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1、Analysts:Andrew Cavalier,Industry AnalystContent Manager:Jake Saunders,Vice-PresidentNTN-MOBILE WILL RESHAPE THE COMMUNICATIONS SERVICE PROVIDER INDUSTRYEXECUTIVE SUMMARYSatellite Communications(SatCom)providers and terrestrial communica-tion providers(telcos)have evolved and coexisted for decades.T

2、elcos,which manage increasingly complex and software-defined core and Radio Access Networks(RANs)that connect our everyday lives,have evolved to their fifth-generation wireless cellular technology5Gto generate economic and digital transformation throughout the world.However,not everyone can be conne

3、cted.The Global System for Mobile Communica-tions Association(GSMA)estimated that around 45%of the worlds popu-lation,about 3.6 billion people,remain unconnected in 2022.To fill this gap,SatCom operators,which manage fleets of hundreds to thousands of increasingly powerful satellites in geocentric o

4、rbit,coordinate with ground stations located around Earth to deliver connectivity to consumers,small businesses,large enterprises,maritime vessels,airplanes,and govern-ments,in even the most remote regions.TABLE OF CONTENTSEXECUTIVE SUMMARY.1CONVERGENCE OF SATELLITE AND 5G ECOSYSTEMS.3Overview.33GPP

5、 Cellular and SatCom Roadmap.4Regulatory Considerations.6Summary Conclusions .7RISE OF GLOBAL COMMUNICATION SERVICE PROVIDERS .7NTN Use Cases.7Service Provider Profiles and Ecosystem.10Connecting Networks and Closing the Digital Divide.12Summary Conclusions.12UNIFYING ECOSYSTEMS FOR 6G.12Architectur

6、e Evolution.12Role of Open-Source Software and Artificial INTN-MOBILE WILL RESHAPE THE COMMUNICATIONS SERVICE PROVIDER INDUSTRYStandards development and advancements in satellite technology,including Low Earth Orbit(LEO)satellite constellations,have ushered in a new era of mobile communications brok

7、ered between SatCom and telcos.These partnerships enable mobile operators to extend their network coverage to even the most remote and underserved areas,overcoming traditional terrestrial limitations.As a result,people around the world can now enjoy im-proved access to voice,data,and Internet servic

8、es,bridging the digital divide and fostering enhanced communication on a global scale.As this industry evolves,it is essential for regulation to keep pace with the innovation for these global technologies to ensure technological interoperability,compatibility,and security.Role of Standards Developme

9、nt.14End-to-End Infrastructure Management Solutions.15Summary Conclusions.15POLICY CONSIDERATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS.16Spectrum Harmonization.16Inter-Country Mobility Management.17Advanced Policy on Digital Sovereignty and Security.17Standardization and SatCom Commercial Excellence.17GLOSSARY .18Fi

10、gure 1:NTN-Mobile Ecosystem(Source:ABI Research)11SatCom Provider(partners with MNOs/CSPs)SatCom Provider(partners with equipment vendors/solution providers)Unknown SatCom ProviderEquipment Vendors/Solution ProvidersMNOs/CSPsUnconnected PNTN-MOBILE WILL RESHAPE THE COMMUNICATIONS SERVICE PROVIDER IN

11、DUSTRYCONVERGENCE OF SATELLITE AND 5G ECOSYSTEMSNew satellite systems are on the rise and becoming more compatible with land-based networks.These systems can link cell towers through backhaul connections,extend Internet access to outdoor Internet of Things(IoT)and cellular devices,and new standards

12、integrate satellite ca-pabilities into the 5G framework.This convergence is being facilitated by the efforts of The 3rd Generation Partnership Project(3GPP),as both technologies move toward a unified network architecture.As a result,a new intelligent and dynamic network architecture where satellites

13、 inherit more core network functionality and operate independently and autonomously through a foundation of software-defined components,open-source software,and Artificial Intelligence(AI)is on the horizon.The advent of these new 6G,“Three-Dimensional”(3D)networks means that single-country networks

14、and policies of the past will need to be able to cope with the worldwide connectivity services of the future.OVERVIEWCELLULAR STATUS QUO AND OUTLOOKCellular networks are single-country serving systems consisting of many components to provide wireless communications to users.5G is the latest generati

15、on of terrestrial cellular networks that leverages a wider range of frequency bands within the electromagnetic spectrum,including sub-6 Gigahertz(GHz)and Millimeter Wave(mmWave),new antenna technologies such as Massive Multiple Input,Multiple Output(mMIMO)and beamforming,new 5G base stations(gNodeBs

16、)designed to handle higher data rates and simultaneous connections,and various other enhance-ments to the core network.These enhancements enable 5G to achieve latencies as low as 1 Millisecond(ms)and high data rates,within the multi-Gigabits per Second(Gbps)range,to support a high density of connect

17、ed devices(up to 1 million devices per square kilometer).5G has unlocked a variety of new service segments such as Enhanced Mobile Broadband(eMBB),telemedicine,smart agriculture,smart city,and Industry 4.0 applications,which can drive economic development and technological modernization.Therefore,ma

18、ny countries have identified the accelerated deployment of 5G as a clear path toward digital acceleration and transformation.As of June 2023,there were 269 commercial 5G networks globally,which is anticipated to reach 390 commercial networks and 1.5 billion subscriptions by the end of the year.SATEL

