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1、The State of 5GEvaluating Progress and Charting the Path ForwardJuly 2023The state of 5G is strong.U.S.networks are leading the way in 5G,with record wireless investment delivering nationwide deployment faster than any previous generation.Expectations are high for 5G,and the wireless industry is on

2、pace to deliver our connected future ahead of schedule.Each successive generation of wireless technology brings new tools and opportunities to improve our connected world.5G has arrived,and it is off to a great start.The United States leads the world in deploying 5G,with more 5G availability than an

3、y other country.5Gs faster speeds and more responsive networks are driving strong consumer and enterprise adoption.The wireless industry is delivering 5G ahead of schedule,investing record,world-leading amounts of capital to deploy 5G faster than any previous generation of wireless.Analysts expect 5

4、G will ultimately add$1.5 trillion to Americas economy and contribute at least 4.5 million new jobs.5G wireless networks,built on a foundation of full-power,licensed spectrum,offer the most reliable and secure wireless connectivity available,making it the ideal platform for the industries of the fut

5、ure.5Gs first big impact is in home broadband,where 5G is Americas fastest growing home internet service,bringing real competition to cable.With new 5G applications,demand is rapidly increasingmobile traffic doubled last year compared to the year before,and Ericsson predicted that between 2020 and 2

6、027 consumers will nearly quintuple their mobile data use per year.Estimates indicate we will need 400 megahertz of additional mid-band spectrum to meet projected demand in 5 years,and nearly 1500 megahertz in 10 years.Today,however,there are no planned spectrum auctions in the pipeline.5G is off to

7、 a tremendous start,and our 5G platform will become more transformative each year as network capabilities grow and the 5G innovation ecosystem takes off.Still,more must be done to ensure 5G can reach its potential.Decisive action to re-establish the FCCs auction authority and identify a pipeline of

8、exclusively licensed,full-power mid-band spectrum is sorely needed to secure the future of Americas competitiveness and national security.Table of ContentsThe Promise of 5G 8Delivering Ahead of Schedule 12Historic Investment Fueled Unprecedented Deployment 16Driving Secure,Innovative Access for All

9、18Enabling Innovation Throughout the Economy 20Driving Innovation Across Industry Sectors 22Providing the Most Secure and Reliable Wireless Networks 26Maintaining Competitiveness and National Security 28More Must Be Done to Secure Our 5G Future 32The Best of 5G Is Yet to Come 36Conclusion 40Endnotes

10、 42892023 State of 5GThe Promise of 5GEach wireless generation delivered better service and new capabilities to consumers and businesses.The first wireless networks let us communicate on the go,but only by voice,and service was spotty.The advent of 2G brought digital technology to wireless,3G paved

11、the way for the initial mobile internet,and 4G enabled true mobile broadband,unleashing the app economy and inspiring other industries to harness the power of wireless.5G will be much faster than 4G,with speeds up to 100 x faster.5G is reducing latency,or the delay that occurs when data is transmitt

12、ed across distances.Low latency is especially important for machine-to-machine communications that require precise timing.5G is expected to be 5 times more responsive than 4G.5G technology will also be able to handle 100 times the number of connected devices,enabling dense deployments of connected d

13、evices and powering smart cities.As discussed below,we are already seeing a great jump in these capabilities.The real hallmark of 5G is its flexibility.While 4G was designed to do one thing wellbring internet access to mobile phones5G can dynamically adapt to provide optimized connectivity to a wide

14、 variety of different use cases.For example,if embedded sensors for smart agriculture need to extend battery life as much as possible,the 5G network can simplify communications,reducing the need for processing on the sensor itself.North American Mobile Network Life Cycles1980199020002010202020302040

15、5G4G3G2G1G10112023 State of 5G5GS ENORMOUS EXPECTED IMPACTThe flexible and powerful capabilities of 5G networks promise to enable wireless connectivity that is more deeply integrated into economic and social systems,making 5G a real engine for innovation.5G has transformative potential in several ke

16、y sectors of our economy,including healthcare,transportation,education,manufacturing,energy,agriculture,public safety,and more.5G will spur massive economic growth across the United States,with BCG estimating an addition of approximately 4.5 million jobs and an increase of about$1.5 trillion in U.S.

17、GDP over the 5G decade.1 By powering innovative healthcare applications and making organizations more efficient,Deloitte projects 5G technology will save$305 billion in healthcare costs every year.2 5G technology will also support important safety features of connected cars,enable massive IoT deploy

18、ments,and enhance detailed supply chain analytics to improve logistics and optimize fleet management.Analysts estimate that wireless-powered smart city solutions will add$1.8 trillion to the U.S.economy and deliver$160 billion in benefits and savings through efficiencies like lower energy use and re

19、duced congestion.3 Advanced manufacturing is critical to our nations competitiveness,economic growth,and quality of life.Drone commerce is expected to add more than$80 billion to the economy and create 100,000 new jobs as 5G helps unlock this technologys full commercial potential.4 We are seeing sig

20、nificant investment in new uses cases and applications that take advantage of 5Gs advanced capabilities,thanks to its rapid deployment.Use Cases Will Drive the 5G EconomyExtreme mobile broadband(streaming,conferencing,virtual offices,broadband in crowded places)Fixed wireless accessLogistics&trackin

21、gSensor networks(smart cities,precision agriculture)Consumer(wearables,smart home,AR gaming)Public safety(gunshot detection,AR-assisted firefighting)Industry 4.0(self-optimizing production,inventory management,AR-assisted jobs)E-health(connected ambulances,AR-enabled telemedicine)Connected vehicles5

22、G12132023 State of 5GDelivering Ahead of Schedule The United States has made remarkable achievements with 5G deployment.Compared to the launch of 4G,providers are delivering broader coverage at a faster pace,and consumers are adopting 5G devices more quickly.Across several network performance metric

23、s,5G is delivering ahead of schedule.While we are still in the early stages of what will be a decade-long 5G investment cycle,U.S.wireless providers have already built a strong 5G platform for innovation,job creation,and economic growth that will continue to grow in the years to come.DEPLOYMENT5G de

24、ployment is moving at a faster pace than 4G.The first 5G network achieved nationwide coverage twice as fast compared to 4G,5 and the three major providers were able to provide nationwide networks 1.5 times faster than with 4G.6 5G networks across the United States already cover over 325 million peop

25、le,giving us the worlds most available 5G networks.Ookla puts the United States as the world leader in availability,with over 54 percent of connections from 5G-capable handsets connecting to a 5G network most of the time.7 This puts us ahead of South Korea by almost 20 points,a truly remarkable feat

26、.8 Were at nearly double the 5G availability of China,which is at 27.3 percent.9This quick initial deployment underscores the wireless industrys commitment to global leadership,which only continues as networks expand and densify.As discussed further below,5G works best with a mix of different types

