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1、The Quantum DecadeA playbook for achieving awareness,readiness,and advantage Fourth editionHow IBM can helpPartnerships in quantum computing between technology providers and visionary organizations are expanding.Their aim is nothing short of developing quantum computing use cases and corresponding a

2、pplications that solve previously intractable real-world problems.The IBM Quantum Network is a global ecosystem of over 210 Fortune 500 companies,leading academic institutions,start-ups,and national research labs,enabled by IBMs quantum computers,scientists,engineers,and consultants.Participants col

3、laborate to accelerate advancements in quantum computing that can produce early commercial applications.Organizations that join the IBM Quantum Network can experiment with how their high-value problems map to a real quantum computer.They can access 100+qubit IBM Quantum processors to explore practic

4、al problems important to industries.Visit https:/ for more information.IBM Institute for Business ValueThe IBM Institute for Business Value(IBV)delivers trusted,technology-based business insights by combining expertise from industry thinkers,leading academics,and subject-matter experts with global r

5、esearch and performance data.The IBV thought leadership portfolio includes research deep dives,benchmarking and performance comparisons,and data visualizations that support business decision-making across regions,industries,and technologies.For more information,follow us on LinkedIn at https:/ibm.co

6、/ibv-linkedin.To receive the latest insights by email,visit playbook for achieving awareness,readiness,and advantage Fourth editionTheQuantum Decade i1 Foreword 3 Introduction13 Chapter One:Quantum awareness and the age of discovery35 Chapter Two:Quantum readiness and the power of experimentation59

7、Chapter Three:Quantum Advantage and the quest for business value 91 Industry guides:93 Airlines99Bankingandfinancialmarkets105Chemicalsandpetroleum 111Electronics117Government123Healthcare129Insurance135Lifesciences141LogisticsThe Quantum DecadeContents iiIBM faces of The Quantum Decade Thank you to

8、 the IBM team who participated in and facilitated interviews and case studies in these capacities.Gaylen Bennett Industry&Technical Services OfferingsIBM Quantum Joseph Broz Vice PresidentGrowth and Markets IBM QuantumDavid Bryant Chief Experience Officer IBM QuantumCristina Caballe Senior Partner V

9、ice PresidentIBM Global Public SectorJoel Chudow Strategic and Industry Partnerships Global Lead IBM QuantumCharles Chung Electronics Industry Consultant IBM QuantumChristopher Codella Future of Computing Distinguished Engineer IBM QuantumAntonio Crcoles Research Staff MemberIBM QuantumScott Crowder

10、 Vice President Adoption and Business Development IBM QuantumKristal Diaz-Rojas Chief of Staff to Jamie Thomas,General Manager IBM SystemsStefan Elrington Global Lead for Start-ups IBM QuantumJay Gambetta IBM Fellow and Vice President Quantum Computing IBM QuantumJeannette Garcia Senior Research Man

11、ager Quantum Applications and Software IBM QuantumDaro Gil Senior Vice President and Director IBM ResearchJonas Gillberg Chemicals and Petroleum Industry Consultant IBM QuantumDan Colangelo Service Parts Planning Program Manager IBM SystemsAnthony Annunziata Director of Accelerated Discovery IBM Qua

12、ntum iiiJean-Stphane Payraudeau Managing Partner Offering Management,Assets,IBM Institute for Business Value,and Industry Centers of Competence IBM Consulting Heather Higgins Industry&Technical Services Partner IBM QuantumTushar Mittal Senior Product Manager IBM QuantumZaira Nazario Theory,Algorithm

13、s,and Applications Technical Lead IBM QuantumImed Othmani Industry Consulting Partner IBM QuantumHanhee Paik Research Staff Member IBM QuantumBob Parney Industrial Process Squad LeaderIBM QuantumVlad Rastunkov Quantum Principal Computational ScientistIBM QuantumJames Sexton IBM Fellow and Director D

14、ata Centric SystemsIBM ResearchClaudine Simson Director,Core AI,Exploratory Science,Major Strategic Accounts,Global Executive Oil and Gas/Energy/ChemicalsIBM Corporate HeadquartersJamie Thomas General Manager Systems Strategy and Development IBM Systems Peter Tysowski Insurance Industry Consultant I

15、BM QuantumKenneth Wood Global Business Development Director IBM Quantum Raja Hebbar Partner&Global Quantum Delivery Leader for Enterprise IBM QuantumMichael Hsieh Government Squad Leader IBM QuantumNoel Ibrahim Financial Services Industry Consultant IBM QuantumBlake Johnson Quantum Platform Lead IBM

16、 QuantumMariana LaDue Travel and Transportation Industry Consultant IBM QuantumGavin Jones Manager,Quantum Applications Technical Quantum Ambassador IBM QuantumPaul Nation Principal Research ScientistIBM QuantumTravis Scholten Quantum Computing Applications ResearcherIBM QuantumEdward Pyzer-Knapp Se

17、nior Technical Staff Member and Worldwide Research Lead AI-Enriched Modeling and Simulation IBM Research Jesus Mantas Global Managing Partner IBM ConsultingVeena Pureswaran Research Director Quantum Computing IBM Institute for Business ValueivivThe Quantum Decade Perspectives from across the field T

18、hank you to these quantum computing authorities who shared their expertise with us in these capacities.Ching-Ray Chang Distinguished Professor Department of Physics National Taiwan UniversityRichard Debney Vice President Digital TechnologyBPIlyas Khan Founder and CEO Cambridge Quantum ComputingTodd

19、Hughes Technical DirectorStrategic Projects and Initiatives CACIGlenn Kurowski Senior Vice President and Chief Technology Officer CACISabrina Maniscalco Professor of Quantum Information and Logic,University of Helsinki CEO,Algorithmiq OyAjit Manocha President and CEO SEMIPrineha Narang Assistant Pro

20、fessor of Computational Materials Science Harvard University Jeff Nichols Associate Laboratory Director Oak Ridge National LaboratoryChristopher Savoie Founder and CEOZapata ComputingChristian Weedbrook CEOXanadu Quantum TechnologiesColonel(Retired)Stoney Trent Founder and PresidentThe Bulls Run Gro

21、upIrfan Siddiqi Professor of Physics University of CaliforniaBerkeleyPeter Tsahalis CIO of Strategic Services and Advanced TechnologyWells FargoDoug Kushnerick formerly with Technology Scouting and Ventures ExxonMobil Research and EngineeringVictoria Ossadnik Chief Operating Officer Digital and Inno

22、vation E.ON vfacesAndrew Cross Research Staff Member and ManagerTheory of Quantum ComputingIBM QuantumSergey Bravyi IBM Fellow and Chief Scientist for Quantum TheoryIBM QuantumJerry Chow IBM Fellow and Director of Quantum InfrastructureIBM QuantumAntonio CrcolesResearch Staff MemberIBM QuantumJeanne

23、tte Garcia Senior Research Manager Quantum Applications and SoftwareIBM Quantum Abhinav Kandala Research Staff MemberIBM QuantumKatie Pizzolato Director,IBM Quantum Strategy and Applications ResearchIBM QuantumChristy Tyberg Senior Manager Quantum Computing IBM QuantumMaika Takita Research Staff Mem

24、ber IBM QuantumMatthias SteffenIBM Fellow and Chief Quantum Architect IBM QuantumKristan Temme Research Staff MemberIBM QuantumOliver Dial IBM Fellow and Chief Quantum Hardware ArchitectIBM QuantumIsmael Faro Distinguished Engineer and Chief Architect Quantum Computing,Cloud,&SoftwareIBM QuantumJay

25、Gambetta IBM Fellow and Vice President Quantum Computing IBM QuantumSarah Sheldon Senior Manager Quantum Theory and Capabilities IBM Quantum vMarkus Brink Manager,Quantum Processor DevelopmentIBM QuantumAndrew Eddins Research PhysicistIBM QuantumA snapshot of IBM technical experts who are advancing

26、quantum computing Antonio Mezzacapo Principal Research Scientist Technical LeadIBM QuantumJason Orcutt Principal Research Scientist IBM QuantumYoungseok Kim Research Staff Mamber IBM Quantum vfacesAndrew Cross Research Staff Member and ManagerTheory of Quantum ComputingIBM QuantumJerry Chow IBM Fell

27、ow and Director of Quantum InfrastructureIBM QuantumJeannette Garcia Senior Research Manager Quantum Applications and SoftwareIBM Quantum Matthias SteffenIBM Fellow and Chief Quantum Architect IBM QuantumOliver Dial IBM Fellow and Chief Quantum Hardware ArchitectIBM QuantumIsmael Faro Distinguished

28、Engineer and Chief Architect Quantum Computing,Cloud,&SoftwareIBM QuantumJay Gambetta IBM Fellow and Vice President Quantum Computing IBM Quantum vMarkus Brink Manager,Quantum Processor DevelopmentIBM QuantumAndrew Eddins Research PhysicistIBM QuantumA snapshot of IBM technical experts who are advan

29、cing quantum computing Antonio Mezzacapo Principal Research Scientist Technical LeadIBM QuantumJason Orcutt Principal Research Scientist IBM QuantumYoungseok Kim Research Staff Member IBM QuantumSergey Bravyi IBM Fellow and Chief Scientist for Quantum TheoryIBM QuantumAntonio Crcoles Research Staff

30、Member IBM QuantumAbhinav Kandala Research Staff Member IBM QuantumKatie Pizzolato Director,IBM Quantum Strategy and Applications ResearchIBM QuantumMaika Takita Research Staff Member IBM QuantumKristan Temme Research Staff Member IBM QuantumChristy Tyberg Senior Manager Quantum ComputingIBM Quantum

31、Sarah Sheldon Senior Manager Quantum Theoryand CapabilitiesIBM Quantumvi1ForewordDaro GilSenior Vice President and Director of IBM Research First,there was theory.Charlie Bennett first wrote the words“quantum information theory”in his notebook in 1970.Paul Benioff,Richard Feynman,Yuri Manin,and othe

32、r quantum computing pioneers of the early 1980s used math and theoretical quantum mechanics to argue their case.Their message was clear:A computer is a physical system.If you want to efficiently compute the“non-computable,”you had to rethink how to do computation.Quantum mechanics offers a rich comp

33、utational model therefore,we had to build a quantum computer.Then came qubits.Just like that,with the first two-qubit quantum computer built in 1998,theory started to morph into reality.Qubits are the building blocks of a quantum computer,and today at IBM we make them out of tiny superconducting cir

