《歐洲光伏產業協會：2024農業太陽能最佳實踐指南-哈薩克斯坦版（英文版）（28頁）.pdf》由會員分享，可在線閱讀，更多相關《歐洲光伏產業協會：2024農業太陽能最佳實踐指南-哈薩克斯坦版（英文版）（28頁）.pdf（28頁珍藏版）》請在三個皮匠報告上搜索。

1、K a za khsta nS ol a r i nve stme nt op p ortuni ti e sSupported by:Chair o f t he So l arPo wer Eu ro pe Gl o bal Mark et s Wo rk st ream:P a ol o T ra va g l i ni,E ni P l e ni tud e.Vice-Chair o f t he So l arPo wer Eu ro pe Gl o bal Mark et s Wo rk st ream:E d wa rd K oe ne n,ABO Wi nd.Au t ho r

2、s:Al e x S ti l l a va to,F e d e ri c o Mi c c i o,L uc i a Od one,P a ol o T ra va g l i ni,S ofi a De P a ol i s,Z a ri na T e mi rb ul a tova (E ni P l e ni tud e).Peer reviewers:K a te ryna V a she nko,S hi hyi ng L i n(S ol a rg i s);Mi g ue l H e rre ro(P V c a se);I b ti sse m H a mmi (E ne

3、l G re e n P owe r);Al e ssa nd ro L a g oste na (E R G);Ca rl os Worne r(E ne rti s S ol a r);Be nja mi n Cl a rke (S ol a rP owe r E urop e).Co o rdin at o r o f t he So l arPo wer Eu ro pe Gl o bal Mark et s Wo rk st ream:Be nja mi n Cl a rke,S ol a rP owe r E urop e.Mark et In t el l igen ce:Mi

4、c ha e l S c hme l a,R a ffa e l e R ossi,Chri stop h L i ts,J ona tha n G orre ma ns,Antoni o Arrue b o;S ol a rP owe r E urop e.Text edit in g:Be nja mi n Cl a rke,S ol a rP owe r E urop e.Ack n o wl edgemen t s:S ol a rP owe r E urop e woul d l i ke to e xte nd a sp e c i a l tha nks to a l l Wor

5、kstre a m me mb e rs who c ontri b ute d the i r knowl e d g e a nd e xp e ri e nc e to thi s re p ort.T hi s woul d ne ve r ha ve b e e n p ossi b l e wi thout the i r c onti nue d sup p ort.Pro ject In fo rmat io n:T he S ol a rP owe r E urop e G l ob a l Ma rke ts Workstre a m wa s l a unc he d i

6、 n Ma rc h 2018 a nd ha s si nc e the n b e c ome a n a c ti ve worki ng g roup wi th more tha n 16 0 e xp e rts from more tha n 6 5 c omp a ni e s.T he ob je c ti ve of the Workstre a m i s to i d e nti fy op p ortuni ti e s for b usi ne ss a nd c oop e ra ti on a nd the re b y c ontri b ute to the

7、 e ne rg y tra nsi ti on i n d yna mi c ma rke ts outsi d e E urop e.So l arPo wer Eu ro pe t han k s it s members an d part n ers t hat co n t ribu t ed t o t his repo rt:Than k s t o o u r spo n ser members:Co n t act:i nfosol a rp owe re urop e.org.Pu bl ished:N ove mb e r 2023.ISBN:978 946 46 6

8、9091.Discl aimer:T hi s re p ort ha s b e e n p re p a re d b y S ol a rP owe r E urop e.I t i s b e i ng furni she d to the re c i p i e nts for g e ne ra l i nforma ti on onl y.N othi ng i n i t shoul d b e i nte rp re te d a s a n offe r or re c omme nd a ti on of a ny p rod uc ts,se rvi c e s or

9、 fi na nc i a l p rod uc ts.T hi s re p ort d oe s not c onsti tute te c hni c a l,i nve stme nt,l e g a l,ta x or a ny othe r a d vi c e.R e c i p i e nts shoul d c onsul t wi th the i r own te c hni c a l,fi na nc i a l,l e g a l,ta x or othe r a d vi sors a s ne e d e d.T hi s re p ort i s b a se

10、 d on sourc e s b e l i e ve d to b e a c c ura te.H owe ve r,S ol a rP owe r E urop e d oe s not wa rra nt the a c c ura c y or c omp l e te ne ss of a ny i nforma ti on c onta i ne d i n thi s re p ort.S ol a rP owe r E urop e a ssume s no ob l i g a ti on to up d a te a ny i nforma ti on c onta i

11、 ne d he re i n.S ol a rP owe r E urop e wi l l not b e he l d l i a b l e for a ny d i re c t or i nd i re c t d a ma g e i nc urre d b y the use of the i nforma ti on p rovi d e d a nd wi l l not p rovi d e a ny i nd e mni ti e s.Design:One he mi sp he re,S we d e n,c onta c tone he mi sp he re.se

12、3Fo rewo rd 5 1Co n t ext 6 1.1.E ne rg y g e og ra p hy 6 1.2.De mog ra p hi c s 9 1.3.Ma c roe c onomi c c onte xt 9 1.4.Busi ne ss e nvi ronme nt 10 1.5.P ol i ti c a l a nd soc i a l c onte xt 12 2El ect ricit y mark et 14 2.1.E ne rg y se c tor ove rvi e w 14 2.2.E l e c tri c i ty i nfra struc

