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1、Transitioning Industrial Clusterstowards Net Zero:National Policy Enablement for Industrial Decarbonization Part IIW H I T E P A P E RN O V E M B E R 2 0 2 3In collaboration with AccentureImages:Getty Images 2023 World Economic Forum.All rights reserved.No part of this publication may be reproduced

2、or transmitted in any form or by any means,including photocopying and recording,or by any information storage and retrieval system.Disclaimer This document is published by the World Economic Forum as a contribution to a project,insight area or interaction.The findings,interpretations and conclusions

3、 expressed herein are a result of a collaborative process facilitated and endorsed by the World Economic Forum but whose results do not necessarily represent the views of the World Economic Forum,nor the entirety of its Members,Partners or other stakeholders.ContentsForeword 3Executive summary 4The

4、Transitioning Industrial Clusters towards Net Zeroinitiative 61 Americas 71.1 Brazil 72 Europe 112.1 Sweden 112.2 Portugal 143 Asia and Oceania 163.1 Brunei Darussalam 163.2 Thailand 193.3 Malaysia 223.4 India 253.5 Japan 283.6 United Arab Emirates 314 Africa 334.1 South Africa 33Conclusion 37Contri

5、butors 38Endnotes 39Transitioning Industrial Clusters towards Net Zero2ForewordWe understand the importance of decarbonization of industrial clusters in achieving net zero and the crucial role that regulators and policy-makers play.Public-private collaboration has reached all-time highs as technolog

6、y and policy innovation have enabled more robust and accelerated growth in green solutions for industry.As the Transitioning Industrial Clusters towards Net Zero initiative expands into new geographies,we have developed additional comprehensive analyses of the strategies and actions employed by mult

7、iple federal governments to propel industrial decarbonization.This analysis complements our first publication,Transitioning Industrial Clusters towards Net Zero:National Policy Enablement for Industrial Decarbonization,by providing a nuanced and concise overview of an additional 10 countries,includi

8、ng our first countries from the Middle East and Africa.This paper will provide a deep dive into the contextual reasoning behind the industrial cluster approach for decarbonization,which has seen increasing adoption by policy-makers globally.The analysis supports our initiative community of 20 indust

9、rial clusters,covering 11 countries across four continents,with a cumulative carbon emissionsreduction or abatement potential of 626million tonnes.Thank you to all of those participating in research and policy analyses for their time and contributions to this paper.Miguel G.Torreira Global Utilities

10、 Strategy Lead,AccentureJrgen Sandstrm Head,Transforming IndustrialEcosystems,WorldEconomic ForumTransitioning Industrial Clusters towards Net Zero:National Policy Enablement for Industrial Decarbonization Part IINovember 2023Transitioning Industrial Clusters towards Net Zero3Executive summaryIndust

11、rial clusters have become a focal point for governments worldwide,leading to a rise in initiatives to tackle industrial carbon emissions.Government commitment and institutional alignment serve as key enablers for accelerating action.It is observed that EU policies,such as the Carbon Border Adjustmen

12、t Mechanism(CBAM),have a strong influence on industrial decarbonization in other nations including the United Arab Emirates,Brazil and South Africa.Among countries in Asia,Japan and India are leading in terms of policy frameworks for hydrogen.Meanwhile,in emerging economies,policy frameworks for car

13、bon capture,utilization and storage(CCUS)are still in the early stages of development.With the diversity in policy emphasis,it is critical to note the importance of the local context in each countrys transition journey and to read this paper with due respect and consideration of this dimension.This

14、paper reviews the legislated policies driving industrial decarbonization in a selection of ten nations across the Americas,Europe,Asia-Pacific,Middle East and Africa,as well as the enabling mechanisms to promote a collaborative,market-oriented industrial clusters approach.Across these policies,analy

15、sis has shown the following:1.There is a noticeable trend towards promoting the adoption of renewable energy sources.Governments are implementing diverse strategies,setting multiple goals for various renewable energy sources such as green hydrogen,solar,wind and biofuels.For a number of countries,in

16、cluding Japan,India,Malaysia and South Africa,this approach aims to ensure a comprehensive and balanced transition towards cleaner and more sustainable energy solutions,with observed emphasis on enhancing energy security and access.2.The prioritization of renewables is also reflected in the portion

17、of funding or financial incentives allocated,which in many countries is significantly higher than the allocation for other solutions such as energy efficiency,hydrogen and CCUS.3.Broad sets of fiscal incentives are in use,including grants,subsidies,guarantees,tax incentives,as well as multilateral a

18、id funding.4.In the near term,the decarbonization of industries is driven primarily by the switching of energy sources to renewables in parallel with the electrification of industrial heating,supported by a range of government subsidies,schemes,projects,grants and tax incentives.Significant budgets

19、are allocated towards increasing the proportion ofclean energy in primary energy production through direct government initiatives or by providing incentives to encourage private sectorparticipation.5.A significant number of nations have embarked on the development of CCUS projects,as well as the con

20、version and use of blue and green hydrogen.These initiatives are fuelled by the collective efforts of both the private and public sectors,which collaborate through partnerships or take individual leadership roles in driving these projects forward.6.Nations are adopting a comprehensive approach by im

21、plementing initiatives to reduce emissions effectively,accelerate the adoption of electrification and clean energy,and enhance energy efficiency.They are tailoring their policies and initiatives to make use of their unique geographical and economic advantages,enabling them to pursueindividualized ap

22、proaches in harnessingthese benefits.7.The potential of carbon pricing is gaining prominence in emerging markets,with three South-East Asian countries announcing plans for carbon tax mechanisms.Challenges to implementation are concerns around the economic impact of carbon pricing,e.g.reduced competi

23、tiveness and high energy costs.Strong collaboration in partnerships is necessary to navigate the complex themes for industrial clusters decarbonization.Transitioning Industrial Clusters towards Net Zero4NationEmissions trading schemeCarbon taxBrazilNone at presentNone at presentSwedenEU Emissions Tr

24、ading System(EU ETS)Yes,carbon tax applicable for non-ETS sectors inclusive of industry and households and has been progressively increasing since its introduction in 1991.Current tax rate is 122 per tonne as of 2023.PortugalEU ETSCarbon tax for the aviation sector,applicable to commercial flights a

25、nd business flights,in force July 2023;tax rate of 2per passenger.Brunei DarussalamNone at present;the countrys National Climate Change Policy sees carbon pricing as a key lever contributing to a carbon reduction of 46%.Plans tointroduce carbon pricing by 2025.NoneThailandVoluntary Carbon MarketStud

26、ying the introduction of carbon tax to energy,transport and industrial sectors(covering over 90%of Thailands emissions).MalaysiaVoluntary Carbon MarketAnnounced plans for carbon tax.IndiaNoneGood and Services Compensation Cess(on coal production),superseding the Clean Energy Cess.Tax rate of$5 per t

27、onne(400 Indian rupee per tonne)of coal production.JapanETS planned;voluntary cap and trade in Tokyo Metropolitan City and SaitamaPrefecture.Tax for climate change mitigation(TCCM)in place since 2012,reforms/revisions announced on hold due to rising energy prices in 2023.TCCM tax rate of about$2 per

28、 tonne(289 Japanese yen per tonne).United Arab EmiratesCarbon credits trading desk planned(credits from ADNOC carbon mitigation projects,to be available as offsets to lower carbon footprint of exports to EU).NoneSouth AfricaNoneCarbon tax introduced June 2019;emission allowances(basic tax-free allow

29、ance covering 60-75%of emissions,plus additional offsets and allowances)until 2025 to ease the transition has led to low effective tax rate.Recognition of the importance of carbon pricingTABLE 2National investment in key decarbonization technologiesTABLE 1Nation HydrogenCarbon capture,utilization an

30、d storage(CCUS)Systemic efficiency and circularityDirect electrification and renewable heatFederal funding and support measures(inclusive of multilateral funding)BrazilExploringExploringExploringInvestingSwedenSeedingInvestingExploringNone1 PortugalSeedingNoneSeedingExploringBrunei DarussalamNone2No

31、ne3None4Ambition statedThailandAmbition statedSeedingExploringExploringMalaysiaAmbition statedInvestingInvestingInvestingIndiaInvestingAmbition statedInvestingInvestingJapanInvestingInvestingSeedingInvestingUnited Arab EmiratesInvestingInvestingInvestingInvestingSouth AfricaSeeding5NoneExploring5Inv

32、esting5Notes:1)State support is not required in Sweden as this has been long-established with a mature and competitive market;2)In September 2023,the Department of Energy published a study on green hydrogen production in Brunei;3)Brunei Shell Petroleum,a joint venture between Shell(50%)and the Brune

33、i Government(50%)is exploring potential CCUS solutions in Brunei Darussalam;4)In 2022,an MoU was signed between Bank Islam Brunei Darussalam(BIBD)and Brunei Darussalam National Council on Climate Change(BNCCC)to collaborate in climate solutions including investment in energy conservation;5)Inclusive

34、 of multilateral funding from JETP.Transitioning Industrial Clusters towards Net Zero5The Transitioning Industrial Clusters towards Net Zero initiative is led by the World Economic Forum in collaboration with Accenture and the Electric Power Research Institute(EPRI).The initiative aims to convene an

35、d accelerate co-located industries on their net-zero transition,making use of opportunities for collaborative investment de-risking,clean energy market creation and cluster-based decarbonization.The initiative convenes industrial players at all stages of ambition development in an impartial forum to

36、 collaboratively shape strategies and share lessons learned.In parallel,the initiative continues to develop thought leadership and incubate best practices for the signatory clusters community.This policy analysis will be complemented by a financing deep dive for industrial clusters in Europe and sel

37、ected emerging economies.The initiatives 20 signatory clusters are distributed across 11 countries and continue to expand to new geographies,including India(with the support of Bain&Company)and China.Scope of work and research approachThis second edition includes a fourth geography with the inclusio

38、n of Africa.Nations selected for review within these geographies were driven both by the interest of the Transitioning Industrial Clusters towards Net Zero community and expansion plans for the initiative.This paper was developed through a thorough review of national and collaboration-of-nations leg

39、islation and other federal public documentation.Further,in a subset of geographies,local experts were interviewed,or additional desktop research was completed to understand the partnership,policy,finance and technology strategies of“flagship”industrial clusters.A summary of both this policy review a

40、nd flagship industrial cluster profiling is presented herein.Catalysing the decarbonization of industrial clusters globally.The Transitioning Industrial Clusters towards Net Zero initiativeTransitioning Industrial Clusters towards Net Zero6Americas1Industry contributes 34.6%of total primary energy c

41、onsumption;major industrials face the challenge of meeting 2050 neutrality targets.Renewable energies account for 48%of the primary energy demand in Brazil,yet the country remains among the top five global carbon emitters,accounting for more than 3%of global emissions in 2020.1 Most of its emissions

42、(46%in 2020)are related to land use change,especially deforestation of tropical forests.2Brazil has committed to carbon neutrality by 2050.However,several states and cities,such as So Paulo and Rio de Janeiro,have published even more ambitious emission reduction targets,mainly associated with the en

43、ergy transition.Large industrial companies continue to make progress towards decarbonization,both through published commitments to reduction targets and through the development of innovative sustainability projects,which are estimated to create 2 million jobs by 2030.Industrial cluster challenges an

