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1、GEM 2023/2024 Global Report25 Years and GrowingIKINGDOM OF MOROCCOMINISTRY OF ECONOMIC INCLUSION,SMALLBUSINESS,EMPLOYMENT AND SKILLSIKINGDOM OF MOROCCOMINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION,SCIENTIFIC RESEARCHAND INNOVATIONANNIVERSARY19992024THGlobal Entrepreneurship Monitor 2023/2024 Global ReportAUTHORSGEM

2、GlobalProfessor Stephen Hill,DSc(Lead Author)Aileen Ionescu-Somers,PhDProfessor Alicia Coduras,PhDGEM ChileProfessor Maribel Guerrero,PhD,Arizona State University,USA,and Universidad del Desarrollo,ChileGEM IsraelProfessor Emeritus Ehud Menipaz,P.Eng,Ben Gurion UniversityGEM MoroccoProfessor Fatima

3、Boutaleb,PhD,Hassan II University of CasablancaGEM PolandProfessor Przemysaw Zbierowski,PhD,University of Economics in KatowiceGEM UKProfessor Sreevas Sahasranamam,PhD,University of GlasgowGEM USAProfessor Jeffrey Shay,PhD,Babson CollegeIn collaboration with GEM National Teams,the GEM Global Data Te

4、am Francis Carmona and Alicia Coduras produced the Economy Profiles in Part 2 and all figures and tables,Stephen Hill wrote the Policy Roadmaps,while Kevin Anselmo produced and edited various feature articles.Although GEM data were used in the preparation of this report,the interpretation and use of

5、 the data are the sole responsibility of the authors.FOUNDING ORGANIZATIONSPublished by the Global Entrepreneurship Research Association,London Business School,Regents Park,London NW1 4SA,UK Please cite as:GEM(Global Entrepreneurship Monitor)(2023).Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2023/2024 Global Re

6、port:25 Years and Growing.London:GEM.Cover:(foreground image),nohat.cc(globe)Design and production:Witchwood Production House http:/BBR Design https:/bbrdesign.co.uk 2024 The authors and the Global Entrepreneurship Research Association(GERA)1Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2023/2024 Global ReportRep

7、ort SponsorsCARTIER WOMENS INITIATIVEThe Cartier Womens Initiative is an annual international entrepreneurship program which aims to drive change by empowering women impact entrepreneurs.Founded in 2006,the program is open to women-run and women-owned businesses from any country and sector that aim

8、to have a strong and sustainable social and/or environmental impact.At the heart of the Cartier Womens Initiative is the vision of a world where every woman impact entrepreneur can realize her full potential.To reach this vision,obtaining and monitoring hard data related to the state of womens entre

9、preneurship is critical in enrolling more support into the ecosystem and to drive collaboration.Cartier Womens Initiative partnered with GEM as it was in search of a partner to track,monitor and assess women entrepreneurship activities.THE SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT FRIBOURGThe School of Management Fribou

10、rg(HEG-FR)is a bilingual public business school located in Fribourg,Switzerland,and a member of the University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Western Switzerland(HES-SO).Its Institute of Small and Medium Enterprises houses the Swiss chapter of GEM research,which is headed by Professor Rico Baldegge

11、r,PhD,in collaboration with other colleagues.One of the forerunners in Switzerland for training and interdisciplinary research in the area of entrepreneurship and SMEs,the School of Management Fribourg has a particular thematic interest in research on womens entrepreneurship and impacts of entrepren

12、eurship on the UN Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs).MINISTRY OF ECONOMIC INCLUSION,SMALL BUSINESS,EMPLOYMENT AND SKILLS,MOROCCOThe Ministry of Economic Inclusion,Small Business,Employment and Skills is responsible,within the framework of the legislative and regulatory texts in force,for drawing up

13、 and implementing government policy in the areas of work,employment,vocational training,very small businesses and self-employment,and for evaluating their action plans.It steers strategic entrepreneurship programs.MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION,SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AND INNOVATION,MOROCCOThe Ministry of

14、 Higher Education,Scientific Research and Innovation oversees and regulates higher education in the country.The ministry plays a crucial role in shaping the future of education in Morocco by developing policies and strategies that promote academic excellence,scientific research and innovation.UNIVER

15、SIT HASSAN II,MOROCCOHassan II University of Casablanca is one of the top public universities in Morocco.Through its various research,training and support programs,the University contributes to producing the skills needed to ensure and foster the entrepreneurship ecosystem at three levels:(1)raising

16、 awareness and reinforcing the entrepreneurial spirit;(2)training in business creation,project management and SMEs;and(3)supporting project leaders.IKINGDOM OF MOROCCOMINISTRY OF ECONOMIC INCLUSION,SMALLBUSINESS,EMPLOYMENT AND SKILLSIKINGDOM OF MOROCCOMINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION,SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH

17、AND INNOVATION2Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2023/2024 Global ReportContentsKey GEM Definitions and Abbreviations 8Acknowledgements 11Foreword 12About GEM 15Executive Summary 162023/2024 Global Report Findings 17Part 1 Introduction 231.Introduction to the 2023/2024 Global Report 241.1 Introduction

18、 241.2 The global context in 2023 261.3 Why is entrepreneurship important?271.4 Global Report structure 271.5 GEM 2023 participating economies 291.6 Changes in household income 301.7 Conclusions 312.The GEM Conceptual Framework and Methodology 322.1 Introduction 322.2 The GEM methodology and measure

19、s of entrepreneurship 33Part 2 Analysis 353.Entrepreneurship:Public Attitudes and Perceptions 363.1 What are the social foundations of entrepreneurship?363.2 What do you know about starting a business?363.3 But can you start a business?393.4 Business intentions 423.5 Can you invest in someone elses

20、new business?433.6 What are the policy implications of this chapter?444.Levels of Entrepreneurial Activity 454.1 What is entrepreneurial activity?454.2 Where is entrepreneurial activity highest?454.3 What is the relationship between levels of early-stage and established business activity?474.4 Did t

21、he pandemic reduce entrepreneurial activity?484.5 Which sectors are the new businesses in?514.6 What are the policy implications of this chapter?525.The Social and Economic Impacts of Entrepreneurship 535.1 What determines the impact of new starts?535.2 How many people will the new business employ?5

22、35.3 How innovative are new business products or services?555.4 How competitive are new businesses?575.5 How export-intensive are new businesses?585.6 Are new startups focused on the Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs)?615.7 What are the policy implications of this chapter?633Global Entrepreneurship

23、 Monitor 2023/2024 Global Report6.The Diversity of Entrepreneurs 646.1 Who are the entrepreneurs?646.2 Are male and female entrepreneurship levels different?646.3 Are younger people more likely to start new businesses and older people more likely to own established businesses?686.4 Are graduates mor

24、e likely than non-graduates to start a new business?716.5 Do changes in income make starting a business more likely or less likely?726.6 What are the policy implications of this chapter?737.Navigating the Entrepreneurial Landscape 747.1 Why does this matter?747.2 Is it getting harder to start a new

25、business?747.3 Did the COVID-19 pandemic create new opportunities?777.4 Are entrepreneurs ready for the future?787.5 Are entrepreneurs minimizing their environmental impacts,or maximizing their social impacts?797.6 Are entrepreneurs aware of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs)?817

26、.7 What are the policy implications of this chapter?848.Why Start(or Stop)a Business?858.1 Introduction:the significance of businesses coming and going 858.2 Why start a business?858.3 How many adults exited a business?898.4 How resilient are entrepreneurs?918.5 What are the policy implications of t

27、his chapter?92Part 3 National Contexts and Individual Economy Profiles 939.Where Are the Best Places to Start a Business?959.1 How can context be defined and measured?959.2 Are most places good in parts?969.3 Have entrepreneurial environments recovered from the COVID-19 pandemic?979.4 Can context be

28、 summarized in one number?999.5 So where is the best place to start a business in 2023?1019.6 What are the perceived priorities of new businesses?1019.7 Do women entrepreneurs get the support and access to resources they need?1029.8 What are the policy implications of this chapter?105Economy Profile

29、s 106Part 4 Appendix Tables 205GEM Indicators 206Join our research projectIt is diffi cult for policymakers to make informed decisions without having the right data.Global Entrepreneurship Monitor(GEM)fi lls this void.GEM is the only global research project that collects data on entrepreneurship dir

30、ectly from the sourceentrepreneurs!It is your one-stop shop for everything you need to know about entrepreneurship in your country,region or city.Be part of future Global Reports,providing a snapshot of entrepreneurial activity across the world.You can contribute towards National Reports that includ

31、e international benchmarking,local context and national entrepreneurship policy recommendations.For more information,visit www.gemconsortium.org or email infogemconsortium.org“GEM off ers academics the opportunity to be part of a prestigious network,explore various dimensions of entrepreneurship and

32、 gain a full picture about the entrepreneurial activity of a country.”Virginia Lasio,Team Leader of GEM Ecuador and Professor at the ESPAE Graduate School of Management5Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2023/2024 Global ReportFiguresFigure 1.1 The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs)26Fi

33、gure 1.2 The percentage of adults reporting a change in household income in 2023 31Figure 2.1 The GEM Conceptual Framework 32Figure 2.2 The entrepreneurial process and GEM indicators 34Figure 3.1 Knowing someone who has started a business in the past two years(%adults)37Figure 3.2 In my country,it i

34、s easy to start a business(%adults agree)38Figure 3.3 In the next six months,there will be good opportunities to start a business where Ilive(%adults agree)38Figure 3.4 I have the knowledge,skills and experience to start my own business(%adults agree)39Figure 3.5 You would not start a business for f

35、ear it might fail(%of those agreeing there are good opportunities locally)41Figure 3.6 The percentage of men and of women who see good opportunities also agreeing that they would not start a business because it might fail 42Figure 3.7 Are you expecting to start a business in the next three years?(%o

36、f adults responding yes)43Figure 3.8 Investing in someone elses new business(%of adults)44Figure 4.1 Total early-stage Entrepreneurial Activity(TEA)and Established Business Ownership(EBO)(both%adults)46Figure 4.2 Total early-stage Entrepreneurial Activity(TEA)plotted against Established Business Own

37、ership(EBO)(both%adults)47Figure 4.3 Total early-stage Entrepreneurial Activity(TEA),2019,2021 and 2023(%adults)49Figure 4.4 Established Business Ownership(EBO),2019,2021 and 2023(%adults)49Figure 4.5 Business Services and Consumer Services(%TEA)51Figure 5.1 Job growth expectations among early-stage

38、 entrepreneurs expecting to employ 0,15or 6 more people in five years time(%adults)54Figure 5.2 The percentage of Total early-stage Entrepreneurial Activity(TEA)who are solo entrepreneurs(one owner,no employees)and those currently employing five or more people 55Figure 5.3 The percentage of adults s

39、tarting new businesses with products or services that are new to their area,country or the world 56Figure 5.4 The percentage of adults starting new businesses using technologies or processes that are new to their area,new to their country or new to the world 57Figure 5.5 The level of Total early-sta

40、ge Entrepreneurial Activity(TEA)and those within this with only local customers,only national customers,or with international customers(%)58Figure 5.6 The percentage of those starting or running new businesses in each economy and anticipating 25%or more of revenue coming from customers outside that

