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1、INDIANFEEDINDUSTRYALTERNATE SOLUTIONSANDREPORT“As approximately 200 million Indians are involved in the livestock industry,it is vital for the country to increase the production and diversity within livestock feed.To incentivise projects and innovations in the feed sector,the government has provided

2、 benefits to companies and entrepreneurs investing in animal feed facilities through schemes like the Animal Husbandry Infrastructure Development Fund,National Livestock Mission,and the Animal Husbandry Grand Startup Challenge.Further,in recent years we have witnessed a growing number of successful

3、startups that specialise in silage,feed processing infrastructure,insect protein,etc.Today,India is the worlds largest producer of dairy.At this juncture,there is growing emphasis on increasing the productivity levels of our livestock,and for this it is vital for us to increase the quantity and qual

4、ity of our feed and fodder.Importantly,innovations in animal feed along with value addition will enable us to withstand the vagaries of climate change and help mitigate emissions across the livestock value chain.Congratulations to Animal Husbandry and Dairying Team for putting together an insightful

5、 research report!”Ms Nivruti RaiManaging Director and CEO,Invest India?“The animal feed sector with a projected CAGR of 8.2%from 2023 to 2028 is a key driver of Indias livestock industry,which contributes significantly to the countrys food security,rural livelihoods,and economic growth.However,the s

6、ector also faces many challenges,such as rising feed costs,low feed quality,environmental impacts,and regulatory gaps.To overcome these challenges and tap into the enormous opportunities of the animal feed market,stakeholders need to leverage the power of data-driven reports.Data-driven reports prov

7、ide invaluable insights into the animal feed sector,revealing the current trends,gaps,and potentials of the market.With this knowledge,stakeholders can make strategic decisions to adapt swiftly,improve supply chain management,and enhance the competitiveness and sustainability of the USD 25 Bn animal

8、 feed industry.This report is the result of the diligent and dedicated work of the Animal Husbandry team of Invest India,who have analysed,and synthesised data from various sources to provide a comprehensive and reliable overview of the animal feed sector in India.I would like to express my sincere

9、appreciation to the team for their valuable contribution to this report and to the animal feed sector as a whole.”Priya RawatChief Operating Officer,Invest India?1.Introduction.2.Types of Animal Feed:.2.1 Poultry Feed.2.2.Cattle Feed.2.3 Aqua Feed.2.4 Pet Food.3.Other Alternate Protein Sources.3.1 I

10、nsect feed.3.1.1 Indias edible insect fauna.3.1.2 The current state of commercial insect farming.3.1.3 Global trends in Insect Feed.3.1.4 Global Regulations on Insect Rearing for Feed.3.2 Micro algae.3.3 Sugarcane Trash.3.4 Sunflower Trash.3.5 Maize stover and cobs.4.Opportunities in the Animal Feed

11、 Industry.5.Government Initiatives.6.Feed Players.7.Policy Recommendations for Insect Proteins as Feed.57101112131414151517192124283134373940Contents?1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.11.12.13.14.15.16.AAFCO-Association of American Feed Control OfficialsBSFL-Black Soldier Fly LarvaeCAGR-Compound Annual Growth Ra

12、teCEO-Chief Executive OfficerCP-Crude ProteinFAO-Food and Agriculture OrganizationFDA-Food and Drug AdministrationFY-Fiscal YearGST-Goods and Services TaxHS-Harmonized SystemMMT-Million Metric TonsPAPs-Processed Animal ProteinsPpm-Parts Per MillionQPM-Quality Protein MaizeTDN-Total Digestible Nutrie

13、ntsUSD-United States DollarList of Abbreviations?INDIAN ANIMAL FEED INDUSTRY AND ALTERNATE SOLUTIONSIntroductionAnimal feed plays an indispensable role in fostering the development,health,and productivity of livestock,poultry,and aquaculture species,As the population is rising and dietary inclinatio

14、ns undergo transformation,the realm of animal feed possesses an immense capacity to address the nutritional requisites of forthcoming generations,emerging as a pivotal linchpin in the nexus of nourishment for the future.1The global market for animal feed reached USD 501.9 Billion in value in 2022,ex

15、panding at a CAGR of 3.3%.In 2021,the size of the global animal feed market was USD 450 Billion,and by 2028,it is expected to surpass USD 540 Billion.India is the fourth-largest producer of animal feed after China,USA and Brazil,accounting for a market of USD 11.66 Billion in 2022.The Indian animal

16、feed market size reached around USD 13.8 Billion in 2023 and is expected to grow at a CAGR of 3.9%to reach USD 17.4 Billion by 2032.2 Global Animal Feed MarketPoultry44%Others3%Aqua4%Ruminant8%Cattle13%Pig28%1 https:/www.tpci.in/2 Indian Animal Feed Market Size,Share,Growth 2024-2032()Source:Interna

17、tional Feed Industry Federation 20213?The Indian feed industry is majorly divided into three groups,including poultry,cattle,and aquaculture,with the poultry feed market dominating the industry.For cattle and poultry feeds,India has developed significant markets in the recent years.Both have the pot

18、ential for tremendous growth in the future,expanding at 15%and 89%,respectively.India has 1.3%share of global exports in 202122 and it can be further expanded due to higher domestic and global demand.India established a total trade of USD 3.29 billion in Animal Feed(HS 23)in 2022-23.While exports ro

19、se to USD 2.5 Billion during the same year,imports dipped to USD 790.21 Million.China(97.7%),Thailand(28.3%),Indonesia(25%)and Vietnam(19.6%)have the top 10 export markets with the highest CAGR over the past five years.Over a five-year period,Indias exports increased by 11.4%CAGR.The top five export

20、 destinations for 20222023 were as follows:1.Bangladesh(USD 510.29 Million)2.Vietnam(USD 506 Million)3.Korea(USD 225 Million)4.Thailand(USD 180.56 Million)5.China(USD 149.29 Million)4 INDIA EXPORT AND IMPORT IN ANIMAL FEED1.451.911.162.021.582.50.791.240.670.710.640.552017-182018-192019-202020-21202

21、1-222022-23Exports(USD Bn)Imports(USD Bn)3 https:/ifif.org/global-feed/statistics/4 Ministry of Commerce and Industry5 Asia Pacific Animal Feed Market Size,Share,Trends,Scope&Forecast()Asia Pacific Feed Market The size of the Asia Pacific Animal Feed Market was estimated to be USD 139.11 billion in

22、2020 and is expected to rise to USD 188.34 billion by 2028,with a CAGR of 4.14%from 2021 to 2028.The need for animal feed will increase as the number of animals in the Asia Pacific region increases.5?Animal feed comes in diverse types to meet specific nutritional requirements.Grains like corn and wh

23、eat provide carbohydrates and energy.Forage,including grasses and legumes,serves as pasture and fodder for grazing animals.Protein supplements such as soybeans and fish meal offer additional protein,crucial for livestock and poultry.Mineral supplements containing calcium and phosphorus support growt

24、h.Vitamins are included to ensure overall health.Complete feeds provide a balanced mix of grains,forage,protein,minerals,and vitamins in convenient,commercially prepared form.Additives like probiotics and enzymes enhance digestion,while aquafeed caters to the unique dietary needs of aquatic animals.