27、of spectrum,and operators do not yet have access to an optimal blend of frequencies.While the base-line initial platform of 5G has been quickly deployed at a wide scale,5G networks will need to keep getting better to meet Americas wireless needs.5G Availability in Select MarketsUnited States54%Cypru

28、s48%South Korea35%Netherlands34%Australia33%Thailand29%Norway28%Bulgaria25%France19%Germany18%United Kingdom17%Sweden9%Faster Nationwide Deployment5G22 months after first launch4G24 months after first launchOoklas availability metric measures the percent of connections from a 5G capable handset conn

29、ecting to 5G networks most of the time.It is thus a measure of both adoption and deployment.China figures are from personal communication.China27%14152023 State of 5GCONSUMER ADOPTIONConsumers are also adopting 5G quickly.Comparing 5Gs adoption to 4G,we find that two years after the nations first la

30、rge-scale 5G deployment,the U.S.had 50 million people subscribed to 5G versus 38.6 million subscriptions two years after the first large-scale 4G launch.10 Looking at market penetration at the same two-year mark,almost 15 percent of Americans have subscribed to 5G,compared to about 12 percent two ye

31、ars after 4Gs first large-scale launch.11Today,over one in three American adults have an active 5G devicea quickly growing contingent:The number of 5G devices in the United States grew over 500 percent between 2020 and 2021 to 85 million.12 NETWORK PERFORMANCE5G is already showing marked improvement

32、 over earlier generations of wireless across several performance criteria.Wireless network speed(or data throughput)is one of the most important factors affecting user experience,especially for data-hungry applications like streaming video.Again compared to the 4G era,5G is bringing bigger improveme

33、nts faster than we saw before.Eighteen months after the launch of 4G,average download speeds were only about 3 times faster than the previous generation.Over a similar timeframe,5G speeds were more than 16 times faster than 4G speeds.That means 5Gs rate of speed increase is over 5 times faster than

34、4Gs.13 Speeds on 5G networks are now routinely over 100 Mbps,and continually getting faster.Latency is another important performance metric,measuring the time delay as information transfers across the network.Low latency is critical to having a responsive network,and for some applications,such as 5G

35、-enabled driverless cars,precision robotics,or high-quality augmented reality,it really matters.Here again,5G is already bringing measurable improvements in overall responsiveness.According to real-world Ookla measurements,only about 15 percent of 4G connections have a latency of under 20 millisecon

36、ds,whereas more than 80 percent of high-band 5G connections are faster than 20 ms.14 That makes for a roughly 5 times improvement over 4G latency,helping empower more real-time applications.Spectrum plays a critical role in determining 5G network performance.Electromagnetic spectrumthe invisible rad

37、io waves by which mobile data travels through the airhas different properties depending on its frequency and wavelength.5G works best when it has a mix of different types of spectrum to be able to optimize connectivity for different use cases.For policy discussions,spectrum can be broken down into l

38、ow,mid and high bands.Low-band spectrum(spectrum below 3 GHz)can cover wide areas with a single cell tower and can propagate well through foliage and around buildings.Low-band provides crucial foundational coverage.High-band spectrum(spectrum above 24 GHz)provides extremely high-speed connections by

39、 using what the industry calls mmWave technologyrelying on the tiny wavelengths of this high-frequency spectrum,measured in millimeters.While high-band spectrum provides great performance,it does not propagate very far and is easily blocked by obstructions.Mid-band spectrum(focused on spectrum betwe

40、en 3 and 8.5 GHz)provides a happy medium:it can leverage advances in technology to provide high capacity,and still provides relatively good coverage.Other nations have done a better job of making mid-band spectrum available for 5G services.Frequencies above 8.5 GHz,while still useful,are more simila

41、r to high-band.Wireless Speeds Keep Getting BetterMedian download speed19 Mbps201627 Mbps201844 Mbps2020128 Mbps202216172023 State of 5GHistoric Investment Fueled Unprecedented DeploymentThe initial success of 5G deployments is thanks to tremendous investment by the wireless industryproviders are in

42、vesting an estimated$275 billion into network infrastructure to build out 5G and enhance network coverage,security,and capabilities.15 Fierce competition has driven nationwide providers to pour billions into designing and deploying networks they anticipate will best win over customers and enable new

43、 use cases.A record$35 billion was invested by providers in 2021,and since 2018,the year 5G launched,providers have already invested over$121 billion.16 To further contextualize this extraordinary investment,the United States is just 4 percent of the worlds population,but we invest 19 percent of the

44、 worlds total wireless capital.17 Looking at 5G investment on a per capita basis,in 2020,the U.S.wireless industry invested 4.5 times more than Chinese counterparts.18 5G investment has driven efforts to expand and densify networks to support innovative services.By the end of 2021,there were 418,887

45、 operational cell sites across the nation,and that doesnt account for all the new 5G base stations added to existing cell sites.19 Federal and state siting reforms encouraged the rapid deployment of 5G,with 62 percent of cell sites built from 2016 to 2021 coming after reforms were made.Operators als

46、o invest heavily in spectrumthe lifeblood of wireless networks.The Federal Communications Commission(FCC)auctions licenses that provide rights to use particular airwaves without interference from others.The wireless industry competes vigorously in these auctions to gain the resources needed to build

47、 ever-better performing networks.Over the years,these auctions have raised over$233 billion for the U.S.Treasury and policymakers priorities.20 In turn,this spectrum has supported deployments by national operators,regional carriers,and new entrants.Demand for licensed spectrum is growing rapidly:Abo

48、ut half of all spectrum revenue is from auctions of 5G spectrum in the last four years alone.U.S.Invests More Than Its Peers4%U.S.population as a share of the worldWORLDS TOTAL POPULATION19%U.S.investment in mobile as a share of worlds total mobile capexWORLDS TOTAL MOBILE CAPEXOperational U.S.Cell

49、Sites69,543New Sites2019-202147,718New Sites2016-201818192023 State of 5GDriving Secure,Innovative Access for All5G is connecting more Americans in more ways than ever before.As a result of strong competition driving record investment,the United States has networks covering more than 325 million peo

50、ple and counting.Consumers have embraced the technology,leading the number of 5G-connected smartphones and other 5G devices to grow exponentially year-after-year.With the growth in wireless innovations,applications,and connections,mobile data use has consistently increased year-over-yearand it leapt

51、 to 53.4 trillion megabytes(MBs)in 2021.21 That means U.S.networks are supporting more data traffic in one year than all of 2010 through 2017 combined.Wireless data traffic will only keep climbing Ericsson predicted between 2020 and 2027 consumers will nearly quintuple their mobile data use,to 240 t

52、rillion MBs per year.22 Americans continue to add wireless connections,driven by growth in data-only devicesthe medical sensors,smartwatches,hotspots,and more that run on wireless data.These devices make up an increasing share of overall connections every year42 percent of the nations 499 million wi