41、economy 606Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2023/2024 Global ReportFigure 5.7 The percentage of those starting or running new businesses in each economy who have identified a Sustainable Development Goal as a priority for that business 61Figure 6.1 Levels of Total early-stage Entrepreneurial Activity

42、(TEA)by women and by men(%women and%men)65Figure 6.2 Levels of Established Business Ownership(EBO)by women and by men(%women and%men)65Figure 6.3 The ratio of women to men new entrepreneurship(TEAf/TEAm)and the ratio of women to men owning established businesses(EBOf/EBOm)66Figure 6.4 The level of T

43、otal early-stage Entrepreneurial Activity(%adults in each age group)for age groups 1834 and 3564 69Figure 6.5 The level of Established Business Ownership(%adults in each age group)for age groups 1834 and 3564 69Figure 6.6 The level of Total early-stage Entrepreneurial Activity(TEA)for graduates and

44、for non-graduates(%)71Figure 6.7 The level of Total early-stage Entrepreneurial Activity(TEA)(%)for those reporting that their household income had“strongly decreased”,“somewhat decreased”or“somewhat increased”in 2023,where that category was at least 10%of responses 72Figure 7.1 The percentage of To

45、tal early-stage Entrepreneurial Activity(TEA)who think starting a business is more difficult compared to one year ago 75Figure 7.2 The percentage of Total early-stage Entrepreneurial Activity(TEA)whose business growth expectations are lower compared to one year ago 75Figure 7.3 The percentage of Tot

46、al early-stage Entrepreneurial Activity(TEA)who agree that the pandemic has led to new opportunities they wish to pursue and the percentage of Established Business Ownership(EBO)who are pursuing such opportunities 77Figure 7.4 The percentage of new and established business owners expecting to use mo

47、re digital technologies to sell their products or services in the next six months(Total early-stage Entrepreneurial Activity TEA and Established Business Ownership EBO)79Figure 7.5 The share of new and established business owners who have taken steps in the past year to minimize the environmental im

48、pact of their business(%Total early-stage Entrepreneurial Activity TEA and%Established Business Ownership EBO)80Figure 7.6 The share of new and established business owners who have taken steps in the past year to maximize the social impact of their business(%Total early-stage Entrepreneurial Activit

49、y TEA and%Established Business Ownership EBO)81Figure 7.7 Are you aware of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs)?(%Total early-stage Entrepreneurial Activity TEA and%Established Business Ownership EBO)83Figure 8.1 Agreement with motivations“to make a difference in the world”and“to b

50、uild great wealth or very high income”(%Total early-stage Entrepreneurial Activity TEA)86Figure 8.2 Agreement with motivations“to continue a family tradition”and“to earn a living because jobs are scarce”(%Total early-stage Entrepreneurial Activity TEA)86Figure 8.3 The percentage of adults exiting a

51、business in the past 12 months,and whether that business continued 89Figure 8.4 Positive,negative and COVID-related reasons within total exits 90Figure 8.5 The percentage of those adults who have exited a business in the last 12 months who intend to start another business in the next three years 917

52、Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2023/2024 Global ReportFigure 9.1 Number of Entrepreneurial Framework Conditions(out of 13)scored as sufficient(score 5)(49 economies,2023)97Figure 9.2 National Entrepreneurial Context Index(NECI),2023 99Figure 9.3 National expert scores for the perceived prioritizati

53、on of economic performance,good environmental practices and good sustainability practices 102Figure 9.4 National expert scores for the perceived social support for women entrepreneurs,and their relative access to the resources necessary to start and run their businesses 104TablesTable 1.1 Income gro

54、ups 30Table 8.1 Motivation by educational attainment:number of economies with the proportion of graduates agreeing with the motivation exceeding the proportion of non-graduates,and vice versa 87Table 9.1 Summary of national Entrepreneurial Framework Conditions(EFCs)96Table 9.2 Changes in Entrepreneu

55、rial Framework Condition Scores,20212023(41 economies)98Table A1 Changes in household income in 2023(%of adults aged 1864)208Table A2 Entrepreneurial activity(%of adults aged 1864)212Table A3 Public attitudes and perceptions(%of adults aged 1864 somewhat or strongly agree)214Table A4 Attitudes and p

56、erceptions of entrepreneurs:%of Total early-stage Entrepreneurial Activity(TEA)and%of Established Business Ownership(EBO)218Table A5 Entrepreneurial activity by age,gender and education 222Table A6 Sector distribution of new entrepreneurial activity(%of Total early-stage Entrepreneurial Activity)226

57、Table A7 Business exits,and reason for exit(positive,negative non-COVID and COVID-related),%of adults aged 1864 228Table A8 Entrepreneurial expectations and scope(%of adults aged 1864)230Table A9 The motivation to start a business(%of Total early-stage Entrepreneurial Activity who somewhat or strong

58、ly agree)234Table A10 National Entrepreneurship Context Index and number of Entrepreneurial Framework Conditions(EFCs)scored as sufficient or better(score 5)2368Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2023/2024 Global ReportKey GEM Definitions and AbbreviationsAdult Population Survey(APS)The APS is a compre

59、hensive interview questionnaire,administered to a minimum of 2,000 adults in each GEM economy,designed to collect detailed information on the entrepreneurial activities,attitudes and aspirations of respondents.National Expert Survey(NES)The NES is completed by selected experts in each GEM economy an

60、d collects views on the context in which entrepreneurship takes place in that economy.It provides information about the aspects of a countrys socio-economic characteristics that,according to research,have a significant impact on national entrepreneurship:referred to as the Entrepreneurship Framework

61、 Conditions(EFCs).Total early-stage Entrepreneurial Activity(TEA)The percentage of adults(aged 1864)who are starting or running a new business,i.e.one that has not yet paid wages or salaries for 42 months or more.Established Business Ownership(EBO)The percentage of adults(aged 1864)who are currently

62、 the owner-manager of an established business,i.e.owning and managing a business that has paid salaries,wages or any other payments to the owners,for more than 42 months.Entrepreneurial Framework Conditions(EFCs)The conditions identified by GEM that enhance(or hinder)new business creation in a given

63、 economy,and form the framework for the NES.The conditions are:A1.Entrepreneurial Finance Are there sufficient funds for new startups?A2.Ease of Access to Entrepreneurial Finance And are those funds easy to access?B1.Government Policy:Support and Relevance Do they promote and support startups?B2.Gov

64、ernment Policy:Taxes and Bureaucracy Or are new businesses burdened?C.Government Entrepreneurial Programs Are quality support programs available?D1.Entrepreneurial Education at School Do schools introduce entrepreneurship ideas?D2.Entrepreneurial Education Post-School Do colleges offer courses in st

65、arting a business?E.Research and Development Transfers Can research be translated into new businesses?F.Commercial and Professional Infrastructure Are these sufficient and affordable?G1.Ease of Entry:Market Dynamics Are markets free,open and growing?G2.Ease of Entry:Burdens and Regulation Do regulat

66、ions encourage or restrict entry?H.Physical Infrastructure Is this sufficient and affordable?I.Social and Cultural Norms Does culture encourage and celebrate entrepreneurship?National Entrepreneurial Context Index(NECI)This summarizes in one figure the average state of 13 national EFCs selected by G

67、EM researchers as the most reliable determinants of a favourable environment for entrepreneurship.It is calculated as the simple average of 13 variables that represent the EFCs,and which have been measured through a block of items evaluated by an 11-point Likert scale and summarized by applying fact

68、orial analyses(principal component method).National TeamGEM is a consortium of“National Teams”.Each Team is led by a local university or other institution with a strong interest in entrepreneurship.The team is the official national representative of the project:responsible for collecting GEM data in

69、 the country on an annual basis,producing a“National Report”on their findings,and acting as the point of contact for GEM enquiries.9Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2023/2024 Global ReportGEM Income ClassificationLevel AEconomies with a Gross Domestic Product(GDP)per capita of more than$50,000.Level

70、BEconomies with a GDP per capita of between$25,000 and$50,000.Level CEconomies with a GDP per capita of less than$25,000.Economies participating in GEM 2023 by income groupLevel A$50,000Level B$25,000$50,000Level C$50,000Level B$25,000$50,000Level C%TEA in 37 of 45 economies.80Global Entrepreneurshi

71、p Monitor 2023/2024 Global Reportbeen taken to minimize environmental impacts.Exceptions included Morocco and Iran(for both TEA and EBO),Lithuania and France(TEA),and the United States(EBO).Figure 7.6 relates to entrepreneurs having taken steps to maximize social impacts,again with regard to both ne

72、w entrepreneurs and Established Business Owners.This time the We asked both new and established entrepreneurs whether they had taken any steps in the past year to:1.Minimize the environmental impacts of their business(such as energy-saving measures or the use of more environmentally friendly materia

73、ls)or2.Maximize the social impacts of that business,such as creating new jobs for young people or ensuring fair workplace conditions and wages in their suppliers.There is clear agreement,among both new and established entrepreneurs,that steps were taken to minimize environmental impacts.Established

74、Business Owners were a bit more likely than new entrepreneurs to have taken steps to maximize the social impact of their business.This potentially correlates to progress on UN SDGs#6,Clean Water and Sanitation;#7,Affordable and Clean Energy;#13,Climate Action;and 14,Life Below Water;among others.SDG

75、 FOCUS.FIGURE 7.5 The share of new and established business owners who have taken steps in the past year to minimize the environmental impact of their business(%Total early-stage Entrepreneurial Activity TEA and%Established Business Ownership EBO)Source:GEM Adult Population Survey 2023%of TEA/EBO010

76、2030405060708090100MoroccoIndiaIranColombiaJordanEcuadorVenezuelaSouth AfricaMexicoGuatemalaThailandChinaBrazilLithuaniaIsraelEstoniaLatviaSpainOmanPolandUruguaySlovak RepublicCyprusHungaryRomaniaPuerto RicoChileGreeceCroatiaPanamaFranceNorwaySloveniaNetherlandsQatarUnited KingdomGermanySwedenRepubl

77、ic of KoreaUnited StatesItalyCanadaSwitzerlandLuxembourgSaudi ArabiaTotal early-stage Entrepreneurial Activity(TEA)Established Business Ownership(EBO)Level BLevel CLevel A81Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2023/2024 Global Reportpicture is more mixed,still with widespread agreement but less emphatic.