13、 ture 15 2.3.R e ne wa b l e e ne rg y re g ul a tory fra me work 17 2.3.1.Renewable energy regulatory framework 17 2.4.N e w d e ve l op me nts for sol a r p owe r 21 3Reco mmen dat io n s 24 3.1.N a ti ona l g ri d a nd c ross-b ord e r i nte g ra ti on 24 3.1.R E S a uc ti ons 25 3.1.L e g i sl a

14、 ti on 25 3.1.E mi ssi ons T ra d i ng S yste m(E T S)25 Referen ces 26Tabl e o f co n t en t sFigu re 1:E l e c tri c i ty g e ne ra ti on i n 2022 b y sourc e (%)7 Figu re 2:K a za khsta ns sol a r p ote nti a l 7 Figu re 3:K a za khsta ns wi nd p ote nti a l 8 Figu re 4:R a nki ng on d oi ng b us

15、i ne ss top i c s-K a za khsta n 10 Figu re 5:K a za khsta n:Busi ne ss e nvi ronme nt a nd g ove rna nc e 11 Figu re 6:K a za khsta n p owe r i nfra struc ture ma p 16 Figu re 7:K a za khsta n re ne wa b l e s d e ve l op me nt a rc hi te c ture 18 Figu re 8:T ota l i nsta l l e d c a p a c i ty fo

16、r op e ra ti ng R E S fa c i l i ti e s i n K a za khsta n,2022 20 Figu re 9:Cumul a ti ve S ol a r P V c a p a c i ty d e ve l op me nts i n K a za khsta n 2022-2027 21 Figu re 10:2023 a uc ti one d c a p a c i ty b y typ e of te c hnol og y 22 Figu re 11:F ore c a st struc ture of ne w e ne rg y c

17、 a p a c i ti e s re qui re d for c ommi ssi oni ng b y 2035(G W)22 L i st of F i g ure sTabl e 1:Consol i d a te d d a ta of 2018-2022 on a uc ti one d,a wa rd e d c a p a c i ti e s a nd i ts wi nne rs b y typ e of te c hnol og y 19 Tabl e 2:Consol i d a te d d a ta on a uc ti ons of 2018-2022 on

18、a uc ti on sta rti ng p ri c e s,wi nne rs ra ng e a nd mi ni mum p ri c e 19L i st of T a b l e sSolarPower Europe Leading the Energy Transition S ol a rP owe r E urop e i s a me mb e r-l e d a ssoc i a ti on tha t a i ms to e nsure tha t more e ne rg y i s g e ne ra te d b y sol a r tha n a ny oth

19、e r e ne rg y sourc e b y 2030.www.solarpowereurope.orgJoin 3 00+InfluenceIntelligenceNetworkDiscountsVisibilityEuropemembersSolarPowerK a za khsta n:S ol a r i nve stme nt op p ortuni ti e s i n T uni si a5F ore word Kazak hst an has remark abl e so l ar po t en t ial wit h a very wel l-design ed a

20、u ct io n sy st em,a cl ear ren ewabl e capacit y addit io n schedu l e,an d a so l id decarbo n isat io n t arget.The co u n t ry is n o w al so in cl u din g st o rage sy st ems as part o f it s pu bl ic pro cu remen t st rat egy in a mo ve t hat wil l ease fu rt her in t egrat io n o f ren ewabl

21、es in t o t he grid.Ho wever,Kazak hst an s so l ar ambit io n s do n o t fu l l y t ap in t o it s po t en t ial,an d t he t echn o l o gy co u l d pl ay a far l arger ro l e in t he co u n t ry s en ergy t ran sit io n du e t o it s l o w co st an d fl exibil it y.The fo cu s n o w is o n l everag

22、in g so l ars co mparat ive advan t ages t o drive fo rward Kazak hst an s decarbo n isat io n an d harn ess it s sign ifican t so l ar reso u rces.T he S ol a rP owe r E urop e G l ob a l Ma rke ts Workstre a m l a unc he d i n Ma rc h 2018 to i d e nti fy ne w a ve nue s for b usi ne ss a nd c oop

23、 e ra ti on g l ob a l l y,a nd c ontri b ute to the g l ob a l e ne rg y tra nsi ti on.S i nc e i ts c re a ti on,the workstre a m ha s c onti nue d to g row,now c omp ri si ng ove r 150 e xp e rts from more tha n 70 c omp a ni e s,wi th a si g ni fi c a nt p ortfol i o of i nve stme nt re p orts o

24、n thri vi ng ma rke ts a round the worl d.T hi s re p ort b ui l d s on the fi rst e d i ti on of sol a r i nve stme nt op p ortuni ti e s i n K a za khsta n.T hi s up d a te c onta i ns the l a te st e c onomi c a nd p ol i ti c a l a d va nc e me nts i n the c ountry,i nc l ud i ng the a nnounc e

25、me nt of K a za khsta ns ne w d e c a rb oni sa ti on ta rg e t for 206 0,a nd the re c e nt Me mora nd um of U nd e rsta nd i ng si g ne d b e twe e n the E U a nd K a za khsta n,ste p p i ng up c oop e ra ti on on re ne wa b l e s,g re e n hyd rog e n,a nd b a tte ry va l ue c ha i ns.I t a l so c

26、 onta i ns up d a te d fi g ure s for K a za khsta ns ne w sol a r c a p a c i ty,fol l owi ng the most re c e nt a uc ti on a nnounc e me nts,a nd the l a te st e l e c tri c i ty ta ri ffs a nd e ne rg y mi x d a ta.More ove r,the re c omme nd a ti ons ha ve b e e n up d a te d to re fl e c t the