19、LITE COMMUNICATIONS STATUS QUO AND OUTLOOKSatellite networks cover multiple regions and countries and consist of equipment on Earth,which includes the ground segment for the operators infrastructure,the user segment for customer terminals,and the space segment,which includes the operators satellites

20、 in space.Satellite networks have traditionally operated in Geosynchronous Earth Orbit(GEO),as a single satellite in this orbit could provide beam coverage over a large portion of the Earth,making it possible to ABI Research estimates that there will be over 70,000 active satellites by the end of th

21、e decade,up from over 5,600 active satellites NTN-MOBILE WILL RESHAPE THE COMMUNICATIONS SERVICE PROVIDER INDUSTRYprovide services to entire continents with a single satellite.Over time,satellites have undergone miniaturization,become more powerful and software-defined,and moved toward orbits closer

22、 to Earth,including Medium Earth Orbit(MEO)and Low Earth Orbit(LEO).Because of these develop-ments,satellite throughputs can now reach the Terabit per Second(Tbps)domain and latencies below 20 ms,akin to 5G and fiber.As a result of these advancements,satellite networks are in-creasingly deployed to

23、enhance and support terrestrial networks,including cellular backhaul,IoT,broadband,Non-Terrestrial Network(NTN)-mobile,and more.To date,more than 80 countries and international organizations have operational satellites,with the majority(over 76%)of satel-lites being of U.S.origin.From these trends a

24、nd public records,ABI Research estimates that there will be more than 70,000 active satellites by the end of the decade,up from more than 5,600 active satellites today.Figure 2:Satellite and Cellular Networks Status(Source:ABI Research)3GPP CELLULAR AND SATCOM ROADMAP3GPP has introduced standards to

25、 bring satellite connectivity technology into the 5G system.With Release 17,satellites work together with gateways,5G base stations,and Core Networks(CNs)to provide global connectivity directly to widely used devices like smartphones and embedded IoT devices.In this way,the specifications have creat

26、ed an opportunity for Communications Service Providers(CSPs)to work together with satellite operators to create a global NTN ecosystem.From this release,the following two standards have emerged.Cellular networks are single-country systems.5G mobile subscriptions in 2023 will reach 1.5 billion.5G Use

27、 Cases:eMBB Industry 4.0 Extended Reality(XR)Smart CitySatellites can provide coverage to entire regions.70,000+satellites by 2030.Satellite Use Cases:Cellular Backhaul IoT Broadband NTN-MobileGEO:35,786 km LEO:300-2,000 kmMEO:2,000-35,786 NTN-MOBILE WILL RESHAPE THE COMMUNICATIONS SERVICE PROVIDER

28、INDUSTRYNEW RADIO NTN(NR NTN)This standard introduces a variety of enhancements to User Equipment(UE),which allows the UE to execute Conditional Handover(CHO)between network cells based on timing and location triggers.These enhancements enable service continuity through device handoff procedures,thu

29、s enabling UE to connect with satellites while moving outside of terrestrial cell coverage.Ideally,this would fill cellular coverage gaps and support adequate data rates for phone calls and Internet applications.As a result,it would be possible for devices to connect with satellites providing cover-

30、age across country borders,which may also be connected to a RAN located in a different country.INTERNET OF THINGS NTN(IOT NTN)This standard introduces enhancements to enable Narrowband(NB)-IoT and LTE-M devices to function with NTNs.Consequently,IoT NTN devices establish Global Navigation Satellite

31、System(GNSS)and scheduling timing relationships for satellite connectivity,although they do not pos-sess mobility enhancements like CHO.Additionally,IoT NTN devices address Discontinuous Reception(DRX),as devices may only necessitate sporadic data transmission every few hours and will be smaller tha

32、n consumer handsets.Therefore,power-saving mechanisms like Power Save Mode(PSM),Wake-Up Signal(WUS),or extended sleep mode are inherent in IoT NTN solu-tions.In this way,IoT NTN is a flexible solution that is backward-compatible with 4G Long Term Evolution(LTE)IoT NTNs and forward-compatible with 6G

33、 NTNs.ABI Research estimates there could be more than 175 million connections made in 2030 from the NTN-mobile segment,which consists of proprietary and 3GPP solutions.Figure 3:5G NTN Connections Forecast(Source:ABI Research)2020 ABI Research The material contained herein is for the individual use o

34、f the purchasing Licensee and may not be distributed to any other person or entity by such Licensee including,without limitation,to persons within the same corporate or other entity as such Licensee,without the express written permission of Licensor.7 NTN-MOBILE WILL RESHAPE THE COMMUNICATIONS SERVI

35、CE PROVIDER 02040608010012014016018020020262027202820292030Connections(Millions)NR NTNNB-NTN(IoT-NTN/Proprietary)Other(Satphones/LTE)ABI Research estimates there could be over 175 million connections made in 2030 from the NTN-Mobile segment,which is comprised of proprietary and 3GPP NTN-MOBILE WILL

36、RESHAPE THE COMMUNICATIONS SERVICE PROVIDER INDUSTRYRELEASE 18 AND ONWARDRelease 18 will continue to focus on improvements to the mobility procedures and methods for the network to independently verify the reported UE location for NR NTN,while mobility enhance-ments such as CHO for LTE-M,“store and

37、forward”solutions for NTNs,and further enhancements for discontinuous coverage will be explored for IoT NTN.Moving beyond Releases 18,19,and 20,which focus on 5G-Advanced,Release 21expected sometime after 2026will focus on 6G uni-fied design standards accounting for Terrestrial Network(TN)and NTN ch