78、At least one in two or more new entrepreneurs had taken steps to maximize the social impact of their business in 15 of the 45 economies(five Level C,six Level B and four Level A).The same was true of Established Business Owners in 22 of the 45 economies,so Established Business Owners were a bit more

79、 likely than new entrepreneurs to have taken steps to maximize the social impact of their business.Relatively few economies had less than one in three of their businesses taking steps to minimize their environmental impact(four for new businesses and none for established).In relation to entrepreneur

80、s taking steps to maximize their social impacts,this number of economies rises to seven for new businesses and 12 for established ones.Estonia,France and Norway had the lowest proportions of new entrepreneurs agreeing,while Sweden and Estonia had the lowest proportions of Established Business Owners

81、 in agreement.Taking steps in the past year to minimize environmental impacts or to maximize social impacts was more common among established entrepreneurs than new ones,possibly because new entrepreneurs are more focused on survival.More new or established entrepreneurs were taking steps to minimiz

82、e environmental impact than to maximize social impact,possibly because the latter may be more difficult,or perhaps revealing differences in preferences.It is clear that many new and established entrepreneurs are not just thinking about their social and environmental impacts but are doing something i

83、n response.7.6 ARE ENTREPRENEURS AWARE OF THE UNITED NATIONS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS(SDGS)?Chapter 1 briefly outlined the UN SDGs and suggested that they were becoming more influential in the business environment,including among entrepreneurs.The previous section showed that a majority of both

84、 new and established entrepreneurs are taking steps to change their social and environmental impacts:doing so would be in support of the SDGs FIGURE 7.6 The share of new and established business owners who have taken steps in the past year to maximize the social impact of their business(%Total early

85、-stage Entrepreneurial Activity TEA and%Established Business Ownership EBO)Source:GEM Adult Population Survey 2023%of TEA/EBO0102030405060708090100IndiaIranColombiaMoroccoEcuadorJordanVenezuelaGuatemalaMexicoSouth AfricaThailandChinaBrazilEstoniaLatviaLithuaniaSlovak RepublicSpainHungaryCyprusIsrael

86、OmanUruguayGreecePolandChileRomaniaCroatiaPuerto RicoPanamaFranceNorwayRepublic of KoreaSloveniaUnited KingdomSwedenNetherlandsUnited StatesItalyQatarSwitzerlandGermanyLuxembourgCanadaSaudi ArabiaTotal early-stage Entrepreneurial Activity(TEA)Established Business Ownership(EBO)Level BLevel CLevel A8

87、2Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2023/2024 Global ReportYvette Ishimwe(Rwanda)Cartier Womens Initiative 2023 FellowEmpowering communities with clean water:an entrepreneur addressing UN SDG Goal#6Yvette Ishimwe is one of many entrepreneurs who are addressing societys big challenges,like those encapsu

88、lated in the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs).SDG Goal#6 is about clean water and sanitation:a challenging area.For example,in Sub-Saharan Africa,320 million people lack access to this basic right;only 57%of the Rwandan population can find potable water within 30 minutes of home,ac

89、cording to UNICEF;and children lose 443 million school days each year because of water-related illnesses.Yvette experienced this problem first-hand when her family relocated from Rwandas capital city Kigali to a rural village.“There was no water for home use or even for drinking.Water was expensive

90、and it was difficult to get clean water.”She found that her family could hire a truck to pump water from a nearby lake to their home,and purify it with a$400 kit.She explains:“My mom gave me the money.They installed it on our water tank.Then the neighbours started to come.After three days,our compou

91、nd was full of people coming in to fetch water from our home.”While at university she was awarded$10,000 through a business competition to implement the solution shed found for her family on a wider scale.The village could now build a solar-powered plant to pump water from a natural spring.This led

92、to Ishimwe launching Iriba Water Group,a social enterprise that tackles the problem of drinking water scarcity in Rwanda and other low-income African countries.The companys Tap&Drink systems,installed in public places like markets,parking lots and schools,connect to and purify municipal tap water.Th

93、e public can access water with a“water ATM card”and Iriba tracks usage with a software management system.Franchisees run the systems,complementing the companys core mission by providing local jobs.Since 2017,the companys 74 Tap&Drink systems have brought safe,affordable water to over 300,000 people

94、in Rwanda and eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo,and it is now replicating the model in Central African Republic.Along the way,it has created 68 jobs and prevents 62 metric tons of CO2 emissions every month.In the next five years,the company plans to reach 2,750,000 people with affordable safe

95、 drinking water,create 685 jobs,and reduce emissions by a million metric tons monthly.These numbers represent real human impact.Incidences of water-related illnesses such as typhoid and diarrhoea have fallen dramatically in schools,directly translating to fewer school days missed.Ishimwe concluded:“

96、No one should have to die or get sick for a lack of something so basic and so achievable as safe water.I believe that water is life,and life is a human right.The need is huge and abundant.Were just getting started.”HUMAN FACES BEHIND THE DATA.Thank you to the Cartier Womens Initiative,one of our rep

97、ort sponsors,for providing this material and helping to put our data in a real-world context.83Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2023/2024 Global Report(especially SDGs 9,11 and 12).27 But the question must still be asked:are entrepreneurs aware of the SDGs and,if so,is this awareness changing over ti

98、me?Is there evidence to support the notion that the SDGs are becoming more influential in the entrepreneurial world?The GEM APS asks both new and established entrepreneurs if they are aware of the UN SDGs.This is an optional question and not asked by all National Teams.For those that did,results for

99、 2023 are shown in Figure 7.7.Awareness of the SDGs was patchy at best,reaching one in two or more new entrepreneurs in Norway,and one in two Established Business Owners in Poland,Norway and China.Across the 33 economies where this question was asked in 2023,less than one in five new entrepreneurs w

100、ere aware of the SDGs in 10 economies(all income levels),compared to less than one in five Established Business Owners in 12 economies.The highest levels of awareness were in Norway(TEA 59%,EBO 55%),Poland(TEA 47%,EBO 67%)and in China(TEA 37%,EBO 53%).The chart shows awareness of the SDGs typically

101、increasing with income,and lowest in Level C Morocco,Ecuador and Jordan.So there is little evidence that awareness of the SDGs is widespread among entrepreneurs.But are there signs that this awareness is increasing?There are just 20 economies where this question was asked in each of the last three y

102、ears.These include seven economies in which the proportion of new entrepreneurs who were aware of the SDGs increased each year.28 However,there were also eight economies in which awareness was lower in 2023 than in 2021.29 Finally,there are 11 economies in which the level of awareness among new entr

103、epreneurs either fell and then increased or increased and then fell.A very mixed picture indeed,and no support for the notion that entrepreneurial awareness of SDGs is increasing.FIGURE 7.7 Are you aware of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs)?(%Total early-stage Entrepreneurial Ac

104、tivity TEA and%Established Business Ownership EBO)Source:GEM Adult Population Survey 2023%of TEA/EBO010203040506070MoroccoEcuadorJordanIndiaColombiaMexicoSouth AfricaChinaThailandCyprusUruguayRomaniaEstoniaChileSlovak RepublicIsraelCroatiaHungaryGreeceLatviaLithuaniaSpainPolandQatarSloveniaRepublic

105、of KoreaCanadaSwitzerlandFranceNetherlandsLuxembourgItalyNorwayTotal early-stage Entrepreneurial Activity(TEA)Established Business Ownership(EBO)Level BLevel CLevel A27 The full list of the UN SDGs can be found in Figure 1.1 on p.26.28 Chile,Cyprus,Hungary,Latvia,Poland and Spain.29 Colombia,India,M

106、orocco,Croatia,Romania and Uruguay.84Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2023/2024 Global Report7.7 WHAT ARE THE POLICY IMPLICATIONS OF THIS CHAPTER?This chapter has looked at the expectations and perceptions of new and established entrepreneurs.The responses help us navigate the entrepreneurial landsca

107、pe in which the decision to start a business takes place,as well as the propensity of entrepreneurs to grasp opportunities that this landscape provides.It also shows the way that entrepreneurial behaviour reflects changing social values,especially in relation to the environmental and social impact o

108、f their businesses.Responses to the question of whether those starting new businesses agreed that it was harder to do so than a year earlier were highly varied,with some reduction in agreement as income groups rose.Few entrepreneurs in Levels A and B agreed that their growth expectations were lower

109、than a year earlier.Responses in Level C were more variable.The proportion of new entrepreneurs agreeing that the COVID pandemic had led to new opportunities they wish to pursue remained high,while the proportion of Established Business Owners pursuing such opportunities was a little lower but still

110、 widespread.The highest levels were in India and Brazil,with the lowest levels in Hungary and the Republic of Korea.This may reflect the highly variable trajectory of the virus in different economies.More research is needed to relate entrepreneurial perceptions of pandemic opportunities to health co

111、nditions in individual economies.There was wide variation in the proportions of new and established entrepreneurs expecting to use more digital technologies to sell their products or services in the next six months,although proportions were slightly higher among lower-income economies,and for establ

112、ished compared to new entrepreneurs,perhaps because,as Chapter 6 showed,new entrepreneurs tended to be younger than established ones.These proportions were typically higher in the Latin America&Caribbean region than in Europe,and lowest of all in the Republic of Korea and in Lithuania,possibly becau

113、se digitalization levels were already high there.Relatively few Established Business Owners were expecting to use more digital technologies in Level B and A economies.Greater awareness of market potential may be needed if these established businesses are not to lose market share to those utilizing n

114、ew ways of selling.More optimistically,a majority of new and established businesses had taken steps to minimize their environmental impacts over the past year.Proportions of entrepreneurs taking steps to maximize their social impacts were a little lower,perhaps because maximizing social impacts can

115、be more difficult.However,few new or established entrepreneurs could claim to be doing so in pursuit of the UN SDGs,because few appear to be aware of those goals.Of course,acting to minimize environmental impact or to maximize social impact is more important than being aware of the SDGs.Nevertheless

116、,those responsible for promoting the SDGs may wish to reflect on the reasons awareness remains low among many entrepreneurs.85Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2023/2024 Global ReportWhy Start(or Stop)a Business?Stephen Hill and Fatima Boutaleb8.1 INTRODUCTION:THE SIGNIFICANCE OF BUSINESSES COMING AND

117、 GOINGThe reasons for starting a business are inevitably personal,reflecting the circumstances,character and motivation of the individual concerned.The decision can be influenced by the desire for autonomy,the prospect of building a personal fortune,the drive to make the world a better place,sometim

118、es by finding solutions to specific social or environmental concerns,or simply to generate an income in the absence of alternatives.This motivation matters,because it can influence the way the new business behaves,as well as its prospects for growth and sustainability.The nature of individual motiva

119、tion may determine goals and aspirations for the firm,which in turn may influence economic outcomes.In either case,it is important for policymakers to understand entrepreneurial motivations so they can activate the factors within their sphere of influence.It is important for an economy to have a ste

120、ady flow of new businesses that evolve into established businesses.Important too is the ability to exit a business.An exit frees up resources from something that may not be generating a return,and redirects these resources towards new activities that can potentially raise productivity and living sta

121、ndards.There are many reasons for exiting a business,and while the lack of profitability is certainly an important one,there are other,more positive reasons,such as planned retirement or to pursue more attractive alternatives,such as a salaried job.Furthermore,an individual exiting the business they

122、 created does not necessarily mean that that business does not continue:this chapter will show that,in many economies,a significant proportion of businesses continue their activities after the founder has left.8.2 WHY START A BUSINESS?In 2019,GEM updated its approach to motivation,surveying new busi

123、ness founders on specific reasons for starting a business.These motivations include making a difference,achieving substantial wealth,continuing a family tradition,and earning a living due to job scarcity.The desire for autonomy was not included,since pre-testing showed that almost everyone agreed wi

124、th this motivation.Those starting or running a new business select from a five-point scale(strongly agree,somewhat agree,neither agree nor disagree,somewhat disagree and strongly disagree),and can choose one or more of these motivations(and many do choose more than one).The results for 2023 are set

125、out in Figures 8.1 and 8.2.There is wide variation in the proportion of adults starting or running a new business who agree30 with the motivation“to make a difference in the world”(Figure 8.1),from just one in 25 new entrepreneurs in the Republic of Korea(by far the lowest),to more than four out of