27、e vol vi ng d yna mi c s of the K a za kh e ne rg y se c tor.T he up d a te of the 2019 K a za khsta n re p ort i s the thi rte e nth i n a se ri e s of S ol a rP owe r E urop e ma rke t re p orts tha t i nc l ud e:Moza mb i que,S e ne g a l,Cte d I voi re,Mya nma r,K a za khsta n,I nd i a,T uni si

28、a,L a ti n Ame ri c a,Al g e ri a,the Mi d d l e E a st,a nd V i e tna m.T he se re p orts ha ve e na b l e d frui tful d i sc ussi ons b e twe e n S ol a rP owe r E urop e s me mb e rs a nd ke y e ne rg y se c tor sta ke hol d e rs i n the re sp e c ti ve c ountri e s,i nc l ud i ng p ub l i c a nd

29、 p ri va te se c tor re p re se nta ti ve s a s we l l a s i nte rna ti ona l org a ni sa ti ons.Al l the re p orts c a n b e d ownl oa d e d from www.sol a rp owe re urop e.org,fre e of c ha rg e.I n a d d i ti on to the ma rke t re p orts,i n the p a st ye a r,the workstre a m ha s p rod uc e d a

30、numb e r of i np ut p a p e rs a nd re p orts for the E urop e a n Commi ssi on on top i c s suc h a s the Moroc c a n sol a r a nd g re e n hyd rog e n ma rke ts,a nd E U-I nd i a sol a r ma nufa c turi ng c oop e ra ti on.We a re a l so worki ng c l ose l y wi th the I nte rna ti ona l R e ne wa b

31、 l e E ne rg y Ag e nc y(I R E N A),the I nte rna ti ona l S ol a r Al l i a nc e,the G l ob a l S ol a r Counc i l,a nd c oop e ra ti on p rog ra mme s suc h a s G E T.i nve st to sup p ort the sc a l e-up of sol a r e ne rg y i n e me rg i ng ma rke ts.I f you woul d l i ke to b e p a rt of our a

32、c ti vi ti e s,d i sc ove r ne w sol a r b usi ne ss op p ortuni ti e s,a nd ha ve a sa y i n sha p i ng E U g l ob a l p ol i c y,joi n S ol a rP owe r E urop e s G l ob a l Ma rke ts Workstre a m.PAOLO TRAVAGLINI H e a d of Are a Coord i na ti on R e ne wa b l e s,Afri c a,Asi a,Oc e a ni a E ni P

33、 l e ni tud e Cha i r of the S ol a rP owe r E urop e G l ob a l Ma rke ts Workstre a mWALBURGA HEMETSBERGER CE O,S ol a rP owe r E urop eConte xt11.1.En ergy geo graphy T he R e p ub l i c of K a za khsta n(R oK)i s the l a rg e st of the forme r S ovi e t R e p ub l i c s i n Ce ntra l Asi a,a s w

34、e l l a s the re g i ons l a rg e st e ne rg y p rod uc e r.I t i s b ord e re d i n the north b y R ussi a,i n the e a st b y Chi na,i n the south b y K yrg yzsta n a nd U zb e ki sta n,a nd i n the we st b y T urkme ni sta n a nd the Ca sp i a n S e a.T he c ountry ha s a tota l surfa c e a re a o

35、f 2,717,300 squa re ki l ome tre s(km2),a c oa stl i ne of 18 94 ki l ome tre s(km)on the Ca sp i a n S e a,a nd a p op ul a ti on of 19.5 mi l l i on.I n 2022,e l e c tri c i ty g e ne ra ti on a mounte d to 112.8 7 T Wh wi th c oa l b e i ng the ma i n fue l sourc e.T he sha re of c oa l-fi re d p

36、 owe r p l a nts a c c ounte d for 6 6.7%of the e l e c tri c i ty mi x,g a s for 21.5%,L a rg e H yd ro P owe r P l a nts for 7.3%,R E S for 4.5%(F i g ure 1).E l e c tri c e ne rg y c onsump ti on tota l l e d 112.94 T Wh,wi th the d e fi c i t of 78.7 G Wh b e i ng c ove re d b y i mp orts from n

37、e i g hb ouri ng c ountri e s.T he c ountrys p owe r syste m,the U ni fi e d P owe r S yste m of K a za khsta n(U P S),i s d i vi d e d i nto thre e zone s(S outh,N orth a nd We st).G a s c a p a c i ty i s ma i nl y l oc a te d i n the oi l a nd g a s-p rod uc i ng we ste rn zone,whi l e c oa l-fi

38、re d c a p a c i ty i s p a rti c ul a rl y d omi na nt i n the northe rn zone,whi c h i s home to most of the c ountrys c oa l mi ne s a nd he a vy i nd ustry.T he re a re sub sta nti a l d i ffe re nc e s a mong the thre e zone s.T he more d e nse l y p op ul a te d southe rn zone re l i e s l e s

39、s on c oa l-fi re d g e ne ra ti on a nd c onta i ns most of the c ountrys hyd rop owe r a nd sol a r P V i nsta l l a ti ons.H owe ve r,i t c a rri e s a l a rg e p owe r d e fi c i t a nd i mp orts P hotovol ta i c p owe r p l a nt,K a za khsta n.Chol p a n/S hutte rstoc k.c omK a za khsta n:S ol

40、a r i nve stme nt op p ortuni ti e s 6TABLE 1 MACROE CONOMI C DAT A F OR T UNI S I A Official l an gu ages K a za kh(sta te l a ng ua g e),R ussi a n(offi c i a l l a ng ua g e)Capit al Asta na Cu rren cy T e ng e (K Z T)Su rface area 2,724,900 km2 Po pu l at io n (2023)19,543,46 4 Po pu l at io n d