34、cuits that behave like atoms.They can be in linear combinations of multiple states,can interfere,and be entangledso that when one qubit changes its state,its entangled partner does,too.Sounds mind-boggling,and it is.Its the weird but wonderful realm of quantum mechanics,and weve managed to harness i

35、ts powers.Its these abilities of qubits to entangle and interfere that should allow future quantum computers to perform more powerful computations than traditional computers will ever be able to do.Now,we are fast approaching the development of practical applications that exhibit Quantum Advantagewh

36、en quantum plus classical computers could soon outperform the use of classical computers alone in a meaningful task.We expect to see this achievement this decade.Our quantum computing systems continue to improve in scale,quality,and speed of operation.We have ever more powerful tools to combine clas

37、sical and quantum methods that allow us to run ever more complex computations.For years now,researchers,developers,and other domain experts across industry and academia have been part of a growing quantum-ready workforce,using IBMs quantum computers through the cloud to explore new applications and

38、formulate practical problems that will be crucial to achieving Quantum Advantage.I urge others to join them,too.By exploring quantum computers possibilities today,we are shaping the world of tomorrow.Whether you work for a bank,a chemical company,an airline,or a manufacturing giant,quantum computati

39、on could give your industry an edge.Soon,a quantum-centric supercomputer could be used to uncover previously inaccessible solutions to simulations of nature and structure in data that can help us find new materials,more efficiently extract insights from data,or accurately predict risk.Read TheQuantu

40、mDecade to find out how you,too,can be quantum readyand how this bleeding-edge technology can help you and your business thrive the moment quantum computers come of age.Because that moment is closer than you think.2InsightsPriorities of a post-pandemic worldAs entire industries face greater uncertai

41、nty,business models are becoming more sensitive to and dependent on new technologies.Quantum com-puting is poised to expand the scope and complexity of busi-ness problems we can solve.The future of computing The integration of quantum computing,AI,and classical computing into hybrid cloud workflows

42、will drive the most significant computing revolution in 60 years.Quantum-powered workflows will radically reshape how enterprises work.The discovery-driven enterprise Enterprises will evolve from analyzing data to discovering new ways to solve problems.When combined with hyper-automation and open in

43、tegration,this will ultimately lead to new business models.3For decades,quantum computing has been viewed as a futuristic technology:it would change everything,if it ever moved from the fantastical to the practical.Even in recent years,despite billions of dollars in research investment and extensive

44、 media coverage,the field is sometimes dismissed by real-life decision makers as too arcane,a far-off,far-out pursuit for academics and theorists.As we progress through the Quantum Decadethe decade when enterprises begin to see business value from quantum computingthat perspective is quickly becomin

45、g an anachronism.Because quantum computing is coming of age,and leaders who do not understand and adapt to the Quantum Decade could find themselves a step or more accurately,years behind.Over the next few years,we foresee a profound computing revolution that could significantly disrupt established b

46、usiness models and redefine entire industries.Historically,crises have been the impetus for both new technologies and their widespread adoption.World War I ushered in factory processes that are still in place today.The Cold War accelerated the creation of the Advanced Research Projects Agency Networ

47、k(ARPANET),a predecessor to the internet,in the late 1960s.And COVID-19 drove an increased need for agility,resiliency,and accelerated digital maturity.We anticipate quantum computing in combination with existing advanced technologies will dramatically impact how science and business evolve.By accel

48、erating the discovery of solutions to big global challenges,quantum computing could unleash positive disruptions significantly more abrupt than technology waves of the past decades.The Quantum DecadeIntroduction 4Classical computer bits can store information as either a 0 or 1.That the physical worl

49、d maintains a fixed structure is in keeping with classical mechanics.But as scientists were able to explore subatomic matter,they began to see more probabi-listic states:that matter took on many possible features in different conditions.The field of quantum physics emerged to explore and understand

50、that phenomena.The power of quantum computing rests on two cornerstones of quantum mechanics:interference and entanglement.The principle of interference allows a quantum computer to cancel unwanted solutions and enhance correct solutions.Entanglement means the combined state of the qubits contains m

51、ore information than the qubits do independently.Together,these two principles have no classical analogy and modeling them on a classical computer would require exponential resources.For example,as the figure above describes,representing the complexity of a 100-qubit quantum computer would require m

52、ore classical bits than there are atoms on the planet Earth.2 512 bits3 1,024 bits10 16 kilobytes16 1 megabyte20 17 megabytes30 17 gigabytes35 550 gigabytes100 more than all the atoms on the planet Earth280 more than all the atoms in the universePerspective The basics Understanding the exponential p

53、ower of quantum computing Qubits Classical bits required to represent an entangled stateTo the nth degree The power of exponential growth 5The building blocks of quantum computing are already emerging.Quantum computing systems are running on the cloud at an unprecedented scale,compilers and algorith

54、ms are rapidly advancing,communities of quantum-proficient talent are on the rise,and leading hardware and software providers are publishing technology roadmaps.1 The technologys applicability is no longer a theory but a reality to be understood,strategized about,and planned for.And good news:the st

55、eps you should take to prepare for future quantum adoption will begin to benefit your business now.Quantum computing will not replace classical computing,it will extend and complement it.But even for the problems that quantum computers can solve better,we will still need classical computers.Because

56、data input and output will continue to be classical,quantum computers and quantum programs will require a combination of classical and quantum processing.It is precisely the advances in traditional classical computing,plus advances in AI,that are driving the most important revolution in computing si

57、nce Moores Law almost 60 years ago.2 Quantum computing completes a trinity of technologies:the intersection of classical bits,qubits,and AI“neurons.”The synergies created by this triad not quantum computing alone are driving the future of computing(see Figure 1).FIGURE 1 The most exciting computer r

58、evolution in 60 years The convergence of three major technologiesHybrid cloud Secure,heterogeneous computational fabricQubits Quantum systemsBits Classical high-performance computer systemsNeurons AI systems6“The time between the first Industrial Revolution and the second was around 80 years,and fro

59、m the second to the third around 90 years.But the time between the third and the fourth was reduced to about 45 years thanks to disruptions enabled by semiconductors such as the Internet of Things(IoT),artificial intelligence(AI),machine learning,virtual reality,and 4G.I expect the time to Industry

60、5.0 will be further accelerated to roughly 30 years by quantum computing and many additional disruptions.”Ajit Manocha President and CEO,SEMI The IBM Institute for Business Value(IBV)has been deeply engaged in conducting more than a dozen industry-and practice-based studies on quantum computing.3 We

61、ve elevated that research here with new insights gleaned from interviews with more than 75 experts,including IBM quantum computing researchers as well as clients,partners,and academics.This report on the Quantum Decade provides executives with strategies to prepare for the upcoming business transfor

62、mation from quantum computing.It identifies the most important factors,themes,and actions to take at this significant inflection point.What makes this the Quantum Decade?What will the quantum-powered world look like?And what can and should farsighted leaders and organizations do now to educate and p

63、osition themselves effectively?The key learnings revolve around three phases of organizational evolution:awareness,readiness,and advantage(see Figure 2).Phase 1AwarenessComputing paradigm evolving from an age of analytics to an age of discovery Phase 2ReadinessAccelerating digital transformation in

64、the context of preparing for quantum computing FIGURE 2 The path to Quantum Advantage Taking a foundational approach with digital transformationPhase 3AdvantageWhere quantum computers plus classical systems can do significantly better than classical systems alone 7AwarenessAccording to the IBVs 2021

65、 CEO study,89%of the more than 3,000 chief executives surveyed didnot cite quantum computing as a key technology for delivering business results over the next two to three years.4 For the short term,thats understandable.Given the technologys disruptive potential this decade,CEOs should start mobiliz

66、ing resources to grasp early learnings and start the journey to quantum now.CEOs who ignore quantums potential are taking a substantial risk,as the consequences will be much greater than missing the AI opportunity a decade ago.5 Phase 1 of the quantum computing playbook requires broad recognition th

67、at the landscape is changing.The primary shift is a computing paradigm thats evolving from an age of analytics(looking back at established data and learning from it)to an age of discovery(looking forward and creating more accurate models for simulation,forecasting,and optimization).Theres real poten

68、tial for uncovering solutions that were previously impossible.“CEOs of Fortune 500 companies have a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity.They cannot afford to play catch-up.Its time to break tradition and educate themselves about what quantum computing can do for them.”Ilyas Khan Founder and CEO Cambridge

69、 Quantum Computing 7ReadinessEnterprises cannot use quantum computing to solve big problems yet.But quantum computing has shattered timelines and exceeded expectations at every phase of development.Its not too soon for organizational leaders to explore how the advent of this new technology could alt

70、er plans and expectations.Phase 2 involves investigating big questions:How could your business model be disrupted and reshaped?How could quantum computing supercharge your current AI and classical computing workflows?What is the quantum computing“killer app”for your industry?How can you deepen your

71、organizations quantum computing capabilities,either internally or through ecosys-tems?Now is the time to experiment and iterate with scenario plan-ning.Find or nurture talent who are fluent in quantum computing and capable of educating internal stakeholders about the possibilities,and partner for“de

72、ep tech”quantum computing resources.But just as important is another critical question:What does your orga-nization need to establish now to apply quantum computing when its production-ready?Indeed,laying the foundation for quantum comput-ing also means upping your classical computing game.Enhanced

73、pro-ficiencies in data,AI,and cloud are necessary to provide the required fertile ground for quantum computing.Accelerating your digital trans-formation in the context of quantum computing readiness will provide a pragmatic path forward while delivering significant benefits now.After all,quantum com

74、puting doesnt vanquish classical computing.The trinity of quantum computing,classical computing,and AI form a progressive,iterative partnership in which theyre more powerful together than separately.“When people think of quantum computing now,they think of researchers trying to figure out how to app

75、ly quantum computing.Ten years from now,those questions will be answered.At that point,it will be about whether you are using quantum computing in ways others are not.”Prineha Narang Assistant Professor of Computational Materials Science Harvard University8AdvantagePhase 3,Quantum Advantage,occurs w

76、hen a computing task of inter-est to business or science can be performed more efficiently,more cost effectively,or with better quality using quantum computers.This is the point where quantum computers plus classical systems can do signifi-cantly better than classical systems alone.As hardware,softw

77、are,and algorithmic advancements in quantum computing coalesce,enabling significant performance improvement over classical computing,new opportunities for advantage will emerge across industries.But prioritizing the right use cases those that can truly transform an organization or an industry is cri