38、aracteristics.REGULATORY CONSIDERATIONSPresently,terrestrial LTE and 5G networks are set up to offer radio coverage within a single coun-try,meeting the regulatory requirements specific to that country.In contrast,networks based on NTNs might span multiple countries or international regions.An advan

39、cement in technology involves creating a clear division between the NTN RAN and the functions of the 5G Core(5GC),particularly the Access and Mobility Management Function(AMF),which serves as a mobility management anchor.This means that the AMF may need to confirm if the UE is in an area or country

40、where it is authorized to operate.Additionally,the RAN can be linked to different AMFs and help with the verification process.In these ways,existing 5G mobility management needs to be extended to include network coverage areas provided by NTNs.Figure 4:5G NTN Inter-Country Mobility Management(Source

41、:ABI Research)Ground StationService LinkAMF Country AAMF Country BAMF Country CUEs can connect with satellites when outside of local cellular network coverage.UE is now in FNTN-MOBILE WILL RESHAPE THE COMMUNICATIONS SERVICE PROVIDER INDUSTRYSUMMARY CONCLUSIONS 5G terrestrial and satellite network de

42、ployments and collaboration efforts have reached an unprecedented level,unlocking a new range of connectivity services and solutions that is transforming economies around the world.Advancements in satellite and cellular technologies,coupled with the standardization efforts of 3GPP,have opened the ch

43、ance to establish a new NTN ecosystem that emphasizes con-tinuous worldwide connectivity.With the new 3GPP standard and NTN-mobile segment where UE can connect directly with other countries satellites and RANs,there is precedence to extend current 5G mobility man-agement to accommodate the coverage

44、area of a satellite systems access network.RISE OF GLOBAL COMMUNICATION SERVICE PROVIDERS The opportunity to engage in a new global NTN ecosystem has emerged.Participation promises to enable CSPs and satellite operators to enhance their operations,unlock new business vertical segments,and bridge the

45、 digital divide in new markets.As a result,partnerships between telcos and satellite operators are on the rise and reshaping global connectivity for consumers,enter-prises,and governments alike.NTN USE CASESNTNs can deliver a spectrum of solutions.Although 3GPP has established standards for direct a

46、ccess to mass consumer devices and integrated IoT systems,there are a multitude of propri-etary solutions available addressing CSP connectivity as well.Frequently,these solutions are tailored to suit distinct use cases and are fine-tuned to offer optimal performance,flexibility,and economics.In thes

47、e ways,organizations can capitalize on tailored communication protocols,security customization,dedicated capacity,and service specialization.Enterprise ConnectivitySome satellite systems are optimized for enterprise connectivity,offering Service-Level Agree-ments(SLAs),always-connected global covera

48、ge,and dedicated,distributable capacity for enterprise requirements on Earth or in space.U.K.-based LEO operator Eutelsat OneWeb is an example of such a provider.It offers a range of enterprise-grade broadband solutions using its Ku-band network of 648 satellites and offering an assured network upti

49、me of 99.99%,low latencies of just 70 ms,and throughputs of up to 8 Gbps per satellite.In May 2023,OneWeb and Filipino company NOW Corporation signed a Memorandum of Agreement(MOA)to enhance broadband connectivity throughout the Philippines using OneWebs network.Thanks to One-Webs enterprise connect

50、ivity services,NOW Corporation can provide reliable connectivity to vital sectors such as banks,schools,government institutions,and the mining and energy industries in remote regions of the country.Partnerships between telcos and satellite operators are on the rise and reshap-ing global connectivity

51、 for consumers,enterprises,and govern-ments NTN-MOBILE WILL RESHAPE THE COMMUNICATIONS SERVICE PROVIDER INDUSTRYCellular BackhaulCellular backhaul via satellite refers to the use of satellites and specialized ground equipment to connect cell towers in remote or isolated areas to the core network of

52、a cellular provider.In this way,satellite networks specializing in backhaul are equipped with powerful payloads and enough capacity to provide dedicated high-speed connections in the Gbps transmission domain.SES is one such provider,with its O3b mPOWER fleet operating in MEO.With frequency reuse,eac

53、h O3b mPOWER satellite can deliver hundreds of gigabits in capacity,with multi-terabit capabilities across the full constellation,making it one of the optimal choices for enterprises requiring the movement of significant amounts of data.Therefore,it is no surprise that NTT and SES signed a multi-yea

54、r partnership in April 2023 to offer Edge as a Service(EaaS),which is aimed at com-panies operating in hard-to-reach areas and acts as an expansion of NTTs existing private 5G offering.NTN MobileThe introduction of 3GPP Release 17,along with proprietary NTN solutions like Apple and Glo-balstars emer

55、gency SOS via satellite feature on iPhone,has driven interest in NTN connectivity for mass consumer devices.For CSPs,SatCom connectivity providers,and mobile handset and chipset vendors,opportunities to collaborate and build new NTN-native devices,such as mobile handsets,tablets,and even cars,are en

56、ticing.These services not only focus on connecting peo-ple in emergency scenarios,but the estimated 218 million people annually impacted by natural disasters,320 million globally unconnected premises,and 500 million workers in the business-critical sector,also addressing the accumulated 525 billion