53、reless connections today.23FIXED WIRELESS ACCESSBeyond mobile,5G is also being leveraged to deliver broadband to the home.5G home broadbandalso called 5G Fixed Wireless Access,or FWAis a new home broadband option,bringing increased competition to the fixed broadband market.Early FWA offerings are th

54、e fastest growing broadband connection in the nation.Last year,5G home was the connection of choice for 90 percent of new broadband subscribers,and it accounted for virtually all broadband growth in the fourth quarter of 2022.24 5G home broadband downstream speeds easily support the typical American

55、 households needs,including multiple users actively engaged onlinea family can comfortably stream a 4K movie,hold an HD group call with coworkers,participate in an HD math class,participate in a telehealth visit,Skype with friends,and stream YouTube videos simultaneously on one 5G home network with

56、capacity to spare.5G home broadband is already available to millions of Americans,and top providers have already signed up over four million subscribers.25 The number of homes FWA will reach is predicted to jump 16 times from 2021 to 2025.26 However,operators are only able to offer FWA where they ha

57、ve sufficient capacity in the network to be able to guarantee reliable quality of service.Recent research from Econ One indicates that if operators had sufficient additional spectrum capacity,consumers could save over$8 billion per year thanks to FWA competition.27 The scale of FWA and its competiti

58、ve impact on the home broadband market ultimately depends on sufficient spectrum being made available for 5G.WIRELESS HELPS CLOSE THE DIGITAL DIVIDEWireless has historically proven a key tool in building digital equity,and 5G goes even further in helping bridge the digital divide.As the on-ramp of c

59、hoice for many of those without a home broadband connection,mobile helps drive connectivity,choice,and digital literacy within historically underrepresented groups like communities of color,low-income households,and rural populations.The wireless industry is proud of the flexible service options tha

60、t deliver consistently better value for varying consumer preferences and budgets.Unlimited plans are 43 percent cheaper and connections are 117 times faster than in 2010.28 This long track record of declining prices helps explain why wireless is the only broadband connection for over a quarter of lo

61、w-income households.29 Wireless has long been the most widely used broadband technology.In 2021,Pew Research estimated that while 77 percent of adults in the United States have a home broadband connection,85 percent own a smartphone.30 For about 15 percent of Americans,their wireless device is their

62、 only broadband connection.31 Demographic disparities in smartphone adoption have all but disappeared:85 percent of African Americans and 83 percent of Latinos own smartphones today,compared with 85 percent of white Americans.32 For rural populations,smartphone ownership grew by nine percentage poin

63、ts from 2019 to 202180 percent of rural residents now own a smartphone compared to 84 percent of suburban and 89 percent of urban populations.335G home broadband offerings are also providing more options for high-speed home internet in unserved and underserved communities.5G home can be deployed qui

64、ckly and easily without the need for additional last-mile infrastructure.Accenture projects that nearly half of rural U.S.households could be served with high-speed broadband over 5G-powered fixed wireless.34 5G home cuts down on expenses in the infrastructure-intensive last-mile of the network,cont

65、ributing to greater competition and more affordable pricing for home broadband.It serves as a very cost-effective tool to bridge broadband access and adoption gapsthe question is whether there is sufficient spectrum to provide the capacity demanded by this service.More licensed spectrum is key to me

66、eting the demand for ubiquitous FWA coverage.20212023 State of 5GEnabling Innovation Throughout the Economy5Gs enhanced speed and capacity,combined with its flexibility to support many different use cases,is driving efficiency across a wide variety of economic sectors.While everyone is most familiar

67、 with the smartphones we interact with every day,large-scale machine-to-machine connections promise to drive tremendous productivity gains.These IoT devices that generally only use wireless data(and not voice service)make up an increasing share of overall connections every year.In 2021,data-only dev

68、ices represented about 42 percent of all wireless connections,increasing from 190 million to 208 million since 2020.355G-powered connected devices are enabling new innovations such as remote patient monitoring,efficient smart energy grids,immersive,virtual reality learning experiences,and connected

69、cars that reduce congestion and increase safety.Thanks to significant wireless industry investment,5G will create$1.5 trillion in economic growth and 4.5 million new jobs in the U.S.this decade.36 These are the jobs and technologies that will help us address our countrys biggest challenges,like educ

70、ational inequities,access to health care,and climate change.According to Accenture,5G use cases across just five industriestransportation,energy,manufacturing,agriculture,and living/working/healthcan help the United States meet 20 percent of its climate change goals by 2025.37 This 5G-powered transf

71、ormation of our economy is happening in both big cities and smaller communities.This means tens of thousands of new jobs in places like Nashville and Charlotte,and tens of billions in GDP growth in places like Kansas City and Seattle.Continued Growth of Data Only Devices2021336MTotal Wireless Connec

72、tions51MData-Only Devices2013499MTotal Wireless Connections208MData-Only Devices42%15%Data-Only Devices GDP IMPACT Seattle Area$65B JOBS CREATED Phoenix Area55K JOBS CREATED Boise Area9K GDP IMPACT Dallas Area$43B JOBS CREATED Minneapolis Area52K GDP IMPACT Nashville Area$11B JOBS CREATED Detroit Ar

73、ea47K JOBS CREATED Charlotte Area36K GDP IMPACT New York City Area$139B GDP IMPACT San Diego Area$20B JOBS CREATED Denver Area43K JOBS CREATED Miami Area61K22232023 State of 5GDriving Innovation Across Industry SectorsNew services and applications built on the secure and reliable 5G platform are alr

74、eady transforming communities and industries across Americas economy.The wireless industry is hard at work,partnering with a wide variety of entities to develop next generation technology across industry sectors,as CTIA explored in its recent“5G Innovators”report.38 A few highlights provide a snapsh

75、ot of the innovations 5G is enabling throughout the economy.Healthcare5G is redefining whats possible in healthcare,making organizations more efficient,complex procedures more precise and life-enhancing care available in real time,from anywhere.By transforming traditional 2D imaging data into near r

76、eal-time 3D holographic visualizations,doctors can visualize a patients anatomy,enhancing surgical practices and the precision of care.EducationNow more than ever,education is essential to build thriving communities and fostering equitable opportunities.5G is helping Americas teachers and students s

77、tay ahead of the curve,increasing engagement,leveraging real-time data,and sparking imaginations.Verizon is helping improve the future of veteran care through 5G-enabled hospitals Partnering with the VA Palo Alto Health System,which is the first 5G-connected veterans hospital in the U.S.,Verizon is

78、exploring how 5G-connected virtual and augmented reality solutions can be used to enhance surgical navigation systems and medical training to advance veteran care throughout the U.S.AT&T is connecting students with 5G-enabled immersive,interactive learning experiences.AT&T has partnered with Boddle

79、to develop 5G immersive technologies,like augmented reality,to bring math lessons to life for students and create rich,interactive learning experiences that help remove barriers to quality education.Manufacturing Advanced manufacturing is critical to our nations competitiveness,economic growth,and q