44、d opportunities in BrazilFIGURE 160%of industrial emissions are concentrated in iron,steel and cement processes*Million tonnes of carbon dioxide 61 Mt CO2*Reduction required in greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions(from 2005 levels)by 2030 to stay on track for net zero by 205043%Estimated net increase of Bra

45、zilian jobs by 2030 from transitioning to a greener economy2 millionSources:Observatrio Do Clima,Empresa de Pesquisa Energtica(EPE);World Resources Institute.1.1 BrazilTransitioning Industrial Clusters towards Net Zero7Brazils approach to industrialdecarbonizationBrazils clean energy policy developm

46、entAlthough Brazil does not have enabling policies specific to industrial clusters,there are a host of public sector initiatives that catalyse and support clean energy and industrial decarbonization investments.Beginning with 2010s National Plan on Climate Change,which created the first commitments

47、to reduce emissions and deforestation,Brazil has developed a quantified,time-bound decarbonization pathway and continues to show progress and additional investment in scaling the technologies,relationships and financing availability that will enable it.Brazil policy empowering industrial decarboniza

48、tionFIGURE 2National Guidelines for Climate Neutrality3This landmark publication from Brazils Ministry of the Environment lays the foundation for an operational strategy by which Brazil can achieve net zero by 2050.The publication,segmented by responsibility and sector opportunities,lays out a compr

49、ehensive series of goals and enablers,including those highlighted below.The guidelines envision implementation would be advanced by the whole of the country,including state,municipalities and civil society.Energy generation Achieve 50%renewable energies in the composition of the energy matrix and 10

50、%efficiency gains in the electric sector by 2030.Promote the use of energy from waste,including solid urban waste.Heavy industry Provision for direct financial support for research,development and innovation of low-carbon technologies.Promote the mitigation of the oil and gas industrys carbon emissi

51、ons through the adoption of more energy-efficient technologies in production units,including direct electrification.National Programme Zero MethaneThe 2022 National Programme Zero Methane4 fromthe Ministry of the Environment aims to reduce methane emissions by 30%by 2030(from 2020 levels),which Braz

52、il committed to with over 100other nations at COP26.The programme proposes to reduce methane emissions by encouraging the consumption of biomethane and financing the construction of biodigesters and distribution infrastructure.National Plan on Climate ChangeNovember 2010Plan for Low Carbon Economy i

53、n IndustryJune 2013The Brazilian Commitment to Combating Climate Change:Energy Production and UseJune 2016Renovabio:National Policy for BiofuelsDecember 2017National Guidelines for Climate NeutralityFebruary 2022National Program Zero MethaneMarch 2022Transitioning Industrial Clusters towards Net Zer

54、o8Brazils legislative support for key technologiesFIGURE 3Sources:Swedish Energy Agency,2021;Secretaria de Qualidade Ambiental;Ministrio do Meio Ambiente,2022;Vander Velde,Bruno,“Audacious reforestation effort grows in Brazil”,Conservation,2023,https:/www.conservation.org/blog/audacious-reforestatio

55、n-effort-grows-in-brazil;EPE,2021;Programa Nacional do Hidrognio,2021;Machado,Nayara,EPBR,2022.Systemic efficiency and circularityDirect electrification and renewable heatCarbon capture,utilization and storage(CCUS)Hydrogen Brazil aims to increase electrical efficiency by 10%by 2030,equivalent to 10

56、5terrawatt hours(TWh).The National Programme Zero Methane aims to reduce methane emissions by encouraging the consumption of biomethane from waste and financing the construction of biodigesters and distribution infrastructure.By 2024,the aim is to eliminate dumpsites in the country and shift towards

57、 enhanced waste management practices that prioritize energy efficiency and environmentally-friendly disposal methods.The Brazilian Commitment to Combating Climate Change plans an increase of the share of electricity in final energy consumption from 17.2%in 2014 to 19.7%in 2030 by using the increase

58、in investment into the electricity sector,which is expected to reach$9 billion by 2029.The same document plans an increase of the share of vehicles with electric propulsionto 1.7%in 2025 and4.5%by 2030.Brazil has announced plans to reforest 12 million hectares of degraded areas by 2030,the initiativ

59、e will include planting 73 million trees in hopes in restoring carbon-capture forests and prevent reaching anecological tipping point.The Conselho Nacional de Poltica Energtica(CNPE)has developed Programa Combustvel do Futuro to help facilitate the use of carbon capture and storage(CCS)technology as

60、sociated with theproduction of biofuels.The Brazilian government launched the National Hydrogen Program,with the objective to develop the hydrogen sector in Brazil and increase its competitiveness inthe global renewable energymarket.Brazilian Program Fuel of the Future intends to support R&D project

61、s related to green hydrogen by enabling inter-ministerial collaboration through the Fuel of the Future Technical Committee(CT-CF).In 2022,Fuel of the Future launched a BRL 50 million(Brazilian real)public bid to fund and support sustainable fuel projects from companies and universities.Transitioning

62、 Industrial Clusters towards Net Zero9Concept of Green Hydrogen Hub in Pecm-CearFIGURE 4Key industries:Renewables,hydrogen,port and logisticsThe hub comprises the Port of Pecm and an industrial area totalling over 19,000 hectares(ha),which has the capacity to produce up to 1.3 million tonnes of gree

63、n hydrogen per year by 2030.The hub has a focus on export to European markets via the Port of Rotterdam as a green hydrogen receiving hub,in addition to potential opportunities to supply domestic end-use and support industrial decarbonization in the region,e.g.steel and cement plants in adjacent ind

64、ustrial areas.Highlighted emissions reduction initiativeThe hub,a joint venture between the Cear State Government and the Port of Rotterdam,has secured 22 memorandums of understanding(MOUs)for the production and export of green hydrogen,of which two involving AES and Fortescue Future Industries have

65、 evolved into pre-contracts.Among the companies who have signed the MOU with Pecm Hub include Engie,TotalEnergies and Neoenergia,Iberdrolas Brazilian subsidiary.The hub highlights the value of partnerships between corporates and is an example of cross-border collaboration to deliver new infrastructu

66、re necessary for industrial decarbonization.INDUSTRIAL CLUSTER SPOTLIGHT 1Green Hydrogen Hub in Pecm-CearSource:“Pecm Industrial and Port Complex Presents its Green Hydrogen HUB at the Hydrogen Americas Summit 2022”,Hydrogen Central,10October 2022,https:/hydrogen- Industrial Clusters towards Net Zer

67、o102Swedens decarbonization efforts will focus on the industrial and transport sectors to meet 2045 goals.Swedens electricity and heating sector is predominantly fossil-free,given the countrys early adoption of carbon-neutral resources.As a result,the focus for decarbonization now rests on the indus

68、try and transport sectors.In 2020,Sweden launched an ambitious target of becoming a“fossil-free welfare state by 2045”,targeting net-zero emissions for the entire economy.For its industrial sector,representing about 40%5 of total final energy consumption and about 30%6 of total CO2 emissions,the tar

69、get is to have negative emissions by 2045.This would entail a reduction of more than 16 Mt CO2.Twenty-two industries have already provided roadmaps for going fossil-free or climate-neutral by 2045 via electrification,biofuels,circularity and energy efficiency measures.7 The development of the fossil

70、-free roadmaps was overseen by Fossil Free Sweden,a government initiative led by a national coordinator,facilitating a bottom-up sector-led effort,mostly through industryassociations.This spotlights the importance of industrial associations and their role in facilitating a highly collaborative appro

71、ach towards the development of sector decarbonization roadmaps.Existing industrial clusters provide an established ecosystem for expanding the scope of industrial symbiosis and support economic value creation.For instance,increased integration of the energy system between industrial facilities withi

72、n the Stenungsund industrial cluster alone could represent cost savings of approximately SEK200million(Swedish krona)(around 17.7million).8Industrial cluster challenges and opportunities in SwedenFIGURE 5Primarily through an 85%reduction in emissions from 1990 levels:the industry is targeting negati

73、ve CO2 emissions after 20452045NET ZERO BYPotential reduction inemissions from steel,chemicaland cement industries inSweden through efficiencyand circularity of materialsand energy60%Emissions from industry thatcan be reduced throughelectrification,use of hydrogenand CCS10 Mt CO2Sources:Statistics S

74、weden,Industrial transition programme,Circular Economy Strategy,Industrielle Kologi;Government Offices of Sweden,2021.Europe2.1 SwedenTransitioning Industrial Clusters towards Net Zero11Swedens approach to industrialdecarbonizationSwedens clean energy policy developmentThe oil crisis of the 1970s le

75、d Sweden to adopt less carbon-intensive sources in its power sector.Biomass is the main mode of decarbonization in the heating and industry sectors due to the prevalence of district heating networks and abundant access to biomass from forestry.At the Stockholm+50 meeting in June 2022,Sweden reinforc

76、ed its commitment and focus on decarbonization.Industrial clusters present sizeable economic and decarbonization opportunities in Sweden to achieve national targets,primarily through expanding the scope of industrial symbiosis within established ecosystems.Energy-intensive industries such as steel,c

77、ement and concrete have identified electrification as one of the key means of achieving carbon neutrality in their respective industry roadmaps.Sweden policy empowering industrial decarbonizationFIGURE 6Industriklivet“Industrial Leap”,2018The“Industrial Leap”9 made available a total of 80.6million i

78、n 2022,and projects that run until 2029 can be funded.These funds support feasibility studies,research,pilot anddemonstration projects and investments to reduce GHG emissions,contribute to permanent negativeemissions and influence other sectors of society to achieve the 2045 climate neutrality goals

79、.Supported areas of exploration include improving the efficiency of industrial processes,negative emissions and“strategically important”industrial initiatives focused on new low-emissions technologies with applications outside of heavy industry.This policy is part of the European Recovery and Resili

80、ence Facility as well as the NextGenerationEU transformation programme.It is set to support Swedens alignment with national and European net-zero targets.Strategy for fossil free competitiveness,2020This policy outlines roadmaps for 22 industries to transition to fossil-free or climate-neutral opera

81、tions by 2045.10 It sets ambitious targets for industrial clusters,including for the heating sector to become fossil-free by 2030 and the goal of generating 3gigawatts(GW)of electrolysis-powered hydrogen by 2030,with a subsequent target of 8GW by 2045.Many proposed initiatives by Fossil Free Sweden

82、need to be implemented before the European Hydrogen Backbone infrastructure reaches Sweden by 2030.Sweden climate policy frameworkJune 2017Industriklivet“Industrial Leap”January 2018Swedens long-term strategy for reducing greenhouse gas emissions December 2020Strategy for fossil free competitiveness

83、June 2020Circular Economy StrategyJuly 2020Industry climate and energy transitionMarch 2021Transitioning Industrial Clusters towards Net Zero12Systemic efficiency and circularityDirect electrification and renewable heatCCUS Hydrogen A Circular Economy Strategy has been released for Sweden,aiming to

84、transform production,consumption and business models towards circular practices.Only 2%of Swedens electricity mix comes from fossil fuels,with most of the electricity generated by hydropower and nuclear power and a recent growth in merchant wind power.There is also a growing number of electricity tr

85、ansmission networks to neighbouring countries with arenewable-dominated powersector.Since 2002,residual heat and waste have been used as fuels together with biomass for heat sources,in district heating networks as well as industry.Swedish Energy Agency designated a National Centre for CCS in Decembe