25、These feeds promote animal health,growth,and productivity.High-quality feed is essential for better yield of milk and is often described as green,leafy,high-protein,digestible,palatable.To produce high-quality feed in adequate quantities which adheres to the nutritional requirements for Crude Protei

26、n(CP)and Total Digestible Nutrients(TDN),protein and energy supplements are often used.82.Types of Animal Feed:Demand in the Asia-Pacific region is anticipated to increase due to rising meat consumption in developing nations like China,India,and Brazil.During the projection period,demand for the com

27、modity is anticipated to be driven by Australia,a significant pork exporter.6 The main driver of the industry is the rising demand for items made from poultry meat.Two additional variables supporting the expansion of the market under study are the rising industrial livestock production and the risin

28、g demand for organic feed.Given that chicken needs 60%protein,13%fat,and 3%calcium,poultry byproducts and fish meal primarily provide the necessary nutrients.The by-product makes up about 30%of the live market weight of chicken.These leftovers are rendered,pulverised,and offered as a source of chick

29、en feed.7 Asia Pacific contributes more than 85%to the total aquaculture production in the world and is expected to dominate the aqua feed industry in the coming years due to rising global demand for fish and fish products.The aqua feed market value in the Asia Pacific region is expected to grow fro

30、m USD 16.10 billion in 2016 to USD 22.17 billion in 2025.6 https:/ https:/ https:/ 2020,the requirement of TDN was 368.61 MMT but only 281.23 MMT was available in the country.The projected requirement for CP is expected to grow at 5%in the next 10 years and the requirement for TDN is expected to gro

31、w at 8.1%from 2020 to 2030.9 The graph depicts the projected deficit of Crude Protein(CP)and Total Digestible Nutrients(TDN)with a 10%decrease in deficit in crude proteins from 2020 to 2030 and 2%decrease in TDN from 2020 to 2030.0201020152020202520305101520253028.442427.1523.4126.5223.725.3823.1424

32、.2223.32Deficit CP%Deficit TDN%PROJECTED DEFICIT FOR CP AND TDN201047.76344.9334.1826249.39356.73368.6135.9851.0437.552.6839.3154.3741.2273.24281.23380.49292.45392.7304.112015202020252030010020030040050150250350450Requirement CPRequirement TDNAvailability CPAvailability TDNPROJECTED AVAILABILITY AND

33、 REQUIREMENTS OF CP AND TDN(MMT)9 ICAR vision 2030 report?The demand for green&dry fodder is project to grow at 6.5%from 2020-2030.10 There is a need for availability of quality seed in forage crops to enhance production and productivity.Quality seed availability is a critical area that needs to be

34、strengthened for vertical growth in uncultivated fodder and horizontal growth in grasslands.To overcome the deficiency of green and dry fodder,steps must be taken,such as:PROJECTED SUPPLY&DEMAND FOR DRY AND GREEN FODDER2030(MMT)PROJECTED DEFICIT FOR DRY AND GREEN FODDER 2030(%)395.245120102015202020

35、25203010615891097609113463011706501207.1670.6400.6466405.9473411.3488416.7503.41200100014008006004002000Supply Green FodderSupply Dry FodderDemand Green FodderDemand Dry Fodder0201020152020202520301020304050607062.7623.4663.523.5664.2124.8164.8724.9265.4524.9Deficit%Green FodderDeficit%Dry Fodder10

36、ICAR vision 2030 report?The food products specially designed for feeding poultry animals,such as chickens,ducks,geese,quails,and turkeys,are called poultry feed.They are made from different ingredients,such as wheat,rice,barley,oats,corn,millet,flax,milk,supplements,and fish oil.11 Since feed costs

37、make up 7080 percent of all farm expenses,poultry feeding is one of the crucial subsectors of the poultry industry.The quantity and quality of nutritional requirements depend upon the age of the poultry,rate of growth,rate of egg production,weather conditions and the amount of nutrition the poultry

38、animals obtain from foraging.Currently,modern day feeds consist of grain,protein,mineral and vitamin supplements.Poultry feed is essential for farm animals to maintain growth,reduce risks of diseases and to minimise excretions and carbon footprint.There are various energy sources of poultry feed:2.1

39、 Poultry Feed:Developing dual type food crop varieties,high nutrition,and Quality Protein Maize(QPM)varieties Application of biotechnology to evolve and enhance genetically engineered varieties which are resistant to abiotic and biotic distress.Enhancing forage productivity in lucerne,oat,forage sor

40、ghum,legumes,processing,and nutrient enrichment of low-quality roughage and designing and establishing economic and user-friendly feeding systems for distinct categories of livestock under different rearing systems.Augmentation of nucleus and breeder seeds production for forage crops.Crop-livestock

41、integrated farming system models adopting optimised land use and available resource approach required.Grain&Seeds:TypeCrude Proteins(%)Total Digestible Nutrients(%)MaizeSorghumWheatBarleyOatRiceRye85-90%80-85%75-80%78-80%70-73%78-82%75-80%8-12%8-12%8-14%11-16%11-14%6-7%8-9%i.Grain&seed supplements:1

42、2?In 2022,the Indian poultry feed market achieved a total worth of USD 10.28 billion.It is anticipated that the market will experience a growth to USD 13.49 billion by 2028,with a compound annual growth rate(CAGR)of 4.0%projected for the period from 2023 to 2028.15 With being the fourth largest broi

43、ler producer and third largest egg producer,India has witnessed 129.6 billion egg production in the FY 2021-22,registering a 6.19%year over year growth.The steady growth of poultry consumption over the last decade has been associated with an increase in animal-based protein intake at affordable pric

44、es.This has kept feed consumption growing with the broiler industry being the strongest driver behind this development.India is the largest milk producer in the world,contributing 24%of global milk production in the year 2021-22.Indias milk production has registered a 51%increase during the last 8 y

45、ears.The level of consumption has been constantly boosting demand for cattle feed.Western India has been registering the maximum share in cattle feed production followed by North,South and East.Feed alone constitutes 70%of the total milk production cost and there is tremendous pressure of livestock

46、on available total feed and fodder,as land available for fodder production has been decreasing.iii.Molasses:There are primarily three types of molasses used as protein supplements:cane,beet,and citrus molasses,which are by-products extracted during sugar manufacturing.They have a high sugar and mois

47、ture content and their Crude Proteins&TDN ranges from 10-14%and 65-75%respectively.14 iv.Roots and Tubers:Turnips,cassava root,potato and carrots are used as feed supplements in poultry feed as they have a high sugar and moisture content.2.2.Cattle Feedii.Milling by-products:1311 https:/www.tpci.in/

48、indiabusinesstrade/blogs/meeting-the-rising-demand-strategies-for-expanding-indias-animal-feed-exports/12 http:/www.iifpt.edu.in/pmfme/pfeedcurmet.pdf13 http:/www.iifpt.edu.in/pmfme/pfeedcurmet.pdf14 http:/www.iifpt.edu.in/pmfme/pfeedcurmet.pdf15 https:/ by-productsTypeCrude Proteins(%)Total Digesti

49、ble Nutrients(%)Wheat BranRice Bran de-oiledRaw Rice BranChunies85-90%80-85%75-80%78-80%8-12%8-12%8-14%11-16%?In 2020,the country faced a net deficit of 64.21%green fodder,and 24.92%dry fodder due to multiple factors like shortage of maize and soyabean,insect infestation and high feed cost.16 The ne

50、ed for the better and quality feed for the cattle is also increasing and farmers are choosing speciality feed for specific breeds.With the adoption of modern technologies farmers are moving to commercialisation of livestock and hence this factor is providing numerous growth opportunities in cattle a

51、nd aqua feed market.To support and maintain the sheer influence of its dairy sector,Indian livestock sector is a major employer of cattle feed products propelling the market towards robust growth.17 Milk producers are increasingly moving towards nutritionally balanced compound feed from traditional

52、cattle feed due to tangible benefits like yield improvement in milk.18 The increase in the land area under agriculture due to rapid industrialisation of Agrobusinesses and farming is expected to boost the growth of the Indian cattle feed market.Shrinkage of open land for cattle grazing which results

53、 in shortage of conventionally used cattle feeds highlights opportunities in specialized and nutritious feeds.The global aqua feed market value is projected to reach USD 43.66 billion by 2025,whereas the Indian aqua feed market value is expected to grow from USD 1.73 billion in 2019 to USD 2.08 bill

54、ion in 2025.India produces 1.25 million metric tons of aqua feed per year and is dependent on imports to meet the domestic production consumption gap.Demand for aqua feed is India is majorly driven by shrimp feed as India is the largest producer and exporter of culture shrimp in the world.19 Andhra

55、Pradesh is the largest consumer of aqua feed in India.The growth of fish farming sector in India is dominated by freshwater aquaculture.Traditionally,this fish farming method was based on multi-species technique under which organic and inorganic manure was used to produce natural fish food organisms

56、.However,the introduction of formulated fish feed and fish breeding techniques resulted in rapid development of freshwater aquaculture in India.202.3 Aqua Feed:16 ICAR vision 2030 report17 https:/dahd.nic.in/18 https:/ Department of Fisheries,2019-2020 https:/www.globalseafood.org/advocate/the-fish-

57、farming-industry-of-india/?Rise in global and domestic demand for fish and fish products has resulted in increase in demand for aqua feed.India has witnessed a growth of 19X in production of fish from 0.75 MMT(Million Metric Tonnes)in FY(Fiscal Year)1950 to 16.19 MMT in FY 2021-22.Being the largest

58、culture shrimp producer and exporter and the second largest aquaculture producer of fish and fish products,India offers an enormous potential for aqua feed segment in the aquaculture industry.21 Increasing population of India imposes serious challenges on meeting the growing demand of food in India.

