the size of a postage stamp.These tags,known as IoT Pixels,can be attached to items and can measure temperature,location,pro

295、ximity,and tamper detection,with future support coming for surface occupancy,proximity,and humidity.The solutions have a range of 10 m,while future versions of its tags will continue to innovate on size,cost,and enable energy harvesting from devices like phones or other appliances.In April 2023,Para

296、gon ID also introduced a battery-less Bluetooth LE and UWB sensor tag targeting similar applications.The solution is currently capable of a 20-m range,with a roadmap to extend this to 30 m in the next few years.The opportunity for ambient IoT will also be enabled by alternative technologies,includin

297、g 6G,with Release 18 and Release 19 set to study ambient IoT and develop Key Performance Indica-tors(KPIs)for this segment.Meanwhile,in March 2023,the IEEE 802.11 Working Group formed a new Study Group dedicated to“Ambient IoT Devices.”The objective here is to enable Wi-Fi to em-bed itself within ne

298、w product categories that can be maintenance free,offer ultra-low complexity,lower cost,and more form factors,and offer battery-free communication.This could solve some key challenges of the IoT,including battery replacement,maintenance costs,and the ability to operate in constrained form factors or

299、 challenging deployment environments.The group has defined a number of use cases,including inventory and asset tracking,environ-mental and facility monitoring,indoor positioning,and condition-based monitoring across smart manufacturing,smart home,logistics and warehouse,smart agriculture,smart energ

300、y,and supply chain applications.While development is very much in its early stages,these devices are intended to be extremely low complexity with simplified RF and limited memory,alongside Mil-limeter(mm)-level thickness.The targeted coverage area is 30 m indoors and 200 m outdoors,putting it well a

301、bove Bluetooth technology,alongside peak data rates of 20 Kbps or 100 Kbps.The goal is to also be capable of providing 1 m to 3 m of horizontal positioning accuracy,all the while maintaining less than 1 mW of peak power consumption.According to ABI Research,ambient IoT has enormous market potential,

302、with a Total Addressable Market(TAM)of more than 10 trillion devices across different market verticals.However,various industry organizations,such as the IEEE,Bluetooth SIG,and The 3rd Generation Partnership Proj-ect(3GPP)need to do a lot of work in standardizing these technologies if the market is

303、to reach its true potential over the next decade.This will include working on areas like compatibility and coexistence with existing technologies,security,energy harvesting capabilities,and positioning capabilities,among several other THE CONTINUED EVOLUTION OF SHORT-RANGE WIRELESSCHALLENGES AND STR

304、ATEGIC RECOMMENDATIONS FOR NEXT-GENERATION WIRELESS CONNECTIVITY TECHNOLOGIESAs has been demonstrated,the wireless connectivity market is rapidly evolving,opening enor-mous potential new use cases and services across a wide range of end markets.However,sev-eral challenges have impacted and will cont

305、inue to impact opportunities for short-range wireless connectivity technologies,as well as new ones that will emerge over the next 5 to 10 years.Some of the key barriers are described below.THE NEED FOR ADDITIONAL SPECTRUMTo mitigate growing congestion alongside supporting new use cases and features

306、 requires addi-tional spectrum.Technologies like Wi-Fi,UWB,and Bluetooth are all targeting additional spec-trum in different bands to achieve this,including 6 GHz,mmWave,and 7 10 GHz and above.Fundamental to the future of Wi-Fi 7,and in the future Wi-Fi 8,is 6 GHz.However,the world has fractured int

307、o three blocs:those that have released the entire 1200 Megahertz(MHz)of the spectrum(5925 7125 MHz)for unlicensed use,those that allocated only the lower portion(5925 6425 MHz),and the undecided.This has resulted in divergent 6 GHz global policies.Ulti-mately,however,the global 6 GHz band will remai

308、n fragmented for the near future,and regional policy makers should finalize their decisions on 6 GHz as soon as possible to provide clarity and a path forward for chipset and device manufacturers to maximize their spectrum allocation.Given this inevitable regional disparity,vendors should take advan

309、tage of Wi-Fi 7 and Wi-Fi 8,which can bring performance enhancements in dual-band implementations via MLO,and help fully use the available 6 GHz spectrum within each region.These enhancements will be necessary in enabling higher capacity networks,but will also play an important role in delivering th

310、e throughput and latency advancements required for next-generation consumer and enterprise applications,such as 8K streaming and Extended Reality(XR).Bluetooth is also banking on 6 GHz unlicensed availability for future innovations over the next decade.Regional variations in unlicensed 6 GHz spectru

311、m allocation could constrain certain fu-ture Bluetooth use cases to certain regions and add complexity to a technology that has histori-cally built its success on global operations and shared features.Beyond what is happening today,as wireless networks become increasingly congested,the need for addi

312、tional spectrum is only likely to grow over the next decade.As competition intensifies,the short-range wireless ecosystem will need to investigate additional frequency bands and effective-ly promote the potential economic benefits that unlicensed spectrum can bring when compared to alternative techn

313、ologies.REGULATORY RESTRICTIONSShort-range wireless technologies are subjected to a number of regulatory restrictions.If work-arounds can be provided,it could enhance performance.For technologies like UWB,which was initially positioned as a data transfer technology,various regulations were developed