41、en sit y 7 p e op l e/km2 Majo r rel igio n s Musl i m 70%,Chri sti a n 26%(ma i nl y R ussi a n Orthod ox),othe rs Main Et hn icit ies K a za kh 6 8%,R ussi a n 19%,U zb e k 3%,U kra i ni a n 1.5%,U i g hur 1.5%GDP(2021)U S$197.11 b i l l i on(18 1.34 b i l l i on)GDP per capit a(2021)U S$10,374(9,

42、544.08)GDP gro wt h(2021)4.3%In t ern et co n n ect io n s(2021)91%of the p op ul a ti onSOURCE:CI A Worl d F a c t Book a nd Worl d Ba nk.K a za khsta n:S ol a r i nve stme nt op p ortuni ti e s i n T uni si a7si g ni fi c a nt a mounts of(c oa l-fi re d)p owe r from the north.De sp i te the i nc r

43、e a se d a va i l a b i l i ty of g a s i n the south vi a the ne w Be yne u-S hymke nt p i p e l i ne,g a s-fi re d p owe r i n the southe rn zone ha s ha d d i ffi c ul ty c omp e ti ng wi th the si g ni fi c a ntl y c he a p e r c oa l-fi re d p owe r from the northe rn zone (K a ze ne rg y,2021)

44、.SOURCE:Conc e p ts for the d e ve l op me nt of the e l e c tri c p owe r i nd ustry of the R e p ub l i c of K a za khsta n for 2023 2029.FIGURE 3 E L E CT R I CI T Y GE NE R AT I ON I N 2022 BY S OUR CE (%)Renewables power plants:5%Large hydro power plants:7%Gas power plants:21%Coal power plants:

45、67%FIGURE 2 K AZ AK HS T ANS S OL AR P OT E NT I ALSOURCE:G l ob a l S ol a r Atl a s 2.0,S ol a r re sourc e d a ta:S ol a rg i s.2020 T he Worl d Ba nkK a za khsta n:S ol a r i nve stme nt op p ortuni ti e s i n T uni si a8T he sp a rse l y p op ul a te d we ste rn zone i s not c onne c te d to th

46、e othe r two zone s.Most of the ma jor oi l a nd g a s p roje c ts a re l oc a te d he re,so i t i s not surp ri si ng tha t the we ste rn zone ha s b y fa r the l a rg e st sha re of g a s-fi re d c a p a c i ty,a l thoug h i t a l so ha s a si g ni fi c a nt numb e r of c oa l-fi re d p l a nts.K

47、a za khsta n ha s c onsi d e ra b l e R E S p ote nti a l,most of whi c h ha s ye t to b e d e ve l op e d.K a za khsta ns p ote nti a l for sol a r e ne rg y d e ve l op me nt i s a l so si g ni fi c a nt.T he c ountry ha s a n a ve ra g e of 2,200-3,000 hours of sunshi ne p e r ye a r,wi th 2,500-

48、3,000 hours i n the south(U S AI D,2021b).T he U N DP he l p e d the Mi ni stry of E ne rg y d e ve l op i ng a sol a r a tl a s of K a za khsta n i n 2017.Wi nd p ote nti a l i s e sti ma te d a t 18 20 T Wh/ye a r.T he g re a te st wi nd p ote nti a l l i e s i n the Atyra u a nd Ma ng ysta u re g

49、 i ons ne a r the Ca sp i a n S e a,a s we l l a s i n the northe rn a nd southe rn p a rts of the c ountry(F i g.3).T he e sti ma te d p ote nti a l of hyd rop owe r re sourc e s i s 170 T Wh/ye a r,of whi c h a b out 6 2 T Wh/ye a r a re c onsi d e re d te c hni c a l l y fe a si b l e.P a rti c u

50、l a rl y p romi si ng a re a s for hyd rop owe r d e ve l op me nt a re the I rtysh R i ve r b a si n i n the north,the I l i R i ve r b a si n i n the southe a st,a nd the S yrd a ry,T a s,a nd Chus R i ve r b a si ns i n the south.G e othe rma l re sourc e s ha ve ye t to b e e xp l ore d i n d e

51、ta i l b ut a re p ote nti a l l y si g ni fi c a nt.K a za khsta ns hyd ro g e othe rma l re sourc e s,wi th te mp e ra ture s of 40C 100C,a re e sti ma te d a t 10,275 b i l l i on m3 b y wa te r ra te a nd 6 8 0 b i l l i on G c a l b y he a t ra te,e qui va l e nt to 97 b i l l i on toe (ton of

52、oi l e qui va l e nt)or 2.8 b i l l i on T J,si mi l a r to the c ountrys e sti ma te d fossi l fue l re se rve s.Around thre e-qua rte rs of g e othe rma l re sourc e s a re thoug ht to l i e i n the we ste rn p a rt of the c ountry,wi th a d d i ti ona l re sourc e s i n the southe rn a nd c e ntr

53、a l re g i ons.K a za khsta n p rod uc e s l a rg e a mounts of wa ste from c rop s a nd l i ve stoc k tha t c oul d p ote nti a l l y fue l b i og a s p l a nts.T he E urop e a n Ba nk for R e c onstruc ti on a nd De ve l op me nt(E BR D)i s c urre ntl y c ond uc ti ng a stud y to a sse ss the p ot

54、e nti a l for b i ofue l p rod uc ti on(U S AI D,2021b).1 Conte xt/c onti nue dFIGURE 3 K AZ AK HS T ANS WI ND P OT E NT I ALSOURCE:G l ob a l Wi nd Atl a s 3.0,a fre e,we b-b a se d a p p l i c a ti on d e ve l op e d,owne d a nd op e ra te d b y the T e c hni c a l U ni ve rsi ty of De nma rk(DT U