86、r 2020,responsible for planning and promoting CCS in Sweden.Agency actively negotiating bilateral storage agreements to export carbon dioxide without violating the London Protocol.Swedens National Hydrogen Strategy,released in August 2021,highlights the potential reduction of 7.1 million tonnes of C

87、O2e per year in direct emissions by 2045 through current hydrogen projects in the country.HYBRIT is a collaborative project between LKAB,SSAB,and Vattenfall,aiming to produce fossil-free steel using hydrogen.The project received a grant of 143 million from the European Unions Innovation Fund in 2021

88、.H2 Green Steel is a pilot plant that utilizes hydrogen as a reducing agent for steel production.As a private venture,it successfully raised 260 million in Series B equity funding in October 2022.Swedens legislative support for key technologiesFIGURE 7Sources:Swedish Strategy for Circular Economy,20

89、20;National Centre for CCS;Fossilfritt Sverige;HYBRIT;H2 Green Steel,2022.INDUSTRIAL CLUSTER SPOTLIGHTIndustry Park of SwedenKey industries:Electricity,natural gas,ammonia,waterIndustry Park of Sweden(IPOS)11 is a long-standing example of industrial symbiosis in Sweden,demonstrating the value to the

90、 site and nearby city through the circularity of materials and energy.Chemical businesses have been operating on the site since 1872.Waste heat from the sulphuric acid plant was used for the district heat network of Helsingborg city as early as 1974and eel farming in 1982.IPOS estimates annual avoid

91、ed emissions of 120,000 tonnes of CO2 for the cluster itself,in addition to avoided emissions of 1,600,000 tonnes of CO2 for the nearby city of Helsingborg.In 2016,IPOS was awarded the EU Sustainable Energy Award.Highlighted emissions reduction initiativeSix-hundred-gigawatt hours(GWh)equivalent of

92、excess heat is sent from the sulphuric acid plant to the energy centre.The plant alone accounts for 90%of the excess heat sent to the energy centre that provides all heating needed in IPOS,as well as around 35%of the heating needs of the city of Helsingborg.The Energy Central also produces 50GWh of

93、electricity per year,which is used by IPOS and accounts for approximately 30%of electricity demand.Transitioning Industrial Clusters towards Net Zero13Industrial cluster challenges and opportunities in PortugalFIGURE 8The latest data from the Portuguese Environment Agency show that Portugal is meeti

94、ng its progressive reduction targets for GHG emissions.GHG emissions without land use,land-use change and forestry(LULUCF)totalled around 56.5 Mt CO2 equivalent(Mt CO2e)in 2021,2.8%less than the previous year and 34.8%less than in 2005.12 Portugal has made significant progress in its net-zero ambiti

95、ons,driven by government funding in green hydrogen initiatives and decarbonization of the industrial sector.The government sees industrial clusters as an opportunity to scale up renewable gas and has allocated capital to support the development of these projects.With access to European funding to fu

96、rther increase from 2025,Portugal should see its Portuguese Recovery and Resilience Plan pay off in its support for renewable gas production and decarbonization.The government plans to allocate 185 million towards green hydrogen production and 715million towards decarbonization of industry from 2021

97、-2029.13 Efforts to decarbonize industry and move towards a more sustainable future will drive significant economic and environmental impact as renewable energies are projected by 2050 to meet emissions neutrality goals.2.2 PortugalThe Portuguese industrial sector is rapidly moving forward to reduce

98、 its emissions by 30%to achieve GHG emissions targets by 2030.The industrial sector must reduce emissions by 35-40%to achieve the overall GHG target for 203035-40%Energy dependency from other nations should be limited to 65%by 2030,notably down from the 74%registered in 201965%Funds allocated to the

99、 production of green hydrogen for the years 2021-2029 185 millionSources:Repblica Portuguesa,2019;Portugal Energia;International Energy Agency(IEA),2021.Portugals approach to industrialdecarbonizationPortugals clean energy policy developmentThe Portuguese government has aligned with the Paris Agreem

100、ent and embraced ambitious European emissions reduction goals,taking proactive steps to make catalysing funding accessible in the marketplace.There are no national funding mechanisms for carbon capture investments yet,but increasing support for hydrogen,renewable gas and industrial decarbonization h

101、as been provided by the NationalEnergy and Climate Plan(PNEC),with financial support through the Portuguese Recovery and Resilience Plan.Transitioning Industrial Clusters towards Net Zero14Systemic efficiency and circularityDirect electrification and renewable heatCCUS Hydrogen A fund of 715 million

102、 is being launched through the PRRP(component 11)to promote systemic efficiency,electrification and adaptation of industrial equipment to hydrogen.The funds,allocated from 2021 to 2025,will be distributed based on projects GHG reduction capacity.They will be equally allocated among small,medium and

103、large projects(more than 25 million),with grants capped at 10 million.Industry decarbonization will be supported by funds from Portugal 2030,which will become available once PRRP funds are exhausted.The PNEC 2030 sets a goal for 47%of the total share of the energy system to be renewable generation b

104、y 2030.The PNEC 2030 emphasizesthe need for electrifying buildings,transportand industry.National financing mechanisms in Portugal do not currently support investments in carbon capture and government roadmaps at present do not include industrial carbon capture solutions.185 million will be invested

105、 through 2025 in projects focused on the development and testing of new technologies such as electrolysis,thermochemical and hydrothermal processes,biological processes,biogas enrichment from anaerobic digestion of biomass materials(excluding biogas production),and methanation.Grants for these proje

106、cts are capped at 15 million.Portugal policy empowering industrial decarbonization Portugals legislative support for key technologiesFIGURE 9FIGURE 10Portuguese Recovery and Resilience Plan(PRRP)The Portuguese Recovery and Resilience Plan(PRRP)14 is a nationwide programme until 2026 that will implem

107、ent a set of reforms and investments(16.6 billion),allowing the country to resume sustained economic growth.The PRRP highlights the investment of 3.06 billion in energy transition,with 370 million in hydrogen and renewables,of which 185 million are allocated to hydrogen and renewable gases,and 715 m

108、illion in industry decarbonization.The PRRP execution is under way,with 10%of the funds committed to energy transition already having been distributed.Selected technology demonstration projects to be funded within the hydrogen and renewable gases allocation include electrolysis,thermochemical/hydrot

109、hermal,biogas enrichment and methanation.Further to hydrogen market maturity,a target of 264 megawatts(MW)in renewable gas production capacity was defined.Sources:Repblica Portuguesa,2021;Recuperar Portugal;IEA,2022.Roadmap for Carbon Neutrality 2050(RNC2050)June 2019National Energy and Climate Plan

110、 2021-2030(PNEC 2030)December 2019National Strategy for HydrogenAugust 2020Portuguese Recovery and Resilience PlanApril 2021Portugal 2030November 2021Transitioning Industrial Clusters towards Net Zero153Industrial processes are the second largest contributor to Bruneis emissions in 2020,which is hea

111、vily represented by the oil and gas sector.As part of its National Climate Change Policy,Bruneihas committed to a 50%emissions reduction by 2035 and has announced a net-zero target by 2050.15 About 35%of Bruneis total 2020 emissions can be directly attributed to industrial processes(largely cement m

112、anufacturing and natural gas processing)and 39%of total 2020 emissions arising from power generation are largely due to industrial sector operations.16 The oil and gas industry is a major contributor to the countrys exports of goods and services,accounting for about 60.5%of total gross domesticprodu

113、ct(GDP)in the last 10 years.17 Industrial cluster challenges and opportunities in BruneiFIGURE 11Share of electricity generation from natural gas in 2019(1%from oil,less than 0.5%from solar)99%Target power generation proportion from renewables by 2035,to be primarily fulfilled by solar photovoltaics

114、(PV)30%Annual savings in natural gas consumption via power generation at full solar capacity(900MW)25%Sources:International Energy Agency(IEA);Reuters;Accenture.Asia and Oceania3.1 Brunei DarussalamTransitioning Industrial Clusters towards Net Zero16Bruneis approach to industrialdecarbonizationBrune

115、is clean energy policy developmentTo meet the nations 50%emissions reduction by 2035 goal,Brunei has put forward supporting legislation to rapidly increase the uptake of solar installations and energy efficiency improvements across the nations industrial sectors.From the launch of the Energy White P

116、aper to the Sustainable Energy Divisions Guidebook on Solar PV Rooftop and Net Metering Programme,or Protokol Hijau creating guidelines for reforestation,proper waste disposal and efficient energy usage;the nation is continuing to track forward with the support of the Association of Southeast Asian

117、Nations(ASEAN)neighbours.Brunei policy empowering industrial decarbonizationFIGURE 12National Climate Change Policy,2020The Brunei Darussalam National Council on Climate Change(BNCCC),and Brunei Climate Change Secretariat(BNCCS)launched the nations first climate change policy,the Brunei Darussalam N

118、ational Climate Change Policy(BNCCP),18 on 25July 2020.The policy is guided by the principles of achieving Wawasan Brunei 2035 and promoting Brunei Darussalams economic security,sustainability and prosperity through a low-carbon approach.The BNCCP has defined 10 key decarbonization strategies for th

119、e energy transition and low-carbon economy to deliver a 50%emissions reduction from the business-as-usual(BAU)scenario by 2035.Key decarbonization strategies include increasing the total share in power generation from renewables by 30%and 100MW solar PV installation by 2025,carbon pricing,increasing

120、 carbon sinks,sales of electric vehicles,power management,waste management,etc.Carbon pricing is one of the BNCCPs main strategies to achieve the outlined targets,19 with a carbon pricing mechanism planned for implementation by 2025.This will encourage emissions reduction from industrial clusters,th

121、us boosting domestic demand for low-carbon technologies.Brunei is working closely to develop this legislation with the ASEAN Centre for Energy and neighbouring states like Singapore.POLICY SPOTLIGHTCarbon pricing in BNCCPEnergy White Paper2014Brunei Darussalams Second National Communication 2017Nati

122、onally Determined Contribution 2020National Climate Change Policy2020Protokol Hijau 2021Standard and Labelling Order 2021Solar PV Rooftop and Net-metering Programme2022Transitioning Industrial Clusters towards Net Zero17Systemic efficiency and circularityDirect electrification and renewable heatCCUS

123、 Hydrogen Energy white paper highlights importance of green industry which promotes sustainable methods of production and consumption,i.e.energy efficient,low-carbon and minimize waste with less pollution.10%reduction in emissions from electricity by managing power efficiency.The BNCCP has defined 1

124、0 key strategies for the energy transition and low-carbon economy to deliver a 50%emissions reduction from BAU scenario by 2035.30%of the total share in power generation expected from renewables and 100MW solar PV installation by 2025.The BNCCP anticipates a 46%reduction in emissions through imposin

125、g a price on carbon emissions from carbon-intensive industries(all sectors)and power utilities.None at present,Department of Energy(previously known as Ministry of Energy)in Brunei Darussalam supported pilot hydrogen export project at SPARK(see industrial cluster spotlight on page 18).Bruneis legisl

126、ative support for key technologiesFIGURE 13Sources:“Towards a Low Carbon and Climate-resilient Brunei Darussalam”,Brunei Darussalam National Council on Climate Change,3 July 2023,https:/climatechange.gov.bn/SitePages/Pages/Home.aspx#page=1;Ministry of Energy,2022;Ministry of Natural Resources and En