80、uality of life.5G is helping U.S.factories springboard into the future of safety,sustainability,and innovation,thanks to AR and VR training,advanced robotics,and real-time information sharing.Augmented reality(AR)headsets can be a game-changer for frontline workers,enabling them to remotely perform

81、tasks like cell site upgrades and machine maintenance,virtually view service checklists and more.5G powers the fast responses necessary for a realistic experience.Ericsson is unlocking the potential for 5G-connected Industry 4.0.The USA 5G Smart Factory is a full-scale production facility for 5G rad

82、ios and other network elements,which is exploring fast,secure wireless connectivity to enable innovations and processes that optimize efficiency and increase production,such as:augmented reality for remote support,digital materials tracking,automated plant procedures,environmental monitoring,and oth

83、er use cases.Samsung is leveraging 5G to streamline advanced manufacturing and develop industrial use cases at the companys state-of-the-art semiconductor manufacturing facility in Austin,Texas.5G is enabling real-time communication among millions of sensors,devices and systems within the manufactur

84、ing facility to bring next-generation innovations into daily operations.For example,augmented reality applications are improving factory efficiency and performance through more immersive training,and 4K live video and IoT sensor data are supporting factory automation to improve equipment monitoring

85、and preventative maintenance procedures.24252023 State of 5GPublic SafetyWhen it comes to keeping people safe,knowledge is power and speed is everything.5G delivers both,exponentially increasing first responders access to video and data and accelerating their ability to respond.For example,firefight

86、ers need to find people quickly while protecting their own safety,often in zero-visibility environments.Augmented reality,powered by 5G,can be projected directly onto fire-fighting face-shields,providing needed information within view.5Gs low latency and ability to support enhanced edge-compute capa

87、bilities enables safer,more efficient tactical response.T-Mobile is connecting emergency responders to 5G-enabled AI solutions to speed up detection and response times for wildfires.T-Mobile partnered with Pano AI to create 5G-connected,AI-powered cameras that identify the first signs of wildfires.T

88、his technology provides emergency crews with immediate,actionable intelligence,allowing them to respond quickly and effectively before the fire has a chance to grow out of control.Connecting Rural America with Fixed Wireless Access 5G is powering fixed wireless home broadband,with significant early

89、growth.This technology holds special promise for rural and small-town America.FWA,used as last mile infrastructure,will connect more people with reliable and affordable internet options.UScellular is rolling out FWA with antennas specially designed for rural access.The high cost and complications of

90、 connecting remote and hard-to-reach areas has made for a persistent digital divide.FWA has the potential to bridge this gap with practical,timely,and lower-cost infrastructure.Transportation and Logistics 5G can help vehicles use the information around them to operate more efficiently with awarenes

91、s of other cars,infrastructure,and pedestrians around them.Innovators nationwide are using 5G to redefine how people and products get from one place to another.Qualcomm is helping drive 5G innovation for next-generation connected cars and mobility solutions.Partnering with companies like Volvo and F

92、ord,Qualcomm is demonstrating how 5G is enabling a diverse ecosystem of C2VX technologies that can securely connect cars to the cloud,each other,and the environment while supporting next-level intelligence for enhanced in-vehicle experiences,new connected-car services,higher levels of safety,and aut

93、onomy.Nokia is improving the efficiency of our global supply chain by enabling the digital transformation of shipping and warehousing operations.5G is enabling previously unseen applications for remote machine control and robotics,increasing speed,safety and efficiency across a range of environments

94、.5G makes it possible for human operators to remotely steer drones,cranes,and other large equipment with precision and ease through complex settings from the production facility to seaports and rail transfer stations to warehouses.Smart Cities,Buildings and EnergyThe cities of the future will be sma

95、rt cities:growing and thriving while offering residents and visitors a convenient,enjoyable and safe place to work and play.5G is the engine of smart cities innovation,connecting people,data and new ideas in creative ways.Intel is building smart city solutions that are helping communities everywhere

96、 deliver smarter services,safer streets,and a healthier,more sustainable environment for every resident.5G is enabling an ecosystem of next-generation technologies,including sensors,cameras,and edge computing,that can provide near real-time awareness of issues requiring attention.Data collected and

97、analyzed from these 5G-enabled devices can be used to optimize city operations,improve basic services,enhance public safety,increase sustainability,and inform planning and policy making.These devices can also be used to enhance public experiences and optimize operational efficiency at local sports s

98、tadiums,theme parks,and resorts or improve parking and safety on university campuses.26272023 State of 5GProviding the Most Secure and Reliable Wireless NetworksProviding a safe and secure wireless experience is critical.Security has improved with each generation of wireless,and the wireless industr

99、y continues to build innovative security features into our nations networks.5G wireless networks built on licensed spectrum combine security features within hardware,software,and virtualization technologies,making it the most secure wireless communication technology available.5G was designed with se

100、curity in mind from the ground up and includes several new protections.5G networks include multiple layers of encryption protocols and network management capabilities to minimize the potential for large-scale security breaches.New capabilities incorporated into 5G networks,such as network functions

101、virtualization,give operators unprecedented visibility into operations to more quickly identify problematic behavior,and enable more enhanced,targeted forms of security.5G network defenses include a mix of technologies,techniques,and principles that guide how providers secure their networks.For exam

102、ple,5G networks have adopted a Zero Trust architecture.Traditional security models generally relied on a“single perimeter defense”or“castle-and-moat”model,granting users broad access to the network after a single authentication.A Zero Trust model instead requires continuous authentication of users,a

103、pplications,and devices as they access different parts of a network and corresponding network functions.5G networks also encrypt data exchanged on them from end to end,and at multiple layers of the network.Some types of encryption and security include IPsec tunnels,transport layer security,identifie

104、r encryption,and support for virtual private networks.LICENSED SPECTRUM MAKES 5G MORE SECURE5G networks are built using licensed spectrum.Exclusive-use,licensed spectrum provides reliability,lack of interference,and no third-party management.It is a secure and reliable platform for 5G because it:Lim

105、its Interference:Licensed spectrum conveys rights to a sole license holder,meaning networks built with licensed spectrum are protected by law and managed by the licensee to limit interference and deliver secure,reliable communications.Is a Secure Architecture:Networks built with licensed spectrum ar

106、e more controlled and resilient,with fewer potential points of attack,thanks to their ability to avoid middlemen,shared databases,or the need to accommodate multiple stakeholders.Requires Device Security:Smartphones,tablets,and laptops connected to licensed networks must adhere to standards and pass

107、 rigorous certification testing,increasing the overall security of the network.Incentivizes Security Investment:License holders have spent$233 billion to acquire the rights to use their spectrum.The significance of the investment and the rights that come with it incentivize continued investment in n