55、).T he G l ob a l Wi nd Atl a s 3.0 i s re l e a se d i n p a rtne rshi p wi th the Worl d Ba nk G roup,uti l i zi ng d a ta p rovi d e d b y V orte x,usi ng fund i ng p rovi d e d b y the E ne rg y S e c tor Ma na g e me nt Assi sta nc e P rog ra m(E S MAP).F or a d d i ti ona l i nforma ti on:http

56、 s:/g l ob a l wi nd a tl a s.i nfo Cre a ti ve Commons Attri b uti on 4.0 K a za khsta n:S ol a r i nve stme nt op p ortuni ti e s i n T uni si a91.2.Demo graphics K a za khsta n ha s a p op ul a ti on of 19.5 mi l l i on p e op l e (2023),g rowi ng a t 1.3%p e r ye a r.T he c ountry ha s a young p

57、 op ul a ti on;ne a rl y 40%of K a za khsta ns p op ul a ti on i s und e r the a g e of 25,whi l e the me d i a n a g e i s 32 ye a rs ol d.P op ul a ti on d e nsi ty i s l ow (7 p e op l e/km2)wi th 58.2%of the tota l p op ul a ti on l i vi ng i n urb a n a re a s,suc h a s Al ma ty(1.99 mi l l i o

58、n)Asta na (1.30 mi l l i on)a nd S hi mke nt(1.20 mi l l i on).I n re c e nt ye a rs,d ue to i ts oi l-d ri ve n e c onomi c b oom,K a za khsta n ha s b e c ome a d e sti na ti on c ountry for mi g ra nts.T he c urre nt ne t mi g ra ti on ra te i s e sti ma te d to b e 0.39 mi g ra nts/1,000 p op ul

59、 a ti on(CI A Worl d F a c tb ook).K a za khsta n i s i nc re a si ng l y re l i a nt on mi g ra nt worke rs,p ri ma ri l y from K yrg yzsta n,T a ji ki sta n,a nd U zb e ki sta n,to fi l l i ts l a b our shorta g e.At the sa me ti me,hi g hl y ski l l e d K a za khs c onti nue to e mi g ra te se e

60、ki ng hi g he r sa l a ri e s or furthe r e d uc a ti on.More re c e ntl y,the R ussi a n i nva si on of U kra i ne tri g g e re d unp re c e d e nte d fl ows of R ussi a n mi g ra nts a c ross the p ost-S ovi e t sp a c e,i n p a rti c ul a r to K a za khsta n,whi c h sha re s the worl d s l ong e

61、st c onti nuous b ord e r wi th R ussi a (7,6 44 km).T he N orth K a za khsta n re g i on ha s a si g ni fi c a nt p op ul a ti on of e thni c R ussi a ns(a round 50%).1.3.Macro eco n o mic co n t ext K a za khsta ns e c onomy i s the l a rg e st i n Ce ntra l Asi a,ma i nl y d ue to the c ountrys v

62、a st na tura l re sourc e s.T he e c onomy re ma i ns hi g hl y re l i a nt on oi l a nd g a s e xp orts,a c c ounti ng for a t l e a st 40%of b ud g e t re ve nue s,l e a vi ng i t vul ne ra b l e to oi l p ri c e shoc ks.T he i mp a c t of tra d e a nd e c onomi c a c ti vi ty sl owd owns l i nke

63、d to CO V I D-19,a nd l owe r g l ob a l oi l p ri c e s,l e d the g ove rnme nt to re c ord ne g a ti ve e c onomi c g rowth(-2.5%)i n 2020 for the fi rst ti me si nc e 1998.A re turn to e c onomi c g rowth of 4.3%(I MF)wa s re c ord e d i n 2021,sup p orte d b y hi g h g l ob a l e ne rg y p ri c

64、e s.T he R ussi a n i nva si on of U kra i ne a nd i nte rna ti ona l sa nc ti ons on R ussi a ha s ha d mod e st i mp a c t on e c onomi c a c ti vi ty i n K a za khsta n to d a te,wi th re a l G DP g rowth g rowi ng b y 2.7%i n 2022 tha nks to a ne t p osi ti ve e xte rna l tra d e b a l a nc e,a

65、i d e d b y sti l l-hi g h g l ob a l p ri c e s for oi l a nd othe r c ommod i ti e s.I nfl a ti on ha s ri se n to a b out 19%p e r ye a r,re fl e c ti ng g l ob a l i nfl a ti on tre nd s,a mod e ra te d e p re c i a ti on of the T e ng e,a nd ra p i d wa g e a nd c re d i t g rowth.Ac c ord i ng

66、 to the I MF,G DP g rowth i s e xp e c te d to a c c e l e ra te to 4.3%i n 2023 wi th c onsi ste ntl y hi g h oi l p ri c e s,g ove rnme nt-sup p orte d c onstruc ti on a c ti vi ty a nd i mp rovi ng outl ooks i n ke y e xp ort ma rke ts b e i ng the ke y d ri ve rs.K a za khsta n c oul d a l so b

67、e ne fi t from the re l oc a ti on of fore i g n fi rms.N e ve rthe l e ss,the outl ook i s hi g hl y unc e rta i n a s the c ountry re ma i ns vul ne ra b l e to e ne rg y-re l a te d p ri c e a nd p rod uc ti on d i srup ti ons.I n the short te rm,e c onomi c p ol i c y wi l l b e foc use d on e n