127、vironment.INDUSTRIAL CLUSTER SPOTLIGHTSungai Liang Industrial Park(SPARK)Key industries:Energy,chemicalsSungai Liang Industrial Park(SPARK)was developed to explore economic diversification opportunities with a holisticvalue focus as the nation seeks to diversify from its strong reliance on upstream

128、oil and gas.Major multi-nationalcorporations and industries with operations in SPARK include:TotalEnergies onshore gas processing plant with an average processing capacity of 50,000 barrels of oil equivalent per day(boe/d).Brunei Methanol Company,a joint venture between Mitsubishi Gas Chemical Compa

129、ny,Itochu Corporation and Brunei Government-owned company Mirkhas Sdn Bhd,has a daily methanol production capacity of2500million tonnes.20 Brunei Fertilizer Industries is one of South-East Asias largest fertilizer plants,with a production capacity of over 1.3 million tonnes of urea per annum.21Highl

130、ighted emissions reduction initiativeIn 2020,the worlds first international hydrogen export using chemical carriers was set up between Brunei and Japan as part of a demonstration project that converted hydrogen from Bruneis natural gas supply to methylcyclohexane(MCH)for shipping to Japan,where it i

131、s used as fuel at the Mizue power station owned by Toa Oil Company.The demonstration operation was started by the Advanced Hydrogen Energy Chain Association for Technology Development(AHEAD)with subsidies from the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization(NEDO).Corporates partici

132、pating in the demonstration include Mitsubishi Corp,Mitsui,Chiyoda and NYK Line.At full operation,the system will support 210 tonnes of transported hydrogen per year.22 Cross-industry collaboration was a key enabler of this demonstration of hydrogen export.Transitioning Industrial Clusters towards N

133、et Zero18Industrial cluster challenges and opportunities in ThailandFIGURE 14Thailand boasts a robust industrial cluster ecosystem and continues to implement increasingly powerful federal initiatives with the aim of facilitating more sustainable industrial development to achieve net zero by 2065.Wit

134、h industrial CO2 emissions representing 30%of Thailands total,the 66 industrial estates in Thailand with more in the development and planning phases will be key to driving reduction inindustrial GHG contributions.The Industrial Estate Authority of Thailand(IEAT),a government body under the Ministry

135、of Industry,is tasked with the development and management of industrial estates either in a government-anchored programme or through a joint venture with private partners.In 2010,the IEAT instituted an integrated sustainability programme Eco-Industrial Town(EIT)to drive sustainability in industrial

136、estates.This programme currently focuses on circular economy and waste management,energy efficiency and driving reuse to transform industrial estates into sustainable industrial communities.3.2 ThailandRapid industrialization has led to 10%annual growth in emissions,Thailand must facilitate industri

137、al decarbonization to maintain competitiveness.Share of industrial sector in total electricity consumption in 202146%Target share of renewable energy in power generation by 203720%Target reduction in GHG emissions by 203020%Sources:Energy Policy and Planning Office;Asia Pacific EnergyTransitioning I

138、ndustrial Clusters towards Net Zero19Thailand policy empowering industrial decarbonizationFIGURE 15Thailands Long-Term-Low Emission Development Strategy,2022Thailands Long Term-Low Emission Development Strategy(LT-LEDS)23 submitted to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change(UNFCCC)

139、in November 2022,outlines a high-level pathway to decarbonization of power generation that would be covered in the National Energy Plan that is being drafted.This publication is slated for launch in 2023(not yet launched at the time of reporting).The LT-LEDS also outlines the strategy for decarboniz

140、ing the countrys manufacturing and industrial sector,which focuses on energy efficiency and electrification of processes in the next decade.The pathway sees CCUS operationalization by around 2040,followed by the use of hydrogen closer to 2045 towards carbon dioxide neutrality by 2050 and eventually

141、net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2065.Eco-Industrial Town programme,2010The Eco-Industrial Town(EIT)programme,24 launched by the Industrial Estate Authority of Thailand(IEAT)in 2010,is an integrated programme that aims to transform industrial estates into sustainable industrial communities.Indus

142、trial estates are defined in Thailand as industrial areas developed and managed by the IEAT,which centrally facilitates all integrated services such as approvals/licensing and utility services for operations.The Green Industry Programme is an accreditation programme under the EIT for industrial comp

143、anies committed to creating sustainable operations.Accredited companies are promoted through government channels and benefit from the Ministry of Industrys financial support programmes based on the level(1-5)of accreditation achieved.Compelling benefits to be achieved through accreditation include w

144、aivers of operational permitting fees,reduced number of audits and a host of tax exemptions.Eco Industrial Town Programme2010The Twelfth National Economic and Social Development Plan 2017-202120-years National Strategy 2018-2037Power Development plan(PDP 2018-2037)Thailand 4.0 National Strategy2018T

145、hailands Long-Term Low Greenhouse Gas Emission Development Strategy2022Thailands approach to industrialdecarbonizationThailands clean energy policy developmentA narrative on sustainability has been present in Thailands policy planning since the 1970s when the“sufficiency economy”philosophy was incor

146、porated as part of its national strategy.Thailand has a strong industrial cluster ecosystem but has not federally legislated support for industrial decarbonization since 2018,emphasizing a lack of published specific and measurable environmental targets.Transitioning Industrial Clusters towards Net Z

147、ero20Thailands legislative support for key technologiesFIGURE 16INDUSTRIAL CLUSTER SPOTLIGHTEastern Economic Corridor and Smart Park Industrial Estate25Key industries:Robotics,medical equipment,aviation,aerospace,electric vehicles(EVs),smart electronics,robotics,biotechnologyThe Eastern Economic Cor

148、ridor(EEC)is an initiative of the Thailand government to revitalize the countrys traditional industrial region on the east coast,covering three provinces of Rayong,Chonburi and Chachoengsao with the aim of realizing transformative development and social uplift.Within the EEC,the Smart Park Industria

149、l Estate is being developed as a sustainable industrial estate under the Thailand 4.0 policy to serve high-tech or“S-Curve”industriesalongside increased solar and battery storage capacity.Theindustrial estate is expected to contribute THB53 billion($1.5billion)to Thailands GDP and seed creation of7,

150、500jobs.Highlighted emissions reduction initiativeA peer-to-peer energy trading system is being implemented in collaboration with platform provider PowerLedger26 to enable renewable energy trading from solar panels installed on industrial facilities within the park.Built on an autonomous financial s

151、ettlement system and secure banking interface,the system removes barriers to participation in the industrial clusters clean energy market.Systemic efficiency and circularityDirect electrification and renewable heatCCUS Hydrogen Thailand has formulated the Energy Efficiency Plan(EEP)and an action pla

152、n,which specifies a target of 30%energy intensity reduction fromBAU by 2037.Relevant core measures to industrial clusters include energy efficiency improvements,mandatory application of the Energy Efficiency Resource Standard,soft loan provisions for energy efficiency improvements.The Alternative En

153、ergy Development Plan targets to increase the proportion of renewable and alternative energy in the form of electricity,heat and biofuels of final energy consumption by 30%in 2037.The Energy Conservation(ENCON)Fund,established under the 1992 Energy Conservation and Promotion Act is the governments k

154、ey financial mechanism to support energy efficiency and renewable energy development.The fund is sourced from a tax on all petroleum sold in the country.In 2020,a budget of THB2billion(Thai baht)from ENCON was allocated to support eligible energy efficiency and renewable energy projects.Thailands up

155、dated National Energy Plan 2022,which is currently being drafted is expected to outline CCUS as one of the strategies to reach net-zero by 2065.State-owned national oil company PTT is gearing up to develop Thailands first CCS project at Arthit offshore gas field.The project is currently in the proce

156、ss of preliminary front-end engineering and design(pre-FEED)study and isexpected to commence CCSoperations by 2026.In the Alternative Energy Development Plan,hydrogen is included as part of the“alternative fuels”category with a set target goal of 10kilotonnes of oil equivalent(KTOE)in total by 2036.

157、In 2022,PTT signed an MOU with Saudi Arabias Aramco to strengthen energy cooperation including blue and green hydrogen and various clean energy initiatives.Sources:Ministry of Energy,Thailand Alternate Energy Development Plan 2018,2018,https:/policy.asiapacificenergy.org/node/4351;Ministry of Energy

158、,ThailandEnergy Efficiency Plan 2018,2018,https:/policy.asiapacificenergy.org/node/4352;“Encon allots B2bn budget”,Bangkok Post,27 August 2020,https:/ initiates Thailands first CCS project,pushing towards Net Zero Greenhouse Gas Emissions Press release,6 June 2022,https:/ Industrial Clusters towards

159、 Net Zero21Industrial cluster challenges and opportunities in Malaysia27FIGURE 17The National Energy Transition Roadmap(NETR)launched in July 2023 sets an ambitious target of 70%renewable energy by 2050.The New IndustrialMaster Plan 2030,launched in September 2023,has identified the push for net zer

160、o as a mission for the countrys manufacturing sector over the next few years out to 2030.Recognizing the abundant renewables potential in Malaysia,policies focused on renewables have been periodically approved,including the Large Scale Solar competitive bidding programme.Other stakeholders,such as s

161、tate governments and the private sector,are also accelerating energytransition efforts.The Sarawak state government aspires to embark on the hydrogen economy with up to three hydrogen plants in their pipeline,while state-owned energy company PETRONAS has pioneered CCS development in Malaysia through

162、 the development of the Kasawari CCS project that will potentially reduce CO2emissions by 3.7 million tonnes annually by2025-2026.3.3 Malaysia23%Malaysias carbon emissions come from the industrial sector,which relies on an energy mix of 94%fossil-fuel-based generation.of total CO2 emissions are from

163、 the industrial sector23%of electricity generation is predominantly fossil-fuel based,split across 65%coal and 29%gas94%Annual CO2 emissions reduction in 2035 compared to base case if CCUS and hydrogen technology are adopted40 MtSources:Accenture;Suruhanjaya Tenaga Energy Commission.Malaysias approa

164、ch to industrialdecarbonizationMalaysias clean energy policy developmentThe Malaysian government has accelerated the push for its sustainability agenda,releasing low emissions and clean energy policies across multiple national policy documents in recent years.The federal government aims to balance t

165、he energy sector as a catalyst for socioeconomic growth while meeting low-carbon aspirations by 2040,which impacts environmental sustainability and energy optimization at industrial clusters.Transitioning Industrial Clusters towards Net Zero22Renewable Energy Act2011Green Technology Master Plan Mala

166、ysia 2017-2030 2017Malaysia Renewable Energy Roadmap 2021Twelfth MalaysiaPlan2022National Energy Policy 2022-20402022National Energy Transition Roadmap2023New Industrial Master Plan 20302022Malaysia policy empowering industrial decarbonizationFIGURE 18New Industrial Master Plan 2030The New Industria

167、l Master Plan 2030(NIMP)28 provides strategic direction to the countrys manufacturing sector.The NIMP adopts a missions-based approach to transform the manufacturing sector in a push towards increased economic complexity and resilience,underpinned by digital technology and sustainability.The four mi

168、ssions are:Advance economic complexity Tech up for a digital nation Push for net zero Safeguard economic security.The NIMP 2030 identifies four new growth areas that are relevant to industrial clusters decarbonization:Advanced materials Electric vehicles Renewable energy CCUS.It is estimated that RM