57、hours of“dis-connectivity”experi-enced globally every year.Therefore,the early rise of NTN services from Qualcomm and Iridium,Apple and Globalstar,Motorola and Skylo,T-Mobile and Starlink,Huawei and China Telecom(Tiantong-1),and more represents the early partnerships helping to expand the NTN ecosys

58、tem.There are currently 16 NTN-native devices on the market.Figure 5:Available NTN-Mobile Devices(Source:ABI Research)iPhone 14 iPhone 14 Plus iPhone 14 Pro iPhone 14 Pro Max iPhone 15 iPhone 15 Plus iPhone 15 Pro iPhone 15 Pro Max Huawei Mate 50 Huawei Mate 50 Pro Huawei Mate 60 Huawei Mate 60 Pro

59、Cat S75 Motorola Defy 2 Motorola Defy Satellite Link ZTE Axon 50 UNTN-MOBILE WILL RESHAPE THE COMMUNICATIONS SERVICE PROVIDER INDUSTRYInternet of ThingsSatellite connectivity has played a crucial role in addressing connectivity gaps within the IoT ecosystem,particularly for Fleet Management,Asset Tr

60、acking,and Home Security&Automa-tion applications.With developments by 3GPP and LoRa Alliance to extend terrestrial-based communication standards(NB-IoT/LTE-M and LoRa)to the satellite domain,the ability for IoT service carriers to provide more ubiquitous,redundant,and unfragmented services has beco

61、me an enticing venture.In this way,it is no surprise that mainstream cellular carriers are now ac-tively pursuing closer collaborations with satellite operators and forging significant partnerships with industry leaders,such as Deutsche Telekoms partnering with Skylo,which is supported by Viasat+Inm

62、arsat for NB-IoT satellite capacity backbone.Figure 6:NTN Use Cases(Source:ABI Research)Improved EconomicsWith the advent of partially reusable launch vehicles,such as the Falcon 9 series launch vehicle from SpaceX,SatCom has been able to achieve an unprecedented lower cost per GB.Figure 7 illustrat

63、es the impact of using these launch vehicles,with standard launch costs for LEO being reduced from US$65,000 per kilogram to US$2,000 per kilogram with Falcon 9 rockets,while as-suming other factors,such as US$1 million to US$2 million cost per satellite,800-kilogram satel-lite weight,4%to 80%capaci

64、ty factor,and orbital life of 6 to 15 years,depending on the orbit and satellite type.In this case,the impact from improved launch vehicles and satellite design to cost per GB for LEO and High Throughput(HT)GEO satellites will be significant,with LEO satellites seeing up to an 85%decrease,while GEO

65、satellites could see as much as a 25%decrease.Ter-restrial CSPs will still be substantially cheaper.ABI Research estimates that most CSPs will be able to offer a cost per GB at fractions of a cent(US$0.01).It is likely that terrestrial CSPs will always remain cheaper than satellite systems due to in

66、herent limitations in onboard satellite power and capacity.Nevertheless,satellite communications providers have made significant progress in making services more accessible from a cost perspective.Internet of Things Fleet Management Asset Tracking Home AutomationNTN-Mobile 3GPP NTN ProprietaryEnterp

67、rise Connectivity Dedicated High-Speed Connections and Capacity(fixed and mobile)Cellular Backhaul Dedicated Backhaul CNTN-MOBILE WILL RESHAPE THE COMMUNICATIONS SERVICE PROVIDER INDUSTRYFigure 7:A Comparative Satellite Communications Cost Analysis(Source:ABI Research)SERVICE PROVIDER PROFILES AND E

68、COSYSTEMAs a requisite to unlock NTN capabilities,devices require the right chipset,modem,and specialized antenna hardware to communicate with satellite systems.This has not only unleashed a new wave of NTN native equipment from industry vendors,but also a rise in TN-NTN partnerships to access spect

69、rum and services.In this way,partnerships between telcos,equipment vendors,solutions providers,and satellite operators are on the rise and reshaping global connectivity.By the end of July 2023,the Global Mobile Suppliers Association(GSA)had identified 70 publicly announced part-nerships between oper

70、ators and satellite operators across 42 countries and territories.In total,48 operators in 37 countries and territories have planned satellite services,and another eight opera-tors in eight countries and territories are currently evaluating,testing,or trialing these.The follow-ing are some of the ke

71、y satellite operators and terrestrial cellular service providers.SATELLITE OPERATORSChina Telecom(Tiantong-1):As both a GEO satellite operator and terrestrial Mobile Network Operator(MNO)for the Chinese market,China Telecom has entered the NTN-Mobile space with recent announcements to support new 20

72、23 Huawei and Motorola devices with two-way call and messaging NTN services.Globalstar:In 2022,LEO satellite operator Globalstar entered the NTN-mobile market by pro-viding dedicated capacity to Apples proprietary emergency SOS via satellite service for iPhones.Globalstar is in the process of buildi

73、ng out its next-generation constellation for NTN-mobile and IoT services,of which 85%capacity will be reserved for Apple.Iridium:LEO L-band operator Iridium and Qualcomm announced a partnership for new Qualcomm satellite-compatible chips that will enable messaging on Android cell phones via Iridiums

74、 satellite constellation.Smartphone manufacturers HONOR,Motorola,Nothing,OPPO,vivo,and Xiaomi have publicly signed on to develop smartphones with SatCom capabilities leveraging Qualcomm chipsets.Viasat+Inmarsat:Through a collaboration involving NTN solutions provider Skylo,equipment vendor Bullitt G