68、suri ng ma c roe c onomi c sta b i l i ty,c ontrol l i ng i nfl a ti on,a nd i mp rovi ng l i vi ng sta nd a rd s.T o ma i nta i n ma c roe c onomi c sta b i l i ty a nd to fi na nc e i ts fi sc a l p ol i c y,the g ove rnme nt re l i e s on tra nsfe rs from the N a ti ona l F und of the R e p ub l

69、i c of K a za khsta n(N F R K)wi th re se rve s sta nd i ng a t U S$6 1 b i l l i on(56.12 b i l l i on)a s of J a nua ry 2023.Ac c ord i ng to the E c onomi st I nte l l i g e nc e U ni t(E I U),the b ud g e t d e fi c i t shra nk from 2.6%of G DP i n 2021 to a n e sti ma te d 1.3%of G DP i n 2022.

70、T hi s d e fi c i t i s e xp e c te d to wi d e n to 1.8%i n 2023 a s the g ove rnme nt c onti nue s i ts soc i a l sup p ort p rog ra mme,p rovi d i ng sub si d i e s for e sse nti a l g ood s a nd se rvi c e s.P re si d e nt T oka ye vs p romi se of job c re a ti on i s se e n a s a ke y d ri ve r

71、 of g ove rnme nt ste a d i ne ss i n 2023-24 a nd b e yond.P ub l i c d e b t i s e xp e c te d to re ma i n ma na g e a b l e a t a round 29%of G DP b y the e nd of 2023(E I U).Di ve rsi fyi ng the e c onomy,a ttra c ti ng ta rg e te d fore i g n d i re c t i nve stme nts(F DI)a nd the p romoti on

72、 of K a za kh e xp orts c onti nue to b e p ol i c y p ri ori ti e s.T he g ove rnme nt a i ms to a ttra c t U S$150 b i l l i on(138 b i l l i on)of ne w F DI b y 2030(d oub l i ng the c urre nt stoc k).Wi th p rod uc ti on a c ti vi ti e s sti l l l a rg e l y i n p ub l i c ha nd s,p ri va ti sa

73、ti on p l a ns(e.g.,Ai r Asta na,Q a za qg a z)a re l i ke l y to move forwa rd,b ut p rog re ss wi l l ta ke ti me.I n De c e mb e r 2022,K a zMuna yG a s b e g un se l l i ng a b out 5%of i ts sha re s i n a l ong-d e l a ye d I ni ti a l P ub l i c O ffe ri ng (I P O).As p a rt of i ts e c onomi

74、c d i ve rsi fi c a ti on e fforts,the g ove rnme nt ha s a l so p re se nte d a roa d ma p to d e c a rb oni se the e c onomys e ne rg y se c tor b y d e ve l op i ng re ne wa b l e e ne rg y sourc e s a nd re struc turi ng the p owe r i nd ustry.I n 2021 the g ove rnme nt re l e a se d i ts Nat io

75、nal Dev elopment Plan Throu gh 2 0 2 5,whi c h c omp l e me nts the g ove rnme nts p ri ma ry ob je c ti ve of b e c omi ng one of the worl d s 30 most d e ve l op e d na ti ons b y 2050.T he p l a n i nc l ud e s he a vi l y i nve sti ng i n te c hnol og y;i nc re a si ng e xp orts of ma nufa c tur

76、e d g ood s;the d e ve l op me nt of the a g ro-i nd ustri a l c omp l e x a nd “ne w”i nd ustri e s(tra nsp ort a nd l og i sti c s,a e rosp a c e se rvi c e s,e ng i ne e ri ng,I CT).I n F e b rua ry 2023,K a za khsta n a l so a d op te d a n a mb i ti ous p l a n,the “S tra te g y on a c hi e vi

77、ng c a rb on ne utra l i ty b y 206 0,”whi c h se ts ne t-ze ro c a rb on g oa l s a nd i d e nti fi e s the tra nsforma ti ons ne c e ssa ry for the c ountrys d e c a rb oni sa ti on.Ac c ord i ng to the S tra te g y,i nve stme nts worth U S$6 10 b i l l i on(56 1.20 b i l l i on)wi l l b e re qui

78、re d to a c hi e ve thi s g oa l.K a za khsta n i s a l so a me mb e r of the E ura si a n E c onomi c U ni on(E E U),a n i nte rna ti ona l org a ni sa ti on for re g i ona l e c onomi c i nte g ra ti on c ounti ng Be l a rus,R ussi a,the R e p ub l i c of Arme ni a,a nd the K yrg yz R e p ub l i c

79、 a s i ts othe r me mb e rs.I t p rovi d e s for fre e move me nt of g ood s,se rvi c e s,c a p i ta l,a nd l a b our b e twe e n me mb e rs a nd p ursue s p ol i c y c oord i na ti on a nd ha rmoni sa ti on i n the se c tors d e te rmi ne d b y the T re a ty a nd i nte rna ti ona l a g re e me nts

80、wi thi n the U ni on.1.4.Bu sin ess en viro n men t T he Worl d Ba nks“Doi ng b usi ne ss 2020”re p ort ra nke d K a za khsta n 25th out of 190 e c onomi e s.T hre e sub-i nd i c a tors stood out wi th l owe r sc ore s:g e tti ng e l e c tri c i ty,p a yi ng ta xe s,a nd tra d i ng a c ross b ord e