59、The aquaculture industry can play a vital role in meeting the growing demand for protein-based animal food.This would have a significant impact on the aqua feed industry.Sub-components of aqua feed market include Carp Feed,Salmon Feed,Tilapia Feed,Catfish Feed,Mollusk Feed and Crustacean Feed.The in

60、gredients used to produce aqua feed differs based on the type of feed.For example,feed used for freshwater aquaculture comprises of ingredients such as deoiled rice bran,wheat bran,cotton seed cake,and groundnut cake,whereas shrimp feed comprises of ingredients such as fish meal,squid meal,cereal fl

61、our,and fish oils.22Aqua Feed Market Revenue,2021-2025(USD BILLION)21 Departments of Fisheries,2019-20 22 https:/ food refers to specially formulated nutritional products designed for the dietary needs of domestic animals,such as dogs,cats,and other pets.Pet food can typically come in various forms,

62、including dry kibble,wet canned food,and treats,each tailored to meet different dietary preferences and needs.With a focus on balanced nutrition,pet food aims to promote the overall well-being of animals,supporting their growth,energy levels,immune function,and maintaining healthy coats and teeth.As

63、 an essential aspect of responsible pet care,quality pet food helps owners ensure their pets enjoy a fulfilling and healthy life.2.4 Pet Food:CountryIndiaWorld%Share20161.4831.824.65%20171.5934.104.66%20181.6535.244.68%20252.0843.664.76%20191.7336.694.72%20201.8538.984.75%?3.Other Alternate Protein

64、Sources3.1 Insect feed In 2022,the pet food industry in the world was valued at USD 118.9 billion.It isanticipated that the market would increase at a CAGR of 5.35%from 2023 to 2028,reaching USD 161.6 billion.23 In 2022,the dog food market in India was valued at USD 2.4 billion.It is anticipated tha

65、t the market would grow at a CAGR of 6.1%from 2023 to 2028,reaching USD 3.5 billion.24 Dog food retail current value sales are expected to rise at a 17%CAGR and the retail volume sales are expected to increase at a 10%CAGR from 2015-2026.25 Unit prices in cat and dog food grew by 5%in 2021.Retail cu

66、rrent value sales for cat food grew by 12%and reached USD 9.4 million in 2021,whilst retail volume sales grew by 6%to reach 857 tonnes.26 Cat food retail current value sales are expected to rise at an 11%CAGR and retail volume sales are expected to increase at a 7%CAGR from 2015-2026.During 2016-202

67、6,the insect feed market is expected to grow at a CAGR of 12.0%.In 2022,the global insect feed market was worth USD 1.12 billion,with a forecast of USD 3 Billion by 2031,growing at a CAGR of 11.8%.27 During the period 2017-2022,revenue for the Insect Feed segment increased by 8.2 percent.The demand

68、for insect farming climbed by 8.8%between 2021 and 2022.In 2022,the United States Insect feed market grew by 9.8%year-on-year.North America has the largest market while Asia Pacific has been the fastest growing market.23 https:/ https:/ https:/ https:/ https:/ 2,000 insect species from 18 orders are

69、 consumed.Biodiversity has existed in India from ancient times because of peaceful cohabitation between tribal communities and natural resources.Entomophagy is influenced by insect palatability,taste,availability,and appropriateness,nutritional value,food taboos,local customs and religious beliefs.I

70、n general,insect-based food is not socially accepted or acceptable in all locations,even though insects provide ecological benefits in addition to ensuring a steady supply of healthy food for resource-poor people.As a result,indigenous communities in Kerala,Odisha,Jharkhand,Karnataka,Tamil Nadu,Chha

71、ttisgarh,Madhya Pradesh,and Northeast India practice entomophagy.3.1.1 Indias edible insect fauna In 2018,the market for insect feed in China was valued at USD 112.2 million,and it is expected to grow at a CAGR of 11.9%to USD 228.3 million by 2024.The market in the region is growing due to an increa

72、se in insect production in the Hawaiian state of the United States,as well as an increase in the use of insects to produce insect feed.3.1.2 The current state of commercial insect farming Most edible insects are now caught in nature,while domesticated insects,notable silkworms,are being investigated

73、 for commercial outdoor and indoor rearing.Silkworm larvae and pupae are eaten as food in the Northeast,but mulberry silkworms are used to make cocoons in other areas.Insects are efficient in converting feed into protein,for instance,crickets need 12 times less feed than cattle,four times less feed

74、than sheep,and half as much feed as pigs and broiler chickens to produce the same amount of protein.Rearing in the open air or in a semi-open environment,domesticated silkworms are reared on host plants in the use of wired cages or wooden platforms has shown to be effective.With better infrastructur

75、e and rearing procedures in the central and southern states,disinfectants are used.Mulberry silkworms are commercially grown in India,and the government also purchases cocoons for the silk industry.Increased aquacultural production,combined with recent high demand and consequently high pricing for f

76、ishmeal/soy,is driving fresh research into the development of insect protein for aquaculture and poultry.The high feed conversion efficiency of insects underpins the environmental benefits of keeping insects for food and feed.Live and dead insects have already found specialized markets,primarily as

77、pet food and in zoos.Insects,unlike mammals and birds,may pose a lower risk of transmitting zoonotic illnesses to humans,cattle,and wildlife,while more research is needed on this topic.The feed industry seems to be leading the charge for more insect-inclusive regulations,while the novel food notion

78、seems to be developing as a key tool for establishing rules and standards for insect use.Since 2010,the FAO(Food and Agriculture Organization)has maintained a web portal dedicated to edible insects.It includes fundamental information on the use and potential of edible insects,as well as pertinent we

79、b links to various related documents The key factor expected to fuel growth in the insect feed industry is the expansion of the aquaculture and poultry sectors.28?Number of edible insects species identified3.1.3 Global trends in Insect FeedInsects have proven to be a nutrient rich ingredient in anim

80、al feed,and its sustainable use is gaining momentum worldwide due to the rising costs of major protein sources such as fish meal,soybean,cotton seed cake,among others,which are used in animal feeds.Rapidly increasing human population growth is anticipated to lead to increased demand for animal prote

81、ins.Protein is an essential key ingredient in poultry feeds as it is necessary for their growth,body maintenance and high carcass quality.Protein alone accounts for over 70%of the total cost of livestock production and lack of such protein supplements continues to limit efficient poultry production.

82、To meet the nutritive requirements for poultry production,there is a need to identify low-cost,locally available,and sustainable protein sources for animal feeds.The Black Soldier Fly(BSF),Hermetia Illucens L.(Diptera:Stratiomyidae),is one such promising insect.It is commonly reared for industrial p

83、urposes and its peculiar benefits such as the bioremediation of organic wastes due to their ability to convert organic waste substrates into biomass for high quality crude protein ranging between 3557%,better amino acid profiles,high growth rates and little space is required for rearing.Below are th

84、e potential insects which can be used in feed:28 https:/ Soldier Fly larvae(Hermetia illucens)-BSF larvae may be found naturally in chicken,pig,and cattle dung,but they can also be reared on organic wastes such as coffee bean pulp,vegetables,catsup,carrion,and fish offal.It is possible that the larv

85、ae carry natural antibiotics.BSF larvae(also known as BSF larvae meal,BSF prepupae meal,and BSF maggot meal)are consumed in live,chopped,dried,and ground forms.Mealworm larvae(Tenebrio Molitor)-Only a few organic waste sources have been identified in the literature for the raising of yellow mealworm

86、s.The mealworm was cultivated on various dried and cooked waste materials derived from fruits,vegetables,and grains.Earthworm-The Earth worm is a member of the Phylum Annelida(ringworm).In terms of feeding techniques,they are divided into three ecological groups:endogeic(soil feeders),anecic(burrowe

87、rs),and epigeic(litter feeders).Species in the first two groups eat a combination of organic materials and soil,whereas epigeic EW eats just organic matter.Grasshoppers-Croplands,grasslands,marshes,and paddocks may all be used to gather GH.Harvesting GH from these environments might limit the usage