108、etwork reliability and security.Americas wireless providers have invested over$121 billion in networks since 2018,the year 5G launched.Licensed spectrum is a key input into building secure communications networks that support a safe internet experience.As discussed below,more licensed spectrum is ne

109、eded to help secure our connected future.Key tranches of mid-band spectrum are ideal for enhancing 5Gs capacity and responsiveness,providing the secure 5G experience promised by 3GPP standards.28292023 State of 5GMaintaining Competitiveness and National Security Our world-leading 5G networks are a f

110、orce multiplier for productivity gains throughout the U.S.economy and key to the United States gaining a comparative advantage in the industries of the future.Being the hub for advanced manufacturing and precision robotics,mobile augmented reality applications,and dense smart city deployments,for ex

111、ample,will be a tremendous boon to U.S.economic success.So much more than entertaining videos on our smartphones,5G is the connective tissue supporting the innovations that will make or break economies through the 21st century.Were off to a great start,but it is critical we maintain the economic ben

112、efits and first-mover advantages in many 5G-enabled innovations.Nowhere is 5Gs support in achieving leadership in the industries of the future more important than in our rivalry with China.The wireless industry is hard at work to ensure our 5G platform is the best in the world with the limited spect

113、rum resources available today.The U.S.was the first mover on 5G deployment,with the first U.S.deployments 13 months before China.39 The U.S.was also first to a nationwide network,with three competing networks before China had one.40 Looking at key markers of 5G success,the U.S.is expected to maintai

114、n its leadby 2028,5G will be about 91 percent of U.S.wireless connections.China will see 5G permeate society at a lower rate of roughly 80 percent.41 This is in no small part thanks to strong investment in the United States providing a compelling 5G platform:U.S.operators invest roughly 4.5 times mo

115、re than their Chinese counterparts on a per-capita basis.42 But China is accelerating its 5G-led digital transformation,making vast amounts of mid-band spectrum available for commercial use.China has already assigned nearly twice the mid-band to wireless operators than the United States,including pa

116、rt of key lower 3 GHz and 4 GHz bands.And whats more,China is considering making the entire 6 GHz band available for commercial wireless(unlike the United States,which allocated this band to unlicensed).Together,this would result in 1660 megahertz of 5G mid-band spectrum in China3.7 times the mid-ba

117、nd spectrum available to U.S.wireless operators today.43 Making additional mid-band licensed spectrum available for commercial use would augment the capacity of U.S.networks and help ensure China does not leap-frog U.S.network performance.U.S.Operators Out Invest Chinese CounterpartsChinese Regulato

118、rs Allocating More Mid-band For 5G4.5x Investment Per CapitaUnited StatesChina3.7x More Mid-BandUnited StatesChina30312023 State of 5GU.S.Driving Faster 5G AdoptionSpectrum policy also plays an important role in shaping the market for wireless equipment.Strong 5G demand in the United States means th

119、e purchasing sway of our sizeable market has an outsized effect in shaping the wireless equipment market,allowing policy to support the companies and ideals we believe in.Policymakers rightly spent the last several years encouraging other nations to use trusted equipment from suppliers like Ericsson

120、,Nokia,Samsung,and Cisco,rather than providers that present security risks given their close ties to the Chinese government.So far,this effort has largely focused on export controls of semiconductors and related advanced technology.The key role of spectrum policy in driving economies of scale in com

121、munications equipment presents another critical vector to ensure a healthy supply chain of trusted equipment.While Huaweis share of equipment revenue has fallen from 2020 levels,the company remains the largest global telecom equipment provider,indicating a narrow focus on chips may not be sufficient

122、 to ensure a healthy supply chain of trusted equipment.The United States should align its spectrum policy with globally harmonized bands for 5G and ensure U.S.consumers benefit from lower-cost networks built with equipment produced at scale for the entire world and avoid driving up costs by requirin

123、g special equipment designed just for the U.S.market.Subscriptions by 2028100%5G Adoption91%United States80%China5G IS STRENGTHENING OUR NATIONAL SECURITYThe economic implications of productivity gains from 5G-related innovations are profound,especially as the emerging technologies 5G supports and e

124、nables are anticipated to play an important role in defense and security industries.5G fuels advances across both the defense industry and broader commercial sectors,with synergistic gains to our economic and national security.Several 5G applications are under development to buttress our national se

125、curity directly.U.S.military operations are actively experimenting with 5G,including for a variety of logistics applications,VR/AR for military training and machine maintenance,real-time surveillance,and cutting-edge robotics,for example.Operators are developing in several compelling defense use cas

126、es currently under development:AT&T supported 5G-enabled demonstrations of smart warehouse solutions at Naval Base Coronado in San Diego.44 T-Mobile partnered with Oceus to bring advanced 5G solutions tailored to government needs,including defense applications in AR/VR,maintenance and logistics,trai

127、ning,and active operations.45 Verizon has partnered with Lockheed Martin to develop so-called“5G.MIL”applications,integrating military and enterprise networks that leverage existing telecommunications infrastructure.46 5G security is highly customizable and segmentable to support the particular need

128、s of national security applications.Auctioning spectrum raises billions that DoD can use to upgrade to new,technologically efficient systems that are more appropriate for the battlefield of the 21st century.The Spectrum Relocation Fund provides a tried and true mechanism that can provide the funding

129、 and the catalyst to help government users upgrade systems.The hard work of repacking a federal band for more efficient use can help government users more effectively achieve their critical missions,while also making additional spectrum available to fuel 5G networks,helping secure our country and ec

130、onomic future.As the Center for Strategic and International Studies recently explained,“telecommunications regulatory governance is therefore a powerful strategic security lever that the United States and its allies should wield to advance free-market democracy.the United States can help guide and e

131、nable free-market democracies by ensuring the 5G platform reaches its full potential to help solve the challenges of the twenty-first century.”47 32332023 State of 5GMore Must Be Done to Secure Our 5G Future 5G is at an inflection point:While initial deployments have achieved a solid footing,attenti

132、on now turns to the scaling-up of applications and ensuring capacity is available to meet growing demand.Licensed,exclusive-use spectrum is the lifeblood of mobile communicationsin order for 5G to reach its true potential,more spectrum is sorely needed.A new study from The Brattle Group finds that e

133、ven optimistic improvements in technological efficiency and added cellular infrastructure will not be nearly enough to meet projected demand.Additional spectrum is the only realistic option for the wireless industry to be able to provide needed capacity.The Brattle Groups analysis indicated that the

134、 United States needs at least an additional 400 megahertz of full-power,licensed,mid-band spectrum in five years,and nearly 1500 megahertz by 2032.48 Global Rivals Have Significintaly More Mid-BandMid-band spectrum is particularly important to achieve the capacity needed to meet demand and allow 5G

135、to reach its full potential.Mid-band spectrum is especially well suited to allow operators to augment network capacityit has relatively strong propagation compared to higher frequencies,but it can also utilize recent advances in antenna technology to boost capacity.Other countries have recognized th