126、five in India.This wide variation was evident across all income groups.Less than two in five new entrepreneurs agree in four Level C,nine in Level B and four Level A economies,while more than three in five agree in six Level C,three Level B and three Level A economies.30“Agree”includes those who sel

127、ected“strongly agree”or“somewhat agree”.8 886Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2023/2024 Global ReportFIGURE 8.1 Agreement with motivations“to make a difference in the world”and“to build great wealth or very high income”(%Total early-stage Entrepreneurial Activity TEA)Source:GEM Adult Population Surve

128、y 2023FIGURE 8.2 Agreement with motivations“to continue a family tradition”and“to earn a living because jobs are scarce”(%Total early-stage Entrepreneurial Activity TEA)Source:GEM Adult Population Survey 2023%of TEA0102030405060708090100ChinaMoroccoJordanIranEcuadorColombiaThailandSouth AfricaMexico

129、VenezuelaBrazilGuatemalaIndiaPolandGreeceEstoniaCroatiaSlovak RepublicSpainIsraelCyprusUruguayOmanLithuaniaLatviaHungaryChileRomaniaPanamaPuerto RicoRepublic of KoreaFranceItalyNorwaySwedenNetherlandsQatarGermanyLuxembourgSwitzerlandSloveniaUnited KingdomCanadaUnited StatesSaudi Arabia“To make a dif

130、ference in the world”“To build great wealth or very high income”Level BLevel CLevel A%of TEA0102030405060708090100IranMoroccoJordanChinaColombiaBrazilEcuadorSouth AfricaGuatemalaVenezuelaMexicoThailandIndiaPolandEstoniaSpainLithuaniaIsraelSlovak RepublicCroatiaCyprusChileLatviaHungaryPuerto RicoUrug

131、uayGreeceRomaniaOmanPanamaRepublic of KoreaSwitzerlandFranceNorwayUnited KingdomNetherlandsSwedenSloveniaGermanyItalyLuxembourgUnited StatesQatarCanadaSaudi Arabia“To continue a family tradition”“To earn a living because jobs are scarce”Level BLevel CLevel A87Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2023/202

132、4 Global ReportThere was less variation,but more association with income,for the motivation“to build great wealth or very high income”(Figure 8.1).Over three out of four new entrepreneurs agreed in four Level C economies,and three each in Level B and Level A.However,less than one in two new entrepre

133、neurs agreed in two Level C,six Level B and five Level A economies.Within Level C economies,agreement ranged from 40%in Ecuador to 95%in Iran,in Level B from 37%in Spain to 85%in Cyprus,and in Level A from 34%in Norway to 91%in Saudi Arabia.In previous Global Reports,the motivation“to continue a fam

134、ily tradition”was especially important in a minority of economies,and this is confirmed in 2023,with more than one in two entrepreneurs agreeing in just seven economies,31 all outside Europe(Figure 8.2).In 35 of the 45 economies,less than two in five agreed with this motivation(six Level C,16 Level

135、B and 13 Level A).The motivation“to earn a living because jobs are scarce”was more popular,especially in the Level C and Level B economies,with the lowest levels of agreement,at less than three in 10 new entrepreneurs,in just three economies:Republic of Korea,Norway and Sweden,all from Level A.Conve

136、rsely,this motivation was agreed by four out of five new entrepreneurs or more in nine Level C economies,three Level B economies and one Level A economy.Agreement with the motivations to make a difference or to accumulate great wealth hardly varies by income group.But to build great wealth and to co

137、ntinue a family tradition are more popular in lower-income economies.Previous Global Reports have looked at variations between men and women in motivation among new entrepreneurs(GEM Global Report 2019/2020),and between younger and older entrepreneurs(GEM Global Report 2021/2022).Women and younger e

138、ntrepreneurs were more likely to agree with the motivation“to make a difference in the world”,men were more likely to agree with“building great wealth or high income”or“to continue a family tradition”,while older entrepreneurs were more likely to agree with“earning a living because jobs are scarce”.

139、This report examines motivational differences according to levels of educational attainment.Table 8.1.shows the number of economies in which the proportion of graduate new entrepreneurs agreeing with the motivation exceeded the proportion of non-graduates.For the motivation“to make a difference in t

140、he world”,there are 23 economies in which We survey new business founders on specific reasons for starting a business.One of these motivations includes“making a difference in the world”.There is wide variation in the proportion of adults starting or running a new business who agree with this motivat

141、ion.Noteworthy is that in India,four out of five agreed.Making a difference in the world has various connotations for different people.In all likelihood,these motivations can align to one or more of the 17 SDGs.SDG FOCUS.TABLE 8.1 Motivation by educational attainment:number of economies with the pro

142、portion of graduates agreeing with the motivation exceeding the proportion of non-graduates,and vice versaSource:GEM Adult Population Survey 2023MotivationOut of 45Grad Non-gradOut of 45Non-grad grad“to make a difference in the world”2322difference 5 percentage points157“to build great wealth or ver

143、y high income”2124difference 5 percentage points1115“to continue a family tradition”639difference 5 percentage points427“to earn a living because jobs are scarce”1134difference 5 percentage points42631 Thailand,India,Saudi Arabia,Mexico,Venezuela,Guatemala,and Panama.88Global Entrepreneurship Monito

144、r 2023/2024 Global ReportLily Dempster(Australia)Cartier Womens Initiative 2023 FellowRevolutionizing climate change mitigation one small step at a timeMany entrepreneurs have strong social and environmental concerns.One of GEMs aims is to assess whether those concerns spill over into their business

145、 strategies.One person for whom this is certainly the case is Lily Dempster,founder of One Small Step,a business focusing on rapid decarbonization via an app that helps anyone achieve net zero emissions through lifestyle changes.People often feel confused and suffer information overload around clima

146、te-friendly options.So Dempster began looking at how behavioural science could make it easy,fast and rewarding.Launched in 2018,the One Small Step app enables users to log current behaviours and then get a personalized plan to improve their carbon footprint and achieve net zero emissions.Said Dempst

147、er:“You want to work with behaviour,not against it.”Many think that sustainability is costly from a financial perspective.It can actually be the opposite.“An average user of our app can save over$3,000 a year.”The origins of the business date back to Dempsters time as a market impact director at Aus

148、tralias leading online community advocacy organization,where she ran campaigns encouraging consumers to switch to renewable energy.She realized how big an impact individual behaviour and consumer choices can make,particularly in high-income countries with high per capita footprints.“With just a coup

149、le thousand people acting together,you can rapidly reduce emissions and also promote growth of zero-carbon businesses.That was the moment I shifted from top-down policy to grassroots consumer-driven work.I knew that climate change was the biggest social justice issue of our generation and I wanted t

150、o dedicate my life to helping solve it.”To date,each of the apps 70,000 users in Australia and the United States have been able to reduce their carbon footprints by up to 50%,preventing eight million kilos of carbon emissions thus far.The companys goal is to roll out the app globally.The potential t

151、o reach the 1.5 billion or so people around the world who care about climate change keeps Dempster optimistic even in the face of the most pressing crisis of our time.The United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has noted that demand-side climate change mitigation,including consumer

152、behaviour change,can make up a whopping 4070%of the worlds needed carbon emission reductions.“Its time to stop treating consumer behaviour change as a fringe issue in the fight against climate change.”Dempster is a great example of how individual entrepreneurs can be a driver of societal impact to a

153、ddress some of societys greatest challenges.HUMAN FACES BEHIND THE DATA.Thank you to the Cartier Womens Initiative,one of our report sponsors,for providing this material and helping to put our data in a real-world context.89Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2023/2024 Global Reportthe proportion of gra

154、duate new entrepreneurs exceeded the proportion of non-graduates,and 22 economies in which the reverse was the case.So not much difference.The next row of the table only counts those economies in which the difference was(an arbitrary)five percentage points or more.In 15 economies the percentage of g

155、raduate new entrepreneurs who agreed with the motivation“to make a difference in the world”exceeded that of non-graduates by five percentage points or more,compared to only seven where the reverse was the case.So there is weak evidence that graduate new entrepreneurs are more likely to agree with th

156、e motivation“to make a difference in the world”.The results for“building great wealth or very high income”are very similar,with some slight evidence that non-graduates are more likely to choose this motivation.Results for the final two motivations are much clearer,with higher proportions of non-grad

157、uate new entrepreneurs agreeing with“to continue a family tradition”in 39 of the 45 economies,and in 27 economies when differences are restricted to five percentage points or more.Similarly higher proportions of non-graduate new entrepreneurs agreed with“earning a living because jobs are scarce”in 3

158、4 of 45 economies,or 26 when small differences are discounted.So graduate new entrepreneurs are less likely than non-graduate new entrepreneurs to agree with“to continue a family tradition”or“to earn a living because jobs are scarce”as motivations for starting a business.Explanations might include t

159、hat those starting a business to follow a family tradition may have less incentive(or opportunity)to graduate,while graduates may have more employment opportunities than non-graduates.8.3 HOW MANY ADULTS EXITED A BUSINESS?The GEM APS asks adults whether,“in the past 12 months,they have sold,shut dow

160、n,discontinued or quit a business they owned and managed”.The proportion of adults responding yes is the exit rate,shown in Figure 8.3.Subsequent questions consider whether the business continued its FIGURE 8.3 The percentage of adults exiting a business in the past 12 months,and whether that busine

161、ss continuedSource:GEM Adult Population Survey 2023%of adults 18640246810121416ChinaIndiaColombiaMoroccoIranThailandSouth AfricaGuatemalaEcuadorJordanBrazilMexicoVenezuelaUkraineRomaniaGreeceCyprusLithuaniaSlovak RepublicSpainPolandHungaryIsraelLatviaEstoniaCroatiaPuerto RicoUruguayPanamaChileOmanRe

162、public of KoreaGermanyItalyUnited KingdomNorwaySwitzerlandSloveniaFranceSwedenLuxembourgNetherlandsUnited StatesSaudi ArabiaQatarCanadaExit,business continuedExit,business did not continueLevel BLevel CLevel A90Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2023/2024 Global Reportactivities after they quit,and wha

163、t was the most important reason for the exit.The total exit rate is shown by the height of each column.Exit rates were highest in Ukraine(14%)and Oman(13%),followed by four Level C economies(Venezuela,Mexico,Brazil and Jordan),and lowest in Level B(Romania,Greece,Cyprus and Lithuania)and Level A(Rep

164、ublic of Korea,Italy and Germany).Exit rates appear to decline slightly with income group,although with exceptions.Exiting a business is very much a minority activity,with less than one in 20 adults involved in 26 of the 45 economies.However,exiting a business doesnt have to mean that the business d

165、id not continue its activities.In Figure 8.3,the share of businesses that continued their activities after exit is shown by the blue(darker)portion of the column.In most economies(37 out of 45),between one in five and one in two businesses continue their activities after the previous owner-manager e

166、xited,with the figure peaking at just under three in five in Lithuania and Saudi Arabia.Businesses were least likely to continue in Morocco and Romania(around one in 10).Those exiting a business in the past year were asked to choose the most important reason from a list of 12,ranging from selling th

167、e business to family or personal reasons.Some of these reasons can be classed as positive(selling the business,another job or business opportunity or retirement)with the rest classed as negative.Figure 8.4 shows the distribution of exits by positive,negative or pandemic-related reasons.Many of the m