88、of toxic pesticides.Thus,these dangerous insects can be used in a beneficial fashion as an economical and self-sustaining protein addition in chicken diets,particularly in underdeveloped nations.Crickets(Gryllus testaceus walker)-Crickets,cricket meal,home cricket,field cricket,or Mormon cricket are

89、 some of the common names for this species,which lives in rice fields and barren regions.It can live and grow well on a variety of organic resources such as forage diets,agricultural(rice bran,cassava tops or leaves),and food industrial(spent grain and leftovers from mungbean sprout manufacturing)by

90、products,and plants deemed weeds.Silkworm-Silkworm pupae(SWP),silkworm meal,wasted silkworm pupae,defatted silkworm pupae meal,deoiled silkworm pupae meal,non-defatted silkworm pupae meal,non-deoiled silkworm pupae meal,Eri silkworm pupae meal,Muga silkworm pupae meal are other popular names.Bombyx

91、mori Linnaeus,Antheraea assamensis,Antheraea mylitta,Antheraea paphia,and Samia cynthia ricini are all silkworm species.The SWP are accessible in enormous numbers as wasted debris following the removal of silk cocoons by spinning or reeling.3.1.4 Global Regulations on Insect Rearing for FeedIn the l

92、ast 20 years,regulatory frameworks governing food and feed chains have greatly grown;yet rules governing insects as food and feed sources have mainly remained absent.One of the primary limiting problems impeding the industrial development of farming insects to supply the food and feed sectors in dev

93、eloped nations is the lack of defined legislation and rules directing the usage of insects as food and feed.In developing countries,the use of insects as food for humans or animals is accepted rather than restricted.The feed industry seems to be leading the charge for more insect-inclusive regulatio

94、ns,while the novel food notion seems to be developing as a key tool for establishing rules and standards for insect use.European UnionInsect PAPs,which are processed animal proteins generated from insects,are permitted in pig and poultry feed in the European Union.The act was covered by Commission R

95、egulation(EU)2021/1372,which was made public in the EU Official Journal.The authorization of usage of insect protein in aquaculture was passed in July 2017.?United States of AmericaThe Association of American Feed Control Officials suggestions serve as the foundation for many states feed laws(AAFCO)

96、.Only one species of bug has been defined by the AAFCO as an animal food ingredient for cattle feed.Aquaculture salmonids including salmon,trout,and char can be fed the larvae of the black soldier fly(H.illucens),including dried entire larvae(since 2016)and black soldier fly meal(since 2018).The AAF

97、COs choice has been examined and authorised by the FDA.Importantly,pre-consumer food waste can be used as a substrate for rearing black soldier fly larvae as well as other food industry byproducts such as used brewery grains and other feed grade materials.CanadaThe pre-market evaluation of novel fee

98、d components and the registration of feed products are under the purview of the Canadian Food Inspection Agency.Broiler chickens,salmonids,tilapia,and poultry,including chickens,ducks,geese,and turkey,have been approved to consume black soldier fly products.Another regulation category is pet foods.M

99、ealworms,silkworm pupae,and black army fly larvae are all offered for sale as pet food in Canada.BrazilBrazilian academics,farmers,and businesses are becoming increasingly interested in using insects as food and feed,particularly when it comes to feeding poultry black soldier fly meal instead of soy

100、bean meal.The expansion of the poultry business in Brazil would be significant because it is the worlds largest exporter of poultry.Insects are not yet permitted as animal feed according to Brazilian feed law.Codex Alimentarius standards are mostly followed in Brazil.ArgentinaThe government has info

101、rmed the emerging business that the national Food Code does not yet cover insect food.The National Food Commission must receive a request to include insects in the Food Code.Moreover,the National Administration of Pharmaceuticals,Food,and Technology must approve all packaged foods.?Australia and New

102、 ZealandInsect farming is not covered by separate laws in either Australia or New Zealand.All states allow the use of insects as aquaculture feed,and Western Australia,NSW,ACT,Tasmania,and Victoria allow the use of insects as poultry feed.In Australia,it is illegal to utilise uncooked insects for fe

103、ed,manure,or catering waste,or to feed insects used for feed with meat.According to IPAA,Australias insect for the feed sector consists of five major commercial fly farms and a few smaller businesses that are just beginning their research and development efforts.Microalgae are microscopic aquatic pl

104、ants that can grow rapidly using sunlight,water,and carbon dioxide.They can produce high-quality proteins,lipids,carbohydrates,vitamins,and minerals that can be used as feed for livestock.Microalgae can also reduce greenhouse gas emissions and water consumption compared to conventional feed crops.Mi

105、croalgae can be used as a source of protein for both food and feed.Microalgae,as photosynthetic microorganisms,utilise atmospheric CO2 and light energy to synthesize a diverse range of proteins,carbohydrates,lipids,and essential microelements,including minerals,vitamins,polyphenols,flavonoids,and ca

106、rotenoids.Studies have demonstrated that microalgae can generate proteins,lipids,and carbohydrates at rates of 63%,71.1%,and 18.5%,respectively.29 The biochemical compositions of commonly employed microalgae species for animal feed production are Arthrospira platensis,Dunaliella salina,Hematococcus

107、pluvialis,Chlorella sp.,Nannochloropsis granulate,and Tetraselmis chui.Microalgae have a dynamic nature and the considerable variation among strains stems from diverse growth conditions like temperature,geographical location,and sunlight availability.Beyond their recognized metabolites,microalgae se

108、rve as a reservoir of untapped compounds,including lipoproteins,sterols,and alkaloids,which may exhibit unique properties and diverse applications.These molecules offer numerous health benefits,such as enhancing the immune system,ultimately contributing to the reduction of antibiotics usage in lives

109、tock,poultry farming,and aquaculture.303.2 Micro algae 29 https:/ https:/ are a potential alternative for producing feed for animals and aquatic life in a way that is beneficial for both nutrition and environment.Schizochytrium is a type of microalgae used as a feed supplement in the form of DHA-Gol

110、d extract.It has less protein than other microalgae(about 12.1%of dry weight),but it has more crude fat(38.0 to 71.1%of dry weight).These microorganisms can be grown in large quantities using photobioreactors and open ponds,and then harvested and processed to make functional feed supplements for var

111、ious animals,such as poultry,pigs,sheep,and mink.By changing the cultivation conditions,the feed can be enriched with useful metabolites such as omega fatty acids,carotenoids,and essential amino acids.The enriched microalgae can then be used as a feed supplement,improving the quality of meat,eggs,an

112、d milk products,and offering many health benefits to consumers,such as,antioxidant,and antiviral effects.31 It is suggested that the inclusion of microalgae for broilers should be as low as 1.5%to 10%,beyond which the growth and quality of eggs will be negatively affected.It has been noticed that eg

113、gs from hens with algae-blended feedstocks enriched with-3 FAs is better than the traditional feed as it contains more fatty acids.Incorporating microalgae into the diets of swine and poultry has demonstrated an enhancement in meat quality.Utilizing lower levels of microalgae supplementation appears

114、 to offer certain advantages in terms of meat quality without adversely affecting animal growth.32 Microalgae after extraction are dried and processed bringing about a powder that can be promptly integrated into animal feed.This method broadens the shelf-life of the products and works with the trans

115、portation and capacity of microalgae items.The methods used are very expensive and raise sustainability issues because of the utilization of energy,acquired from fossil fuels.33Many nations,including China,USA,UK,the Philippines,Japan,and Korea,are actively using microalgae as a feed supplement.Japa

116、n,Taiwan,Thailand,and India are at the research and development stage and are growing rapidly.There are various microalgae farming businesses operating in China for the purpose of producing feed.Currently,over 30%of the worlds production of microalgal biomass is used in animal feed.More than 30,0004

117、0,000 distinct microalgae strains have already been identified and categorised,and it is anticipated that many more will be found for possible use in feed.31 https:/ https:/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8701271/#:tex-t=The%20use%20of%20microalgae%20in%20swine%20and%20poultry%20feeding%20has,w

118、ithout%20negatively%20impacting%20animal%20growth.33 https:/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8701271/#B6-foods-10-02933?Increasing from USD 0.6 billion in 2018 to USD 0.84 billion in 2023,the worldwide algal protein market is anticipated to expand at the same rate as the overall protein industry

119、.The annual value of microalgae biomass and bio actives extracted is USD 1.25 billions,despite the fact that the annual global production of microalgae is currently rather modest(50 Thousand tonnes dry matter)compared to macroalgae(seaweeds)(7.5 million tonnes dry matter).34 In 2021,the demand of mi