78、tical to attaining business value from quantum.Getting to Quantum Advantage will not happen overnight.But while that advantage may progress over months and years,it can still trigger exponential achievements in usage and learning.From exploring the creation of new materials to personalized medical t

79、reatments to radical shifts in business models across the economy,change is coming.Organizations that enhance their classical computing capabilities and aggressively explore the potential for industry transformation will be best positioned to seize Quantum Advantage.“There is a huge competition in t

80、he big problem space in the energy industry.Whoever gets there first will have a significant advantage.”Doug Kushnerick formerly with Technology Scouting and Ventures ExxonMobil Research and Engineering“The best of quantum computing is yet to come.There are applications where we presume Quantum Adva

81、ntage will play out.And there is a vaster space of quantum computing applications that we dont know yet.Thats what will redefine whats possible.”Irfan Siddiqi Director of the Advanced Quantum Testbed Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Professor of Physics University of California,Berkeley 910To s

82、ay the least,much about quantum computing is counterintuitive.While you do need to understand quantum computings power and potential to develop strategies and evaluate use cases,the good news is you dont need to be a quantum physicist or theoristthats what your partners and ecosystems are for.Still,

83、interesting facts to ponder:Fact one.Quantum computing exploits a fundamental principle of quantum mechanics that a physical system in a definite state can still behave randomly.The system is in a superposition,which is a linear combination of two or more states.Fact two.Classical computing bits are

84、 either a 0 or a 1.But in quantum computing,quantum bits,or qubits,can be in an infinite number of states all at the same time,a superposition of both 0 and 1.Think of a coin.If you flip a coin,its either up or down.But if you spin a coin,its dimensional possibilities increase exponentially.Fact thr

85、ee.Along those same lines,in binary logic,things either “are”or they“are not.”Quantum computers dont have this limitation,allowing a more accurate reflection of reality.Fact four.Superpositions are not inherently quantum.For example,when several music tones create sound simultaneously,the surroundin

86、g air is in a superposition.Whats unique to quantum mechanics is that in some circumstances when you measure a quantum superposition,you get random results,even though the state of the system is definite.Fact five.Measuring a classical bit doesnt change it.If a bit is a 0,it measures as a 0,and the

87、same for a 1.But if the qubit is in a quantum superposition,measuring it turns it into a classical bit,reflecting a 0 or 1.Perspective Head-spinning facts about quantum computing(that you may not need to know)Perspective Three types of problems made for quantum computingIn the near-to-medium term,qu

88、antum computing could be especially adept at solving three types of problems:simulation such as modeling processes and systems that occur in nature;search and graph involving searching for the best or “optimal”solution in a situation where many possible answers exist;and algebraic problems including

89、 applications for machine learning.Fact six.Entanglement is a property of a quantum system in which two qubits that are far apart behave in ways that are individually random,yet are inexplicably correlated.Two entangled qubits individually measured can give random results.But when you look at the sy

90、stem as a whole,the state of one is dependent on the other.The combined system contains more information than the individual parts.Hard to wrap your head around?Einstein himself called it“spooky action at a distance.”6 Fact seven.Quantum computers can use interference to cancel paths that lead to in

91、correct solutions and enhance the paths containing the correct solution.Fact eight.Noise causes qubits to lose their quantum mechan-ical properties,hence they must be kept isolated from any source of noise.There are different ways to build qubits.A leading way is leveraging superconductivity to buil

92、d devices with quantum mechanical properties that can be controlled at will.But for the qubits to work,they have to be kept in a“super-fridge”at extremely cold temperatures of 10 to 20 millikelvins colder than the vacuum of space.7 1112The hybrid cloud futureMany quantum programs involve interaction

93、s between classical and quantum hard-ware.But these interactions introduce latencies,or delays,which must be reduced to optimize capacity.This makes hybrid clouds the most viable future for quantum computing.The power of ecosystemsQuantum computing ecosystems with opportunities for collabor-ative in

94、novation and open-source development are fast becoming fertile grounds for training users to apply quantum computing to real problems.InsightsThe 1,000-qubit milestoneQuantum computing hardware has been on a trajectory to scale from 127 qubits in 2021 to 1,000 qubits by 2023 to practical quantum com

95、puting,characterized by systems exe-cuting error-corrected circuits and widespread adoption,by 2030.Cloud-based open-source development environments will make using quantum computers“frictionless.”Tackling the worlds problemsFrom discovering new drugs to managing financial risk to re-engineering sup

96、ply chains,there is an urgency to accel-erate solutions to increasingly complex societal,macroeco-nomic,and environmental problems on a global scale.13When new technologies emerge,they can be daunting to comprehend fullyespecially when theyre as complex as quantum computing.But developing a base und

97、erstanding is critical for appropriately aligning both technology and business strategies.In this chapter,we explain the case for quantum computing what is happening now to create an inflection point and then explore how the triad of classical computing,AI,and quantum computing will move us from an

98、age of analytics driven by mining data for insights to one defined by accelerated experimentation and discovery.We also outline the implications for enterprises in a discovery-driven environment.Chapter OneQuantum awareness and the age of discovery 14The case for the Quantum Decade The Quantum Decad

99、e will be driven by mounting pressure to solve the biggest business and societal computational problems,a trajectory toward practical quantum computing by decades end,and ecosystems of developers that can unleash this power onto real,intractable problems(see Figure 3).Mounting pressure to solve expo

100、nential problemsFIGURE 3 What makes this the Quantum Decade?Three factors propelling us forwardQuantum technology at a tipping point Quantum ecosystems scaling Discovery of new materialsManaging complex financial riskRe-engineering supply chains for resilienceHardware scaling from 127 qubits in 2021

101、 to 1,000 qubits in 2023Software developments for frictionless quantum computingAlgorithmic improvements and greater circuit quality,capacity,and varietyOpen innovation fosters collaborative learningUsers trained to apply quantum computing to real-world problemsBillions of circuits on IBM Quantum se

102、rvices per day 15An increased urgency to solve big problemsImagine discovering new materials for solar panels that help us obtain clean energy more efficiently.Or accurately simulating aircraft parts in minutes as opposed to years.Envision drug development that can sometimes grind on for a decade co

103、ming to fruition in months.Increasingly,these problems fall into ambitious,industry-altering,data-driven science.In this realm,enterprise discovery builds on data and AI,accelerating cycles of exploration that allow organizations to aggregate knowledge,resolve questions,and enhance operations and of

104、ferings.8Planetary-scale issues such as climate change,world hunger,and the possibility of more pandemics require powerful new tools to achieve breakthroughs.Quantum computing can help expedite solutions to these complex computational problems that face business and society.The information we need f

105、or significant breakthroughs on global problems may exist but we lack the computing power to harness and use it productively.To understand why requires some background.Classical computing has long enabled an age of analytics.Existing systems rely on storing and manipulating individual computing bits

106、 saved in binary form as either 1s or 0s that help us process vast volumes of data.Quantum computers work in a fundamentally different way via so-called quantum bits or qubits,which can represent information using more dimensions(see Perspective,“Head-spinning facts about quantum computing”on page 1

107、0).Exploiting the properties of quantum mechanics,quantum computers excel at the challenge of evaluating multitudes of options that lend themselves well to these properties and exploring problems that have thus far been intractable.16 1927The Uncertainty Principle The quantum tipping pointQuantum co

108、mputing is not new.Its been the subject of theories and experiments since it was first postulated by Paul Benioff,Richard Feynman,and others in the early 1980s.9 During the 1990s,preliminary mathematical and algorithmic work took place;the 2000s focused on physically representing qubits;and in the 2

109、010s,multi-qubit systems were demonstrated to be viable,as well as accessible on the cloud(see Figure 4).FIGURE 4 A quantum leap Historic milestones in quantum computing 1970Birth of quantum information theory Quantum cryptography(IBM)1984 1980Paul Benioffs quantum mechanical model of computers 1994

110、Shors factoring algorithm 1997Topological codes Quantum error correction1995 Bells Inequality1964pre-1964 1935The EPR Paradox 17 Error mitigation for universal gates on encoded qubitsProvable exponential speed-up using quantum kernels2021 2017Quantum demonstrations 0(10)qubitsQuantum applications us

111、ing hardware-efficient quantum circuits(IBM)Quantum error mitigation developed(IBM)Provable Quantum Advantage with short-depth circuits(IBM)The advance of quantum computing has reached a tipping point.In 2020,the state of the art in quantum computing was an IBM system with 65 qubits.That doubled to

112、127 qubits in 2021,tripled to more than 400 qubits in 2022,and more than doubled again to over 1,000 qubits in 2023.But to reach their full potential,quantum computers could require hundreds of thousandsperhaps even millionsof high-quality qubits.And while qubit number is often used as a milestone,i

113、t doesnt tell the whole story.Its just one component of the bigger picture.For example,quantum scientists and engineers are developing ways to link different genres of processors together into scalablemodularsystems that could transcend the limitations that exist today.The combination of classical a

114、nd quantum parallelization techniques and multichip quantum processors can scale quantum computing with modular hardware and the accompanying control electronics and cryogenic infrastructure.Pushing modularity in both software and hardware will be key to achieving scale well ahead of our competitors

115、 this decade.10 2001Experimentally factoring 15(IBM)2007The transmon superconducting qubit Circuit QED2004 Coherence time improvement2012 IBM makes quantum computing available on IBM Cloud2016 2022Probabilistic error cancellation in noisy quantum processors 2023Evidence of quantum utilityTechnical w

116、orking groups established 18To that end,the IBM quantum computing roadmap ushers in the age of the quantum-centric supercomputer and lays out a path toward frictionless quantum computing(see Figure 5).The quantum-centric supercomputer will incorporate quantum processors,classical processors,quantum

117、communication networks,and classical networks,all working together within an intelligent quantum software orchestration platform to completely transform how computing is done.2019Run quantum circuits on the IBM Cloud 2020Demonstrate and prototype quantum algorithms and applications2021Run quantum pr

118、ograms 100 x faster with Qiskit Runtime2022Bring dynamic circuits to Qiskit Runtime to unlock more computations2023Enhancing applications with elastic computing and parallelization of Qiskit Runtime2024Improve accuracy of Qiskit Runtime with scalable error mitigation2025Scale quantum applications wi