75、roup,and telco company Motorola,GEO satellite operator Viasat+Inmarsat has offered satellite capacity for pioneering narrowband NTN solutions.These solutions are now available in the 3GPP-based products,the Motorola Defy 2 and Motorola Defy Satellite link.2020 ABI Research The material contained her

76、ein is for the individual use of the purchasing Licensee and may not be distributed to any other person or entity by such Licensee including,without limitation,to persons within the same corporate or other entity as such Licensee,without the express written permission of Licensor.12 NTN-MOBILE WILL

77、RESHAPE THE COMMUNICATIONS SERVICE PROVIDER The impact from improved launch vehicles and satellite design to cost per GB for LEO and GEO satellites is significant,with LEO satellites seeing up to a 98%decrease,while GEO satellites see can up to a 22%decrease.”-quote Service Provider Profiles and Eco

78、system As a requisite to unlock NTN capabilities,devices require the right chipset,modem,and specialized antenna hardware to communicate with satellite systems.This has not only unleashed a new wave of NTN native equipment from industry vendors,but also a rise in TN-NTN partnerships to access spectr

79、um and services.In this way,partnerships between telcos,equipment vendors,solutions providers,and satellite operators are on the rise and reshaping global connectivity.By the end of July 2023,the Global Mobile Suppliers Association(GSA)had identified 70 publicly announced partnerships between operat

80、ors and satellite operators across 42 countries and territories.In total,48 operators in 37 countries and territories have planned satellite services,and another eight operators in eight countries and territories are currently evaluating,testing,or trialing these.The following are some of the key sa

81、tellite operators and terrestrial cellular service providers.Satellite Operators China Telecom(Tiantong-1):As both a GEO satellite operator and terrestrial Mobile Network Operator(MNO)for the Chinese market,China Telecom has entered the NTN-Mobile space with recent announcements to support new 2023

82、Huawei and Motorola devices with two-way call and messaging NTN services.$0.00$0.20$0.40$0.60$0.80$1.00$1.20($US/GB)LEO Satellite Gen 1Falcon 9LEO Satellite Gen 2Falcon 9GSO HT SatelliteOther Launch VehicleGSO HT SatelliteFalcon 9ISPThe impact from improved launch vehicles and satellite design to co

83、st per GB for LEO and GEO satellites is significant,with LEO satellites seeing up to a 98%decrease,while GEO satellites see can up to a 22%NTN-MOBILE WILL RESHAPE THE COMMUNICATIONS SERVICE PROVIDER INDUSTRYTERRESTRIAL CELLULAR SERVICE PROVIDERST-Mobile:T-Mobile was one of the first companies to par

84、tner with satellite service provider Starlink to provide NTN services to its subscribers.As one of the largest mobile operators in the United States,the market opportunity for this service is large,albeit not yet available.Telefnica:Telefnica was one of 20+operators that have formed“agreements and u

85、nder-standings”with AST SpaceMobile,alongside rivals Orange,Millicom International Cellular,Tele-com Argentina,and Vodafone,as well as several other players in Africa,Asia,Europe,and North America.With more than 272 million subscribers across 17 geographies,Telefnica is one of the largest CSPs in th

86、e world to be offering NTN services to their subscribers in the future.Vodafone Group:Vodafone is one of the first CSPs to offer NTN-mobile services to its sub-scribers in the Cook Islands(near New Zealand)thanks to LEO operator Lynk.Vodafone is also an investor and partner of competing NTN-mobile s

87、ervice provider AST Space Mobile,and with more than 300 million mobile subscribers across Europe and Africa,it is one of the largest MNOs leveraging NTN to support its customers.Figure 8:NTN-Mobile Ecosystem(Source:ABI Research)SatCom Provider(partners with MNOs/CSPs)SatCom Provider(partners with eq

88、uipment vendors/solutions providers)Unknown SatCom ProviderEquipment Vendors/Solutions ProvidersMNOs/CSPsUnconnected PNTN-MOBILE WILL RESHAPE THE COMMUNICATIONS SERVICE PROVIDER INDUSTRYCONNECTING NETWORKS AND CLOSING THE DIGITAL DIVIDEWhile fiber and 5G technologies proliferate throughout the world

89、,addressing the coverage gap with rural and remote communities remains a challenge.ABI Research estimates that,in 2023,this represents a global service addressable market opportunity of 320 million unconnected premisesdefined as a household or small office that has the income to potentially afford a

90、 SatCom service and does not subscribe,nor can it access fiber-optic,fixed wireless,or Digital Subscriber Line(DSL)communication services.The Asia-Pacific market represents the largest opportunity for this segment at 51%or more than 164 million unconnected premises.Satellites play a crucial role in

91、closing the digital divide by linking dispersed communication networks with schools,hospitals,businesses,and more across challenging geographies such as archipelagos,deserts,and islands via backhaul links and direct broadband access.SUMMARY CONCLUSIONS Satellite networks span a variety of use cases(

92、IoT,backhaul,NTN-mobile,and enterprise con-nectivity)that can enhance and transform CSP infrastructure and services.New satellite technologies are helping to bridge the digital divide and connect the unconnect-ed,where terrestrial networks have been unable to.Partnerships between satellites and telc