314、 over 20 years ago to ensure minimizing interference with incumbents.As a result,strict power,frequen-cy,and location-specific limitations were placed on the technology.However,these are no longer THE CONTINUED EVOLUTION OF SHORT-RANGE WIRELESSaligned with current innovations and use cases in UWB te

315、chnology,particularly ranging and posi-tioning applications.While regulatory waivers can be obtained,these are often very specific and can take up to several years to progress.As a result,the FiRa Consortium has proposed a num-ber of regulatory changes to help UWB reach its potential.This includes f

316、ixed outdoor operation for location and control applications,explicit authorization for internal and external automotive use cases,higher power indoor use for better coverage,additional spectrum above 10 GHz,and the creation of a safe harbor band for critical UWB use cases,among others.In a similar

317、vein,Wi-Fi in the 6 GHz band also has a number of restrictions.To combat this,in No-vember 2022,the Federal Communications Commission(FCC)approved the use of AFC database systems to enable standard power operations in the 6 GHz band,bringing significant range and performance enhancements for 6 GHz W

318、i-Fi devices.For example,standard power 6 GHz Wi-Fi 7 has the potential to deliver 63X higher transmission power compared to Low Power Indoor(LPI)Wi-Fi 6E.These will help Wi-Fi bring a more compelling value proposition compared to cel-lular technologies,with the greatest potential within large-scale

319、 indoor/outdoor Wi-Fi networks deployed within large public venues,campus networks,warehouses,and manufacturing sites.COEXISTENCEAs the installed base of short-range wireless devices grows,this will naturally bring increased interference and congestion,resulting in exacerbated coexistence challenges

320、.This will grow over time as demands on the network increase,density of deployments grow,and a mixture of device types need to be supported.As a result,there is a need to ensure coexistence between differ-ent short-range wireless technologies and to ensure that one technology does not detrimentally

321、impact another.This has the potential to become a significant issue in the 6 GHz band as new licensed-exempt Wi-Fi,Bluetooth,and UWB services compete for spectrum across myriad use cases,while also avoiding harmful interference to incumbent licensed wireless systems.For example,there have already be

322、en some UWB services that have had to relocate to an alterna-tive frequency band due to the arrival of 6 GHz Wi-Fi,and with UWBs existing power restrictions,there is potential the technology could be increasingly drowned out by alternatives.With QoS be-ing such a vital metric for various application

323、s,the importance of this coexistence will only grow into the next decade.In order to enable high throughput,low latency,improved QoS,and greater coverage,questions also need to be asked around how to more efficiently allocate spectrum,time,and space resources to each technology.MULTI-FUNCTION TECHNO

324、LOGIESAdding to this complexity is the fact that each wireless technology is evolving to support multiple different implementations,including data transfer,secure ranging,high-accuracy positioning,sensing capabilities,ambient IoT support,or new topologies,such as broadcast or mesh.These multi-functi

325、onal abilities will undoubtedly increase the value proposition of wireless technologies and allow them to better compete with alternatives.However,it will become increasingly impor-tant to ensure that one capability does not significantly impact another;for example,sensing ca-pabilities impacting Wi

326、-Fi network performance and reliability,or a radar implementation of one technology impacting another.Alongside this,proprietary implementations or enhancements to standards-based technologies may also cause additional coexistence issues.Therefore,work needs to be done to ensure that technologies ca

327、n support these additional functions without diminishing other solutions operating in close THE CONTINUED EVOLUTION OF SHORT-RANGE WIRELESSHowever,while improvements can be made to increase interoperability,fundamentally,existing short-range wireless technologies are not designed for optimal resourc

328、e sharing and effective coordination among them,making it very difficult to guarantee performance,QoS,and latency requirements,with a knock-on impact on power consumption,robustness,and reliability of many short-range wireless deployments.The presence of multiple competing technologies in the same e

329、nvironments all vying for the same resources makes this a very difficult challenge to solve.SUPPORT FOR HETEROGENEOUS APPLICATIONSThanks to their flexibility,short-range wireless technologies have expanded to support an enor-mous variety of use cases and applications.However,this diversity often req

330、uires technologies to prioritize different metrics;for example,throughput versus power consumption.As the require-ments at both ends of the performance spectrum become even more stringent,this may require additional work in the standards development process to ensure that all of the diverse demands

331、can be met and that certain target areas do not fall behind.GROWING COMPETITIONShort-range wireless technologies face increasing competition each other and also from other wireless technologies,such as cellular,Low-Power Wide Area(LPWA),proprietary 2.4 and sub-1 GHz,or market specific wireless techn

332、ologies that are also evolving.Meanwhile,new technolo-gies continue to emerge,such as NearLink and DECT-2020 New Radio(NR),which could also cap-ture opportunities across many environments.However,the relationship between each technol-ogy is dependent on the market in which they operate.In certain ma

333、rkets,such as smartphones,these technologies have traditionally had clearly-defined use cases,with Wi-Fi and 5G for high-throughput connectivity,Bluetooth for audio and accessory connectivity,NFC for payments,and UWB for ranging applications.However,as Wi-Fi and Bluetooth both support ranging capabilities,and UWB supports lossless audio,the landscape may change over time.Similarly,in the mobile an