119、th circuit knitting toolbox controlling Qiskit Runtime2026+Increase accuracy and speed of quantum workflows with integration of error correction into Qiskit RuntimeAlgorithm developersKernel developersQuantum systemsModel developersFalcon 27 qubitsHummingbird 65 qubitsEagle 127 qubitsOsprey 433 qubi

120、tsCondor 1,121 qubitsFlamingo 1,386+qubitsKookaburra 4,158+qubitsScaling to 10K100K qubits with classical and quantum communicationHeron 133 qubits x pCrossbill 408 qubitsQuantum algorithm and application modulesQuantum ServerlessPrototype quantum software applications Quantum software applications

121、CircuitsQiskit RuntimeMachine learning Natural science OptimizationMachine learning Natural science Optimization Intelligent orchestration Circuit knitting toolbox Circuit libraries Dynamic circuits Threaded primitives Error suppression and mitigation Error correctionFIGURE 5 The IBM quantum computi

122、ng roadmap Recent progress and looking ahead 19A quantum-centric supercomputer can serve as an essential technology to help solve the worlds toughest problems.It could open up new,large,and powerful computational spaces for industries globally,and enable useful applications sooner than most are expe

123、cting based on a purely fault-tolerant perspective.In addition to scale,other attributes are required.In 2019,IBM developed the Quantum Volume(QV)metric to measure the computational power of a quantum computer.QV addresses highly technical issues,including gate and measurement errors,crosstalk,devic

124、e connectivity,and compiler efficiency.Other vendors are starting to report their progress on computational quality using QV.IBM has been successfully doubling QV every year.In fact,IBM doubled it three times in 2020.This is a Moores Law level of increase,even as Moores Law itself has been abating f

125、or traditional computing(see Perspective,“Classical computing The trouble with Moores Law”on page 20).As quantum computing evolves and begins to tackle practical problems,how much work quan-tum computing systems can do in a given unit of time merits greater attention.Real workloads will involve quan

126、tum-classical interactionsfull programs that invoke a quantum processor as an accelerator for certain tasks,or algorithms requiring multiple calls to a quantum processor.Consequently,the runtime system that allows for efficient quantum-classical communication will be critical to achieving high perfo

127、rmance.This runtime interaction is embedded in IBMs proposal for the Circuit Layer Operations Per Second(CLOPS)benchmark.11 CLOPS is a metric correlated with how fast a quantum processor can execute circuitsspecifically,the metric measures the speed the processor can execute layers of a parameterize

128、d model circuit of the same sort used to measure Quantum Volume.One of the key aims for productive use of quantum hardware is to support a variety of circuits,with the ability to create more complex circuits,including,for example,dynamic circuits.Dynamic circuits use very low latency classical instr

129、uctions that can exploit information obtained from measurements occurred during the circuit to define future components of the circuit.This enables the construction of more efficient quantum circuits and is a fundamental capability needed for quantum error correction.Quantum error correction can pro

130、tect quantum informa-tion by using multiple physical qubits to encode information in a single logical qubit.Quantum computers must be able to run a diversity of circuits to effectively solve a variety of problems(see case study,“Woodside Energy”on page 21).“Moores Law is coming to an end and classic

131、al computing is reaching its limits just as our demand is starting to surge.”Richard Debney Vice President,Digital Technology BP 1920In 1965,Gordon Moore observed that the number of transistors on a given area of a silicon computer chip was doubling every year.He predicted this doubling of density w

132、ould continue well into the future,though the time frame was later revised to 18 to 24 months.12For Moores Law to survive this long,chip designers and engi-neers have consistently shrunk the size of features on chips.The most advanced laboratories today are experimenting with chip features that meas

133、ure only 5 nanometers.(A nanometer is 1 billionth of a meter.)These features are so small that some need to be measured in individual atoms.But now,physical limits are creating serious headwinds for Moores Law.Some chip industry leaders point to the massive expense and effort required to sustain it.

134、One estimate is that the research effort to keep Moores Law on track this far has increased by a factor of 18 since 1971.13 And the facilities needed to build modern chips are growing increasingly expensive.For example,Samsungs new chip plant,under construction in Texas,will cost more than$25 billio

135、n.14What all this indicates:the slowdown of improvements in clas-sical computing only escalates the importance of integrating quantum computing with classical systems.Perspective Classical computingThe trouble with Moores LawDoubling up Scaling Quantum Volume by 2x per yearLog2 of the number of comp

136、utations per integrated function161514131211109876543211959 1961 1963 1965 1967 1969 1971 1973 1975Quantum Volume(QV)104 1031021012017 2019 2021 2023 2025 2027 2029 QV 512 21In classical machine learning,algorithms sometimes use kernels(similarity measures between two pieces of data)to solve classif

137、ication or regression problems.Usually,kernels are used to increase the dimensionality of the data to separate it,thereby boosting accuracy of the algorithm.Recently,IBM researchers proved the existence of quantum kernels providing a super-polynomial advantage over all possible classical binary clas

138、sifiers and requiring only access to classical data.Researchers from Woodside Energy,a leading natural gas producer in Australia,saw an interesting opportunity to collaborate with IBMs quantum researchers.Could quantum kernels be practically deployed in industry-relevant classical machine learning w

139、orkflows?As part of their exploration of quantum computing,the teams wanted to understand how to define those kernels using quantum circuits and reduce the amount of quantum com-puting resources required to evaluate them.This involved connecting properties of quantum circuits to properties of kernel

140、s and assessing how well those kernels worked.The commonly understood way of using quantum kernels in classical machine learning workflows requires one query to a quantum processor for every kernel value to be calculated.Instead of evaluating every value this way,to reduce the calls to the quantum c

141、omputer and make it more practical,the team began research combining quantum kernels with classical algorithms for matrix completion that answers the following question:Taking a collection of kernel values calculated using a quantum computer,could the researchers use that information with the classi

142、cal algorithm to accurately predict what an uncalculated value might be?Investigating this approach raised some essential questions,including:Could leveraging state-of-the-art completion tech-niques lower the number of queries required,thereby making the use of quantum kernels more practical,more qu

143、ickly?Do these kernels provide useful benefits to Woodside Energy,such as enhanced classification accuracy in their industry data sets?Can predictions be made relating properties of quantum circuits to the ease with which quantum kernels can be completed?Woodside Energy considers this research a“pat

144、hfinder project”that establishes a foundation for subsequent experimentation.The company is continuing this line of thinking by researching literature about other quantum circuit families used as building blocks for other applications.Going forward,the additional data can help Woodside refine its pr

145、edictions about the tractability of quantum kernels and where they could be most useful.One potential use case:applying this technology to petrophysical analysis of well log data.Woodside Energy Introducing quantum kernels into classical machine learning workflows15 22In May 2023,IBM announced a 10-

146、year,$100 million initiative with the University of Tokyo and the University of Chicago to develop a quantum-centric supercomputer powered by 100,000 qubits.This 100,000-qubit system would serve as a foundation for tackling challenges that even todays most advanced supercomputers may never be able t

147、o solve.For example,this imposing quantum system could unlock entirely new understandings of chemical reactions and molecular process dynamics.These insights could expand climate change research through modeling better methods to capture carbon.What may also be possible:discovering new materials to

148、build batteries for electric vehicles and energy grids and developing more energy-efficient fertilizers.This effort will take the proverbial village on a global scaleit calls for collaboration and an activation of talent and resources across industries and research institutions.By collaborating with

149、 the University of Chicago,the University of Tokyo,and IBMs broader global ecosystem,IBM will devote much of the next decade to developing and progress-ing the underlying technologies for this system,as well as to designing and building the necessary components at scale.Development of this quantum-c

150、entric supercomputer will require innovation at all levels of the computing stack.It will exploit modularity and communicationand use a layer of middleware for quantum to seamlessly integrate quantum and classical workflows via hybrid cloud.The design must meet the challenge of integrating high-perf

151、ormance computing and quantum processors,as well as break new ground in quantum communication and computing technology.This systems foundation will include milestones IBM has already outlined in its Quantum Development Roadmap(see page 18).This includes the ability to scale and connect growing numbe

152、rs of quantum processors through quantum and classical interconnects,as well as technology to mitigate errors to fully harness noisy yet powerful quantum processors.IBM,the University of Tokyo,and the University of Chicago Partnering to develop a 100,000-qubit quantum-centric supercomputer16 23IBM i

153、s working toward debuting three cornerstones of its necessary architecture for quantum-centric supercomputers:The new 133-qubit IBM Heron processor.This processor is a complete redesign of IBMs previous generations of quantum processors,with a new two-qubit gate to allow higher performance.It will a

154、lso be compatible with future extensions to enable modular connected processors to grow the size of the computer.The introduction of IBM Quantum System Two.The new flagship system is designed to be modular and flexible to introduce elements of scaling in its underlying components,including classical

155、 control electronics and high-density cryogenic wiring infrastructure.The introduction of middleware for quantum.A set of tools to run workloads on both classical and quantum processors.This includes tools for decomposing,parallel executing,and reconstructing workloads to enable efficient solutions

156、at scale.IBM plans to work with university partners and its worldwide quantum ecosystem to evolve how its quantum processors can be connected via quantum interconnects.This work will strive to enable high-efficiency,high-fidelity inter-processor quantum operations and a reliable,flexible,and afforda

157、ble system component infrastructure to allow scaling to 100,000 qubits.Quantum-centric supercomputing A concept rendering of IBM Quantums 100,000-qubit quantum-centric supercomputer,expected to be deployed by 203324“Quantum computing is not just an expansion of classical computing.We cant just port

158、problems to quantum computers.We need to break them down and build communities that can effectively apply this technology to the right problems.”Richard Debney Vice President,Digital Technology BPBut the speed and power of quantum computing alone do not define the Quantum Decade.The exponential incr

159、ease of qubits is impressive,but if that brute computing force is inaccessible and inapplicable to real problems,were back to abstract theory.Fortunately,the power of quantum is accessible.Historically,if you wanted computing power,you had to build or install and maintain the machines yourself.But n

160、ow,thanks to the cloud,even highly sophisticated quantum computers are attainable.In fact,a programmer can sit at his or her laptop and create a quantum circuit using quantum gates.When the software sends the circuit via the cloud to a quantum computer,the machine converts those gates into microwave

161、 pulses.In turn,the pulses control the physical qubits,which work their magic on the problem at hand.The results are returned translated back into classical bits to the programmer.17 This frictionless interface is what will unleash quantum computing to todays developer communities.Open ecosystems ar