93、os are on the rise,enabling technology ecosystems to come together and quickly create a globally accessible network of services.This will stimulate novel CSP/satellite service provider relationships,as well as a range of new“planet-wide”ac-cessible applications,services,and synergies.UNIFYING ECOSYS

94、TEMS FOR 6GThe co-evolution of the NTN and 5G ecosystems represents a progression toward a new,future generation of harmonized and unified wireless communications.This integration,which aims to leverage interoperable and unified SatCom and telco network technologies,will unlock more inclusive and gl

95、obally available services.This unification,however,will require an evolution in both wireless communications architecture and standards.New intelligent and dynamic network architectures where satellites inherit more core network functionality and operate independently and autonomously through a foun

96、dation of software-defined components,open-source soft-ware,Machine Learning(ML),and AI,will require a transformation of policy and standards.ARCHITECTURE EVOLUTIONArchitecture based on 3GPP standards considers both bent pipe and,ultimately,regenerative architecture for SatCom in the 5G system.Sever

97、al technologies and adaptations are anticipated to enhance satellites capabilities to support and act as part of a unified network,such as AI,ML,holographic radios,and hybrid RF and optical solutions.The Asia-Pacific market represents the largest opportunity for this segment at 51%or over 164 millio

98、n unconnected NTN-MOBILE WILL RESHAPE THE COMMUNICATIONS SERVICE PROVIDER INDUSTRYBelow are some key architecture considerations:NTN Architecture Evolution:This evolution is based on introducing regenerative mode archi-tecture,with onboard processing,and behaves like an entire 5G base station(gNodeB

99、)connect-ing to the ground to user devices and the network core.In the long term,satellites will inherit more core network functionality as satellite NodeB(sNodeB)and operate in a more independent and autonomous fashion with guidance from AI and ML.Hybrid Optical and RF Solutions:Potentially hybrid

100、RF and optical communications architec-ture can be considered to reduce congestion in RF and enable efficient communication links with satellites and terrestrial equipment.This is especially useful in backhaul and inter-satellite communications scenarios,as optical links can provide higher data rate

101、s than RF solutions,are difficult to jam,encounter very little interference because of a narrow beamwidth,and do not require spectrum licensing.Low-cost mmWave radio frequency solutions such as Field Program-mable Gate Arrays(FPGAs)and phased arrays,which are highly configurable and cover a variety

102、of bands,can work synergistically with AI and other technology enhancements.MIMO and Holographic Radios:Ultra-mMIMO is considered a key enabling technology for future 6G networks.Holographic radios,which are Reconfigurable Holographic Surfaces(RHSs)composed of densely packed sub-wavelength meta-mate

103、rial elements,can achieve holographic beamforming without costly hardware components such as phased arrays.By leveraging the holographic principle,the RHS serves as an ultra-thin and lightweight surface antenna integrated with the transceiver,thereby providing a promising alternative to phased array

104、s for realizing ultra-mMIMO.This may prove useful in overcoming challenges inherent to connecting devices to fast moving satellites in LEO leveraging phased arrays,as these radios require more Size,Weight,and Power(SWaP).Therefore,innovations will need to be made on the handset and the satellite pay

105、loads to make LEO NTN feasible in mass consumer products.ROLE OF OPEN-SOURCE SOFTWARE AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCEAI:Onboard AI processing is currently envisioned to help coordinate inter-node signaling,traffic routing,and overall RF efficiency enhancements.With AI/ML workloads running on containers,

106、Vir-tual Machines(VMs),or with AI processors,satellites will gain node autonomy and have real-time decision-making to provide services with the best Quality of Service(QoS),such as network slicing.AI may also play an integral role in helping maintain the security and sovereignty of data as UE ac-ces

107、s networks by helping validate user access locations.Inter Satellite Links(ISLs)using optical fre-quencies are anticipated to play a key role in large-scale AI-driven satellite networks,as this could enable coordination between different satellites,in the constellation and other orbits,and will lay

108、the foundation for software-defined networking,resource allocation,and intelligent routing.Open Source:Open-source software and technologies are playing an increasingly significant role in 5G and the development of wireless network applications.This is especially meaningful Intelligent and dynamic n

109、etwork architectures where satellites inherit more core network functionality and operate inde-pendently and autonomously will require a transformation of policy and NTN-MOBILE WILL RESHAPE THE COMMUNICATIONS SERVICE PROVIDER INDUSTRYin the enterprise domain as open source can help developers extend

110、 5G use cases and ap-plications across industries such as manufacturing,automotive,and transportation.For telcos and SatCom,open source can help promote open innovation in the radio network and greater interoperability and inclusivity between both ecosystems.In this regard,Open Air Interface(OAI)is

111、one of the first active open-source projects for 5G NTN,which looks at Open-Source Software(OSS)implementation of 3GPP technologies and protocol stack.This is significant as satellites evolve to be more software-defined and capable edge computing solutions that run AI and ML workloads deployed on co

112、ntainers running on Commercial Off-the-Shelf(COTS)parts.With sNodeBs from various operators envisioned to be connecting with other NTNs,terrestrial RAN infrastructure,mobile devices,processors,and modems from various vendors,open-source software,and technologies are poised to play an essential role

113、in enabling a more inclusive and collaborative ecosystem.Figure 9:Architecture Evolution and Enhancements(Source:ABI Research)ROLE OF STANDARDS DEVELOPMENTStandards development for AI,open source,and TN-NTN infrastructure is still incipient.In this way,the pace of innovation for these technologies c