169、 95 billion(Malaysian ringgit)of investments,predominantly from the private sector,would need to be mobilized over the next seven years for NIMP 2030.In terms of public funding,the government has earmarked RM8.2billion for the implementation of NIMP action plans.The implementation of NIMP calls for

170、close coordination between government and industry players,facilitated via the NIMP 2030 Steering Committee.National Energy Transition RoadmapThe National Energy Transition Roadmap(NETR)29 aims to drive a fundamental transformation of Malaysias economy and to position Malaysia as a regional leader i

171、n South-East Asias energy transition.The NETR identifies ten flagship projects under NETRs six energy transition levers.Energy efficiency Renewable energy Hydrogen Bioenergy Green mobility CCUSWith NETR,the government aims to open up investment opportunities between RM 435 billion to RM 1.85 trillio

172、n by 2050 and catalyse hydrogen and CCS development paths in Sarawak.The NETR flagship projects relevant to industrial decarbonization include:Integrated Renewable Energy Zone:Large-scale sustainable development comprising 1GW solar PV,industrial park,zero-carbon city and data centre.Sarawak Hydroge

173、n Hub:Implementation of three green hydrogen plants within the next twoyears,collaborating with strategic partners led by the Sarawak State Government through the Sarawak Economic Development Corporation(SEDC).CCS for industry:The Ministry of Economy led the effort to develop policies and regulatory

174、 framework for carbon capture,including transboundary carbon movement;PETRONAS CCS projects for Kasawari and Lang Lebah gas fields,expected to be operational earliest by 2026 and 2028,respectively.Transitioning Industrial Clusters towards Net Zero23National Energy Policy 2022-2040The National Energy

175、 Policy 2022-2040(NEP)30 outlines Malaysias key priorities for the energy sector in the years ahead.It indicates the federal governments focus on the energy sector as a catalyst for GDP growth and job creation while outlining energy transition and green economy opportunities in line with its Low Car

176、bon Nation Aspiration 2040,serving as a priority stepping stone towards net-zero GHG emissions by 2050.Key NEP end-state vision highlights include affordable and reliable access to energy,a lead position in environmental sustainability and green economy in ASEAN and continuous efficient useofenergy.

177、Malaysias legislative support for key technologiesFIGURE 19Systemic efficiency and circularityDirect electrification and renewable heatCCUS Hydrogen Energy Audit Conditional Grant(2021-2025):An energy efficiency programme under the 12th Malaysia Plan that provides grants up to MR 100,000 for the ind

178、ustrial sector to conduct an energy audit and reduce their energyOPEX.Green Technology Financing Scheme(GTFS)3.0:A MR2billion scheme to directly assist in overcoming financial barriers to renewable energy adoption;open to sectors in energy,water,building and townships,transport,waste and manufacturi

179、ng.Green Investment Tax Allowance(GITA)and Green Income Tax Exemption(GITE):Income tax allowance or exemptions equivalent to 70%of statutory income for renewable energy projects for companies seeking to acquirequalifying green technology assets(under theMyHIJAU Directory).The National Energy Transit

180、ion Roadmap has announced plans to develop policies andframework for carbon capture projects,which would also cover transboundary carbon movement.The Sarawak State Government has expressed aspiration to embark into the hydrogen economy as it has abundant resources in hydropower that can support the

181、economy.This lays the foundation for federal policy-makers to develop policies to encourage hydrogen production across the country.An action plan in the NEP also signals focus in unlocking opportunities and long-term competitive advantage in the energy hydrogen economy.Sources:Sustainable Energy Dev

182、elopment Authority(SEDA);GTSF Malaysian Green Technology and Climate Change Corporation(MGTC);MGTC;Ministry of Economy.INDUSTRIAL CLUSTER SPOTLIGHTPengerang Regional HubKey industries:Oil and gasPengerang is a regional hub for the oil and gas industry,with three complexes,PETRONAS Pengerang Integrat

183、ed Complex(PIC),Pengerang Industrial Park(PIP)and DIALOGPengerang Deep Water Terminal(PDT),spanningover 8,000 acres.31 The PIC,a 6,200-acre complex,is driven by the Refinery and Petrochemical Integrated Development(RAPID)project supported by associated decarbonization facilities and systems.This inc

184、ludes a co-generation plant of 1.3GW capacity(natural gas)equipped with heat recovery steam generators,solar plants with 400MW capacity planned for the next five years,and implementation of the Energy and Loss Management System.Meanwhile,the PIP,spanning 790 acres,supports industries in the oil and

185、gas sector.PIP has an allocated right-of-way for pipe racks,which enables the potential exchange of energy and materials between PIP and PDT facilities,which could enhance circularity and other resource synergies.Transitioning Industrial Clusters towards Net Zero24Industrial cluster challenges and o

186、pportunities in IndiaFIGURE 20Although the country has comparatively low carbon emissions per capita globally,it remains the third largest emitter of CO2 in the world after China and the US,with around 31%of emissions attributed to the growing industrial economy.The country has been aggressively int

187、egrating renewables across sectors to achieve 500GW of non-fossil fuel-based electricity installed capacity by 2030.At the same time,India acknowledges the need for new technologies and carbon abatement mechanisms to reach its target of reducing CO2 emissions by 50%by 2050.India has committed to red

188、ucing its emissions intensity by 45%by 2030,below its 2005 baseline levels.The country aims to reinforce its electricity network to support green energy technologies,improve fuel efficiency and transport systems,incorporate demand side management,promote material efficiency,invest and carry out ener

189、gy-transition-related research,and strengthen international cooperation to increase access to financing and know-how to achieve decarbonization in a sustainable manner.3.4 IndiaIndia has committed to net zero by 2070,emphasizing an equitable transition,balancing growth ambitions and limiting emissio

190、ns.Combined CO2 emissions from the industrial and electricity sectors,accounting for approximately 60%of Indias total emissions in 20201.60 gigatonnesof investments in India since 2014 to achieve the target of installed capacity of renewables by 2030$70 billionSources:NITI Aayog,2022;India Brand Equ

191、ity Foundation 2023.Indias approach to industrialdecarbonizationIndias clean energy policy developmentIndias approach to a long-term low-carbon development strategy hinges on considerations such as support from developed economies in areas of finance,technology transfer and capacity building to faci

192、litate efficient energy ecosystems.To balance the countrys growth ambitions with the responsibilities of decarbonization,the country has prioritized energy efficiency,cleaner transport,and greening of heavy industries primarily through renewable energy,green hydrogen and carbon credit mechanisms.Tra

193、nsitioning Industrial Clusters towards Net Zero25India policy empowering industrial decarbonizationFIGURE 21National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency(NMEEE)The NMEEE32 is one of the eight national missions under the National Action Plan on Climate Change(NAPCC)and targets decarbonization in in

194、dustries through energy efficiency measures.It aims to strengthen markets through the implementation of innovative business models that promote carbon footprint reduction for energy-intensive industries.The NMEEE consists of four initiatives to enhance energy efficiency:1.Perform,achieve and trade(P

195、AT)scheme:An energy efficiency credit trading scheme for industries.The Energy Conservation(Amendment)Bill of 2022 strengthens the principles of PAT by empowering the central government to specify acarbon credit trading scheme.2.Market transformation for energy efficiency(MTEE):Promote the use of en

196、ergy-efficient equipment through innovation and costreduction.3.Energy Efficiency Financing Platform(EEFP):Platform to connect project developers implementing energy efficiency programs and financial institutions(FIs).4.Framework for Energy Efficiency Economic Development(FEEED):Development of fisca

197、l instruments to promote energy efficiency.The framework covers risk-sharing mechanisms for participating financial institutions.National Policy on Biofuels(2022 amendments)The National Policy on Biofuels(2022 amendments)published by the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas aims to achieve 20%ethan

198、ol blending in petrol by 2025-26,ahead of previously set targets by 2030.The policy also sets a target of 5%blending of biodiesel in diesel and direct sale of biodiesel by 2030.In support of the biofuel targets,the policy has expanded the scope of raw material feedstock production to include biomass

199、,starch-containing materials,algae and seaweed.In terms of financial incentives,allocations would be provided by the Department of Food and Public Distribution for setting up ethanol distilleries of various feedstocks.The policy is meant to promote the use of domestic energy sources in the form of b

200、iofuels,which could aid in sustainability goals and enhance the countrys energy security by reducing reliance on fossil fuel imports.National Action Plan on Climate ChangeOctober 2008National Mission for Enhanced Energy EfficiencyAugust 2021Green Open Access Rules and Regulations June 2022The Energy

201、 Conservation(Amendment)BillDecember 2022National Policy on Biofuels(Amendments)June 2022National Green Hydrogen MissionSeptember 2022Transitioning Industrial Clusters towards Net Zero26Indias legislative support for key technologiesFIGURE 22Systemic efficiency and circularityDirect electrification

202、and renewable heatCCUS Hydrogen The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy is promoting setting up waste to energy projects for generating biogas/bio-compressed natural gas/biogas-based power from industrial waste and other sources.The ministry has earmarked INR 8.6 billion(Indian rupee)for provision

203、of financial assistance to project developers,allocated based on the planned installed capacity of the plants.India has targeted increasing its renewables capacity to 500GW by 2030 with aims to meet 50%of its energy requirements from renewables.Industries are expected to be a major offtaker as they

204、consume about 50%of the power produced in India.The Ministry of Power has mandated renewable purchase obligation(RPO)for power distribution companies(DISCOMs)at approximately 44%(of the total energy consumed)by 2030.Energy storage obligations are set at 4%(of the total energy consumed)by 2030,and ar

205、e subject to meeting minimum threshold of 85%stored energyfrom renewable sources,on an annual basis.While the Government of India has yet to develop legislations for carbon capture,it acknowledges the role of CCUS in the countrys journey to net zero by 2070.The Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas

206、is developing the 2030 roadmap for CCUS for the oil and gas sector in India.In 2023,the government published the National Green Hydrogen Mission,which aims to set out the action plan for building Indias green hydrogenecosystem.Under the plan,Indias green hydrogen production capacity is expected to r

207、each at least 5million metric tonnes(MMT)per annum by 2030,with potential to reach 10 MMT perannum with growth of export markets.The production capacity targeted by 2030 is likely to use over$96 billion(INR 8 trillion)in total investments and create over 600,000 jobs.Sources:Ministry of New and Rene

208、wable Energy;Ministry of Power.Transitioning Industrial Clusters towards Net Zero27Industrial cluster challenges and opportunities in JapanFIGURE 23To achieve carbon neutrality by 2050 and the 2030 goal of 46%GHG emissions reduction from 2013 levels,33 Japan is dramatically changing its energy and i

209、ndustrial landscape,aiming for a virtuous cycle of environmental and economic growth.Renewables and nuclear power are important not only for decarbonization,but also for energy security in Japan,an island nation with an energy self-sufficiency rate of only 11%today.34 To increase the contribution of

210、 renewables in the power mix to 36-38%by 2030,the government is taking measures such as promoting large-scale offshore wind projects and accelerating power grid upgrades.Steady restarts of idle nuclear power plants and the extension of the operational lifetime,as well as the materialization of a rep

211、lacement plan,are also on the national agenda,with safety as a top priority.35Hydrogen and ammonia will play a key role in decarbonizing hard-to-abate sectors like steel andchemicals,as well as the electricity sector.Japan expects to introduce 3 million tonnes of hydrogen equivalent(MtH2e)by 2030 an