168、ost important reasons are negative,ranging from less than two out of five exits in Norway and Switzerland to nine out of 10 in Jordan and the Republic of Korea.COVID continues to decline as the most important reason for exit,accounting for less than 1%of exits in Italy,Hungary,Lithuania and Iran,alt

169、hough still more than three in 10 exits in Thailand and Poland.The proportion reporting positive reasons for exit generally rises with income group,from a low of about one in 20 exits in Jordan and Thailand,to around three in every five exits in Slovenia and Norway.FIGURE 8.4 Positive,negative and C

170、OVID-related reasons within total exitsSource:GEM Adult Population Survey 2023%of adults 1864024681012ChinaIndiaColombiaIranMoroccoSouth AfricaThailandGuatemalaEcuadorVenezuelaJordanBrazilMexicoRomaniaGreeceCyprusLithuaniaSlovak RepublicSpainIsraelHungaryPolandLatviaPuerto RicoEstoniaCroatiaUruguayP

171、anamaChileOmanNorwayRepublic of KoreaGermanyItalyUnited KingdomSloveniaSwitzerlandFranceSwedenLuxembourgNetherlandsUnited StatesQatarSaudi ArabiaCanadaNegative,not including COVID-19 pandemic COVID-19 pandemic PositiveLevel BLevel CLevel A91Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2023/2024 Global Report8.4

172、HOW RESILIENT ARE ENTREPRENEURS?The recurrence of crises(social,economic,political,health and security),and the increased interdependence that comes with globalization,have underscored the importance of resilience:the ability to bounce back from the unexpected.Earlier chapters have shown that the fe

173、ar of failure is a significant obstacle to starting a new business,even among those who see good opportunities(Chapter 3,Figure 3.5).Despite this,many of those not currently involved in entrepreneurial activity expect to start a business in the next three years(Chapter 3,Figure 3.7).Resilience is cr

174、ucial in entrepreneurship studies,particularly in the context of learning from failure and being ready for subsequent attempts.In the face of disruption,resilience can enable entrepreneurs and businesses to adapt to new,risky environments and circumstances,by providing a platform for effectively man

175、aging environmental variability and uncertainty or by promoting the use of innovative practices.Some indication of this resilience can be estimated by looking at the proportion of those who have exited a business in the last 12 months who expect to start a new business in the next three years(Figure

176、 8.5).Of course,some of these may have sold their previous businesses.These results are surprisingly positive.Greece and Poland are outliers,at just 5%and 7%respectively,with every other economy having at least one in five of those who have exited a business expecting to start another in the next th

177、ree years,including one in two or more in all Level C economies,seven out of 17 Level B and nine out of 15 Level A.The highest of all were Venezuela,Panama,Oman and India,in which more than three out of four of those exiting a business in the past 12 months expect to start another in the next three

178、years.Figure 8.4 showed that many of those exiting a business did so for positive reasons,but that proportion was typically low.Figure 8.5 points to considerable resilience,especially in low-income economies,and may suggest that the economic,social and ecological costs of exiting a business may not

179、be as high as it is perceived to be by those who havent tried it yet.It is interesting to compare the proportion of those exiting a business and expecting to start another in the next three years to the proportion of adults in the general population(which of FIGURE 8.5 The percentage of those adults

180、 who have exited a business in the last 12 months who intend to start another business in the next three yearsSource:GEM Adult Population Survey 2023%of adults 18640102030405060708090MoroccoIranChinaSouth AfricaEcuadorMexicoColombiaThailandJordanBrazilGuatemalaIndiaVenezuelaGreecePolandHungarySlovak

181、 RepublicRomaniaCyprusSpainLithuaniaLatviaEstoniaCroatiaUruguayIsraelPuerto RicoChilePanamaOmanUnited KingdomNorwaySloveniaSwitzerlandSwedenFranceItalyNetherlandsUnited StatesRepublic of KoreaGermanyLuxembourgQatarCanadaSaudi ArabiaLevel BLevel CLevel A92Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2023/2024 Glo

182、bal Reportcourse includes those who have exited)who intend to start a business in the next three years.In all but one economy(Greece),those who have exited a business in the past year are more likely than the general population to be expecting to start a business,and,in many cases,much more likely.I

183、n 32 of the 45 economies,someone who had exited a business was more than twice as likely to expect to start a business than the general population,including 10 times more likely in China(intention rate:general population,5.6%;intention rate:those who have exited,56%)and seven times more likely in bo

184、th South Africa(7.5%,58%)and Germany(7.7%,56%).8.5 WHAT ARE THE POLICY IMPLICATIONS OF THIS CHAPTER?This chapters findings explore different ways in which policymakers can catalyse motivations and encourage more people to set up their own businesses.They also help to identify the main factors determ

185、ining entrepreneurial exit,which may help to activate the necessary levers in the ecosystem for more sustainable entrepreneurship.The dominant motivations to start a new business continue to be“to build great wealth or very high income”and“to earn a living because jobs are scarce”,especially in lowe

186、r-income economies,although the latter motivation has less agreement among graduates than non-graduates.Previous Global Reports have suggested increasing the graduate rate as a way of enhancing entrepreneurship levels;increasing the graduate rate may also change the reasons that people start busines

187、ses.Exit rates are generally low,which is perhaps not too surprising when many of these economies also have the highest levels of early-stage entrepreneurial activity.The chapter showed that in all the low-income economies,and many of the others,a majority of those who had exited a business in the p

188、ast 12 months expect to start another soon,and that business intention rates among those who had exited a business were usually much higher than among the general population.The only exception was Greece,where 10%of the adult population expect to start a business in the next three years,compared to

189、just 5%of those who had exited a business in the past 12 months.It may well be worth careful consideration of how Greek entrepreneurs see the costs of exiting a business.One implication of these results may be to understand where to look for long-term business resilience.PART 3National Contexts and

190、Individual Economy ProfilesThis part of the Global Report concerns the significance of place,first by setting out the GEM approach to analysing the characteristics of place that matter most to entrepreneurial activity,and then by assessing each economy against those characteristics.This is followed

191、by a set of Economy Profiles,one for each of the GEM 2023 participating economies,including a“birds-eye view”of key country-specific GEM research results alongside basic socio-economic data for that economy.Each is accompanied by a Policy Roadmap which identifies strengths and weaknesses in individu

192、al entrepreneurial ecosystems as well as recent trends in entrepreneurial activities.95Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2023/2024 Global ReportWhere Are the Best Places to Start a Business?Stephen Hill and Alicia CodurasThe decision to start a business is inevitably set within a local and national co

193、ntext,or the local and national conditions that can support or constrain that new business.Most people start businesses within their own neighbourhoods,since this is the place they know best.The location may be a source of encouragement for the new enterprise by providing quality education(on starti

194、ng a business,for example),by having excellent communication links(not just internet and mobile phone networks,but good roads,public transport,etc.),by providing access to resources,including finance,premises,affordable utilities and quality local services,and with markets that are both growing and

195、easy to enter.Obviously,the reverse may be true:national and local governments may have few or low-quality programs to support enterprise,and may burden the new business with high taxes,fees and heavy bureaucracy.Social and cultural norms may discourage risk-taking.Women or minorities may feel there

196、 is little support for starting a businesses.Of course,one key characteristic of a successful entrepreneur is tenacity in overcoming obstacles.Some businesses succeed in the most adverse of environments,while others may fail to grow despite the most auspicious circumstances.The success or failure of

197、 an individual new business is unpredictable.But a supportive environment can make a big difference as to whether the business gets started,and whether the businesses that do start endure into maturity.Evidence shown earlier reveals that some economies have much higher levels of Total early-stage En

198、trepreneurial Activity(TEA)than Established Business Ownership(EBO).In an unsupportive or hostile business environment,starting a new business may be significantly easier than managing a new business into maturity.9.1 HOW CAN CONTEXT BE DEFINED AND MEASURED?The GEM Adult Population Surveys(APS)have

199、already provided some insights into the business context in participating economies:for example,in terms of whether the general public sees good opportunities to start a business,or considers it easy to start a business locally,among other factors.However,there are many other dimensions of the entre

200、preneurial environment that cannot be assessed from a population survey,because most individuals do not have the relevant knowledge or expertise to give an informed response.The GEM approach to this issue is to define a number of factors that frame the entrepreneurial environment,known as the Entrep

201、reneurial Framework Conditions(EFCs),shown in Table 9.1.Assessment of these conditions is provided by a small survey of national experts:the National Expert Survey(NES).Each national expert,identified by National Teams and approved in advance by GEM,has expertise or experience in the entrepreneurial

202、 environment.These experts include business journalists,academics,finance experts,policymakers,etc.,as well as entrepreneurs.They assess a number of statements about each EFCs and score the statement on an 11-point scale from completely false(0),to neither true nor false(5),to completely true(10).By

203、 presenting the same statements to national experts across different economies and over time,comparisons can be made.These expert assessments are then pooled to derive scores for each EFC.One caution is that the assessments themselves may be context-dependent.The 2023 NES asked national experts to s

204、core additional statements about entrepreneurial priorities,including good environmental and sustainable practice,and about support for women entrepreneurs.9 996Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2023/2024 Global Report9.2 ARE MOST PLACES GOOD IN PARTS?Summary expert-derived scores for each EFC in the

205、participating economy32 are set out in the individual Economy Profiles in subsequent pages of this Global Report.This section features broad comparisons across economies and time.Given that scores for each EFC can vary from 0 to 10,a mid-point score of 5 may be considered as sufficient or satisfacto

206、ry.Figure 9.1 shows the number of EFCs scored as sufficient(out of 13)in each economy,ranging from none(Iran)to all 13(Netherlands and United Arab Emirates).While the chart shows some positive association between number of EFCs scored as sufficient and income level,that association is far from compl

207、ete.Other factors likely to be important include culture(including attitudes to risk-taking),the policy environment,access to resources,levels of education(including creativity and innovation),and the nature and quality of support systems for entrepreneurship.Two economies in Level C(India and China

208、)had more EFCs scored as sufficient than 16 economies in Level B and 10 economies in Level A,while two economies in Level A(Italy and Luxembourg)had fewer EFCs scored as sufficient than 15 economies in Level B and 10 economies in Level C.This variability is evidenced for all EFCs in each income grou

209、p.India had the highest score for 12 of the 13 EFCs in Level C,with Venezuela having the lowest scores for seven and Iran for three.Lithuania had the highest score in Level B for eight of the EFCs,and Estonia for three,while Argentina had the lowest score for four and the Slovak Republic for three.F

210、inally in Level A,the United Arab Emirates had the highest EFC score for 12 EFCs,while lowest scores were shared between Norway,the United States and Italy,with two each.TABLE 9.1 Summary of national Entrepreneurial Framework Conditions(EFCs)A1.Entrepreneurial Finance:there are sufficient funds for

211、new startupsA2.Ease of Access to Entrepreneurial Finance:and those funds are easy to accessB1.Government Policy Support and Relevance:policies promote and support startupsB2.Government Policy Taxes and Bureaucracy:new businesses are not over-burdenedC.Government Entrepreneurial Programs:quality supp

212、ort programs are widely availableD1.Entrepreneurial Education at School:schools introduce entrepreneurial ideasD2.Entrepreneurial Education Post-School:colleges offer courses in how to start a businessE.Research and Development Transfers:research is easily transferred into new businessesF.Commercial

213、 and Professional infrastructure:quality services are available and affordableG1.Ease of Entry Market Dynamics:markets are free,open and growingG2.Ease of Entry Burdens and Regulations:regulations encourage not restrict entryH.Physical Infrastructure:good-quality,available and affordableI.Social and

214、 Cultural Norms:encourage and celebrate entrepreneurshipThe GEM National Entrepreneurship Context Index(NECI)assesses the entrepreneurial ecosystem of each economy by assessing 13 Entrepreneurship Framework Conditions(EFCs).Stakeholders in urban locations should particularly take note of the NECI as

215、 it connects to UN SDG#11:“Make cities and human settlements inclusive,safe,resilient and sustainable.”Target 11.a notes the importance of supporting positive economic,social and environmental links between urban,peri-urban and rural areas by strengthening national and regional development planning.