114、an quickly outpace standards and introduce challenges related to interoperability,compatibility,and security.To address these challenges,it is essential to recognize the pivotal roles that standards play in the context of global NTN tech-Gateway&Network OpsCore NetworkUE can connect with satellites(

115、sNodeB)equipped with AI and ML.GEO:Ultra High Throughput SatelliteLEO:Small SatellitesSatellites interlink between different orbits and infrastructure(LEO,MEO,GEO).Onboard AI chipset&gNodeB NTN-MOBILE WILL RESHAPE THE COMMUNICATIONS SERVICE PROVIDER INDUSTRYnologies.These include promoting transpare

116、ncy,fostering interdisciplinary collaboration,ensur-ing compliance with regulatory requirements,and facilitating interoperability between different components and systems.Therefore,standards and standards development bodies such as the International Telecommunication Union(ITU)and 3GPP will play an

117、essential role in not only en-abling satellite and 5G technologies to coordinate and unify more efficiently at the core network design level,but also comply with regional and international regulations and conventions.The ITU plays a pivotal role in developing international policies,with the World Ra

118、dio Congress(WRC)being one of the key discussion forums for regulating,allocating,and harmonizing spectrum resources,including emerging technologies like 5G NTN.On the other hand,3GPP has a more technical perspective and addresses the communication protocols and standardization of mobile communicati

119、on technologies,also playing a critical role in the enhancement and evolution of mobile and 5G NTN technologies.END-TO-END INFRASTRUCTURE MANAGEMENT SOLUTIONSThe introduction of NTN requires the adaptation of management and orchestration methodolo-gies,and the introduction of satellite flight contro

120、l and deployment analysis.Managing workloads across terrestrial and non-terrestrial infrastructure and cloud environments will become criti-cal,as processing moves onboard the satellites,while network management remains terrestrial based.However,with new large-scale satellite networks spanning the E

121、arth,a single control-ler may be insufficient for fast response,necessitating the need for a distributed control plane leveraging onboard flight control functionality.Therefore,satellite link and constellation planning will be crucial as network and operation critical functionality is distributed.Th

122、is remains crucial for LEO constellations,as these satellites can spend a long time traveling over geographic areas without gateways or addressable users.To this end,control plane management solutions that can help manage workloads from end-to-end across both satellite and terrestrial infrastructure

123、 will be paramount for safe and effective operations.SUMMARY CONCLUSIONS Unifying terrestrial and non-terrestrial systems will leverage distributed computing and con-trol plane functionality,onboard AI/ML workloads,open-source software and hardware,and hybrid optical and RF technologies to enable in

124、telligent and software-defined networking.Adaptation of management and orchestration methodologies between aerospace and the introduction of end-to-end solutions that help address industry-specific aspects such as satel-lite constellation planning,flight control,and management(e.g.,Telemetry(TM)/Tel

125、ecommand(TC),networking,traffic flow,and QoS NTN-MOBILE WILL RESHAPE THE COMMUNICATIONS SERVICE PROVIDER INDUSTRYPOLICY CONSIDERATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONSThe convergence and eventual unification of SatCom and telco ecosystems ultimately means that a single-country network of the past needs to be abl

126、e to cope with the worldwide connectivity services of the future.Therefore,as a specialized agency of the United Nations,the ITU is well positioned to promote regulation and harmonization frameworks that extend beyond the scope of spectrum assignment and coordination to achieve interoperability and

127、seamless international communication.ABI Research proposes the following policy considerations and recommenda-tions for the industry sector.SPECTRUM HARMONIZATIONAdvance Spectrum Harmonization:Work with the ITU to understand RF spectrum allocation best practices for both terrestrial 5G and satellite

128、 industries.In this way,the increase in service availability from both telco and satellite sectors requires sufficient spectrum in appropriate frequency bands to enable service.In the case of satellites,which can provide global services,administration and preservation of spectrum remains a critical

129、area that enables global interop-erability and economies of scale with multiple partners and shared missions,such as terrestrial CSPs.This helps unlock the value of next-generation broadband networks to society with the variety of applications and services they support,which is enabled by both techn

130、ologies working under more unified goals and frameworks.Long-Term Coordination and Synchronization:This would look at long-term plans for coor-dinating national wireless infrastructure and RF with global wireless infrastructure.Radio waves that travel across regions and industries will require great

131、er regional and industry coordina-tion.This means initiatives such as the WRC,which bring in stakeholders from different parts of national,digital,and telco infrastructure to coordinate and synchronize interdependent upgrades such as spectrum and technology,will be crucial.This will play a more imme

132、diate role with new NTN-mobile devices from Apple,Huawei,Samsung,and more that have NTN native capabili-ties and can be used across regions.The upcoming WRC-23 is expected to tackle the regulatory aspects for inter-satellite communication links and will consider new spectrum needs,along with new all

133、ocations for Mobile Satellite Services(MSS).Satellite Spectrum Preservation:Critically with WRC-23 and WRC-27,International Mobile Telecommunications(IMT)initiatives are continuing to target satellite spectrum,namely the up-per C-band and the Ku-band,which are key for satellite operations.Satellite

134、bands are already congested,and clearing these bands would force satellite operators to move into other bands,such as the Ka,L,and S bands,which would increase the cost of satellite spectrum license and potential costs of NTN services.While satellite spectrum is allocated and spectrum costs are regu