162、e scaling A decade ago,quantum computing experts were predominantly Ph.D.physicists in labs a valuable commodity thats still in short supply.But communities of developers,not necessarily Ph.D.s or other physicists,are beginning to appear.These communities include chemists,electrical engineers,and ma

163、thematicians,among others.Theyre learning and applying quantum concepts,even in classical computing environments.Ecosystems fostering open innovation have sprung up and are training software developers to apply quantum computing to real problems.IBM started one such open-source community,Qiskit,to b

164、uild the necessary code development tools and libraries for quantum developers.The community also offers skills development for thousands of quantum students.Billions of quantum circuits are run per day over IBM Quantum Services using real quantum computers.18Quantum-enabled cell-centric therapeutic

165、s Pioneering new research in healthcare and life sciences19Quantum computing is making its mark in fields such as cryptan-alysis,natural science simulations,and optimization.Yet there is still much to learn about the potential of quantum computing simulations in the realm of healthcare and life scie

166、nces(HCLS).Quantum-enabled tools could soon go much further in addressing some HCLS challenges and computing problems.Quantum algo-rithms use a significantly different computing paradigm that could potentially represent biological dataand learn from itmore efficiently.This could enable researchers t

167、o explore new frontiers for biological research and enable biomedical discoveries.In particular,consider therapeutic design and discovery.This research realm has traditionally focused on drug-target identification and interaction optimization.While quantum-applicable algorithms exist,researchers hav

168、e typically taken classical approaches.Its a strategy that has led to the approval of many novel therapeutics(for example,small molecule inhibitors,chemotherapeutic,and antibody therapies)across a multitude of diseases.However,since the 1950s,research and development costs per new approved drug have

169、 been doubling every nine years.20 For many diseases,effective therapies remain elusive.In fact,target-centric approaches may be reaching the point of diminishing returns.But theres hope.Researchers are making significant progress with quantum-enabledcell-centrictherapeutics.Spatiotemporal single-ce

170、ll,cell-line,imaging,drug profile,and clinical data are analyzed with four quantum computing technologies that can capture varying aspects of cellular behavior.These technologies include:Quantum convolutional neural networks(QCNNs)to learn optimal chimeric antigen receptor(CAR)T-cell intracellular s

171、ignaling domain design from limited experiment data Hybrid classical-quantum graph neural networks(GNNs)to model tumor microenvironments from single cell spatial data Single cell perturbation response using quantum conditional optimal transport(OT)Quantum-enhanced topological data analysis(QTDA)to i

172、dentify topological signatures of single cell perturbation response.Insights from each research area can be valuable in and of themselves,and they can also be combined in various ways to provide insights that can empower researchers to provide new treatment options that optimize the cellular context

173、 and improve therapeutic response.For example,by developing a comprehensive understanding of how cancer cells behaveand modeling that behavior both individually and in aggregatetreatment plans can emerge.These new treat-ments could potentially be developed to manipulate a cancer and its tumor microe

174、nvironment into a more therapeutically responsive state.Or treatment could shift the tumor into an indolent phase that transforms the disease into a more manageable,chronic condition.Quantum computing may serve as an enabler in this cell-centric approach to therapeutic design.This use case illustrat

175、es just one example of how quantum computing can significantly contribute to HCLS.2526Increasing speed,automation,and scaleFrom analysis to discoveryThe advances in quantum computing have been significant,but what are their practical implications?How will they impact our ability to address complex p

176、roblems at scale?In its early days,science was empirical and theoretical.People observed and measured phenomena,such as the motion of objects;made hypotheses and predictions about why they happened;and tested them repeatedly.Computersand eventually AI and super-computerschanged that,ushering in the

177、age of analytics.We can now ingest massive amounts of data and develop models for how systems will behave.We can also now model chemical systems,move individual atoms,and simulate how some materials will perform or react over millions of uses.But some challenges remain beyond our reach.While we may

178、be able to model a chemical system,these classical models work well for problems where we already have data.These models are not based on the underlying physics of how molecules behave and are therefore imprecise.We dont have the toolset to address these shortcomings.As powerful as it is,classical c

179、omputing has fundamental limitations in the face of exponential problems(see Figure 6).FIGURE 6 Progress through the ages The road to quantum-accelerated discovery2nd paradigmTheoretical scienceScientific laws Physics Biology Chemistry 1600s1st paradigmEmpirical scienceObservations Experimentation P

180、re-Renaissance3rd paradigmComputational scienceSimulations Molecular dynamics Mechanistic models 19504th paradigmBig-data-driven scienceBig data Machine learning Patterns Anomalies Visualization 20005th paradigmQuantum-accelerated discoveryScientific knowledge at scale AI-generated hypotheses Autono

181、mous testing 2020 27IBM and Cleveland Clinic,a nonprofit academic medical center that integrates clinical and hospital care with research and educa-tion,have announced a planned 10-year partnership to establish the Discovery Accelerator.Cleveland Clinic and IBM will strive to advance discovery in he

182、althcare and life sciences through high-performance computing using hybrid cloud,AI,and quantum computing technologies.Through the Discovery Accelerator,researchers anticipate using advanced computational technology to generate and analyze data to help enhance research in the new Global Center for P

183、athogen Research&Human Health.Research is expected to focus on areas such as genomics,single-cell transcriptomics,population health,clinical applications,and chemical and drug discovery.In March 2023,Cleveland Clinic and IBM unveiled the first quan-tum computer delivered to the private sector and fu

184、lly dedicated to healthcare and life sciences.The IBM Quantum System One machine sits in the Lerner Research Institute on Cleveland Clinics main campus and will help supercharge how researchers devise techniques to overcome major health issues.This quantum program will be designed to engage with uni

185、versities,government,industry,start-ups,and other organizations.It will leverage Cleveland Clinics global enterprise to serve as the foundation of a new quantum ecosystem for life sciences,focused on advancing quantum skills and the mission of the center.In addition to the on-premises IBM Quantum Sy

186、stem One,Cleveland Clinic will have access to IBMs current fleet of more than 20 quan-tum systems,accessible via the cloud.With the unveiling of IBMs next-generation 1,000+qubit quantum system,Cleveland Clinic is slated as the site of the first private-sector,on-premises system.IBM and Cleveland Cli

187、nic Using the power of quantum to tackle key healthcare challenges2128 29Thats where quantum computing,in combination with classical computers and AI,comes in.This triad is poised to generate discovery at a radically faster pace.Consider the amazing impact of research involving mRNA,a single-strande

188、d RNA molecule that is complementary to one of the DNA strands of a gene.22 This research expedited COVID-19 vaccine development:decoding the virus to vaccine creation took only a few weeks,followed by months of clinical trials and broad release in a year.23 Yet this was only possible because we alr

189、eady had a decades worth of mRNA research to leverage.With quantum computing,that kind of discovery might itself be compressed,especially when starting with a blank slate,vastly accelerating vaccine development and efficacy and easing the pain of future pandemics.So many of our best practices in hea

190、lthcare remain approximations:extrapolating information from large data pools and applying it to individuals.In many ways,we are still using trial-and-error techniquesmore sophisticated,certainly,but hardly treatment tailored to each specific individual.Quantum computings step-change capabilities ho

191、ld the promise of eventually creating personalized medicine,matching therapeutics to an individuals genome(see case study,“IBM and Cleveland Clinic”).“This will be the Quantum Decade if we can apply quantum computing to discover one thing,heretofore unimaginable,that progresses our line of inquiry i

192、nto the future.”Todd Hughes Technical Director,Strategic Projects and Initiatives CACIIBM Chairman and CEO Arvind Krishna standing next to the interior of a quantum computer at IBMs facility in Poughkeepsie,New York,home to IBMs first Quantum Computation Center.30This dream can become a reality by s

193、upercharging how experimenta-tion is done.You may recall learning about the basics of the scientific method as a child:a sequence that runs from observation,to question,hypothesis,experiment,results,and finally,conclusion.With classical computing,weve been able to speed up that process.The triad of

194、classical,AI,and quantum computing can supercharge the scientific method(see Figure 7).The unprecedented ability to model complex systems will accelerate the ability to extract,integrate,and validate so that we can draw conclusions.We are already using AI to generate hypotheses automat-ically and us

195、ing robotic labs to automate physical experimentation.The greater ability of quantum computing will expand the possibilities that can be evaluated before moving to physical experimentation,and accelerate the entire discovery process as a result.“For the first time,the loop in the scientific method i

196、s closing,”as the 2021ScienceandTechnologyOutlook from IBM Research puts it.“Each breakthrough is a step toward realizing the dream of discovery as a self-propelled,continuous,and never-ending process.24 By accelerating discovery and more rapidly translating knowledge into practice,all kinds of new

197、leaps will be possible.Healthcare is only one area of application.Another scenario:quantum computing can be put to work on finding new materials.These capabilities may improve the efficiency of solar panels,wind turbines,and battery life.As we will explore in the Industry guides on page 91,the appli

198、cations to specific industries are myriad.“The materials discovery process is unbearably slow.Companies dont have time to experiment endlessly.Quantum computing can give us an exponential leap in discovery.”Doug Kushnerick formerly with Technology Scouting and Ventures ExxonMobil ResearchFIGURE 7 Sc

199、aling the scientific method From questions to hypotheses to reportsQuestion Tools help identify new questions based on needs and gaps in knowledgeReport Machine representation of knowledge leads to new hypotheses and questionsAccelerated scientific methodHypothesize Generative models automatically p

200、ropose new hypotheses that expand the discovery spaceTest Robotic labs automate experimentation and bridge digital models and physical testingStudy Extract,integrate,and reason with knowledge at scaleAssess Pattern and anomaly detection is integrated with simulation and experimentation to extract ne

201、w insights 31In organizational terms,what will emerge from the Quantum Decade is a new kind of discovery-driven enterprise(see Figure 8).Just as cloud has increasingly virtualized the traditional enterprise,the injection of quantum will open new possibilities.The computing triad will revolutionize h

202、ow businesses manage and operate market-making business platforms enabled by intelligent or AI-driven workflows.By examining how people work,AI can already help determine the most efficient or effective workflows.Tasks can then be routed to traditional or quantum systems one or more quantum computer

203、s working with a classical computing system depending upon which is the best option.Once information technologists establish a workflow,a user need not know where or how the computation is being done.No specialized knowledge of quantum computing would be required.Just a decade ago,those who apprecia