81、rs.Busi ne ss-re l a te d b ure a uc ra c y re ma i ns a n ob sta c l e for fore i g n c omp a ni e s op e ra ti ng i n K a za khsta n b ut ha s i mp rove d i n re c e nt ye a rs,wi th the g ove rnme nt ta ki ng ste p s to stre a ml i ne a d mi ni stra ti ve p roc e sse s.F or e xa mp l e,a s p roc

82、e d ure s ha ve b e e n c e ntra l i se d a nd d i g i ta l i se d,c ustoms d oc ume nta ti on a nd c osts ha ve b e e n re d uc e d a nd p roc e ssi ng a nd ob ta i ni ng p e rmi ts ma d e e a si e r.T he g ove rnme nt ha s a l so b e e n i mp l e me nti ng me a sure s to rol l out e-g ove rnme nt

83、se rvi c e s.Ac c ord i ng to the Worl d Ba nk,K a za khsta ns e-p ub l i c p roc ure me nt syste m i s a mong the b e st i n the worl d.K a za khsta ns a c c e ssi on to the Worl d T ra d e Org a ni sa ti on i n 2015 ha s l e d to a p rog re ssi ve re d uc ti on of tra d e b a rri e rs(e.g.,re l a

84、xa ti on of l oc a l c onte nt re qui re me nts).N e ve rthe l e ss,the l a b our e nvi ronme nt c onti nue s to re qui re hi g h l e ve l s of a tte nti on a nd c omp l i a nc e from fore i g n op e ra tors.I n 2022,the a uthori ti e s a nnounc e d a se t of ne w g ove rna nc e a nd e c onomi c re

85、forms whi c h woul d a d d re ss some of K a za khsta ns ma i n d e ve l op me nt i mp e d i me nts,a s hi g hl i g hte d b y the I MF.T he y ta c kl e g ove rna nc e a nd c orrup ti on vul ne ra b i l i ti e s a nd a re a i me d a t re d uc i ng the rol e of the S ta te i n the e c onomy a nd sup p

86、 orti ng the d e ve l op me nt of sma l l-a nd me d i um-si ze d e nte rp ri se s.T he a uthori ti e s ha ve a l so e mb a rke d on re forms of the ta x c od e,the b ud g e t c od e,p ub l i c p roc ure me nt p ra c ti c e s,the p ub l i c-p ri va te p a rtne rshi p s l a w,a nd fi sc a l d e c e nt

87、ra l i sa ti on.1 Conte xt/c onti nue dK a za khsta n:S ol a r i nve stme nt op p ortuni ti e s 10SOURCE:Worl d Ba nk 2020.F or e a c h c a te g ory 1 i s the hi g he st ra nk wi th 190 b e i ng the l owe st.FIGURE 4 R ANK I NG ON DOI NG BUS I NE S S T OP I CS -K AZ AK HS T ANStarting abusinessDeali

88、ng withconstruction permitsGettingelectricityRegisteringpropertyGettingcreditProtectingminorityinvestorsPayingtexesTradingacrossbordersEnforcingcontractsResolvinginsolvency2237672425764105442I nfra struc ture i n the ma i n b usi ne ss c i ti e s i s usua l l y a d e qua te whi l e i t i s l e ss d

89、e ve l op e d i n p e ri-urb a n a nd rura l a re a s.F ore i g n i nve stme nt ove r the ne xt two-to-fi ve ye a rs i s l i ke l y to i mp rove tra nsp ort l i nks a nd fa c i l i ta te tra d e.F DI c onti nue s to b e c onc e ntra te d on the e ne rg y se c tor(ove r 40%of tota l F DI).Ac c ord i

90、ng to the K a za kh F ore i g n Mi ni stry,the g ross i nfl ow of F DI i n K a za khsta n re a c he d U S$28 b i l l i on(25.76 b i l l i on)i n 2022,a re c ord-hi g h ove r the p a st d e c a d e.T he c ountri e s i nve sti ng the most we re the N e the rl a nd s,U S$8.3 b i l l i on(7.6 4 b i l l

91、i on),the U ni te d S ta te s,U S$5.1 b i l l i on(4.6 9 b i l l i on),S wi tze rl a nd,U S$2.8 b i l l i on(2.58 b i l l i on)a nd Be l g i um,U S$1.6 b i l l i on(1.47 b i l l i on).I n 2021,the ma i n d e sti na ti ons for K a za khsta ns e xp orts we re Chi na (19%),I ta l y(15%),R ussi a (10%)a

92、 nd the N e the rl a nd s(7%),whe re a s the l e a d i ng i mp ort p a rtne rs we re R ussi a (35%),Chi na (17%),S outh K ore a (12%)a nd G e rma ny(5%).O ve ra l l,K a za khsta ns l a rg e st tra d e p a rtne rs a re Chi na,R ussi a,a nd the E U.T o ma i nta i n a strong ne t e xp ort p osi ti on a

93、 nd a voi d the l og i sti c a l hurd l e s of c ond uc ti ng tra d e vi a R ussi a,K a za khsta n i s se e ki ng to re d i re c t some of i ts tra d e,p a rtl y b y b oosti ng e xp orts to Chi na a nd p a rtl y vi a the T ra ns-Ca sp i a n I nte rna ti ona l T ra nsp ort R oute.K a za khsta n:S ol

94、a r i nve stme nt op p ortuni ti e s i n T uni si a11FIGURE 5 K AZ AK HS T AN:BUS I NE S S E NV I R ONME NT AND GOV E R NANCEImprovements to the business environment and governance have put Kazakhstan on par or above peers on many aspects.Yet,state interventions remain sizable in product market.and