120、croalgae in the animal feed sector was USD 57.54 Million.The market is expected to reach USD 80.96 Million by 2031.The demand is increasing due to the increasing demand for natural additives in animal feed,the popularity of astaxanthin and the rising global livestock population.The market grew at a

121、CAGR of 2.3%between 2016 and 2020 and it is expected that CAGR between 2021 to 2031 would be 3.5%.Astaxanthin has been approved by FDA,as a result the demand and growth of microalgae in Unite States has been increasing.They have anticipated to account for over 92%of the North America market through

122、2031.In Germany,farmers are concerned about the quality of feed,so the demand of microalgae is expected to increase.It was predicted that Brazil demand would be more than 52%and it was predicted that the demand will grow at a CAGR of 3.3%BiomassHuman foodAnimals fodderFood supplementsMicroalage cult

123、ureLightStress conditionsDirect usePoly unsaturatedfatty acidAntioxidantsColoring AgentsVitaminsAnticancer drugsAntimicrobial drugsCO2BiofuelsBio productsSolid(Bio-char etc.)Liquid(Bioethanol,biodiesel,vegetable oil)Gaseous(Biohydrogen andbiosyngas)34 https:/ dominated the Asia Pacific microalgae ma

124、rket in 2021,constituting over 53%of the share,driven by increased microalgae consumption in swine and poultry feeds.The countrys role as a major pork supplier,coupled with modern technology,robust sales channels,and rising demand for protein-rich and cost-effective feeds,supports the growth of the

125、commercial livestock industry.In India,which holds a value share of over 12%in the Asia Pacific,a lucrative growth rate of 3.9%CAGR is anticipated over the forecast period.The Indian animal feed industry is stimulated by the surging livestock,poultry,aquaculture,and swine sectors,as well as factors

126、like emerging agriculture,urbanisation,changing consumer lifestyles,and a preference for meat consumption.7 The Indian government is actively supporting the local spirulina market,recognising microalgae as a potential solution to hunger and nutritional inadequacies.India,with a high number of malnou

127、rished children,is taking initiatives like the Balposhna scheme in Karnataka,providing Spirulina supplements to combat malnutrition.The predicted growth indicates positive market trends,and the use of microalgae aligns with global efforts to explore sustainable and nutritious food sources.Sustainabl

128、e practices and public acceptance will be crucial for the long-term success of the microalgae market in India.35 Microalgae have the potential to be used as a sustainable and high-quality feed ingredient for livestock,poultry,and aquaculture production.It can enhance the growth,health,and product qu

129、ality of animals,as well as reduce the environmental impact of conventional feed sources.However,there are still some challenges and limitations to overcome,such as the high production cost,the inconsistent supply,the biosafety and acceptance issues,and the optimal inclusion level and composition of

130、 microalgae in animal diets.Sugarcane is a vital cash crop in India,contributing significantly to both the agricultural and industrial sectors.India ranks among the largest sugar producers globally,cultivating sugarcane across 4 million hectares,yielding approximately 325 million tonnes with a produ

131、ctivity of 70 tonnes per hectare.Despite the focus on enhancing sugarcane yield,there is limited attention to managing sugarcane trash.3.3 Sugarcane Trash 35 https:/ estimated availability of sugar cane trash at harvest is 6.8-10.3 million tonnes,with a cane to dry leaf ratio of 2-3%,mostly disposed

132、 of through burning in the fields.Burning,perceived as an easy and cost-effective method,results in the loss of organic matter and nutrients,contributing to environmental pollution.Farmers,considering trash management laborious,often burn it,believing it facilitates ratoon cultivation practices and

133、quick disposal without additional financial burden.However,this practice contradicts efforts to address environmental concerns and optimise nutrient utilization,as substantial fertilizer application remains a common practice among farmers.36 Sugarcane dry trash,a significant by-product of the sugarc

134、ane industry,consists of sugar cane tops left in the field after harvest.Sugarcane trash is a valuable resource with significant content in fibre(32.3%),carbohydrates(56%),and hemi-cellulose(26.9%).However,it has a relatively low protein content(3.54%),comparable to other cereal straws like rice or

135、wheat.Additionally,it serves as a good source of minerals,including calcium(0.66%),phosphorous(0.10%),magnesium(0.28%),zinc(10.15 ppm),and copper(3.98 ppm).37 The potential benefits of using sugarcane trash as a feedstock include increasing energy production and reducing environmental impacts in the

136、 sugarcane industry.By utilising sugarcane trash as a feedstock,it can become as important as bagasse in the production of fuels and chemical products.This can lead to an increase in overall renewable energy production during the phase of ethanol production without the need for additional increases

137、in sugarcane plantation.Additionally,the use of sugarcane trash as a feedstock can help reduce the environmental impacts associated with sugarcane burning,as it provides an alternative to manual harvesting and burning practices.11 Major sugarcane-producing states in India include Uttar Pradesh,Mahar

138、ashtra,Karnataka,Tamil Nadu,Andhra Pradesh,Telangana,Bihar,Gujarat,Haryana,Uttarakhand,and Punjab.The trash,constituting a bulky material,poses challenges during transportation.The challenge of managing sugarcane trash can be addressed by using a mechanical chaff cutter to reduce it to small pieces(

139、10 to 15 cm)before feeding it to animals.This process is crucial for improving digestibility.Chaffing not only aids in reducing bulkiness but also facilitates easier transportation.Additionally,baling can be employed as a method to further decrease the volume of the trash.However,utilising it as liv

140、estock feed,particularly in drought situations,presents an alternative to traditional dry fodder like paddy straw or finger millet straw.38 36 https:/www.aesanetwork.org/utilization-of-sugarcane-trash-for-livestock-feeding-an-alternative-to-on-farm-burning/37 https:/krishi.icar.gov.in/jspui/bitstrea

141、m/123456789/26112/1/81724-208343-1-SM.pdf38 https:/krishi.icar.gov.in/jspui/bitstream/123456789/26112/1/81724-208343-1-SM.pdf?Dairy cattle,weighing between 300 to 350 kg,consume approximately 6.5 kg of sugarcane-based total mixed ration(TMR),which is sufficient for their maintenance.The sugarcane tr

142、ash based TMR demonstrates favourable dry matter and organic matter digestibility at 52%and 54%,respectively.The TMR also provides digestible crude protein(3.49%)and total digestible nutrients(54.45%).Adequate absorption of calcium(29.74%)and phosphorus(36.20%)is observed,indicating its potential as

143、 a nutritionally balanced feed for dairy cattle.13A World Bank-funded initiative implemented by Veterinary College,Bidar,under the Karnataka Watershed Development Program since December 2014 involves individual farmers,member farmers of producer organizations,and various state departments.A baseline

144、 survey revealed issues in the animal husbandry sector of Bidar district,including a lack of green fodder,poor utilisation of dry fodder,and wastage.Additionally,sugarcane trash was observed to be burnt without recognizing its importance.In response,technical interventions were introduced through co

145、llaboration with experts,field functionaries,and the farming community to address these critical gaps.39Chemical composition of sugarcane trash and urea ammoniated trash 39 https:/www.aesanetwork.org/utilization-of-sugarcane-trash-for-livestock-feeding-an-alternative-to-on-farm-burning/S.No.Chemical

146、 Composition(per cent dry matter basis)Sugarcane Trash1Dry Matter92.788.63.01.534.749.411.479.250.320.874.5386.6011.981.7034.1738.7413.4078.8052.6517.27Organic MatterCrude ProteinEther ExtractCrude FibreNitrogen-Free ExtractivesTotal AshNeutral Detergent FibreAcid Detergent FibreAcid Detergent Ligni

147、n2345678910Urea AmmoniatedSugarcane Trash(4%)?Australians are researching for ways to use the waste of sugarcane trash as feed.Researchers at the QUT Mackay Renewable Bio commodities pilot plant are exploring the potential of bagasse,a byproduct of sugarcane,as a feed ingredient for poultry and pigs

148、.To enhance its nutritional value,the bagasse is subjected to varying levels of heat and pressure at the pilot plant.Even brief applications of heat and pressure have the effect of breaking down the fibre content,making more nutrients available for purposes such as ethanol production.The research ai

149、ms to contribute to the sustainability of Australias growing livestock and poultry sectors while increasing the value of low-grade crop waste for sugarcane growers.40In a lactation trial involving Murrah buffaloes,the impact of feeding sugarcane byproducts-based complete ration on milk yield and qua