204、ted the potential of AI and took steps to prepare for it and implement what they could along the way are now the outperformers.25 Today,we are in the Quantum Decade,and as we accelerate the pace of discovery,enterprises of all kinds need to pay close attention.The discovery-driven enterpriseFIGURE 8

205、 A new normal The emerging discovery-driven enterprise Enterprise characteristicsBusiness intelligence,consumer-led innovation Network computing,consumer-facing apps on public cloud Intelligent workflow,enterprise-led innovation AI and automation,mission-critical workflows on cloudScientific method

206、at scale,external and internal data Complex hybrid cloud workflowsCloud workload complexityTimeAnalysis DiscoveryTodayData-drivenAI-drivenDiscovery-drivenEnabling technologies32 33Question One How would your team,your executives,and your board define the case for quantum computing?1 Questions to ask

207、 Question Three How are you educating yourself and your key talent on quantum computing possibiities?3 Question Four What are some viable ecosystems through which you can access powerful,scalable quantum computing capabilities on the cloud?4 Question Two What steps are you taking to becomeor compete

208、 witha discovery-driven enterprise that includes quantum computing?2 InsightsThe power of quantum literacy You can develop partnerships and join ecosystems for“deep tech”quantum know-how.What you do need on your team is literacy in quantum computing potential a fluency that can help you conduct expe

209、riments and scope out the advantages for your organization.The hidden workflow opportunity Getting more value from quantum computing requires examining workflows for quan-tum computing opportunities and modes of interaction with classical systems.But readiness will take more than quantum computing l

210、iteracy and experimentation.It requires preparing your classical enter-prise to integrate quantum computing deeply into new ways of working and new business models.Dont go it alone The speed at which quantum computing is improving and expanding makes it difficult for many companies to keep up.Being

211、part of a quantum computing ecosystem can provide access to technology and talent that might not be accessible otherwise.34 35Chapter Two“There is no doubt that quantum computing technology will be ready for business this decade.There will be multiple million-qubit quantum machines by 2030,”says Chr

212、istian Weedbrook,CEO of Xanadu Quantum Technologies.“The question is,are you ready?”The short answer is,“maybe if you act now.”Quantum computing readiness is a continuously evolving state that depends on your general approach to,and investment in,innovation,as well as new talent and skills,and overa

213、ll digital maturity.This readiness includes your adoption of enabling technologies such as automation,AI,and hybrid cloud;your willingness to analyze,experiment,and iterate with evolving computing capabilities;the sophistication of your workflows;and your organizational skillset.Your industry and lo

214、cation factor in as well.Industries fluctuate in their quantum computing readiness based on competitive pressure and concentration,growth and innovation requirements,and quantum computings potential for solving industry-specific computational problems.Countries and regions can vary by geographical c

215、ontext,mainly with respect to investment,education and skills,regulation,and ecosystem availability.And ecosystems themselves must achieve readiness to provide viable support.But still,partnering with the optimal ecosystem can be an astute way to alleviate fluctuations in readi-ness,regardless of yo

216、ur location or industry.Think of it like this:Getting a head start in a technology such as quantum computing is analogous to the power of compounded interest.Waiting a couple of years and letting early adopters pull away can give them an exponential lead.Quantum readiness and the power of experiment

217、ation Encouraging news:You dont need on-staff Ph.D.s in quantum computing to get started.Yes,the world of qubits,superposition,and entanglement can be a slippery slope best left to quantum experts,and it does take Ph.D.-level proficiency to create novel intellectual property.But by developing partne

218、rships and joining ecosystems for“deep tech”quantum computing know-how,that can be surmountable.What you do need on your team is literacy in quantum computing potential a fluency that can help scope out the advantages for your organization.The exciting and challenging part is applying that literacy

219、to business problems.What are the current limitations in your industry?Dig deeper.What limitations are causing those limitations?How would dissolving these seemingly intractable barriers reshape your industry?Where are the stumbling blocks in how you mobilize computing and design workflows today?Whe

220、re are your industry and organization headed in 10 years?Complex real-world problems may not be solvable until we progress toward fault-tolerant quantum computing the Quantum Decades culmination.This is a class of quantum computing where you can run general-purpose quantum programs compiled across b

221、oth quantum and classical resources.Fault-tolerant computers incorporate procedures that help prevent errors from multiplying and spreading,allowing them to run quantum circuits arbitrarily close to correct even when their physical components are faulty.We are already learning how quantum computing

222、can contribute to our understanding of problems big problems,at that.Its helping researchers explore the development of new materials.Over time,it can contribute to developing earth-friendly,efficient fertilizers to support the global food supply chain.On a genuinely cosmic level,it could be a key p

223、layer in investigating the mysteries of how our universe is stitched together.26 Experiments by design:Applying quantum literacy to real problems“Executives need to understand what quantum computing can solve in the next decade.They need to look across the stack,evaluate the cost,and determine the a

224、dvantage.”Jeff Nichols Associate Laboratory Director Oak Ridge National Laboratory36 37“Its not just decomposing,but rethinking and recomposing problems for quantum computers.”Christopher Savoie Founder and CEO Zapata ComputingBut lets think shorter term.To achieve quantum readiness,you need to defi

225、ne the art of the possible nowthrough problem scoping,experimentation,and iteration.This can involve one or a combination of several approaches used independently or together(see Figure 9).The pyramid approach.Industry-essential problems,by their nature,are complex.This approach involves experimenti

226、ng and learning in an iterative way,using classical decomposition and heuristic techniques to deliver an abundance of potential solutions.Then,quantum processes identify a subset of optimal solutions that rise,in this analogy,to the top of the pyramid.In other words,classical approaches can provide

227、a good set of solution options,then quantum systems can optimize.This enables refining larger solution sets and transcending smaller,theoretical options that are not of any robust consequence.The analyze-and-extract approach.Solving a complex problem in its entirety could require a million qubits.Fo

228、r now,the strategy needs to involve extracting the parts that are solvable with classical computing and reserving the other segments for quantum computing and its extreme computational power.Its like a dissection.The problem undergoes analysis at various stages:preparation,decon-struction,then resol

229、ving each deconstructed part.For now,this usually shakes out to align classical computation with data understanding,decomposition,and the computation it can handle;quantum capabilities align with specialized computation.Additionally,this process of deconstructing and reconstructing the problem in di

230、fferent ways helps to see it differently perspectives that can ascertain even greater eventual value from quantum computing.FIGURE 9 Envision,experiment,learn Experimental approaches for applied learningFIGURE 9 Envision,experiment,learn Experimental approaches for applied learning The benchmarking

231、framework approach.Both classical and quan-tum computing are far from static.Theyre improving and evolving constantly,especially quantum computing.Experiments can bench-mark problems against classical and quantum capabilities at one time and then re-run them against improved hardware,software,algori

232、thms,error correction capabilities,and so forth.Isolating and identifying those specific quantum computing improvements and strategically applying them to broader problem sets can help advance quantum readiness and the path to Quantum Advantage.The potential for quantum computing is tremendous,even

233、if the concepts themselves are esoteric.But experimenting and iterating with quantum computing can demonstrate the power of conceptual-izing outside the box(see case study,“IBM Services Supply Chain”on page 38).As you evaluate scenarios and develop experiments for your industry,creating a tangible r

234、oadmap for quantum readiness can bring the esoteric very much down to earth.Whats critical is experiment-ing with state-of-the-art quantum computing hardware,most likely through an ecosystem.Envision|Experiment|Learn Increase of quantum capabilitiesReadiness over timeEnvision|Experiment|LearnEnvisio

235、n|Experiment|Learn38IBM Services Supply Chain A quantum-fueled search for more accurate demand forecasting27Predicting the future is it possible?Across industries,organizations give it their best shot in multitudes of areas:demand forecasting,inventory forecasting,capacity forecasting,and more.But c

236、lassical computing forecasting techniques can suffer from low accuracy.As an example,for demand forecasting,the challenge of aligning supply chains with quickly changing demand is daunting.Even consistent forecast improvements of just 1%can have a significant financial impact.In services,there is a

237、larger component of independent demand driven by variable failure characteristics.With that in mind,IBM researchers are preparing a demonstration that pairs quantum and classical computing techniques to make demand forecasting more efficient.To that end,researchers are working with IBM Services Supp

238、ly Chain(SSC),an organization responsible for servicing data centers by storing and delivering field-replaceable service parts.IBM SSCs millions of dollars of inventory encompass more than 2,000 different parts housed in 114 warehouses located around the US.Depending on the severity of the issue,del

239、ivery needs to occur within one of four specific timing windows:two hours,four hours,one day,or two days.As a result,IBM SSCs forecasting challenge is to predict how many parts are needed when and where.The researchers used a two-step approach to the scenario.The first was to apply demand pattern cl

240、assification with example patterns that include:Fast Demand is continuousSlow Demand is intermittent,with time periods that have zero demand Inactive Demand becomes inactiveRare Few orders or one-time order 39Then,the researchers executed the appropriate forecasting algorithm for the demand pattern.

241、Both classification and forecasting could be done using a combination of classical and quantum(see figure below).Classical and quantum computing work together as a team,with quantum doing the computational heavy lifting part of the workflow.Quantum machine learning models have the potential for grea

242、ter generalizability,which means forecasting algorithms could achieve greater accuracy with new data.While classical computing can complete these workflows without quantum computing,as the researchers refine their techniques,theyre getting closer to understanding the role quantum computing can play.