136、e need to make more full-power licensed mid-band spectrum available and are quickly allocating resources to unlock additional capacity for 5G networks.Examining spectrum allocations of global peers,Analysys Mason concluded that the United States is behind by an average of 378 megahertz of mid-band s

137、pectrum today.49 This gap is projected to grow to an estimated 518 megahertz in five years.Without additional spectrum,U.S.innovation ecosystems that depend on high-capacity wireless service will be at a disadvantage compared to those in other nations.The impacts will be profound and wide-rangingthe

138、 potential future of wireless abundance will be curtailed.The historic trend of lower per-unit prices may slow or stall,networks will become congested,and particularly data-intensive applications may not gain hold in the United States.Growing Spectrum Deficit400 MHz600800100012001400 MHz202520262027

139、20282029203020312032400 MHz Spectrum Deficit1400 MHz Spectrum DeficitSource:Analysys MasonUp to 1660 MHz in 5 yearsCHINA460 MHz1100 MHz in 5 yearsJAPAN1100 MHzUK790 MHz790 MHz in 5 years700 MHz in 5 yearsSouth Korea380 MHz590 MHz in 5 yearsFRANCE510 MHzToday:378 MHzTomorrow:518 MHzU.S.Average Global

140、 Deficit34352023 State of 5G5G home broadband has significant momentum in the market,but this service requires more spectrum to scale up to its potential as a nationwide home broadband competitor.Today operators only offer this service in areas with sufficient capacity to provide reliable quality of

141、 service.Without more spectrum,the opportunity for FWA to scale and meet demand for a home broadband alternative to cable will likely be foregone.A balanced spectrum policy calls for additional full-power,mid-band spectrum to be allocated for commercial wireless use.The U.S.wireless industry has ver

142、y little lower mid-band spectrum,with unlicensed operations in this range having access to 7 times more spectrum than licensed users.50 The variety of government users have access to much more,over 12 times the amount available for commercial wireless.Unfortunately,the United States is without a con

143、crete plan to reallocate any spectrum bands for 5G today.Even worse,the FCCs auction authority was allowed to lapse for the first time in its 30-year history.Action is urgently needed to set spectrum policy back on track and ensure operators have the necessary resources to meet demand and secure our

144、 economic competitiveness.Research from Accenture identified the lower 3 GHz band,as well as spectrum in the 4 GHz and 7-8 GHz ranges as offering the greatest opportunity,considering the characteristics of these bands and existing global allocations that can provide greater economies of scale in equ

145、ipment.51 Time is of the essence for U.S.spectrum policy.Telecommunications stakeholders around the world are gearing up for Novembers 2023 World Radio Conference,where an arm of the United Nations will coordinate key bands for international spectrum harmonization.Deviating from the rest of the worl

146、d on the spectrum up for discussion at the WRC will further empower China to set the global spectrum agenda and hand Huawei an advantage in creating lower-cost equipment for the rest of the world.Over the next decade,we should aim to make 1500 megahertz of mid-band spectrum available for full-power,

147、licensed,commercial use to meet demand and secure our competitiveness.The upcoming WRC offers an important opportunity to align the spectrum needs of 5G and 6G globally.In November,delegations from around the world will consider new mobile allocations for 1490 megahertz of spectrum in various bands

148、between 4.8 GHz to 10.5 GHz.Supporting these proposals,both at WRC and through domestic policies,would set us up for continued success in the wireless innovations ahead.America Needs More Mid-Band for 5GLower 3 GHz(3.1-3.45 GHz band)4 GHz(4.4-4.94 GHz band)350 MHz400 MHz7/8 GHz(7.125-8.4 GHz band)40

149、0 MHz3 GHz8.5 GHzU.S.Mid-Band Spectrum Access Is Out of BalanceGovernmentLicensed(3300 MHz)12xUnlicensedLicensed(1910 MHz)7xLicensed36372023 State of 5GThe Best of 5G Is Yet to ComeFueled by its enhanced capabilities,5G has incredible potential to power innovations that help address societal challen

150、ges.From developments in augmented reality and holograms,to advanced precision robotics or real-time haptic feedback,5G provides the connectivity ecosystem that will bring new technologies to life.The app stores of the 4G era ushered in an explosion of innovation.For the first time,the basics of mob

151、ile e-commerce were all brought together within well-supported development environments,with 4G networks providing the capabilities for connected applications.5G is different.The most transformative 5G applications are not just about software running on traditional smartphonesmany of the cutting-edg

152、e use cases require development of new hardware or integration with complex machinery.More development is required,and it will be some time before innovators deliver applications that fully leverage the 5G opportunity.INNOVATORS ARE HARD AT WORK CREATING OUR 5G FUTURE5G is already having a big impac

153、t across industries,but we are just scratching the surface of what well see in the years to come.All across the country,thanks to Americas early 5G lead,innovators and entrepreneurs are hard at work creating the future.Here are some of their stories.5G is what we need to completely optimize farming.

154、Peter Knezevich,CEO,Trellis AGRICULTUREPETER KNEZEVICH CEO TRELLISPeter and his team at Trellis are using 5G to connect soil sensors to an AI-based platform that collects moisture levels directly from the field and combines that information with historical crop and weather data from that farm to hel

155、p farmers decide the best time to irrigate.In the past,farmers would water their fields when they thought the soil was dry.With 5G,farmerslike Jon Carroll,a 4th generation Arkansas farmercan receive data directly from their fields to their smartphones and make informed decisions about when to apply

156、more water.By better managing field conditions and water use throughout the growing season,family farmers can potentially save millions of gallons of water every year without negatively impacting yields or their bottom lines.5G will allow applications,like Trellis,to optimize precision agriculture a

157、nd help strengthen the future of Americas family farms.5G is key to making electric,remote-piloted vehicles accessible everywhere.Anand Nandakumar,Founder and CEO of Halo.Car 5G is needed to connect more kids to life-changing educational experiences.Kai Frazier,Founder&CEO,Kai XR EDUCATIONKAI FRAIZE

158、R FOUNDER&CEO KaiXRKai is using 5G to connect students at under-resourced schools with immersive,virtual reality field trip experiences.As an educator in Title I schools,Kai saw firsthand how her students didnt have access to new technology or educational opportunities outside of the classroom,and s

159、he wanted to find a way to connect her students to those learning experiences.With 5G and virtual reality technology,KaiXR brings more than 100 field trips to students through a mobile-based platform.These virtual field trips have expanded students horizons as they learn about new ideas,places,and c

160、areers.5G can help close the digital divide by connecting more kids and addressing inequities in education with new technology,like KaiXR.TRANSPORTATION ANAND NANDAKUMAR CEO HALO.CARAnand and his team at Halo.Car are driving the future of transportation with 5G connectivity and their all-electric,re

161、mote-piloted cars available on demand through the Halo.Car app.In order to make any sizeable impact on reducing the carbon footprint of the transportation sector,Anand realized his solution had to make electric vehicles more accessible to all and replace the need for personal car ownership.For Halo.