150、lity was studied.Seven rations were formulated,including six with sugarcane byproducts,other crop residues,and a balanced concentrate mixture,and one conventional ration with hybrid Napier and concentrate mixture.Buffaloes fed with sugarcane-based complete diets performed equally well as those in th

151、e control group(traditional feeding system),supporting milk production up to 12.28 kg per day with 8.1%fat,compared to 9.32 kg with 8.39%fat in the control group.The feed cost per kg of milk production was lower in sugarcane-based diets(Rs.4.00 5.37)compared to the control diet(Rs.5.34).This suggest

152、s that incorporating sugarcane by-products and crop residues in complete rations,up to 30%,is an economically viable approach for livestock feeding,contributing to efficient milk production while preventing waste and burning of agricultural residues.41 PhilMech,an agency under the Department of Agri

153、culture(Philippines),is exploring the conversion of sugarcane farm waste into animal feeds and fuel briquettes as a sustainable solution.The ongoing study aims to create sugarcane crop waste-based silage and pelleted feeds for animal consumption,along with environmentally friendly fuel briquettes su

154、itable for domestic and industrial use.The organisation believes that producing these products from sugarcane farm waste not only addresses environmental concerns but also provides farmers with an opportunity to earn additional income through the processing and sale of these products.It developed a

155、forage chopper and feed pelletiser that will process sugarcane tops into animal feed.About 13 formulations have been developed in the production of sugarcane tops silage.PhilMechs research indicates that one hectare of sugarcane cultivation can yield 11 to 21 tons of agricultural waste,much of which

156、 is often left to decompose or burned,contributing to global warming.42 40 https:/ https:/ 42 https:/.ph/news_business/conversion-of-sugar-cane-waste-into-feeds-fuel-planned/#:text=PhilMec%20is%20developing%20a%20technology,animal%20feeds%20and%20fuel%20briquettes.?In conclusion,exploring sugarcane

157、as an alternative feed presents a promising avenue for addressing both environmental and economic challenges in agriculture.Sugarcane trash can be used as a sustainable and nutritionally viable feed source for livestock.The ability to convert these waste materials into nutritionally balanced and dig

158、estible feeds not only enhances animal health and productivity but also offers a sustainable solution for utilizing agricultural by-products.3.4 Sunflower TrashSunflower,or Helianthus annuus L,is a popular plant for its edible and medicinal seeds.However,its shells are often discarded as waste durin

159、g processing.These shells are rich in fibre and can be used as animal feed sources.Sunflower shells can be obtained from various places,such as oil factories,snack processing plants,herbal shops,and food chains,that only use the seeds and remove the shells.Therefore,turning these shells into food pe

160、llets for animals can be a valuable way to recycle waste materials.43 Sunflower meal is one of the most common and widely used oilseed meals in the world.It can be a good protein supplement for both ruminant and non-ruminant animals.Ruminants can eat sunflower meal with or without hulls,as long as i

161、t has the same protein level as soybean meal.Poultry and swine can eat sunflower meal with low fibre and high protein content.44 Using sunflower shells as pellets for animal feed can also help lower the cost of grain.Although sunflower seeds are already used as animal feed,sunflower shells are not w

162、idely used because they have high fibre content that may affect the growth and yield of animals.However,sunflower shells can be mixed with other ingredients to make pellets that have more fibre and nutritional value and reduce the need for expensive grains like soybean.45 However,it also has some li

163、mitations,such as the low digestibility of its fibre and the insufficient amount of lysine.These factors affect the suitability and the maximum amount of sunflower meal that can be fed to different animals.Sunflower meal with high fat content can be beneficial for lactating cows,as it can replace so

164、me or all of the fat supplements in their feed.It can also be fed to calves and heifers,as it has similar protein digestibility and weight gain effects as soybean meal.However,it has lower energy digestibility than soybean meal,because of the hulls.43 https:/ 44 https:/ https:/ beef cattle,sunflower

165、 meal can improve dry matter and crude protein digestibility and nitrogen retention,if fed at 22 percent of the ration.However,feeding sunflower meal with 28 percent protein and more hulls can reduce weight gain and feed efficiency,compared to feeding sunflower meal with 41 percent protein and less

166、hulls.Sunflower meal with high protein and low fibre content can be used in poultry rations,but not as a complete replacement for soybean meal.Laying hens need extra lysine in their diets if they consume more than five percent of sunflower meal.Threonine is another limiting amino acid for both broil

167、er chicks and laying hens.The maximum amount of sunflower meal that can be fed to broiler chicks is 15 percent in all mash diets and 30 percent in pelleted diets;higher amounts may affect their performance negatively.Sunflower meal can replace all the supplemental proteins,including soybean meal,in

168、laying hen diets,if enough lysine is added.46 Sunflower comparison with other oilseed meal(%)47 46 https:/ https:/ seed waste is the most common and abundant kind of waste in the oil and fat industry.It is estimated that more than 1 million tons of this waste are produced every year when processing

169、sunflower seeds.This waste has a high content of protein and fat,up to 19%and 21%respectively,which makes it a valuable resource for making animal feed.50 However,there are no effective methods to recycle this waste in the oil and fat industry.The most usual way to dispose of it is to dump it in lan

170、dfills,which is very harmful for the environment.When this waste decomposes without oxygen,it produces biogas that has 70%of methane,a flammable and dangerous gas that increases the risk of fire and worsens the ecological situation.51 Maximum Incorporation Rates for Sunflower Extracted Meal in Ratio

171、ns for Livestock Feed49 48 https:/ https:/ https:/www.atlantis- https:/www.atlantis- Level(%)301540-50No Limitation305-105-10Dairy CowsRearing CalvesCattle And BullsSheep,GoatRabbitsGrowing-FinishingPigsPoultryThe nutrient composition of sunflower meal also depends on how the seeds are processed,suc

172、h as the oil content,the hull removal,the oil extraction,and the processing temperature.The main consumers of sunflower meal are rabbits and ruminants,which can have 1020%of sunflower meal in their diets.Laying birds and pigs can have less than 5%and less than 1%,respectively.Hulled meal,which has a

173、lmost 40%protein by removing the hulls,can be fed to broilers and fattening pigs up to 10%.Sunflower meal is more easily digested by ruminants(74%of crude protein)than soybean meal(66%)or canola meal(68%).Sunflower meal is a good source of protein for ruminants,but not for nonruminants,because it la

174、cks enough lysine.48?Brazil is a provider of plant protein for European livestock through the export of soybean products.Europe does not produce enough feed and depends on foreign markets to support its livestock production.This trade can increase the nitrogen cascade effect.The NCI shows that 42.84

175、%of the nitrogen in Brazilian soybean products is accumulated for feeding European livestock.When there were no logistics and harvest losses,the NCI was lower in all stages(production,industrial processing,and livestock consumption),indicating that improving Brazilian roads and ports can make soybea

176、n production more sustainable.The results suggest the need for changes in the livestock system to better balance the flows in the nitrogen cycle and reduce the impacts of the activity on global ecosystems.Moreover,systemic approaches are needed for a better understanding of nutrient use and its effi

177、ciency in food production systems.52 Based on conducted research,a comprehensive technology for recycling sunflower seed waste has been formulated.This involves separating waste from unsuitable impurities(metallic,mineral,organic,and husk),burning husk and large organic impurities with steam generat

178、ion,and producing inedible technical fat and feed protein-lipid products through extrusion and pressing of remaining secondary oily materials.In Russia,a new production line,currently operational with a capacity of 7.2 tons per day,effectively recycles sunflower seed waste into secondary oily materi

179、als.The resulting sunflower oil and feed protein-lipid products contribute to increased enterprise profitability and reduced local environmental impact,as they find applications in both feeding and technical processes.53 The residues of maize plants that are left in the field after the grain harvest

180、 are called maize stover.They include different parts of the plant,such as stalks,leaves,husks,and cobs.Maize stover is a large source of dry matter,as it is equal to the amount of dry grain produced.The demand for maize grains is high for various purposes,such as feed,starch industry and distilleri

181、es.This leads to a large-scale cultivation of maize crop.However,the by-products of maize,such as stovers and cobs,are often wasted or underused.These by-products can be valuable sources of roughage for ruminant animals,such as cattle,buffalo,sheep,and goats.By cutting the stovers and cobs into smal