243、This is going to be essential in areas such as predictive maintenance,in which IoT sensors are increasingly a source of data.And for safety-related maintenance,such as airplane parts,the increased performance and accuracy of quantum machine learning models could become a necessity.As with many quant

244、um computing experiments,this classification and forecasting work is both foundational and evolving,providing IBM researchers the platform to explore quantum algorithms and capabilities for business forecasting.Upon completion,researchers will have a tangible demonstration that maps a business probl

245、em to quantum computing.And it will help to illustrate a critical point:Classical and quantum computing are not competitors.Rather,they are complementary technologies that,together,can be more effective.Combining classical and quantum The forecasting workflowQuantum activity Data engineeringDataFeat

246、ure extractionQuantum kernelSupport vector classificationDemand pattern classificationQuantum kernelSupport vector regressionForecast Classification Forecasting40Thinking small and incrementally can be an expeditious route to Quantum Advantage,especially when integrating quantum computing into your

247、workflows.A workflow is essentially a tree of tasks,with functionalities spanning adaptive customer and vendor interactions,proactive executive decision support,targeted employee training,and other AI applications.28 However,workflows can encounter difficulty in comprehensively computing large amoun

248、ts of complex data in a timely manner.As a result,businesses may be forced to employ computed approximations even in the face of pressing market demands.Examples could include workflows involving complex networks such as distribution,transportation,communications,or logistics.Applications of quantum

249、 computing are almost always in terms of accelerating a process or sub-process within a workflow.Getting more value from quantum computing requires examining workflows for quantum computing opportunities and modes of interaction with classical systems(see case study,“OLED screens”on page 42).Evaluat

250、ing quantum computing in this way requires a broad focus on industry trans-formation.How can quantum computing partner with classical computing within a particular context?What workflow subsections are best suited for quantum computing?The intellectual analysis required in assessing workflows for cl

251、assical versus quantum computing can result in a fresh perspective on the workflow itself as can the potential range of results that quantum computing provides.Quantum computing can be conducive to computation that generates unexpected breakthroughs yielding new efficiencies,sharper methodologies,an

252、d more meaningful modes of engagement with both internal and external stakeholders.Quantum-fueled process workflows“Quantum computers wont cannabilize classical computers.Quantum computers will help with certain difficult optimizations that exist in work-flows.It will be additive.”Christopher Savoie

253、 Founder and CEO Zapata Computing“We need to spend more time on what part of the workflow quantum computing can address.Not mysterious physics,but the mission and business problems that it can solve in a transformative manner.”Glenn Kurowski Senior Vice President and Chief Technology Officer CACI 41

254、42OLED screens Brighter,more efficient displays through quantum-driven simulation29Whats the one thing that comes between humans and their phones?The screens,also known as flat panel displays.But these displays are one of the highest power-consuming components in smartphones,often limiting battery l

255、ifetimes.New,advanced materials can produce brighter displays that are more efficient and less power hungry.But developing these new materials requires labor-and time-consuming traditional lab research methods.The process spans several development stages,including material identification,process dev

256、elopment,device prototyping,and qualification testing.Traditionally,progress in this realm has been slow.For organic light-emitting diode(OLED)displays,34 years passed from the first reported observance of electroluminescence in an organic molecule(1963)to the first OLED display commercially availab

257、le on the market(1997).30But quantum computers can contribute to a brisker pace.Quantum computing can help commercial-ize new materials with faster,more accurate molecular modeling of both the materials as well as their interactions with manufacturing processes and operating conditions.These new mat

258、erials can produce brighter,lower-power,lower-cost displays that may expedite their commercialization,enabling compa-nies to offer more compelling,more competitive products sooner.Materials simulation with classical computing currently has limited application in the development of new materials.The

259、time required to accurately simulate molecular scenarios of sufficient complexity quickly expands beyond practical time frames.As a result,without accurate computer simulations,laborious and costly experimental methods must be employed.With the quantum computing approach,quantum simulations can be u

260、sed across the workflow to more realistically simulate materials and their interactions with device operation,manufacturing processes,and the operating conditions.More complex and more accurate molecular-level materials simulations can enable productive experimentation on the computer,reducing costl

261、y,cumbersome lab research and manufacturing development.These quantum computing-driven material simulation workflows can create strategic,competitive product advantages such as brighter,lower-power displays.And the potential financial rewards are considerable.Just a 1%revenue increase per year could

262、 mean an additional$320 million for the OLED display market.31 43At IBM,we define intelligent workflows as extended end-to-end systems that,through the application of technology at scale,define the customer experience and influence economic results.32 These workflows are more expansive than simple p

263、rocesses and traditionally have used technologies such as automation,blockchain,AI,5G,cloud,and edge computing to contribute to exceptional outcomes.IBM research shows that using these classical computing technologies in workflows can triple the benefits.33 Incorporating the power of quantum computi

264、ng has the potential to improve on that exponentially(see Figure 10).In fact,were approaching a revolution thats driving computing toward highly heterogeneous environ-ments.Increasingly,classical,AI,and quantum computing will be integrated into intelligent workflows managed on a hybrid cloud.As you

265、evaluate quantum computing in the context of intelligent workflows,heres an analogy.Processes function as an organizational backbone.But intelligent workflows serve as the organizations nervous system in short,theyre interconnected and interdependent.These workflows differ from simple processes beca

266、use they extract information from the ecosystem,sense and determine the appropriate response,and send feedback to other workflows.34 Quantum computing,with its ability to evaluate many options,excels here.Intelligent workflows are creatively crafted models with a fresh approach to both data and inno

267、vative technology.Establishing these workflows and enhancing the requisite AI,data,and cloud capabilities can benefit your business now,while youre laying the groundwork for quantum(see Perspective,“Intelligent workflows”on page 46).Other considerations include the reality of quantum computing break

268、ing Rivest-Shamir-Adleman(RSA)and elliptic curve cryptography(ECC)encryption,and the need to migrate to existing quantum-safe cryptography.35 The intelligent workflow:Adding the power of quantumFIGURE 10 The booster shot Intelligent workflows powered by quantum computing MarketAutomationBlockchainEc

269、osystemsOutcomesExtended intelligent workflowQuantum computing44IoTAI 45By their very definition,intelligent workflows are inherently based on a mix of technologies and that mix can and should include quantum computing.Intelligent workflows thrive in an open,loosely coupled architecture,for starters

270、,that connects applications and technical approaches.Their ability to leverage hybrid environments is critical,given most organizations are accessing quantum comput-ing on the cloud versus developing the infrastructure themselves.Even if your organization uses a more simplified process approach,esta

271、blishing some foundational intelligent workflows can be an excellent segue into quantum computing.In the intelligent workflow framework,quantum computing may be intuitively thought of as an accelerator at first a booster tech-nology to supplement classical computing where extra power is needed.But i

272、n reality,quantum computing is a catalyst for deep industry business model revolutions that can spawn disruptive services and modes of consumption.For these revolutions to happen,enterprises need to develop a strategic compass that guides them toward optimal opportunities.They also need to shore up

273、the ability to apply quantum computing within classical business environments from technology,process,and people perspectives.In short,enterprises need to establish a quantum-receptive infrastructure and when the technology fully comes to fruition,theyll be ready.“Process workflows alone miss the co

274、mplexity of real-world work.Quantum computing will change the relationship among people,technology,and work.”Colonel(Retired)Stoney Trent,Ph.D.Founder and President The Bulls Run Group“It would be very strange if any major cloud platform in 2030 does not have a quantum play.Quantum is going to be mo

275、re impactful than AI or supercomputers.”Christian Weedbrook CEO Xanadu Quantum TechnologiesIBM Senior Vice President and Director of Research Daro Gil holding the 433-qubit IBM Osprey chip 46Developing intelligent workflows can help you prepare for quantum computing and their business-enhancing prop

276、erties can create organizational benefits now.The four steps below outline a broad framework for incorporating emerging technologies,curating data,and embracing a hybrid cloud environment.With that infrastructure in place,organizations can progress to analyzing sub-workflows for quantum computing ac

277、celeration opportunities.Embed emerging technologies,including AI and machine learning,to change ways of working.1 Drive value from data.2 Deploy through hybrid cloud.3 Evaluate sub-workflows best suited to quantum computing acceleration.4 Apply other emerging technol-ogies to build highly dynamic a

278、nd intelligent workflows that radically change how work gets done and new experiences are designed.In particular,strengthen AI and machine learning capabilities,which partner exceptionally well with quantum computing.Leverage curated data across intelligent workflows to mine the most important value

279、 pools.Establish robust gover-nance to engender trust in your data and AI models so decisions can be pushed out to the front lines of the organi-zation.Identify sub-workflow components of exceptional complexity that would benefit from quantum algorithms.Use the journey to a hybrid cloud to access da

280、ta and put it to new use,house intelligent workflows,and modernize applications in an open and de-risked manner.Use this flexibility to seek out opportunities for experimenting with cloud-based quantum computing.Join an open-source quantum computing ecosystem.Such a community provides access to quan

281、tum computing on a manageable scale,providing a low-commitment“laboratory”for experimentation.Classical and quantum computing usage should be choreographed for quantum computing to most effectively augment classical functions.Perspective Intelligent workflows as a foundation for quantum computing ac

282、celeration3646 47To get to this point requires key capabilities(see Figure 11).None of them are about mastering quantum technology itself.Rather,theyre about enhancing enterprise skills,technical capabilities,and forward-looking strategies that will enable the quantum computing revolution to take ro

283、ot and thrive.The good news:Taking a pragmatic,agile,and iterative approach to quantum computing now isnt just about reaping future rewards.This strategy can start to deliver significant business benefits today.For example,setting up a modern dynamic delivery model and open innovation platform throu

284、gh a hybrid cloud can yield its own significant returns in your classical enterprise.37 In parallel,they advance your ability to seamlessly integrate quantum computing when it is production-ready.By enhancing your classical computing environment now while also investing in experimentation and quantu

285、m-ready workflows,you are better positioned to accelerate your path to Quantum Advantage.FIGURE 11 On solid ground Laying the foundation for quantum computing Strategy Ability to convert quantum computing market information into actionable insights on opportunities and threatsProficiency to capture

286、business value from quantum-triggered strategies,capabilities,and innovation initiativesExpertise to secure and protect intellectual property (IP)or quantum computing technologies Influence of regulations and standards related to intended use of quantum computingTechnology DevSecOps framework to bui

287、ld,test,deploy,and update quantum computing applicationsAI and other advanced computational model maturity for supporting quantum computing-addressable workflowsHybrid cloud architecture that enables orchestration and interoperation of quantum-classical workloadsOperations Governance and oversight t

288、o help ensure successful execution of the quantum computing roadmapTalent strategy and culture to build a high performing teamInnovation processes that create a quantum-enabled solution that meets business needsAgile practices that result in high velocity of R&D and iterative solution design48In thi

289、s global,complex economy,no business can do everything itself.We rely on partners,specific expertise,and ecosystems to leverage the best of what is available and to exploit and demon-strate our own differentiating value-add.The speed at which quantum computing is improving and expand-ing makes it di

290、fficult for many companies to keep up,and the cost of“going it alone”could be prohibitive.Being part of a quantum computing ecosystem can provide access to that technology when it might not be possible otherwise.And these ecosystems also provide a window into better understanding quantum computings

291、implications and how they relate to your business issues.Determining exactly what those business problems are,and how quantum can play,requires expertise.Organizations can strive to build their own in-house quantum computing team,and to an extent that could be necessary.But ecosystems provide valuab