162、Cars remote-piloted technology to work safely and effectively,there needs to be a fast,reliable connection that can handle the massive amount of data generated from multiple cameras and sensors on the vehicle.Thats where 5G comes in.With 5G,Halo.Cars on-demand approach to vehicle access transforms t

163、he current car ownership model to a more economical and sustainable solution:a smaller number of electric vehicles being used by multiple people multiple times throughout the day.More 5G deployment is key to expanding Halo.Cars model to more cities across the country and connecting more transportati

164、on use cases that will help make our roads safer,improve traffic and reduce emissions.38392023 State of 5G5G is a major factor in growing the economy,creating jobs and making our community more vibrant.Brian Johnson,City Manager,Peachtree Corners,GA SMART CITIES BRIAN JOHNSON CITY MANAGERPEACHTREE C

165、ORNERS,GEORGIABrian is using the 5G network to build the smart city of the future in Peachtree Corners,Georgia.Technology Parkway in the heart of Peachtree Corners is a living laboratory for companies to deploy smart city innovationsuch as autonomous shuttles,IoT connected infrastructure,and camera-

166、as-a-sensor technologyin a real-world environment.Brian recognized early on that 5G connectivity needed to be the foundation for making the“City Street of the Future”a reality because it provides the speed,latency,and reliability to connect an ecosystem of smart city innovation with the flexibility

167、to move and evolve with the pace of the community.All of the 5G-connected infrastructure,cameras,and sensors in Peachtree Corners generate a massive amount of data that the city is able to use to inform municipal projects and resource allocation,making the community smarter,safer,and more vibrant.Pe

168、achtree Corners is showing other cities what is possible with more 5G connectivity to grow smart city innovation,connect people and create thriving communities across the country.We need 5G technology to harness the power of rich camera data with low latency,reliability and consistency.Sonia Kastner

169、,CEO,Pano AI PUBLIC SAFETYSONIA KASTNER CEOPANO AISonia and her team at Pano AI are leveraging 5G connectivity in remote,mountain-top areas of the Pacific Northwest to help firefighters pinpoint,detect,and monitor wildfires.The firefighting community is facing a mounting threat of faster spreading a

170、nd more dangerous wildfires than ever before,yet the tools they are working with have not kept up.Sonia saw an opportunity to upgrade firefighters tools using modern technology,like 5G and AI.Pano AI is deploying a network of cameras that collect high-resolution,360-degree video of the surrounding l

171、andscape and uploaded that data instantly to the cloud via the 5G network.That data is run through an AI-based platform that can detect the threat of smoke and provide real-time,actionable intelligence to the firefighting community and other stakeholders involved in emergency response.More 5G deploy

172、ment will allow Pano AI to go deeper into the forest and into more remote communities to help mitigate the threat of wildfires and provide critical information that can speed up emergency response times.40412023 State of 5GConclusion5G has arrived,with faster-than-ever wireless networks blanketing t

173、he country.These networks are already powering new innovations throughout the economy,and the 5G platform will become more powerful and transformative each year as network capabilities grow and the 5G innovation ecosystem takes off.Spectrum is the key to maintaining our 5G leadership,but unfortunate

174、ly today there is no established pipeline for additional 5G spectrum and,whats worse,Congress allowed FCC auction authority to expire for the first time in its 30-year history.We need to restore FCC auction authority with a pipeline of full-power,licensed,mid-band spectrum,with the goal of making av

175、ailable at least 1,500 megahertz for commercial use.The bands with the greatest promise for addressing this challenge are lower 3 GHz,4 GHz,and 7/8 GHz.As in the past,this can be done while protecting and advancing the federal mission,particularly of DoD,and ensuring that America leads the global wi

176、reless race and sets the agenda for the next iteration of our digital future.Additional full-power,licensed,mid-band spectrum is the fuel we need to meet ever-growing 5G demand,help close the digital divide,and protect our economic and national security with the most reliable,resilient,and secure wi

177、reless available.42432023 State of 5GEndnotes1.Boston Consulting Group,5G Promises Massive Job and GDP Growth in the U.S.,February 2021,https:/www.ctia.org/news/report-5g-promises-massive-job-and-gdp-growth-in-the-u-s.2.Deloitte,Wireless Connectivity Fuels Industry Growth and Innovation in Energy,He

178、alth,Public Safety,and Transportation,January 2017 https:/www.ctia.org/news/deloitte-wireless-connectivity-fuels-industry-growth-and-innovation.3.Accenture,Smart Cities:How 5G Can Help Municipalities Become Vibrant Smart Cities,February 2017,https:/www.ctia.org/news/accenture-smart-cities-how-5g-can

179、-help-municipalities-become-vibrant-smart;Deloitte,Wireless Connectivity Fuels Industry Growth and Innovation in Energy,Health,Public Safety,and Transportation,January 2017 https:/www.ctia.org/news/deloitte-wireless-connectivity-fuels-industry-growth-and-innovation.4.CTIA,Commercial Wireless Network

180、s:The Essential Foundation of the Drone Industry,November 2017,https:/www.ctia.org/news/commercial-wireless-networks-the-essential-foundation-of-the-drone-industry-2.5.Verizon timeline from 4G launch to 200M pops12 months(Dec.2010 to Dec.2011);T-Mobile timeline from 5G launch to 200M pops6 months(Ju

181、n.2019 to Dec.2019).6.5G launch to nationwide(200M pops)coverage timelineAT&T:20 months(Dec.2018 to Jul.2020);T-Mobile:6 months(Jun.2019 to Dec.2019);Verizon:18 months(Apr.2019 to Oct.2020).22 months calculated from ATTs Dec.2018 launch to VZs 200M coverage in Oct.2020.4G launch to nationwide(200M p

182、ops)coverage timelineVerizon:12 months(Dec.2010 to Dec.2011);AT&T:20 months(Sept.2011 to May 2013);T-Mobile:8 months(Mar.2013 to Nov.2013).30 months calculated from MetroPCSs Las Vegas LTE launch(Sept.2010)to T-Mobiles 200M coverage in Nov.2013.7.Isla McKetta,Ookla,Stable and Expanding:The State of

183、Worldwide 5G in 2022,December 2022,https:/ communication with Ookla researchers.10.There were 38.6M 4G subscriptions two years after Verizons large-scale 4G deployment in Dec.2010,compared to 50M 5G subscriptions projected by Chetan Sharma for 2Q 2021,two years after T-Mobiles first large-scale 5G d