212、d 20MtH2eby 2050.36 To support renewables,nuclear power and hydrogen/ammonia,as well as other priority areas such as energy efficiency and CCUS,the government is committed to mobilizing all available policy tools,including subsidies,finance and regulations.3.5 JapanDecarbonizing industrial clusters

213、is critical for Japans carbon neutrality as heavy-emitting industries account for 67%of carbon emissions.Combined CO2 emissions from the industrial,electricity and oil refining sectors,accounting for 67%of total Japanese emissions in 2020Target annual supply of hydrogen and ammonia by 2050,which is

214、tenfold greater than todayEstimated total investment required to achieve carbon neutrality in the steel and chemical sectors by 2050(JPY 10 trillion and JPY 7.4-9.7 trillion,respectively)*Japanese yen704 Mt CO220 Mt H2eJPY*17.4-19.7 trillionSources:Greenhouse Gas Inventory Office of Japan(GIO),part

215、of National Institute for Environmental Studies(NIES),Center for Global Environmental Research(CGER),Earth System Division(ESD),and National Institute for Environmental Studies(NIES),2023;Ministry of Economy,Trade and Industry 2023;Japan Iron and Steel Federation,2022;JapanChemical Industry Associat

216、ion,2022.Japans approach to industrialdecarbonizationJapans clean energy policy developmentThe Japanese government has launched initiatives focusing on the decarbonization of industrial complexes and ports,recognizing their potential as the hubs for low-emission energy and circular materials(e.g.hyd

217、rogen/ammonia,CO2,recycled heat,waste plastics)and as the testbed for nascent technologies.37,38 There are more than 70 local councils at ports and industrial complexes all over Japan where public and private stakeholders discuss pathways towards net zero.39 In this landscape,effective collaboration

218、 in partnerships is critical to progressing such discussions.With a variety of policy measures,including subsidies,financial assistance and regulations,Japans industry is steadily moving towards decarbonization.Transitioning Industrial Clusters towards Net Zero28Japan policy empowering industrial de

219、carbonizationFIGURE 24The 6th Strategic Energy PlanThe 6th Strategic Energy Plan,40 approved by the cabinet in October 2021,sets out a path for energy policy to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050 and the 46%GHG reduction goal by 2030(from 2013 levels).It outlines the policy approach to overcome the c

220、ountrys structural challenges in the energy supply and demand,guided by the governments basic stance towards energy called“S+3E(safety,energy security,economic efficiency and environment)”.The key policy actions by 2030,looking ahead to 2050,include:Expanding renewable energy through measures such a

221、s setting promotion zones for solar and wind,introducing a feed-in premium(FIP)scheme for the market integration,and increasing the grid capacity.Proceeding with the restart of nuclear power plants that are compliant with the new regulatory standards.Phasing out inefficient thermal power plants and

222、promoting hydrogen/ammonia co-firing and CCUS while maintaining an appropriately resilient thermal power portfolio.Positioning hydrogen/ammonia as new resources and accelerating the commercialization of an international supply chain as well as domestic production using surplus renewable power.As an

223、ambitious outlook for energy supply and demand in 2030,the share of non-fossil resources in the power generation mix is expected to increasefrom around 24%in 2019(18%renewables+6%nuclear)to approximately 59%in 2030(36-38%renewables+20-22%nuclear+1%hydrogen/ammonia).Basic Policy for the Realization o

224、f GXThe Basic Policy for the Realization of GX,41 approved by the cabinet in February 2023,sets out Japans approach towards the green transformation(GX),defined as an initiative to shift the industrial and social structures that have been fossil energy-centred since the Industrial Revolution to beco

225、me clean energy-centred.The policy also outlines a financial policy package to accelerate the investment required for the GX,estimated at over JPY 150 trillion in the next decade,in combined private and public funding.The package consists of:Supporting up-front investment through issuance of the GX

226、Economy Transition Bonds(provisional name)worth JPY 20 trillion in the next 10 years.Introducing a carbon pricing scheme consisting of an emissions trading system(ETS)and a“carbon surcharge”,which fossil fuel importers will be charged.Implementing“blended finance”,through which a public institution

227、mitigates the risks thatprivate financiers cannot tolerate,in addition to further promoting green and transition finance.Green Growth Strategy Through Achieving Carbon Neutrality in 20502021The 6th Strategic Energy Plan2021Global Warming Countermeasure PlanUpdated 2021The Long-Term Strategy under th

228、e Paris Agreement2021Clean Energy Strategy:Interim Report 2022Basic Policy for the Realization of GX2023Basic Hydrogen Strategy:2023 Revision June 2023Transitioning Industrial Clusters towards Net Zero29Japans legislative support for key technologiesFIGURE 25Systemic efficiency and circularityDirect

229、 electrification and renewable heatCCUS Hydrogen Under the 2022 Revised Energy Conservation Act,large energy consumers have an obligation to submit medium-to long-term plans and periodic reports on the transition to non-fossil energy,and the government suggests targets for the five top energy-consum

230、ing industries(steel,chemical,cement,paper andvehicles).Various subsidies and tax break schemes are in place for renewables,including JPY169 billion from the Green Innovation Fund to lower the cost of offshore wind and develop next-generation solar cells.The recent shift from the feed-in tariff(FIT)

231、to the FIP scheme is expected to lower the total electricity cost through the market integration of renewables.To further use renewable potential,the government will accelerate the upgrade of power grid.To accelerate the project formation of offshore wind,the government selects project developers th

232、rough public calls for designated promotion zones.Starting from 2023,a public institution,Japan Organization for Metals and Energy Security(JOGMEC),will conduct the assessment of seabed and wind conditions of candidate sites,to avoid redundant investments by private developers.The Roadmap for Carbon

233、 Recycling Technologies specifies goals,challenges,and timeframes for CO2 utilization technologies.In addition,the Final Report on CCS Long-term Roadmap sets out the governments targets to commence full-scale CCS operations by 2030 and realize the storage of 120-240 MtCO2 per year by 2050,suggesting

234、 the need for public support and the development of laws about issues such as safety rules and operators responsibilities.The Green Innovation Fund allocates JPY 513 billion for R&D and demonstration of various CCU technologies.The Basic Hydrogen Strategy(revised 2023),sets four targets including in

235、troducing 12 Mt of hydrogen per year by 2040 in Japan,reducing hydrogen supply cost to JPY 30 per normal cubic metre(Nm3)by 2030,Japanese companies(including part manufacturers)deploying 15GW of electrolysers by 2030 globally,attracting public and private investments into hydrogen and ammonia supply

236、 chain.Sources:Ministry of Economy,Trade and Industry,2023;Agency for Natural Resources and Energy,2021;Cabinet Secretariat,2023.Transitioning Industrial Clusters towards Net Zero30Industrial cluster challenges and opportunities in the United Arab EmiratesFIGURE 26The United Arab Emirates government

237、 is promoting large-scale solar projects and improving energy efficiency across key areas like public transport,real estate and private consumption.The United Arab Emirates commitment to decrease its reliance on fossil fuels is also reflected in the importance of the development of a peaceful nuclea

238、r energy sector to complement its net-zero strategy.National targets alongside emirate-specific targets and commitments will guide the achievement of the United Arab Emirates carbon neutrality by 2050.Abu Dhabi quadrupled its renewable energy portfolio in the past decade with commitments of$20 billi

239、on.The United Arab Emirates government has also placed emphasis on carbon capture reduction initiatives alongside hydrogen as a key element in their path to net zero.423.6 United Arab EmiratesThe path to carbon neutrality for the United Arab Emirates requires concerted efforts to decarbonize its ind

240、ustrial and electricity sector.of the United Arab Emirates carbon emissions come from electricity generation and industry82%of energy demand is met by fossil fuels,comprising gas,oil and coal95%allocated to fund 15GW of new renewable energy projects,from$100 billion clean energy partnership between

241、the United Arab Emirates and the United States(PACE).$20 billionSource:“U.S.,UAE say$20 billion investment to fund 15 gw in new clean energy”,Reuters,15 January 2023,https:/ United Arab Emirates approach to industrial decarbonizationThe United Arab Emirates clean energy policydevelopmentThe United A

242、rab Emirates does not have an action plan specific to industrial clusters,however,there are a multitude of policies and initiatives that support the shift to clean energy sources and decarbonization of the industrial sector.The foundation for a sustainable future was laid in 2012 with the Green Econ

243、omy Initiative,which set the United Arab Emirates first policies and programmes in the areas of energy,environment and investment.Since then,the United Arab Emirates has proactively enacted legislation supporting their larger commitments.Transitioning Industrial Clusters towards Net Zero31United Ara

244、b Emirates policy empowering industrial decarbonizationFIGURE 27UAE Energy Strategy 2050The strategy sets targets to increase the share of clean energy in the countrys energy mix,enhance energy efficiency and reduce carbon emissions.43 On the supply side,the strategy aims for an energy mix that inco

245、rporates renewable,nuclear,green and transitional energy sources to satisfy the United Arab Emirates economic and environmental objectives.To achieve its renewable energy targets,the strategy includes a goal of 30%clean energy capacity by 2030,increasing to 35%by 2035.On the demand side,the strategy

246、 aims to decrease energy demand by 40%from energy-intensive sectors by 2050 with efforts on energy efficiency like retrofitting buildings and improving industrial processes.Additionally,the strategy outlines 2031 targets for low-carbon hydrogen to reduce emissions in hard-to-abate sectors by 25%,wit

247、h hydrogen production of 1.4 million tonnes per annum(MTPA).The United Arab Emirates aims to establish a hydrogen R&D centre and two hydrogen oases in the country.Dubai Clean Energy Strategy 20502015UAE Net Zero 20502021UAE Circular Economy Policy 2021UAE Hydrogen Leadership Roadmap2021UAE Energy St

248、rategy 20502023Systemic efficiency and circularityDirect electrification and renewable heatCCUS Hydrogen The Integrated Waste Management Strategy 2021-2041 is intended to promote innovation in waste management with a budget of$20.28 billion.The Ras Al Khaimah Energy Efficiency and Renewables Strateg

249、y 2040 outlines the emirates approach to energy efficiency,which aims minimum savings across key resources like water and electricity.Dubai Green Building Specifications and Standards,which aim to enhance the performance of buildings by decreasing their use of energy,water and materials.Under the Du

250、bai Clean Energy Strategy 2050,the government is setting up the Mohammad bin Rashid Al Maktoum Solar Park,with a planned capacity of 5,000MW by 2030.The Abu Dhabi Department ofEnergy introduced the Clean Energy Certificates Scheme which allows obtaining a tradeable certification of the energy source

251、 used by any business or operation in AbuDhabi.ADNOC,an energy group owned by the Abu Dhabi government plans to increase its CO2 capture capacity to approximately 5 million tonnes per year by 2030,an increase of over 500%.The United Arab Emirates government is involved in international efforts to pr

252、omote CCUS via its membership in Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum.Abu Dhabi Hydrogen Alliance,comprised of ADNOC,Mubadala and ADQ,will promote low-carbon green and blue hydrogen in emerging markets and develop a hydrogen economy in the United Arab Emirates.The United Arab Emirates launched the