135、lated on a country basis,the possible clearing of spectrum even on a regional basis(i.e.,region 1,2,3)will have an impact on the entire satellite system as it operates on a global level.In this way,clearing existing satellite spectrum for IMT systems,which can still optimize or refarm existing spect

136、rum,sets a precedence for the escalation of SatCom costs and potential disintegra-tion of accessible satellite services.Therefore,the ITU and regulators should consider preserving satellite spectrum as a paramount objective to unlock the potential of NTN services for all.The conver-gence and eventua

137、l unification of SatCom and telco ecosys-tems ultimately means that a single-country network of the past needs to be able to cope with the world-wide connectiv-ity services of the NTN-MOBILE WILL RESHAPE THE COMMUNICATIONS SERVICE PROVIDER INDUSTRYINTER-COUNTRY MOBILITY MANAGEMENTIntroduce NTNs in M

138、obility Management:Establish policies that enhance 5G mobility man-agement to include NTN connectivity.Policies could address the technologies,protocols,and processes that handle the seamless movement of resident user devices(users residing within the nation)and non-resident user devices(residing fr

139、om outside the nation)between different cells,base stations,and network nodes within the nations 5G network.Therefore,looking into requirements for certain control plane features like“cell stop timer-based neighbor cell measure-ments”and“location-based cell reselection”may be a policy priority to en

140、sure devices can be localized.Likewise,policies could address features such as security,device connection routing,and access to external networks(satellites,RAN,and CN)from devices within a nations borders.Establish an NTN-TN Agency or a Department within the State Communications Regu-lator That Coo

141、rdinates with Local and Foreign Stakeholders:This agency coordinates and helps incorporate satellite operators,CSPs,and equipment vendors into the policy formulation and review process.This way,there is an understanding of the networking and device features desired by the region,as well as the requi

142、rements for operators to meet compliance.Addition-ally,this proactive approach can help highlight industry-specific perspectives and challenges that policy could help overcome,such as satellite constellation planning or networking and traffic flow.Therefore,a bureau or agency that promotes space-ter

143、restrial communications and works with foreign regulatory authorities could be beneficial.For example,the U.S.Federal Communica-tions Commission(FCC)launched the Space Bureau to focus on policy and licenses for promot-ing satellite and space-based communications,while the Office of International Aff

144、airs(OIA)will focus on work with foreign regulatory authorities.ADVANCED POLICY ON DIGITAL SOVEREIGNTY AND SECURITYSecurity aspects require a redesign because nodes may enter and leave the network,and de-vices possess different shapes and form factors.Envisioning new security concepts on top of the

145、current symmetric authentication mechanism needs to be implemented.STANDARDIZATION AND SATCOM COMMERCIAL EXCELLENCEEmbrace Industry Best Practices:Embracing industry best practices can help build readiness for the wide range of opportunities and challenges that future 6G NTNs and services may bring.

146、Security by design,for example,is a key practice that integrates security into the design and development of network infrastructure and services from the outset,and can help build a strong foundation for 6G.QoS is another best practice that ensures a level of quality compliance and as-surance for se

147、rvices by monitoring network performance,identifying bottlenecks,and optimizing network traffic to ensure a consistent user experience.With the increasing overlap of spectrum between telco and SatCom operators for services,spectrum management and preservation will play a key role in supporting growi

148、ng connectivity demands and innovation.Finally,embracing open standards can help promote interoperability and prevent vendor lock-in,which will be key attributes for enabling technologies from both ecosystems to seamlessly work NTN-MOBILE WILL RESHAPE THE COMMUNICATIONS SERVICE PROVIDER INDUSTRYGLOS

149、SARY Artificial Intelligence(AI):The ability for machines to perform tasks that are associated with human intelligence.Communications Service Provider(CSP):A service provider that transports information electronically.Commercial-Off-the-Shelf(COTS):Products packaged or ready-made hardware or softwar

150、e for aftermarket use.Geosynchronous Earth Orbit(GEO):The highest Earth-centered orbit with an altitude of 35,786 km,objects in this orbit appear to match Earths rotation and orbit around the Earth once every 23 hours and 56 minutes.Low Earth Orbit(LEO):LEO is the lowest orbit around Earth,being les

151、s than 2,000 km above Earths surface.Time to orbit Earth in LEO is typically 128 minutes or less.Long Term Evolution(LTE):LTE or 4G is the fourth generation of wireless standard for cellular wireless communications.Machine Learning(ML):A branch of AI that focuses on the use of data and algorithms to

152、 enable machines to learn and gradually improve their performance.Medium Earth Orbit(MEO):MEO is an Earth-centered orbit with an altitude above LEO(2,000 km)and below GEO(35,786 km).Time to orbit Earth in MEO is typically between 2 and 8 hours.Non-Terrestrial Network(NTN):Wireless communications sys

153、tems that operate above Earths surface,such as satellite High-Altitude Platforms(HAPS),and drones.Quality of Service(QoS):Any technology that manages data traffic to reduce packet loss,latency,and jitter on a network.Radio Access Network(RAN):Connects individual devices to other parts of a network t

154、hrough radio base stations(NodeBs).Radio Frequency(RF):The rate of oscillation of electromagnetic radio waves in the range of 3 Kilohertz(kHz)to 300 Gigahertz(GHz)used for communications transmission and broadcasting.5G:The fifth generation of wireless standard for cellular wireless communications.P

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