184、eployment in Jun.2019.11.4G penetration was 12.3%as of 4Q 2012,two years after Verizons Dec.2010 large-scale deployment launch(according to Omdias WCIS Data Dashboard).5G penetration is expected to be 14.9%as of 2Q 2021.,two years after T-Mobiles Jun.2019 large-scale 5G deployment launch(based on Ch

185、etan Sharmas projected 50M 5G subs).12.CTIA,2022 Annual Survey Highlights,September 2022,https:/www.ctia.org/news/2022-annual-survey-highlights.13.PC World reported average 4G speeds of 6.2 Mbps and 3G speeds of 2 Mbps 18 months after 4Gs Sept.2010 launch(measured Apr.2012).Opensignal measured avera

186、ge U.S.4G speeds of 32.7 Mbps and average U.S.5G speeds of 506.1 Mbps 16 months after 5Gs Dec.2018 launch(measured from Jan.to Apr.2020).14.Reiner Ludwig,Ericsson,Who Cares About Latency in 5G?August 2022,https:/ Cities:How 5G Can Help Municipalities Become Vibrant Smart Cities,February 2017,https:/

187、www.ctia.org/news/accenture-smart-cities-how-5g-can-help-municipalities-become-vibrant-smart16.CTIA,2022 Annual Survey Highlights,September 2022,https:/www.ctia.org/news/2022-annual-survey-highlights.17.Based on CTIA 2022 Annual Survey Highlights,https:/api.ctia.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/2022-A

188、nnual-Survey.pdf,and U.S.2020 population per https:/www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/US/PST045222;and Omdias Global Total CapEx via WCIS Database,and Global 2020 population per CIA World Factbook at https:/www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/population/.18.Based on CTIA 2022 Annual Survey Highl

189、ights,https:/api.ctia.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/2022-Annual-Survey.pdf;U.S.2020 population per https:/www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/US/PST045222;China 2020 population per https:/ China Mobile,Telecom,and China Unicom 2020 investor presentations,at https:/ Annual Survey Highlights,Septemb

190、er 2022,https:/www.ctia.org/news/2022-annual-survey-highlights.20.Federal Communications Commission,2024 Budget Estimates to Congress,March 13,2023,at https:/docs.fcc.gov/public/attachments/DOC-391605A1.pdf,p.42.21.CTIA,2022 Annual Survey Highlights,September 2022,https:/www.ctia.org/news/2022-annua

191、l-survey-highlights.22.Ericsson Mobility Visualizer,https:/ Annual Survey Highlights,September 2022,https:/www.ctia.org/news/2022-annual-survey-highlights.24.Leichtman Research Group,About 3,500,000 Added Broadband from Top Providers in 2022,March 2023,https:/ on Wall Street estimates.27.Hal Singer&

192、Augustus Urschel,Econ One,Competitive Effects of Fixed Wireless Access on Wireline Broadband Technologies,June 2023,https:/www.ctia.org/news/competitive-effects-of-fixed-wireless-access-on-wireline-broadband-technologies.28.Recon Analytics,The 4G Decade:Quantifying the Benefits,July 2020,at https:/a

193、pi.ctia.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/The-4G-Decade.pdf(for decline in unlimited plans and 2010 speed);Ookla December 2022 median United States speed data from https:/web.archive.org/web/20230204062235/https:/ Research Center,Mobile Fact Sheet,April 2021,https:/www.pewresearch.org/internet/fact-she

194、et/mobile/.30.Pew Research Center,Mobile Technology and Home Broadband 2021,June 2021,https:/www.pewresearch.org/internet/2021/06/03/mobile-technology-and-home-broadband-2021/.31.Pew Research Center,Mobile Fact Sheet,April 2021,https:/www.pewresearch.org/internet/fact-sheet/mobile/.32.Ibid.33.Ibid.3

195、4.Accenture,5G Fixed Wireless Broadband,November 2021,https:/www.ctia.org/news/5g-fixed-wireless-broadband 35.CTIA,2022 Annual Survey Highlights,September 2022,https:/www.ctia.org/news/2022-annual-survey-highlights.44452023 State of 5G36.Boston Consulting Group,5G Promises Massive Job and GDP Growth

196、 in the U.S.,February 2021,https:/www.ctia.org/news/report-5g-promises-massive-job-and-gdp-growth-in-the-u-s.37.Accenture,5G Connectivity:A Key Enabling Technology to Meet Americas Climate Change Goals,January 2022,https:/www.ctia.org/news/5g-connectivity-a-key-enabling-technology-to-meet-americas-c

197、limate-change-goals 38.CTIA,The 5G Innovators:Entrepreneurs Leveraging the 5G Platform,February 2023,https:/www.ctia.org/news/the-5g-innovators.39.Based on Verizons 5G home launch October 1,2018,at https:/ Chinas 5G launch Nov.1,2019,at https:/ on reaching 5G coverage of 225 million;in June 2020,AT&

198、T clarified the timeline for its low-band 5G network,at https:/ announced 5G covered 225M pops on May 21,2020,at https:/www.t- Verizon affirmed its plan for nationwide coverage by year-end,at https:/ Huawei,Huawei Wireless Product VP Gan Bin at Huawei Global Analyst Summit 2020(May 19,2020),at https

199、:/ Mobility Report,November 2022,https:/ calculation,based on CTIA 2022 Annual Survey Highlights,https:/api.ctia.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/2022-Annual-Survey.pdf;U.S.2020 population per https:/www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/US/PST045222;China 2020 population per https:/ China Mobile,Telec

200、om,and China Unicom 2020 investor presentations,at https:/ Mason,Comparison of Total Mobile Spectrum in Different Markets,September 2022,https:/www.ctia.org/news/comparison-of-total-mobile-spectrum-in-different-markets.44.AT&T,AT&T Participates in Department of Defense Demonstration of 5G-enabled Sm

201、art Warehouse Solutions at Naval Base Coronado,June 2022,https:/ and Oceus Team Up to Bring 5G Advanced Network Solutions to U.S.Government,June 2022,https:/www.t- Hardesty,Fierce Wireless,Lockhead Martin Picks Verizon to Combine 5G with Military Communications,November 2021,https:/ Johnson,The Stra

202、tegic Imperative of U.S.Leadership in Next-Generation Networks,CSIS(Jan.20,2023)https:/www.csis.org/analysis/strategic-imperative-us-leadership-next-generation-networks48.The Brattle Group,How Much Licensed Spectrum Is Needed to Meet Future Demands for Network Capacity?April 2023,https:/www.ctia.org

203、/news/how-much-licensed-spectrum-is-needed-to-meet-future-demands-for-network-capacity.49.Analysys Mason,Comparison of Total Mobile Spectrum in Different Markets,September 2022,https:/www.ctia.org/news/comparison-of-total-mobile-spectrum-in-different-markets.50.Accenture,Spectrum Allocation in the United States,September 2022,https:/www.ctia.org/news/spectrum-allocation-in-the-united-states.51.Ibid.