253、Hydrogen Leadership Roadmap as a comprehensive national plan to support domestic low-carbon industries,contribute to the nations net-zero ambition.The United Arab Emirates legislative support for key technologiesFIGURE 28Sources:Ministry of Economy,Trade and Industry,2023;Agency for Natural Resource

254、s and Energy,2021;Presidential Climate Commission,2023;Ministry of Land,Infrastructure,Transport and Tourism,2020.Transitioning Industrial Clusters towards Net Zero32Africa4South Africa has begun to develop strong momentum on their“just energy transition”journey to net-zero GHG emissions.South Afric

255、a has committed to a just energy transition:“ensuring that the lives and communities that are tied to high-emitting energy industries are not left behind inthe shift towards a low emissions economy”.44 The country is working towards a net-zero GHG emissions goal by 2050,which has not yet been signed

256、 into law.The countrys industrial sector has a relatively high emissions intensity(more than double the G20 average),45 largely driven by coal electricity,which dominates the countrys power mix at over 80%of electricity generated in 2022.46The country is currently facing an energy crisis largely due

257、 to the issues facing the state-owned electricity utility,Eskom,which has resulted in ongoing blackouts lasting as long as 12 hours a day.The situation has served as a catalyst for shifting investment and procurement of renewable energy for the country,which is expected to grow up to 46%of South Afr

258、icas installed electricity capacity by 2030.47 Building a green hydrogen economy has also become a focus of both the government and private sector.Industrial cluster challenges and opportunities in South AfricaFIGURE 29Percentage of direct and indirect emissions of energy-relatedCO2 emission are fro

259、m the industrial sectorGHG emissions target by 2030,representing a 13-27%reduction relative to 2020 GHG emissionsFunds allocated to South Africa under the Just Energy Transition Partnership signed at COP26,primarily flagged for infrastructure for electricity,new energy vehicles and green hydrogen se

260、ctors350-420 Mt CO2e40%$8.5 billionSources:Climate Transparency,2021;Republic of South Africa,2021;The Presidency Republic of South Africa,2022.4.1 South AfricaTransitioning Industrial Clusters towards Net Zero33South Africas approach to industrial decarbonizationSouth Africas clean energy policy de

261、velopmentAlthough South Africa lacks a specific action plan for industrial clusters,it has implemented various policies and initiatives aimed at promoting the adoption of clean energy sources and reducing carbon emissions in the industrial sector.The government of South Africa has prioritized the tr

262、ansformation of the electricity sector by transitioning from coal to renewable energy sources.Additionally,funds have been allocated for the advancement of green hydrogen technologies.South Africa policy empowering industrial decarbonizationFIGURE 30Just Energy Transition Investment PlanThe Just Ene

263、rgy Transition Investment Plan48 signed at COP26 by the governments of South Africa,France,Germany,the UK,the US and the EU“sets out the scale of need and the investments required to support the decarbonization commitments made by the Government of South Africa”.The plan stipulates the allocation of

264、 the$8.5 billion that has been pledged and is primarily earmarked for electricity infrastructure namely,coal decommissioning and new solar,wind and hydro projects ($6.9 billion/81%),green hydrogen($500 million/6%),and new energy vehicles($200million/2%).The remaining 11%($900million)is split across

265、planning and implementation capacity,skills development,economic diversification and innovation,and social investment and inclusion.It also details the broader$98.7 billion that is required for prioritized investments across electricity,new energy vehicles(NEVs),and green hydrogen sectors to achieve

266、 the just transition.The plan underscores the role of multilateral energy transition funding in decarbonizing emerging economies.Hydrogen Society Roadmap for South AfricaBoth the public and private sector in South Africa have ambitions for the country to become a leader in green hydrogen production.

267、In 2021,the cabinet approved the Hydrogen Society Roadmap for South Africa,which was developed by the Department of Science and Innovation.It serves as a national framework to facilitate the integration of hydrogen-related technologies in various sectors of the economy,ultimately seeking to stimulat

268、e local demand and build a viable export market for renewable(green)hydrogen.The document details 70 prioritized actions,each to be championed by a key national government department,across six high-level outcomes:1.Decarbonization of heavy-duty transport2.Decarbonization of energy-intensive industr

269、y(cement,steel,mining,refineries)3.Enhanced and green power sector(main and micro-grids)Carbon Tax Act,20192019Integrated Resource Plan2019South Africas Low Emission Development Strategy 20502020South Africas Nationally Determined Contribution Under the Paris Agreement2021South Africas Just Energy T

270、ransition Investment Plan 2022Hydrogen Society Roadmap for South Africa 20212021Transitioning Industrial Clusters towards Net Zero34Systemic efficiency and circularityDirect electrification and renewable heatCCUS Hydrogen The National Energy Efficiency Strategy(post-2015)seeks to promote energy effi

271、ciency across sectors through policy and fiscal incentives.The expected impact for industry sector is 15%reduction in energy consumption by 2030.In February 2022,the Finance Minister announced an extension of the Energy Efficiency Tax Credit(section 12L)through 31 December 2025,through which energy

272、efficiency initiatives can generate tax deductions of 95cents per kilowatt hour(kWh)(or equivalent)of energy-efficiency savings.The Renewable Independent Power Producer Programme was established in 2011 with the goal of adding additional electricity capacity to South Africas grid through private sec

273、tor investment in renewable energy.It is a competitive tender process which auctions new renewable electricity capacity in bid windows,in which winning projects are awarded long-term power purchase agreements(more than 20 years).In 2022,the government announced the removal of licensing requirements

274、for private power generation systems of any capacity,further facilitating the development of utility-scale,embedded renewable generation projects.In February 2023,the Finance Minister announced an expanded tax incentive(section 12B of South Africas Income Tax Act)for businesses for renewable energy

275、projects.Businesses are now able to claim a 125%deduction in the first year for a renewable energy project(wind,concentrated solar,hydropower,biomass and photovoltaic projects)with no thresholds on generation capacity,on investments brought into use for the first time between 1 March 2023 and 28 Feb

276、ruary 2025.None at present.The private sector is exploring potential of carbon capture solutions for decarbonization of energy intensive industries(see industrial cluster spotlight onpage 36).The Hydrogen Society Roadmap for South Africa,published in 2021,details 70 actions to be taken by various na

277、tional government departments in support of developing and deploying hydrogen and hydrogen-related technologies in the country.The Green Hydrogen Commercialisation Strategy,currently under final review by the cabinet and expected to be approved in late 2023,details how the Hydrogen Society Roadmap c

278、an be operationalized,lists key opportunities for localization and manufacturing,and provides guidance on policies,incentives and financing.South Africas legislative support for key technologiesFIGURE 314.Centre of Excellence in Manufacturing for hydrogen products and fuel cell components5.Creating

279、an export market for South African green hydrogen6.Increase the role of hydrogen in the South African energy system in line with the move towards a net-zero economy.The implementation of the roadmap is expected tocontribute to the goal of a just and inclusive net-zero carbon economic growth for soci

280、etal well-being by 2050.Operationalization of the plan will be guided by the Green Hydrogen Commercialisation Strategy,which is currently under final review by thecabinet.Sources:Department of Energy,2013;South African Government;The Presidency Republic of South Africa,2022;Department of Forestry,Fi

281、sheries and the Environment,2022;South African Government News Agency,2023;The Department of Trade,Industry and Competition,2022;Department of Science and Innovation,2021.Transitioning Industrial Clusters towards Net Zero35The Vaal region is the birthplace of industrialisation in South Africa and a

282、centre of heavy industry,manufacturing and engineering.Several industrial companies in chemicals,steel,manufacturing and oil refinery industries,along with several public sector players and funders,are working to develop a Vaal Energy Transition Industrial Cluster.The clusters goal will be to co-dev

283、elop decarbonization projects such as wastewater recycling,renewable energy generation and electrification of heating processes,the production of green hydrogen,and the capture and use of carbon.Thiswill be complemented by efforts to develop new skills in the region,attract additional manufacturing

284、capacity to drive job development,encourage economic growth,and ultimately improve the lives of those in nearby communities.Several bilateral MOUs have already been signed by partners,including an MOU for carbon capture from the steelmanufacturer and use by a chemicals company as acarbon feedstock,a

285、n example that paves the way for thecross-cluster collaboration that will take place in the nearfuture.INDUSTRIAL CLUSTER SPOTLIGHTVaal Industrial ClusterTransitioning Industrial Clusters towards Net Zero36ConclusionBeyond national pledges,governments must play an active role in accelerating the shi

286、ft towards net zero.Governments can strategically guide private sector investments towards industrial decarbonization solutions.While promoting these investments,they must also ensure that the broader benefits for the community are not overlooked during the transition.Six key themes have emerged whe

287、n considering industrial decarbonization:Governments should continue to focus their efforts on developing and implementing comprehensive policy frameworks and packages that support the transition.The development of standards and specifications that enable cross-border collaboration should also be ac

288、celerated.For example,mandates such as Brazils biofuels target and Indias RPO for power distribution companies at 44%for renewable energy.These incentives aim to encourage private sector participation and include a variety of policy tools beyond just public funding,such as mandates and tariffs.This

289、enables the creation of holistic value chains that incubate innovation and accelerate scaled deployment of decarbonization technologies.For example,in South Africa,businesses deploying renewables can claim tax incentives allowing 125%deduction in the first year.In addition,the Renewable Independent

290、Power Producer Programme also provides opportunities for businesses to enter into competitive bids to secure power purchase agreements,driving private investments for renewable generation projects.Carbon pricing has an important role in mobilizing investments into industrial clusters decarbonization

291、 and could have flow-on impacts on industrial decarbonization in other geographies.For example,Brazil is spurring investments in potential hydrogen export hubs(to Europe)and catalysing the development of net-zero industrial clusters.Industrial clusters are enablers of strengthened private-public col

292、laboration and cross-industry partnerships are core elements that support efforts to deploy shared infrastructure and low-carbon ecosystems at scale,driving significant regional impact.In Japan,the government is focusing efforts on ports and industrial complexes through public-private collaboration

293、to drive the clean energy transition due to their potential as hubs for low-emission energy and circular materials.Finally,green energy transitionary plans that integrate existing assets with decarbonization solutions could provide a path to accelerate the transition to net zero.Linkages and integra

294、tion of these assets into conversion plans,such as retrofitting or repurposing old infrastructure with new green infrastructure,could avoid the cumulating of stranded assets and associated negative impacts on economies and communities.For example,Energias de Portugals(EDP)repurposing of a coal power

295、 plant for green hydrogen production by 2025 in Sines Cluster,Portugal.49 Transitioning Industrial Clusters towards Net Zero37ContributorsAcknowledgementsWorld Economic ForumCharles PaciniManager,Transforming Industrial EcosystemsAccentureBridget Costoso CoenManagement Consulting Analyst Carmen LohD

296、irector,Strategy and SustainabilityAdam OngManagement Consultant,S&C Global Network,UtilitiesThe contributors would also like to thank the following individuals for their inputs and support forthe white paper:World Economic ForumJoanna KolomanskaFormer Manager,Transforming Industrial Ecosystems,2018

297、-2023Ella Yutong LinActing Lead,Programming and CommunicationsMetadel MengestuProgramme Coordinator,Industrial Transformation Programme,Energy,MaterialsAccentureYago Cavalcante Strategy Consultant Ananya ChaudhuryManagement Consultant,S&C Global Network,UtilitiesCatarina Dias GomezStrategy Analyst F