182、l pieces,they can be used more efficiently as feed resources.3.5 Maize stover and cobs52 https:/ https:/ stovers are usually left or burnt in the field after the cobs are harvested,which is a loss of nutrients and fodder.The stovers have a similar nutritive value as any other cereal dry fodder.The c

183、obs can be processed into blocks for easy transportation and storage.54 It is often preferred over other cereal stovers for livestock feeding,because it has more protein and energy.However,it is still a low-quality feed with high fibre and low digestibility and palatability.It may need some treatmen

184、ts to improve its nutritional value.55 It is also a good source of fibre,which can replace cereal straws if they are not available,if additional fibre is needed or if there is a lack of forage.It has been estimated that a farmer who has four acres of land and water for irrigation can grow maize crop

185、 three times a year for commercial purposes.From these four acres,the farmer can produce about 25 tons of fodder(green and dry)and 25 metric tons of maize grains.This can feed about 10 cattle for a year.If at least 6 of these cattle are crossbred and in milking,they can produce about 40 litres of mi

186、lk per day.The farmer can sell the milk and maize grains and earn good profits.This way,the farmer can use the maize crop efficiently as a fodder resource.56The nutrient content of the maize stover is 5.8%crude protein,27.38%crude fiber,1.90%ether extract,and 20.8%ash.The value of agro industrial wa

187、ste as feed material can be improved by performing physical,chemical,and biological treatments or any combination of them.57An estimated amount of stover produced can be determined using a grain to stover ratio,typically measured at approximately 2:1.For instance,a farmer producing 10 tons of maize

188、from 5 acres can expect around 5 tons of maize stover.However,the use of maize stover for animal feeds has limitations.Farmers may opt to use it for cooking fuel or bury corn residues to conserve soil.These competing uses highlight the farmers decision-making,where economic value plays a crucial rol

189、e in determining the preferred use of maize stover.When corn residue is used for animal feed,a common practice involves feeding the entire stalk and leaves without chopping or treatment.This leads to significant wastage and low intake,as animals tend to selectively consume only certain parts,resulti

190、ng in substantial losses.Maize stover poses challenges for animal feed due to its low digestibility caused by high fibre content,hindering microbial digestion of cellulose and hemicellulose.54 https:/www.jvas.in/public_html/upload/article_file/article_file_qutjqu.pdf?t=qutjqu55 https:/www.feedipedia

191、.org/node/1607256 https:/ https:/ejournal.unsri.ac.id/index.php/peternakan/arti-cle/download/3919/2016#:text=The%20nutrient%20content%20of%20the,extract%2C%20and%2020.8%25%20ash.?Additionally,it has low nitrogen content and soluble carbohydrates,limiting microbial activity in the rumen,which is esse

192、ntial for breaking down fibre into absorbable nutrients.The nutritional content of crop residues,including maize stover,is low in utilisable nutrients such as energy,protein,and trace elements.Lignin in the material binds with proteins and other compounds,making them inaccessible to rumen microorgan

193、isms,thus masking the cell content.To enhance the value of corn residue for animal feed,two treatment methods are suggested:treatment with urea and treatment with chemicals(alkalis or acids).These treatments aim to improve digestibility and increase the availability of nutrients for better animal nu

194、trition.58 Dry maize stover is a crucial component in the diet of livestock,with its importance varying from 15%in Zimbabwes annual ruminant diet to almost 40%in Tanzanian highlands.The importance of cereal stover varies with season in semi-arid West Africa,where it can increase from 16%to 80%during

195、 the peak of the dry season.In Niger,up to 35%of the value of the cereal crop arose from stover use by livestock.Dry,mature maize stover,with low nitrogen and digestible organic matter content,is at best a maintenance feed but is of considerable value during dry seasons when forage of any kind may b

196、e in short supply.In more extensive systems,poor quality natural grazing and dry,mature stover may comprise a major part of a ration.In more intensive,commercially oriented systems,stover is likely to remain a small part of the diet supplemented with better quality material such as grasses,legume ha

197、ys,and agro-industrial by-products to ensure an economically viable level of production may be sustained.Even when substantial quantities of forage are available,their utility for animal feeding may be limited by a lack of access.Livestock may be tethered during rainy seasons to prevent damage to gr

198、owing maize and other crops,restricting access to fodder.The consumption of available stover by livestock is dependent upon maturity,variety,and the amount on offer.Animals are selective and will choose the most palatable and nutritious plant parts first.Supplementation of a stover-based diet with l

199、egume forage increases total intake while reducing stover intake,resulting in higher nutrient intake and improved performance.59In Mexico,mixed farming systems that combine maize production with livestock face challenges such as soil degradation,low profitability,and competition for maize stover.Con

200、servation Agriculture(CA)practices,which involve retaining stover for soil cover,can improve land management.However,practical,and economic constraints hinder farmer adoption of these practices.58 https:/ https:/cgspace.cgiar.org/bitstream/handle/10568/505/MaizeImpactAssessment.pdf;sequence=1?The de

201、mand for stover as livestock feed is a significant obstacle.One solution is partial stover retention,where only a suitable amount is left to protect the soil,and the rest is used or sold for fodder.This involves investments in research and development for viable crop and livestock technologies,creat

202、ing a supportive agricultural environment with risk management options,intensification incentives,and stable market access.60A study was conducted in central Kenya highlands where it was seen when more stover was given to dairy cows,from 31 to 59 and then to 86 g DM/kg live weight per day,they ate m

203、ore stover,from 19 to 26 and then to 30 g DM/kg live weight per day.The cows also picked more leaves and husks from the stover as they were given more.All the cows got 3.2 kg DM/day of cottonseed cake as well.The cows produced more milk as they ate more stover,from 10.0 to 11.2 and then to 12.2 kg/c

204、ow/day.This shows that giving more stover than needed can help the cows eat more stover and make more milk.However,other factors such as having enough stover and using the leftovers well may affect how the farmers use this method.61 In conclusion,maize stover is a valuable alternative for animal fee

205、d due to its abundance as a byproduct,particularly during the dry season.Despite challenges like low digestibility and limited nutritional content,its ready availability and cost-effectiveness make it a sustainable resource.Traditional feeding practices can be improved through treatments like urea o

206、r chemicals,enhancing digestibility and nutrient accessibility.Maize stover thus emerges as a promising and versatile option for livestock feed,aligning with sustainable agricultural practices and offering economic and ecological benefits.4.Opportunities in the Animal Feed Industry Rice Gluten:It ca

207、n be the alternative feed for dairy animals,and it is good for the health of animals as it has 75%total digestible nutrients,and it has a protein content of 50-55%which is higher than the average animal feed.63 In India for every 100Kg of feed required,there is deficit of 23.4 kg of dry fodder,11.24

208、 kg green fodder and 28.9 kg of concentrated feed which negatively affects the total milk productivity and highlights investible opportunities:6260 https:/ Token=IQoJb3-JpZ2luX2VjEGEaCXVzLWVhc3QtMSJGMEQCICp-BQP2oe%2B7%2FT%2BXIVZ5jW%2Bv7KmRqVN%2Fg9c31tdZHW7rSAiBWENh3cjBTcvwsfKFtCf40gtY2Hf0eMjgqvViJAN

209、KOayq8BQiK%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F8BEAUaDDA1OTAwMzU0Njg2NSIM%2FDaBTdun1uP2HKJHKpAF1YIXoE40RNRJxqjUb%2BdY1gFk6M0od%2Bw9Zwy95jofmJRWs9OCVpnLzkor67J61 https:/ https:/ Rice gluten meal as an alternative by-product feed for growing dairy calves Rohit Kumar 1&Sudarshan Singh Thakur1&M.S.Mahesh1https

210、:/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26885987/%2C%20and%2020.8%25%20ash.?Application of biotechnology for forage crops to produce diverse and desirable crops for better quality yield of dairy and poultry.Opportunities in providing techniques and technologies for processing,conservation,transportation,and wareh

211、ousing of post-harvest forage crops.Increasing demand for livestock products like milk and meat is emphasising increased need of fodder and feed.Growing demands of organic food products have increased the importance of crop-livestock integrated farming for its inbuilt organic nutrient recycling.Fora

212、ge based feeding systems,grasslands composed of heterogeneous biochemical entities as well as rapid drying of dung and urine in grazing lands have potential to reduce greenhouse gas CH released from ruminants due to enteric fermentation.66 Bakery wastes:These are the bread wastes that can be used as