216、SDG FOCUS.32 Recall that the 46 economies completing the GEM APS are joined by three more in the NES:Argentina,Japan and the United Arab Emirates.97Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2023/2024 Global Report9.3 HAVE ENTREPRENEURIAL ENVIRONMENTS RECOVERED FROM THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC?The 2022 Global Report

217、 suggested that,for a handful of economies(South Africa,Croatia,Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates),there was evidence of some improvement in EFCs since 2021,but for most economies the evidence was either too mixed,or changes too small,to draw conclusions.Two other economies,Mexico and Spain,

218、showed some signs of deterioration in their EFCs.This report compares scores for 2021 and 2023 for each EFC,and for the 41 economies participating in the NES in both years,noting that many governments were providing strong financial support for businesses in 2021,especially in higher-income economie

219、s,and that by 2023 most of these support schemes had been reduced or withdrawn.Hence there may be some decline in scores for the EFCs Government Policy:Support and Relevance and for Government Entrepreneurial Programs.Table 9.2 sets out the details,simply counting the number of economies for which e

220、ach EFC score had increased or decreased over the period.Many of these changes are very small,so the table also identifies those economies in which the particular EFC score either increased or decreased by a quarter or more from 2021.For nine of 13 EFCs,many more economies experienced a decrease in

221、score between 2021 and 2023 than experienced an increase,including,as expected,for those EFCs most directly concerned with government,but also for both finance EFCs,for research and development transfers,commercial and professional infrastructure,and for physical infrastructure.Recurring economies i

222、n the list of those whose particular EFC scores had declined markedly included Spain,Iran,Israel and Norway.Successive Global Reports have pointed to persistent low scores for the two educational EFCs,especially for entrepreneurial education at school,so seeing more economies with improvements than

223、declines in these scores since 2021 is very welcome.Six economies improved their entrepreneurial education at school by more than 25%,although less welcome were the five economies whose score fell by 25%or more.Market dynamics and social and cultural norms both had more economies with score increase

224、s than with decreases,hinting that many economies FIGURE 9.1 Number of Entrepreneurial Framework Conditions(out of 13)scored as sufficient(score 5)(49 economies,2023)Source:GEM National Expert Survey,2023No.of sufficient EFC scores012345678910111213IranSouth AfricaBrazilEcuadorColombiaMexicoMoroccoT

225、hailandVenezuelaGuatemalaUkraineJordanChinaIndiaCyprusSpainCroatiaSlovak RepublicArgentinaGreeceIsraelJapanPanamaPolandRomaniaChileHungaryPuerto RicoUruguayLatviaOmanEstoniaLithuaniaItalyLuxembourgNorwaySwedenUnited StatesGermanySloveniaCanadaUnited KingdomFranceSwitzerlandQatarRepublic of KoreaSaud

226、i ArabiaNetherlandsUnited Arab EmiratesLevel BLevel CLevel A98Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2023/2024 Global Reportwere recovering strongly post-pandemic,and that social support for entrepreneurship was improving.Recurring economies in the list of those whose particular EFC scores had increased ma

227、rkedly included India and Oman.Overall,it is difficult to interpret these results as pointing to improvements in national entrepreneurial environments since the pandemic,not least because of diminishing support packages to business.TABLE 9.2 Changes in Entrepreneurial Framework Condition Scores,2021

228、2023(41 economies)Source:GEM National Expert Surveys,2021 and 2023Framework Condition(as in Table 9.1)Number of economies in which score decreasedNumber of economies in which score increasedA1.Finance2615Change 25%+Iran,SpainIndiaA2.Access2615Change 25%+Iran,Norway,Spain,SwedenIndiaB1.Policy2714Chan

229、ge 25%+Colombia,Israel,Mexico,SpainCroatia,IndiaB2.Burdens2318Change 25%+Israel,Norway,SpainIndia,OmanC.Programs2417Change 25%+SpainIndiaD1.Schools1625Change 25%+Cyprus,Norway,Israel,Spain,VenezuelaBrazil,India,Iran,Panama,Slovenia,United Arab EmiratesD2.Colleges1328Change 25%+IsraelSpainE.R&D Trans

230、fer2417Change 25%+SpainIndia,Morocco,Romania,Oman,United Arab EmiratesF.Commercial2615Change 25%+Iran,SpainIndia,OmanG1.Entry Dynamics1425Change 25%+Hungary,Norway,Slovak Republic,LuxembourgG2.Entry Burden2318Change 25%+IsraelIndia,OmanH.Infrastructure2713Change 25%+IranOmanI.Culture1728Change 25%+S

231、painIndia,Panama,South Africa99Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2023/2024 Global Report9.4 CAN CONTEXT BE SUMMARIZED IN ONE NUMBER?Many economies demonstrate some improvement in particular EFCs but some decline in others.It is difficult to assess whether these national entrepreneurial environments ha

232、ve improved or not,or to compare across economies.In 2021 GEM addressed this issue directly,by introducing a single number to represent the quality of a particular economys entrepreneurial environment:the National Entrepreneurship Context Index,or NECI.The NECI is simply the average EFC score for a

233、specific economy.Figure 9.2 sets out the results for 2023.Unsurprisingly,economies with many EFCs scored as sufficient scored well in the NECI.FIGURE 9.2 National Entrepreneurial Context Index(NECI),2023Source:GEM National Expert Survey,2023NECI scoreUnited Arab EmiratesIndiaSaudi ArabiaLithuaniaQat

234、arEstoniaNetherlandsRepublic of KoreaSwitzerlandChina(PRC)OmanFranceLatviaCanadaSloveniaUnited StatesGermanyNorwaySwedenJordanChileUnited KingdomLuxembourgGreeceHungaryItalyJapanUruguayUkraineMoroccoRomaniaCroatiaPolandThailandPanamaPuerto RicoColombiaIsraelSlovak RepublicCyprusMexicoEcuadorArgentin

235、aSpainGuatemalaBrazilSouth AfricaVenezuelaIran0123456789106.66.37.76.16.05.95.95.85.55.45.45.05.04.84.84.84.84.74.74.74.64.64.64.64.54.54.44.44.34.34.34.34.34.34.24.24.14.14.04.03.93.93.83.83.22.83.83.63.9100Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2023/2024 Global ReportAtilana Pin (Chile and Colombia)Carti

236、er Womens Initiative 2023 FellowEmpowering entrepreneurial dreams:how fintech innovation transforms cross-border financesWe live in a globally connected world.But it doesnt often seem like that when it comes to personal finances.And while in theory an entrepreneur can trade all over the world,what c

237、onstitutes a propitious place to start a business varies considerably(as we learn in this chapter,amplified by the data in our Economy Profiles).Fintech entrepreneur Atilana Pin can relate to both of these dynamics.Born in Colombia,raised in Venezuela,she relocated to Chile,partly because of the mor

238、e favourable economic opportunities and entrepreneurial environment.But she still had to support her family and pay the employees in her micropayments startup back in Venezuela.Alarmingly,she was unable to open a bank account and there was no affordable option to send money.She investigated cheaper

239、alternatives to popular wire transfer services,trying an option that involved contacting someone through WhatsApp.“I didnt know if I was talking to a business or a person.They asked me to pay with a bank transfer and I had no idea who I would be sending money to.”Such unsettling interactions gave bi

240、rth to an idea.“Trust is so important where money is concerned.I thought that there was definitely a better way.”Pin pivoted her business and created Retorna,an app to enable remittances to be sent at reasonable exchange rates and for low fees.In four simple steps,people can send money home from any

241、where,risk-free,with delivery in less than two hours.The company also lets users pay with cash:with over 25,000 cash collection points in Colombia and Chile,the service can be accessed even without a bank account.A fair,secure remittance system helps realize the entrepreneurial dreams of those who m

242、igrate to start a business elsewhere.Access to financial services keeps immigrants connected to family.Since 2019,the companys 50,000 customers have saved US$2.1 million in fees compared to what they would have paid using other services.The platform has a proven security record,having engaged in ove

243、r 1.8 million transactions totalling US$78 million with no fraud incidents.Retornas next move will be to expand to countries with limited financial services.It also plans to branch out beyond money transfers by adding banking services in the Latin American region.Pin explained:“In the US there are a

244、round 5,000 banks for 300 million people.In Latin America there are 200 banks for the same number of people.We want to make financial services affordable and accessible,especially focusing on immigrants because we want to keep them connected to their loved ones.”HUMAN FACES BEHIND THE DATA.Thank you

245、 to the Cartier Womens Initiative,one of our report sponsors,for providing this material and helping to put our data in a real-world context.101Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2023/2024 Global ReportEconomies with EFC scores that have increased markedly in recent years have moved up the rankings.Onc

246、e again,there is some(imperfect)association with income level,with six of the top 10 NECI scores from economies in Level A,while seven of the bottom 10 NECI scores are from economies in Level C.Yet China and India are both in the NECI top 10,India having moved up from fourth in 2022 to second in 202

247、3,while China has moved from 11th to 10th.Lithuania,in Level B,has improved from sixth in 2022 to fourth in 2023,and is joined in the top 10 by Level B Estonia.So high income is no guarantee of a positive environment in which to start a business,just as low income need not prevent the attainment of

248、a high-quality environment in which to start and grow a business.Of course,in most economies,NECI scores averaged over the 13 EFCs change very slowly over time.For the 41 economies participating in the GEM NES in both 2022 and 2023,26 saw falls in their NECI score,with one unchanged and 14 increases

249、.For 21 of these 41 economies,the change in NECI score was less than 5%of their 2022 score.The largest relative increases in NECI scores were in Poland and Oman,with the largest relative falls in Israel and Iran.As a result,Israel and Oman more or less swapped places in the NECI league table,with Om

250、an rising from 38th to 11th,while Israel fell from 12th to 38th.9.5 SO WHERE IS THE BEST PLACE TO START A BUSINESS IN 2023?Figure 9.2 showed the United Arab Emirates at the top of the NECI league table,having extended its lead from 0.9 points in 2022(over Saudi Arabia)to 1.1 points in 2023(over Indi

251、a).Moreover,the United Arab Emirates scored highest across the entire sample of 49 economies in 2023 in all but one of the EFCs(slightly behind Saudi Arabia for Ease of Entry:Burdens and Regulations).Other Gulf countries have also improved their entrepreneurial environment,including Oman and Qatar a