292、le supple-mentation or even substitution for in-house quantum computing talent,especially of the deeply technical sort.Due to limited availability,attempts to build or bring quantum com-puting skills in-house are very challenging.But the most advanced ecosystems are already stockpiling talent.The qu

293、antum computing ecosystem talent track“At this point,partnering for quantum skills makes much more sense than acquiring them.”Doug Kushnerick formerly with Technology Scouting and Ventures ExxonMobil ResearchKeeping the following questions in mind can help effectively align ecosystems with talent ne

294、eds.38 What is your type of business problem?You may not yet possess the expertise to explain your issue in terms of quantum capabilities,but you undoubtedly have a broader-brush perspective.Is your problem a simulation problem based in chemistry?Or are you looking for quantum algorithms that enhanc

295、e machine learning?Maybe your primary concern is security in the quantum era?Prospective ecosystems are most effective when theyre already working on use cases relevant to your specific issue and include experts who understand your industry problems.Who are the worlds leading organizations and think

296、ers related to quantum computing and your business issues?Because of the rapid pace of quantum computing innovation,you need partners who are at the forefront of scientific breakthroughs and their application to business problem-solving(see Figure 12).The difference between partnering with Tier 1 an

297、d Tier 2 players could mean the difference between being part of a“winner-takes-all”competitive scenario or being left behind.49What is the optimal mix of consultants versus in-house staff?The right quantum computing ecosystem for you contains the right mix of ecosystem participants concentrating on

298、 your business problems alongside your industry and technical professionals,including:A quantum computing technology provider that offers easy access to cloud-based quantum computing systems,an open-source programming framework,educational resources such as tutorials and research papers,quantum comp

299、uting researchers,quantum computing consultants,technical support,and a collaborative community actively engaged in addressing quantum computing challenges.Quantum computing developers who understand quantum computing application development using open-source code and access to application developme

300、nt libraries,and have access to real quantum computing hardware.Academic partners and universities conducting relevant quantum computing research and developing budding quantum computing experts that you may ultimately hire onto your team.“Im managing intellectual capital thats not even formed yet.”

301、Irfan Siddiqi Director of the Quantum Systems Accelerator Department of Energy(DoE)National Quantum Information Science(QIS)Research CenterOrganizations with similar challengesTechnology infrastructure providerResearch labsStart-ups with supporting technologiesUniversitiesApplication developersYour

302、organizationFIGURE 12 Where are your superpowers?Assembling the right mix of ecosystem constituents50If developing at least some in-house talent is a priority,a first step can involve seeking out community platforms.These“hands-on”ecosystems give developers access to tools to create and run quantum

303、computing algorithms on actual quantum computing hardware.For example,the IBM quantum computing community offers the open-source Qiskit framework.Such platforms are open to both students a critical constituency and organizational IT teams.A less“deep tech”option is to form small teams to start ident

304、ifying problems whether industry-changing breakthroughs or workflow accelerators in which quantum computing can play a role.Team members dont need Ph.D.-level quantum computing expertise,but they do need enough quantum computing literacy to assess quantum computing capabilities against industry and

305、organizational needs (see Figure 13).When youre hiring for quantum computing,whats the optimal talent?Researchers from the Rochester Institute of Technology and the University of Colorado Boulder provided some interesting insights.They interviewed managers at more than 20 quantum tech companies base

306、d in the US,and the responses yielded two common paths.FIGURE 13 Stacked for success What components and skills can help you achieve quantum computing literacy?Technical servicesApplicationsUse case-specific librariesPerformance librariesCompilers and optimizersAssembly language and driversQuantum c

307、omputing hardwareGeneral technology expertiseApplication architecture and developmentIndustry/domain knowledgeQuantum computing system algorithmsAdvanced math,quantum computing system expertiseQuantum physics,quantum computing system expertiseQuantum physics,chemistry,engineering Quantum stack compo

308、nentsSkills required“If anything slows down the Quantum Decade,its unlikely to be the technology.It will be the talent.Theres access to capital,a lot of interest,and we will have the technology.Its the people that we need.”Prineha Narang Assistant Professor of Computational Materials Science Harvard

309、 University“The semiconductor industry and quantum computing in the US face challenges acquiring STEM graduatesfirst from having to compete for engineers with more well-known software and social media companies,and second from having a shrinking pool of STEM graduates compared to other countries ove

310、r the past 30 years.”Ajit Manocha President and CEO SEMI 51First,the organizations said they were seeking candi-dates who were quantum“aware.”This encompassed a broad understanding of quantum computing concepts and the ability to discuss and apply those concepts what we call quantum literacy.The pro

311、spects didnt necessarily need an in-depth knowledge of equations and theory.39 Our IBM experts point out that this quan-tum literacy can often be a re-skill,a case of learning enough quantum computing to augment domain expertise and figure out how to integrate quantum computing in that area.40 Secon

312、d,candidates who had hands-on lab skills were favored over those with none.41 In a 2021 interview,one IBM industry expert estimated only 3,000 skilled quantum workers existed,and that base needed to double or triple.42 Other research suggests that by 2025,less than 50 percent of quantum computing jo

313、bs will be filled unless significant interventions occur.43 Acquiring this level of deeply technical skill can be challenging,especially when competing against univer-sities,start-ups,and vendors.This“talent drought”can boost the appeal of up-and-running ecosystems with their own talented quantum te

314、ams.What do QROs have in common?To find out,we surveyed565CXOsacross15countriesand 13 industrieswith primary responsibility for technology and innovation strategyQuantum-ready organizations(QROs)rank in the top 10%for their readiness across quantum strategy,operations,and technology.In contrast,the

315、least ready organizations comprise the bottom 10%.Quantum-ready organizations44 52QROs use ecosystems as a catalyst for readiness.of QROs are focused on a single quantum computing systemQROs participate in quantum ecosystems to accessSimulation Algebraic problemsis the most heavily have the highest

316、funded use case area use case activity 54What do QROs have in common?To find out,we surveyed565CXOsacross15countriesand 13 industrieswith primary responsibility for technology and innovation strategyQROs have a greater grasp of the skills gap.63%hardware71%use cases66%educational programs%5338%63%of

317、 the technology workforce is expected to expand skills to gain quantum expertise over the next 3 yearsCompared to the least-ready organizations,QROs are:nearly 5x more effective at developing internal quantum skills nearly 2x more effective at attracting STEM talent over 2x more effective at partner

318、ing with academic institutions1.5x more effective at partnering with research labsnearly 3x more effective at internship programs 54QROs have a greater grasp of the skills gap.QROs are technology innovators.9 in 10 QROs outperform their peers in agility 7 in 10 QROs outperform their peers in innovat

319、ion Quantum-ready organizations run 48%more AI workloads in production than their least-ready counterparts.Cloud investments at the start of this decade have a high impact on their readiness.Today,QROs run 28%of their workloads on hybrid cloud.48%more28%QROs spend wisely.8 in 10 QROs outperform thei

320、r peers in efficiency and profitability QROs are nearly 5x more efficient in their quantum spend 55%of quantum investment by QROs is directed toward research and experimentation,ecosystem participation,and workflow re-design.55%55IBM Quantum System Two is designed to be the building block of quantum

321、-centric supercomputing.IBM Quantum System Two employs a modular architecture allowing multiple systems to be connected together to create greater computational capacity.Quantum communication can also be employed to further increase computational capacity,along with hybrid cloud middleware to seamle

322、ssly integrate quantum and classical workflows.56 57Question One How can dissolving seemingly intractable barriers reshape your industry?What types of quantum computing experiments could you be conducting now,in pursuit of those goals?1 Questions to ask Question Three Intelligent workflows that use

323、technologies such as automation,blockchain,AI,5G,cloud,and edge create an ideal environment for quantum computing to plug into.How can establishing this foundation benefit your business now?3 Question Four What steps can you take to foster quantum computing literacy within your organization?What eco

324、systems can you partner with for “deep tech”quantum computing expertise?4 Question Two How can quantum computing partner with classical computing within a particular workflow?Which workflow subsections are best suited for quantum computing?How does this assessment alter perspectives and possibilitie

325、s related to your processes?2 58InsightsA process,not a destination When quantum demonstrates its superiority over traditional computing for a specific problem,thats Quantum Advantage.Its gradual,coming in waves that both progress and pause,but ultimately move the technology forward.Three classes of

326、 problems at which quantum excelsQuantum computing is especially astute at simulations of nature;algebraic problems,including machine learning,differential equations,and dealing with matrices;and quantum search-and-graph problems.The quantum computing“prioritization matrix”Evaluating the potential b

327、usiness impact of quantum computing applications can be challenging.We show you how to evaluate which potential quantum computing applications are better positioned to deliver optimum business benefits.59Quantum Advantage as introduced on page 6 occurs when a computing task of interest to business o

328、r science can be performed more efficiently,more cost effectively,or with better quality using quantum computers.This is the point where quantum computers plus classical systems can do significantly better than classical systems alone.But Quantum Advantage is not a dramatic,all-at-once event.It will

329、 be more ambiguous,coming in waves that both progress and pause,but ultimately move the technology toward achieving concrete business value.Each use case has its own unique timeline for Quantum Advantage.The particular quantum com-puting system or ecosystem partner youre engaging can influence that

330、timeline and advantage as well.Fortunately,Quantum Advantage can benefit from a domino effect in which successes in one use case can cascade to others.Chapter ThreeQuantum Advantage and the quest for business value“Exponential acceleration can occur after an initial use case.What we learn from those

331、 early use cases can be applied to others.”Sabrina Maniscalco Professor of Quantum Information and Logic,University of Helsinki CEO,Algorithmiq Oy60As we evaluate the time it will take to attain Quantum Advantage,its helpful to understand a bit about the current systems and where we are heading.Toda

332、ys qubits are subject to errors from hardware limitations and“noise”from the surrounding environment.If super-conducting qubits which live at a temperature close to absolute zero arent protected from noise by keeping them in a vacuum,vibrations or stray photons hitting the device could ruin a compu-

333、tation.The same goes for heat and ambient effects.Remember,quantum computing is built on the physics of quantum mechanics,and that is the model for interactions at the atomic,electron,and photon level.Coupling to the environment could disturb what we are doing in our system.More precisely,qubits in quantum hardware are called physicalqubits.Currently,quantum computing use cases are enabled by the