213、 feed additives as they are sustainable,is an easily available resource and is environment friendly.Bakery wastes may also provide valuable and readily hydrolysable feedstock for industrial fermentation.64 Opportunities in supply chain,production to increase the availability and production of dry fo

214、dder,green fodder and concentrates as shown below:65 64 https:/www.feedipedia.org/node/7065 https:/www.dairyknowledge.in/sites/default/files/dkp-overview-of-fodder_akgarg.pdf66 ICAR vision 2030 reportFodder20152020202549153055038740843321%23%21%840880100061959660026%32%40%879610558616534%202036%Part

215、iculars(MMT/Year)DryRequirementAvailabilityOpportunity for production(%)RequirementAvailabilityOpportunity for production(%)RequirementAvailabilityOpportunity for production(%)GreensConcentrates There are huge investment opportunities in aqua feed segment,this comes from the fact that 100%FDI is all

216、owed under the automatic route in pisciculture and aquaculture sector in India.There is a vast scope of increasing the current capacity utilisation of aqua feed mills in India.At present,Indias feed mills have the capacity to produce 2.88 MMT of feed.About 40-60%of total operational cost in aquacult

217、ure is feed cost.There is a need to introduce innovative methods and techniques for producing farmed species at a lower cost.There is a need to introduce superior quality aqua feed and an efficient system to monitor the quality of feed supply in India.67 Since Indias fish farming system is mostly do

218、minated by traditional methods and techniques,there are a lot of opportunities for various stakeholders in converting them to modern farming methods.?b.Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana(PMMSY):i.In 2020,Honble PM launched PMMSY with a substantial investment of Rs.20,050 Crores for the holistic de

219、velopment of the Fisheries and Aquaculture Sector in the country.The scheme contains two separate components:Central Sector Scheme(CS)and Centrally Sponsored Scheme(CSS).The Centrally Sponsored Scheme(CSS)component is further segregated into non-beneficiary oriented and beneficiary-orientated activi

220、ties under the following three broad heads:(i)Enhancement of Production and Productivity;(ii)Infrastructure and Post-Harvest Management;(iii)Fisheries Management and Regulatory Framework.The scheme is implemented for 5 years from FY 2020-21 to FY 2024-25 in all States/Union Territories.As per May 20

221、23,763 fish feed mill/plants have received the benefits of PMMSY.a.Animal Husbandry Infrastructure Development Fund(AHIDF):The AHIDF has been set up as a loan assistance program for private players with an outlay of$2.1 billion to promote infrastructural development with a 3%interest subvention and

222、no upper or lower limit for the disbursement of loan.Entities eligible for support under the AHIDF:i.Farmer producer organizations.ii.Private companiesiii.Individual entrepreneurs with the initial 10%margin money contribution by them.iv.Section 8 companies(A company registered at Non-profit organiza

223、tion).v.Micro,small,and medium enterprises5.Government Initiatives:Time period for repayment of loan:8 years inclusive of moratorium of 2 years on principal amount.The fund can be availed by companies involved in segments related to dairy processing infrastructure,meat processing infrastructure,and

224、animal feed infrastructure.67 http:/researchjournal.co.in/online/RKE/rkE%2011%20(2)/11_103-104.pdfc.National Livestock Mission(NLM)The central scheme of National Livestock Mission promotes Entrepreneurship in the field of Feed and fodder.The private entrepreneurs,SHG,FCOs JLG,FPOs,Dairy Cooperative

225、societies,section 8 companies will be incentivized for the value addition such as Hay/Silage/Total Mixed Ration(TMR)/Fodder Block and storage of fodder by providing 50%percent capital subsidy towards project cost to the beneficiary for Infrastructure development related to hay/silage at village leve

226、l/Fodder blocks making units for procuring machinery like bailer,block making machines,TMR machines/equipment,Forage harvester/reaper,Heavy duty Power operated Chaff cutters and any other PHT equipment as per the requirement/need.50%of the total project cost with subsidy up to Rs.50 lakh will be pro

227、vided to the beneficiaries through State Implementing Agencies in two equal instalments as per scheme guidelines.d.Pradhan Mantri Kisan Sampada Yojana(PMKSY)Creation/Expansion of Food Processing/Preservation Capacities(Unit Scheme-The Scheme envisages grants-in-aid 35%of eligible project cost in gen

228、eral areas and 50%of eligible project cost in the North East States including Sikkim and difficult areas namely Himalayan States(i.e.Himachal Pradesh,Jammu&Kashmir and Uttarakhand),State notified ITDP areas&Islands subject to max.of Rs.5.00 crore per project.Animal Feed Manufacturing units already s

229、et up or being set up in Mega Food Parks or Agro Processing Clusters approved by the ministry from time to time are eligible to avail benefits under the scheme.?6.Feed PlayersCattle and Aqua Feed(Global&Indian):Insect Feed(Global&Indian):?Without a formal legislative framework,insects have long been

230、 harvested and eaten in various food cultures,including those of Mexico,China,and Australia.The industrial production of insects and their use as feed is currently gaining steam in both developed and developing nations because of worries about climate change and the sustainability of the food system

231、.With this expansion,two issues arise:the first is the absence of local regulation,and the second is the absence of a stable and uniform set of regulations across international boundaries.More precisely,a large number of regional businesses want to export their insect-based goods around the globe,bu

232、t the regulatory requirements and regional variations make this difficult.Regulation that is transparent and unequivocal will level the playing field,promote investment,increase trust,and normalise the industry.Recommendation 1-Opportunity:Animal Feed has market size of over USD 25 Bn in India.Polic

233、y recommendation:There are no strict BIS(Bureau of Indian Standards)/FSSAI(Food Safety and Standards Authority of India)laws applicable on animal feeds and hence small feed mills are mushrooming in various areas with no quality control/assurance,which are selling a low-quality product at a cheaper c

234、ost and hence negatively impacting the livestock health and the businesses of those who are trying to manufacture better products.There are no legislations framed for many of the most growing insects like BSFL in the feed inclusions though other insects like silkworms have already been accepted as i

235、nclusions in the animal feeds.(CEO Insectifii Mr.Pasuparthy)Recommendation 2-Opportunity:There is GST(Goods and Services Tax)on oilseed cakes which is one of the major constituents of animal feed,but there is no GST on compound animal feeds.Hence companies end up paying GST on raw materials but do n

236、ot get any input which ultimately adds up to the final cost of animal feeds.The same applies to all the machinery and services that we take/purchase.The reverse charge is to be paid under GST on transport is not applicable on milk but is applicable on cattle feeds which again adds to costs and ultim

237、ately the cattle feeds prices.7.Policy Recommendations/Industry AsksPolicy Recommendation(Specific policy-level support required from the government):Government needs to remove GST from oilseed cakes used for manufacturing animal feeds or take animal feeds into GST regulations(CEO,Krimanshi Technolo

238、gies Mr.Nikhil Bohra).Recommendation 3-Opportunity:Only 20%of the dairy feed market is organised while 80%is still unorganised and faces larger instances of adulteration and toxicity.Policy Recommendation(Specific policy-level support required from the government):There are no standard rules or spec

239、ifications by BIS/FSSAI on usage of unconventional feed.materials in food formulation.Some startups are working on production of unconventional feed ingredients like alt protein,fat and fiber,which is the need of the hour and needs to be scaled up to feed our ever-increasing livestock population(CEO

240、,Saigon Agro Farms,Meghalaya,Mr.Chandem Laloo).Recommendation 4-Opportunity:India has suitable macro factors for insect harvesting.Policy Recommendations:The support of government in innovative farming such as incentives or subsidies in setting up insect farms,can help to place India as one of the l

241、eaders in alternative feed solutions(Invest India).?ABOUT THE AUTHORSTanshi SahuInvestment SpecialistInvest Indiatanshi.sahuinvestindia.org.inAnimal Husbandry and DairyingShruti SharmaInvestment SpecialistInvest Indiashruti.sharmainvestindia.org.inAnimal Husbandry and Dairying?Automobiles investindiainvestindiaofficialinvest-indiaWebsite:https:/www.investindia.gov.in/sector/animal-husbandry-and-dairyingContact Number:011 2304 8155Email ID:animalhusbandrydairyinginvestindia.org.inFOR MORE INFORMATION-