252、s well as Saudi Arabia.Outside of the Gulf,India has a rapidly improving environment for entrepreneurship,as do Lithuania and China.Each may offer a relatively low-cost supportive environment in which to start a new business.Switzerland and the Netherlands also have high-quality entrepreneurial envi

253、ronments at the heart of Europe,although it would be difficult to describe either as relatively low-cost.A number of Latin America&Caribbean economies have entrepreneurial environments that are improving slowly,including Argentina,Mexico,Puerto Rico,Brazil and Chile,although Colombia appears to have

254、 taken a step back in 2023.Finally,if a NECI score of 5.0 can be regarded as a sufficiently supportive entrepreneurial environment,a number of developed economies in Europe and North America have seen their entrepreneurial environments slip from more than sufficient to less than sufficient in 2023.T

255、hese include Canada,Sweden,Norway,Germany and the United States,with both France and Latvia very close to joining them.9.6 WHAT ARE THE PERCEIVED PRIORITIES OF NEW BUSINESSES?The NES also sought expert assessments in two key additional areas.One is:how important are good environmental and sustainabi

256、lity practices relative to economic performance?These expert perceptions are summarized in Figure 9.3,which shows expert scores for the perceived priority that those running new and growing businesses gave to economic performance,good environmental practices and good sustainability practices,respect

257、ively.The first point to note is that these perceived priorities are complements rather than substitutes:in that,if an economys score for one is high,its score for the others is likely to be high.33 Secondly,if a score of 5 or more is regarded as satisfactory,then 33 The pairwise correlation coeffic

258、ients between scores were:for economic performance and environmental practice,0.848;for environmental and sustainability practices,0.802;and for economic performance and sustainability practices,0.721.102Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2023/2024 Global Reportof the 4834 economies,22 scored satisfact

259、orily in terms of the priority given to economic performance(three from Level C,six from B and 13 from A),36 scored satisfactorily for the priority given to good environmental practices(4 from Level C,17 from B and 15 from A),and 39 scored satisfactorily for the priority given to good sustainability

260、 practices(9 from Level C,14 from B and 16 from A).So while the number of economies with satisfactory scores typically increased with income group,there is no evidence that prioritizing good environmental or sustainability practices was only affordable for higher-income economies.Indeed,three times

261、as many Level C economies scored over 5 for prioritizing good sustainability practices than they did for prioritizing economic performance.These three scores added together give some indication of the prioritization perceived by experts as given to these three complementary objectives.The highest to

262、tal was for the United Arab Emirates(23.6),closely followed by India(20.6),and Sweden and Estonia(both 19.9).The lowest total scores,indicating priorities that were seen to lie elsewhere,were for Iran(7.9),Venezuela(11.1)and Israel(12.1).9.7 DO WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS GET THE SUPPORT AND ACCESS TO RESOU

263、RCES THEY NEED?The second area of additional assessment concerned womens entrepreneurship:do the experts perceive women entrepreneurs as getting the social support they need,and do men have more access to key resources necessary to start and run a new business?The support that could help women entre

264、preneurs in particular includes things like affordable childcare,after-school clubs or eldercare,as well as regulations that make working for themselves at least as attractive as being employed.Access to resources includes the accessibility of markets,whether women have less FIGURE 9.3 National expe

265、rt scores for the perceived prioritization of economic performance,good environmental practices and good sustainability practicesSource:GEM National Expert Survey,2023National expert score 012345678IranBrazilVenezuelaEcuadorSouth AfricaMexicoJordanColombiaMoroccoThailandUkraineChinaIndiaArgentinaCyp

266、rusIsraelSpainPuerto RicoPanamaChilePolandHungarySlovak RepublicUruguayRomaniaOmanGreeceCroatiaJapanLatviaEstoniaLithuaniaUnited StatesItalyUnited KingdomCanadaLuxembourgQatarSwedenFranceNetherlandsGermanyNorwaySloveniaSaudi ArabiaSwitzerlandRepublic of KoreaUnited Arab EmiratesEconomicEnvironmentSo

267、cialLevel BLevel CLevel A34 Guatemalan experts didnt assess this issue.103Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2023/2024 Global ReportEmpowering Tomorrows Entrepreneurs in Switzerland through Education and ExperienceADOpreneursSchool of Management Fribourg(HEG-FR)Professor Raphal Gaudart joined the Swiss

268、 Global Entrepreneurship Monitor team back in 2015.One particular finding stood out for him:Switzerland was lagging behind other peer economies with regard to entrepreneurship education in primary schools.Gaudart decided he would proactively address this concern by launching a summer entrepreneurshi

269、p camp for teenagers in Fribourg.He identified a sponsor the Fribourg Canton Chamber of Commerce which made it possible for 17 teenagers to go through a week-long immersion into the world entrepreneurship.“ADOpreneurs”was launched in July 2016,also in partnership with the Engineering School and the

270、Innovation Lab Fribourg.It has been running every year since(with the exceptions of 2020 and 2021 due to COVID-19).Said Gaudart:“ADOpreneurs was the opportunity for these young people to immerse themselves in the practical world of entrepreneurship since they had to create from A to Z a small enterp

271、rise.”The students meet with entrepreneurs,visit different companies(including Googles offices in Zurich)and take part in various interactive activities related to entrepreneurship,such as brainstorming and creativity sessions.They work on creating a prototype for a business and designing a basic we

272、bsite to introduce their new ideas.They also learn the art of storytelling,finding the right formula for allocating roles in a company,defining a budget and looking for potential partners.The week culminates with a launch event in which the teenagers present their projects to parents,professors and

273、representatives from the different organizations involved with ADOpreneurs.According to Marie,a former participant:“Its great to carry out a project and get help and guidance from entrepreneurs and professionals.”Timon,another former participant,added:“It was fun,varied but also educational.As an en

274、trepreneur you have a lot of freedom but you also have to think about a lot of things.”THE REAL WORLD BEHIND THE DATA.Thank you to the School of Management Fribourg(HEG-FR),one of our report sponsors,for providing this material and helping to put our data in a real-world context.104Global Entreprene

275、urship Monitor 2023/2024 Global Reportpublic procurement opportunities,and less access to financing compared to men.Figure 9.4 shows expert scores for their perceptions of the level of support for women entrepreneurs,and their access to the resources necessary to run a new and growing business.This

276、time the perceptions are very different,and there is little correlation in the same economy between the score for support and the score for access to resources.35 Of the 49 economies,only 11 scored as satisfactory in terms of support for women entrepreneurs(one from Level C,four from Level B and six

277、 from Level A),whereas 27 scored satisfactory for women entrepreneurs having similar access to resources compared to men(seven Level C,seven Level B and 13 Level A).In 39 of these economies,the score for access to resources exceeded the score for support.Economies appear to have made much more progr

278、ess in ensuring equal access to resources than they have in providing the support(often social)that some women need to run their businesses.The highest expert scores for perceived support for women entrepreneurs were in the United Arab Emirates,India and Saudi Arabia,with the lowest scores in Iran,C

279、yprus and Brazil.Indeed,there were far too many economies with poor scores for social support of women entrepreneurs,with 22 of the 49 economies scoring 3.5 or less,including three from Level A(Italy,the United Kingdom and the United States),11 from Level B and eight from Level C.There is considerab

280、le room for improvement across the board.The perceived access to resources for women entrepreneurs relative to men was rather better,not only with more high scores but with many fewer low ones.Only two economies scored less than 3.5(Oman and Ukraine),although both Spain and Slovenia were close.35 Th

281、e correlation coefficient is 0.117.FIGURE 9.4 National expert scores for the perceived social support for women entrepreneurs,and their relative access to the resources necessary to start and run their businessesSource:GEM National Expert Survey,2023National expert score 012345678IranBrazilMexicoVen

282、ezuelaMoroccoGuatemalaEcuadorColombiaJordanSouth AfricaThailandChina(PRC)UkraineIndiaCyprusIsraelJapanGreeceSlovak RepublicPolandSpainCroatiaChileRomaniaArgentinaPuerto RicoUruguayHungaryPanamaEstoniaOmanLatviaLithuaniaItalyUnited KingdomUnited StatesGermanyLuxembourgSwitzerlandCanadaFranceNetherlan

283、dsRepublic of KoreaSloveniaNorwayQatarSwedenSaudi ArabiaUnited Arab EmiratesSupportResourcesLevel BLevel CLevel A105Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2023/2024 Global Report9.8 WHAT ARE THE POLICY IMPLICATIONS OF THIS CHAPTER?If an EFC score of 5 or more is regarded as sufficient or satisfactory,two e

284、conomies had sufficient scores for all their EFCs in 2023:the United Arab Emirates and the Netherlands.Iran,a consistent supporter of both GEM and entrepreneurship,scored as unsatisfactory for all of its EFCs.The GEM NES has provided many examples of economies that have improved their EFCs over seve

285、ral years:Oman is a recent example.There may be opportunities for Iran to draw inspiration from some of these examples.To examine whether national entrepreneurial environments had recovered from the COVID-19 pandemic,EFC scores in 2023 were compared to 2021.For nine of the 13 EFCs,many more economie

286、s had reductions in their score than had increases,probably exacerbated by the withdrawal of pandemic-related government business support schemes and by the war in Ukraine and its impacts on energy prices pushing up inflation.Spain,Iran,Israel and Norway had the most severe declines in EFC scores.Th

287、ese economies in particular need to consider very carefully what support they can offer new businesses.On a brighter note,scores for the two educational EFCs were more likely to have increased than decreased since 2021.Successive GEM Global Reports have called for improvements in these areas,so this

288、 change is welcome.However,despite this general increase,there were still five economies whose score for Entrepreneurial Education at School had declined by more than a quarter since 2021:Cyprus,Norway,Israel,Spain and Venezuela.These economies in particular need to be aware that many new businesses

289、 may never come to fruition because a generation of schoolchildren grew up unaware that starting a business was a possibility.Despite these changes,it is difficult to see national entrepreneurial environments overall as having recovered from the impacts of the pandemic.In particular,many governments

290、 may need to take steps to support new businesses through their policies and programs if these environments are to recover fully.This conclusion is further supported by the evidence that many more economies saw their overall entrepreneurial environment score(the NECI)fall in 2023 than saw an increas

291、e.The United Arab Emirates retained(and extended)its position at the top of the NECI league table,scoring highest of all 49 economies in 12 of the 13 EFCs.Other Gulf economies also improved their NECI scores,as did India,China and Lithuania.However,a handful of well-developed,high-income economies i

292、n Europe and North America saw their NECI scores slip from sufficient to less than sufficient in 2023,including Canada,the United States,Sweden,Norway and Germany.It should be chastening to their respective governments that these entrepreneurial environments have been allowed to deteriorate to this

293、extent,which may prove a challenge to their future prosperity.Improving the entrepreneurial environment can be a long and slow process,and these economies need to begin to reverse this decline now.Economic performance,good environmental practices and good sustainability practices turn out to be comp

294、lementary rather than competing priorities,with national experts perceiving high degrees of prioritization for each of these in many economies.However,national experts see women entrepreneurs in many economies as struggling to get the social support they need to run their businesses,reaching satisfa

295、ctory levels in just 10 of the 49 economies.Some Gulf economies have made significant improvements in this area,and other economies may have a lot to learn from them about the necessary actions to turn their own situation around.There is much more favourable evidence that women were able to access t