298、rancisco Dias PereiraStrategy ManagerKen IshizawaSenior Manager,ResourcesShweta JadhavManager,S&C Nordic Renewables and UtilitiesZenon KripkiManagement ConsultantKiyotoshi MiyauchiStrategy ConsultantSuchetana PalStrategy ConsultantPayal SaxenaManagement Consulting Analyst,S&C Global Network,Utilitie

299、sBain&CompanyAnubhav MishraSenior Associate ConsultantProductionPhoebe BarkerDesigner,Studio MikoLaurence DenmarkCreative Director,Studio MikoMartha HowlettEditor,Studio MikoTransitioning Industrial Clusters towards Net Zero38Endnotes1.Empresa de Pesquisa Energtica,Relatrio Sntese,2021,https:/www.ep

300、e.gov.br/sites-pt/publicacoes-dados-abertos/publicacoes/PublicacoesArquivos/publicacao-601/topico-588/BEN_S%C3%ADntese_2021_PT.pdf.2.System for Estimating Greenhouse Gas Emissions,Anlise das emisses brasileiras de gases de efeito estufa e suas implicaes para as metas climticas do Brasil 1970-2020,20

301、21,https:/www.oc.eco.br/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/OC_03_relatorio_2021_FINAL.pdf.3.Ministrio do Meio Ambiente,Diretriz para uma estratgia nacional para neutralidade climtica,2022,https:/www.gov.br/mma/pt-br/assuntos/climaozoniodesertificacao/clima/diretrizes-para-uma-estrategia-nacional-para-neutra

302、lidade-climatica_.pdf.4.Ministrio do Meio Ambiente,Programa Nacional Metano Zero,2022,https:/www.gov.br/mma/pt-br/assuntos/climaozoniodesertificacao/ProgramaMetanoZero.pdf.5.Swedish Energy Agency,Energy in Sweden 2022:An overview,2022.6.This number has been computed using “Greenhouse gas emissions f

303、rom Swedens economy increased in 2021”,Statistics Sweden,12 May 2022,https:/www.scb.se/en/finding-statistics/statistics-by-subject-area/environment/environmental-accounts-and-sustainable-development/system-of-environmental-and-economic-accounts/pong/statistical-news/environmental-accounts-emissions-

304、to-air-q4-2021/#:text=Total%20greenhouse%20gas%20emissions%20from,GDP%20increased%20by%204.8%20percent.7.Fossil Free Sweden,Roadmap for fossil free competitiveness:Summaries 2018-2020,2020,https:/fossilfrittsverige.se/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Sammanfattning_Webb_ENG_2020.pdf.8.“Industrial Symbiosi

305、s in Sweden”,Linkping University,n.d.,http:/www.industriellekologi.se/symbiosis/stenungsund.html.9.“The Industrial Leap”,Swedish Energy Agency,27 January 2023,https:/www.energimyndigheten.se/en/innovations-r-d/energyintensive-industry/the-industrial-leap/.10.Fossil Free Sweden,Strategy for fossil fr

306、ee competitiveness,2021,https:/fossilfrittsverige.se/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Hydrogen_strategy_for-_fossil_free_competitiveness_ENG.pdf.11.“Industry Park of Sweden”,Green Cluster,https:/www.greenclustercy.org/industry-park-sweden.html.12.Agencia Portuguesa do Ambiente,Inventrio Nacional de Emisse

307、s 2023,2023,https:/apambiente.pt/sites/default/files/_Clima/Inventarios/20230421/20230315MemoEmissoes2023.pdf.13.Repblica Portuguesa,Recuperar Portugal,Construindo o future:Plano de Recuperao e Resilincia,2021,https:/recuperarportugal.gov.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/PRR.pdf.14.Ibid.15.Brunei Darus

308、salam National Council on Climate Change,Brunei Darussalam National Climate Change Policy,2021,http:/www.mod.gov.bn/Shared%20Documents/BCCS/Brunei%20National%20Climate%20Change%20Policy.pdf.16.“Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research Country Fact Sheet:Brunei”,European Commission,https:/e

309、dgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu/country_profile/BRN.17.Ministry of Finance and Economy,Brunei Darussalam,Towards a Dynamic and Sustainable Economy:Economic Blueprint for Brunei Darussalam,2020,https:/www.mofe.gov.bn/Shared%20Documents/OTHERS/banner/Brunei%20Darussalams%20Economic%20Blueprint.pdf.18.Brunei Dar

310、ussalam National Council on Climate Change,Brunei Darussalam National Climate Change Policy,2021,http:/www.mod.gov.bn/Shared%20Documents/BCCS/Brunei%20National%20Climate%20Change%20Policy.pdf.19.“Workshop on Carbon Pricing Policies for Brunei Darussalam”,ASEAN Centre for Energy,22 September 2021,htt

311、ps:/aseanenergy.org/workshop-on-carbon-pricing-policies-for-brunei-darussalam/.20.“Company Profile”,Brunei Methanol,n.d.,https:/www.brunei- Fertilizer Industries”,Brunei Fertilizer Industries,n.d.,https:/.bn/.22.NYK Line,Worlds First Global Hydrogen Supply Chain Demonstration Project Starts in Earne

312、st Press release,26 June 2020,https:/ of Natural Resources and Environment,Thailands Long Term-Low Emission Development Strategy,2022,https:/unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/Thailand%20LT-LEDS%20%28Revised%20Version%29_08Nov2022.pdf.24.“Thailand Eco Development Policy”,Industrial Estate Autho

313、rity of Thailand,2023,https:/eco.ieat.go.th/th/development-policy.25.Apisitniran,Lamonphet,“IEAT looks to Smart Park to serve EEC S-curve sectors”,Bangkok Post,5 October 2021,https:/ Signs MOU To Provide Smart Energy Infrastructure In Thailand Smart Park,Using the Powerledger Platform”,Powerledger,8

314、 February 2018,https:/www.powerledger.io/media/bcpg-signs-mou-to-provide-smart-energy-infrastructure-in-thailand-smart-park-using-the-power-ledger-platform.27.Accenture,System Value Analysis Malaysia,2022,https:/www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_System_Value_Analysis_Malaysia_2022.pdf.Transitioning Industri

315、al Clusters towards Net Zero3928.Economic Planning Unit,Prime Ministers Department,National Energy Policy 2022-2040,2022,https:/www.ekonomi.gov.my/sites/default/files/2022-09/National_Energy_Policy_2022-2040.pdf.29.Ibid.30.Ibid.31.Li Tiing,Chai and Lim,Angeline,“The Pengerang Integrated Complex”,PET

316、RONAS,2 October 2021,https:/ Corporation,Endless Growth Opportunities:JCorp Industrial Parks,n.d.,https:/ Deepwater Terminals”,DIALOG,n.d.,https:/ of Power,National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency Press release,2021,https:/www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1744431.33.Greenhouse Gas In

317、ventory Office of Japan(GIO),Center for Global Environmental Research(CGER),Earth System Division(ESD),and National Institute for Environmental Studies(NIES),National Greenhouse Gas Inventory Report of Japan(NIR),2023,https:/www.nies.go.jp/gio/en/archive/nir/jqjm1000001v3csj-att/NIR-JPN-2023-v3.0_gi

318、oweb.pdf.34.International Renewable Energy Agency(IRENA),Energy Profile:Japan,n.d.,https:/www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Statistics/Statistical_Profiles/Asia/Japan_Asia_RE_SP.pdf.35.Cabinet Secretariat,GX実現向基本方針（案）今後10年見據,2022,https:/www.cas.go.jp/jp/seisaku/gx_jikkou_kaigi/dai5/siryou1.pd

319、f.36.Ministry of Economy,Trade and Industry,Advisory Committee for Natural Resources and Energy Conservation and New Energy Subcommittee Hydrogen Policy Subcommittee/Resources and Fuels Subcommittee Ammonia and Other Decarbonized Fuel Policy Subcommittee Joint Meeting Interim Report,2023,https:/www.

320、meti.go.jp/shingikai/enecho/shoene_shinene/suiso_seisaku/pdf/20230104_1.pdf.37.Ministry of Economy,Trade and Industry,Arrangement of issues for the realization of a carbon-neutral industrial complex,2022,https:/www.meti.go.jp/shingikai/energy_environment/carbon_neutral_complex/20220324_report.html.3

321、8.“Carbon Neutral Port(CNP)Initiative”,Ministry of Land,Infrastructure,Transport and Tourism,2008,https:/www.mlit.go.jp/en/kowan/kowan_fr4_000011.html.39.Ministry of Land,Infrastructure,Transport and Tourism,Recent Movements Concerning the Formation of CNP,etc.,2023,https:/www.mlit.go.jp/kowan/conte

322、nt/001586144.pdf.40.Ministry of Economy,Trade and Industry,Strategic Energy Plan,2021,https:/www.enecho.meti.go.jp/category/others/basic_plan/pdf/strategic_energy_plan.pdf.41.Cabinet Secretariat,GX実現向基本方針（案）今後10年見據,2022,https:/www.cas.go.jp/jp/seisaku/gx_jikkou_kaigi/dai5/siryou1.pdf.42.“Environment

323、 and energy”,United Arab Emirates,2023,https:/u.ae/en/about-the-uae/strategies-initiatives-and-awards/strategies-plans-and-visions/environment-and-energy;“UAE Energy Diversification”,Embassy of the Unites Arab Emirates,https:/www.uae-embassy.org/discover-uae/climate-and-energy/uae-energy-diversifica

324、tion.43.“UAE National Energy Strategy 2050:Presentation for CEM Long Term Energy Scenarios“,United Arab Emirates Ministry of Energy&Industry,n.d.,https:/www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Webinars/UAE-Presentation_LTES.pdf?la=en%26hash=7AB6DF56E17BE7CE5841CF5015DA9BE55F10C919.44.“Just Energy T

325、ransition”,Presidential Climate Commission,n.d.,https:/www.climatecommission.org.za/just-energy-transition.45.Climate Transparency,South Africa Climate Transparency Report:Comparing G20 Climate Action Towards Net Zero,2021,https:/www.climate-transparency.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/CT2021SouthAfr

326、ica.pdf.46.Pierce,Warrick and Monique Le Roux,Statistics of utility-scale power generation in South Africa,CSIR Energy Centre,2023,https:/www.csir.co.za/sites/default/files/Documents/Statistics%20of%20power%20in%20SA%202022-CSIR-%5BFINAL%5D.pdf.47.Department of Mineral Resources and Energy,Integrate

327、d Resource Plan 2019,2019,https:/www.energy.gov.za/irp/2019/IRP-2019.pdf.48.“South Africas Just Energy Transition Investment Plan”,Presidential Climate Commission,2023,https:/www.climatecommission.org.za/south-africas-jet-ip.49.Goncalves,Sergio,“EDP to transform Sines coal plant into hydrogen hub by

328、 2025”,Reuters,14 October 2021,https:/ Industrial Clusters towards Net Zero40World Economic Forum9193 route de la CapiteCH-1223 Cologny/GenevaSwitzerland Tel.:+41(0)22 869 1212Fax:+41(0)22 786 2744contactweforum.orgwww.weforum.orgThe World Economic Forum,committed to improving the state of the world,is the International Organization for Public-Private Cooperation.The Forum engages the foremost political,business and other leaders of society to shape global,regional and industry agendas.