296、he appropriate resources to start and grow their businesses as well as men,reaching satisfactory levels or better in 28 economies.ECONOMY PROFILE106Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2023/2024 Global ReportEXPERT RATINGS OF THE ENTREPRENEURIAL FRAMEWORK CONDITIONSEFCs scale:0=very inadequate insufficie

297、nt status,10=very adequate sufficient status.Rank recorded in brackets Level B average(19 GEM economies;see Section 1.5 and Table 1.1)Argentina91087632145A2.Ease of Access to Entrepreneurial Finance3.0(19/19)B1.Government Policy:Support and Relevance2.0(19/19)B2.Government Policy:Taxes and Bureaucra

298、cy2.2(19/19)C.Government Entrepreneurial Programs3.4(17/19)D1.EntrepreneurialEducation at School2.6(11/19)D2.EntrepreneurialEducation Post-School5.2(7/19)E.Research andDevelopment Transfers2.8(18/19)F.Commercial andProfessional Infrastructure4.7(17/19)G1.Ease of Entry:Market Dynamics6.6(2/19)G2.Ease

299、 of Entry:Burdens and Regulation4.1(13/19)H.PhysicalInfrastructure5.7(16/19)I.Social andCultural Norms4.4(12/19)A1.Entrepreneurial Finance3.4(17/19)Argentina Q Population(2022):46.2 million(World Bank)Q GDP per capita(2022;PPP,international$):26.5 thousand(World Bank)Argentina did not participate in

300、 the 2023 Adult Population Survey.107Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2023/2024 Global ReportPOLICY ROADMAPArgentinas economy was stagnating in 2023,exacerbated by the drought,with GDP expected to fall by 2%over the year and inflation apparently set to be just under 200%.However,the election of a new

301、 president promised to provide some stability and recovery.The principal impact of high inflation on entrepreneurs has been to increase uncertainty around all decisions,but especially investments.In Argentina,excessive regulations hinder entrepreneurship,with restrictions on access to external trade

302、,in obtaining foreign exchange and in labour markets.Entrepreneurs also have to endure excessive taxation.2023 Framework Conditions Review1Despite the parlous state of its economy,the assessed quality of the overall entrepreneurial environment in Argentina improved slightly in 2023,although it was s

303、till regarded as much less than sufficient.In 2023,39 Argentinian experts rated just three Entrepreneurial Framework Conditions(EFCs)as 1 In GEM the overall quality of an economys entrepreneurial environment is assessed by asking a sample of that economys national experts to rate 13 carefully define

304、d Entrepreneurial Framework Conditions(EFCs).These ratings are turned into a score for each condition on a scale from 0 to 10,with the midpoint(5.0)representing the watershed between sufficient and insufficient.The average of these EFC scores is the National Entrepreneurial Context Index(NECI).suffi

305、cient or better:Entrepreneurial Education Post-School,Physical Infrastructure,and Ease of Entry:Market Dynamics,with the latter scored as strongest of Argentinas conditions for the second year running.That left 10 conditions rated as insufficient,many by a wide margin.Four conditions were scored as

306、very poor(score 3.0):both Government Policy conditions,Entrepreneurial Education at School and Research and Development Transfers.Nevertheless,eight conditions improved relative to 2022,with four scoring lower.Most differences were small,the largest increase being for Government Policy:Taxes and Bur

307、eaucracy(which had scored even worse a year earlier),while the largest fall was for Physical Infrastructure.Despite some increases,seven of Argentinas framework conditions ranked in the bottom 10 across the 49 economies in the GEM National Expert Survey(NES)in 2023.However,the average of Argentinas

308、framework condition scores,labelled by GEM as the National Entrepreneurial Context Index(NECI),and used as measure of the overall quality of an entrepreneurial environment,was 3.9 in 2023,up from 3.7 a year earlier,and pushing Argentina up the NECI league from 46th of 51 to 43rd of 49.Additional que

309、stions asked national experts to rate the social support for women entrepreneurs,and those women entrepreneurs access to resources relative to men.Argentina scored 3.5 for social support(28th),and,like many economies,scored better for relative access to resources,at 4.8(32nd).InstitutionLead institu

310、tionIAE Business SchoolType of institutionBusiness SchoolWebsitehttps:/www.iae.edu.arTeamTeam leaderSilvia Torres CarbonellTeam membersAraceli CaljaVictoria GaleraFundersIAE Business SchoolAPS vendorEstrategia&Gestin MDQ SRL FAWARISContactscarbonelliae.edu.arECONOMY PROFILE108Global Entrepreneurship

311、 Monitor 2023/2024 Global ReportEXPERT RATINGS OF THE ENTREPRENEURIAL FRAMEWORK CONDITIONSEFCs scale:0=very inadequate insufficient status,10=very adequate sufficient status.Rank recorded in brackets An equals sign(=)indicates that the ranking position is tied with another economy or economies.*Thos

312、e reporting“somewhat decrease”or“strongly decrease”.Level C average(14 GEM economies;see Section 1.5 and Table 1.1)Brazil91087632145A2.Ease of Access to Entrepreneurial Finance2.9(12/14)B1.Government Policy:Support and Relevance3.4(5/14)B2.Government Policy:Taxes and Bureaucracy2.8(12/14)C.Governmen

313、t Entrepreneurial Programs3.7(6/14)D1.EntrepreneurialEducation at School2.4(9/14)D2.EntrepreneurialEducation Post-School4.8(8/14)E.Research andDevelopment Transfers2.8(9/14)F.Commercial andProfessional Infrastructure4.5(10/14)G1.Ease of Entry:Market Dynamics5.5(5/14)G2.Ease of Entry:Burdens and Regu

314、lation3.1(12/14)H.PhysicalInfrastructure5.7(11/14)I.Social andCultural Norms4.5(11/14)A1.Entrepreneurial Finance3.5(9/14)Recent changes%AdultsRank/46Household income has decreased in 2023*37.418%TEARank/45Starting a business is more difficult than a year ago45.026Use more digital technology to sell

315、products or services90.41Pursue new opportunities due to pandemic67.02Activity%AdultsRank/46%Female%MaleTEA(Total early-stage Entrepreneurial Activity)18.61314.722.8EBO(Established Business Ownership)11.988.015.9Motivational(somewhat or strongly agree)%TEARank/45To make a difference in the world76.5

316、3To build great wealth or very high income66.614=To continue a family tradition36.313To earn a living because jobs are scarce74.115Entrepreneurship impact%AdultsRank/45Job expectations(expecting to employ six or more people in five years time)5.89%TEARank/45International(25%+revenue)1.642Always cons

317、ider social impact89.25Always consider environmental impact90.44Industry(%TEA in business services)17.326Attitudes and perceptions%AdultsRank/46Know someone who has started a new business70.96Good opportunities to start a business in my area65.414It is easy to start a business43.129Personally have t

318、he skills and knowledge65.919Fear of failure(opportunity)46.918Entrepreneurial intentions 48.75Brazil Q Population(2022):215.3 million(UN)Q GDP per capita(2022;PPP,international$):17.8 thousand(World Bank)109Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2023/2024 Global ReportPOLICY ROADMAPBrazilian GDP growth wa

319、s stable in 2023,expected to be just under 3%for the year,while inflation had fallen to around 4%.Business sales were down,and the fiscal deficit was up.The Brazilian Central Bank was maintaining high interest rates to combat inflation,inhibiting business lending.Brazil has been reforming its tax an

320、d business regulations,reducing both business costs and the time needed to register a new business,now down to less than a day a new record.2023 Framework Conditions Review1The assessed overall quality of the Brazilian entrepreneurial environment fell sharply in the COVID-19 pandemic,but has begun t

321、o recover.In 2023,only two of Brazils Entrepreneurial Framework Conditions(EFCs)scored as sufficient Ease of Entry:Market Dynamics and Physical Infrastructure leaving 11 as insufficient.Four were very poor with scores less than three:Entrepreneurial Education at School,Research and Development Trans

322、fers,Government Policies:Taxes and Bureaucracy,and Ease of Access to Entrepreneurial Finance,with the latter ranking 47th among the 49 GEM economies.As usual,Entrepreneurial Education at School scored lowest,and Physical Infrastructure highest.Eight of these scores were higher in 2023 than a year ea

323、rlier,with the largest increases being for Entrepreneurial Education Post-School and Physical Infrastructure.As a result,Brazils overall score for the quality of the entrepreneurial environment improved from 3.6 to 3.8,ranking Brazil 46th of 49 economies.Additional questions asked national experts t

324、o rate Brazils social support for women entrepreneurs and their access to resources compared to men.Brazil scored poorly for social support(2.4,ranked 46th),but very well for comparative access to resources(6.3,ranked 5th).1 A brief description of the GEM approach is given in the footnote on p.107.2

325、023 Entrepreneurial Activity ReviewNearly two in five adults in Brazil reported that their household income had fallen in 2023,a substantial proportion but down from three in five two years earlier.Despite this,nearly one in 10 adults have invested in someone elses new business,the fifth highest lev

326、el in GEM 2023.Entrepreneurship has a high public profile in Brazil,with seven in 10 adults knowing someone who had started a business recently,while two out of three saw good opportunities to start a business locally or considered themselves as having the skills and experience to start their own.Ho

327、wever,nearly one in two of those seeing good opportunities would not start a business for fear it might fail.Nevertheless,almost a half of those not already doing so expected to start their own business in the next three years the fourth highest level in GEM.The proportion of adults in Brazil who we

328、re starting or running a new business in 2023 was more than one in four,a stable proportion over the past three years.Men were more likely to start a business than women,with around five men starting new businesses for every three women doing the same.The rate of Established Business Ownership was r

329、elatively high at about one in eight,and had been rising steadily since the depths of the pandemic.Making a difference in the world was the most agreed motivation among new entrepreneurs at three out of four,just ahead of making a living because jobs are scarce.Very few new entrepreneurs had custome

330、rs beyond Brazil,although that may change,given that nine out of 10 expected to use more digital technologies to sell their products in the next six months.Three in 10 new entrepreneurs expected to employ at least another six people over the next five years,an impressive rate when one in two of thos

331、e starting or running a new business was a solo entrepreneur,with one owner and no current employees.InstitutionLead institutionANEGEPEType of institutionNon-governmental organizationWebsitehttps:/anegepe.org.brOther institutions involvedServio Brasileiro de Apoio s Micro e Pequenas Empresas(SEBRAE)

332、TeamTeam leaderSimara GrecoTeam membersVinicius Larangeiras de SouzaEdmundo Incio JuniorRose Mary Almeida LopesEdmilson de Oliveira LimaPaulo Alberto Bastos JrRoberto Pessoa de Queiroz FalcoFernando Antnio Prado GimenezJoana Paula MachadoFundersServio Brasileiro de Apoio s Micro e Pequenas Empresas(

333、SEBRAE)APS vendorMirador PesquisasC.brECONOMY PROFILE110Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2023/2024 Global ReportEXPERT RATINGS OF THE ENTREPRENEURIAL FRAMEWORK CONDITIONSEFCs scale:0=very inadequate insufficient status,10=very adequate sufficient status.Rank recorded in brackets An equals sign(=)indicates that the ranking position is tied with another economy or economies.*Those reporting“somewhat