95、businesses continue to face various obstacles.0.02.04.06.0Public ownershipInvolvement in business operationsSimplification and evaluation of regulationsAdministrative burden on startupsBarriers in service&network sectorsBarriers to trade and investmentPMR 2018Product Market Regulation,2018OECD Avera

96、geKAZNote:Higher value indicates that policies tend to inhibit competition.-2-1.5-1-0.500.5Voice and accountabilityGovernmenteffectivenessRegulatoryqualityRule of lawControl ofcorruptionPoliticalstabilityWorldwide Governance Indicators(Score,higher=better)KAZCCAEMDENote:Survey-based indicators summa

97、rize perceptions of quality of governance,higher scores indicate better governance.CCA Average excludes TJK.020406080100InstitutionsInfrastructureICT adoptionMacroeconomicstabilityHealthSkillsProduct marketLabour marketFinancial systemMarket sizeBusinessdynamismInnovation capabilityGlobal Competitiv

98、eness Index(Score of 0-100,where 100 is best)KAZCCAEM EuropeNote:Uses both official data and survey responses from executives on areas of competitiveness,higher is better.CCA Average excludes TKM and UZB(for lack of data)and TJK.0102030405060TransportationPractices of the informal sectorTax ratesIna

99、dequately educated workforcePolitical instabilityTax ratesTax ratesInadequately educated workforcePractices of the informal sectorInadequately educated workforcePractices of the informal sectorTax ratesTop 3 Biggest Obstacles,2019(In percent of surveyed firms)All firmsSmall firmsMedium firmsExporter

100、sSOURCE:I MF Country R e p ort N o.22/36 7,De c e mb e r 2022.I MF1.5.Po l it ical an d so cial co n t ext K a za khsta n a c hi e ve d i nd e p e nd e nc e i n De c e mb e r 1991,fol l owi ng the d i ssol uti on of the S ovi e t U ni on a nd b e c a me a p re si d e nti a l re p ub l i c.T he Presi

101、den t i s the H e a d of S ta te,d i re c tl y e l e c te d b y the p e op l e.T he fi rst P re si d e nt of K a za khsta n,N ursul ta n N a za rb a ye v,l e d the c ountry from i nd e p e nd e nc e unti l hi s re si g na ti on i n 2019.S i nc e 2019,K a za khsta ns P re si d e nt ha s b e e n K a s

102、sym-J oma rt T oka ye v.I n N ove mb e r 2022,T oka ye v won a l a nd sl i d e vi c tory i n e a rl y p re si d e nti a l e l e c ti ons,se c uri ng a se c ond te rm i n offi c e,whi c h-fol l owi ng the c ha ng e of Consti tuti on-i s sup p ose d to b e hi s l a st one (e nd i ng i n 2029).I n re s

103、p onse to p op ul a r unre st oc c urre d a c ross the c ountry i n J a nua ry 2022,P re si d e nt T oka ye v i s i mp l e me nti ng a n a mb i ti ous p ol i ti c a l a nd soc i oe c onomi c re form p rog ra mme,a i mi ng a t foste ri ng d e moc ra ti sa ti on a nd i mp rovi ng e c onomi c c ond i t

104、i ons.T he Prime Min ist er of K a za khsta n i s a p p oi nte d b y P re si d e nt.T he P ri me Mi ni ste r i s the H e a d of G ove rnme nt a nd a p p oi nts the Cabin et o f Min ist ers.S i nc e J a nua ry 2022,K a za khsta ns P ri me Mi ni ste r ha s b e e n Al i kha n S ma i yl ov.T he l e g i

105、sl a ti ve p owe r of K a za khsta n i s ve ste d i n a b i c a me ra l P a rl i a me nt.T he l owe r c ha mb e r(Mazhil is)c onsi sts of 107 me mb e rs,the up p e r c ha mb e r(Sen at e)c onsi sts of 49 re g i ona l re p re se nta ti ve s.T he l a te st p a rl i a me nta ry e l e c ti ons(i n Ma rc

106、 h 2023)c onfi rme d a c omforta b l e ma jori ty i n P a rl i a me nt of the rul i ng Ama na t p a rty.T he vi c tory of Ama na t e nsure s tha t P re si d e nt T oka ye v ha s a l oya l P a rl i a me nt i n p l a c e to sup p ort hi s l e g i sl a ti ve a g e nd a.T he jud i c i a l p owe r of K a

107、 za khsta n i s e xe rc i se d b y the S up re me Court a nd othe r c ourts.T he Su preme Co u rt i s the hi g he st jud i c i a l b od y for c i vi l,c ri mi na l a nd othe r c a se s.I ts me mb e rs a re nomi na te d b y the P re si d e nt a nd a p p rove d b y the S e na te.K a za khsta n i s a m

108、e mb e r of the R ussi a n-l e d E E U,a c ustoms uni on a nd fre e-tra d e a re a,a nd the R ussi a n-l e d Col l e c ti ve S e c uri ty T re a ty Org a ni sa ti on(CS T O)se c uri ty b l oc.I t i s a l so a me mb e r of the Chi na-l e d S ha ng ha i Coop e ra ti on Org a ni sa ti on(S CO).K a za k

109、hsta n ha s a hi story of p ursui ng a mul ti-ve c tor fore i g n p ol i c y,se e ki ng to b a l a nc e re l a ti ons wi th R ussi a a nd Chi na,a l ong wi th the U S a nd the E U.Avoi d i ng e xc e ssi ve d e p e nd e nc e on a ny b l oc b y d i ve rsi fyi ng tra d e a nd i nve stme nt l i nks i s

110、one of the c ountrys ma i n p ri ori ti e s.1 Conte xt/c onti nue dK a za khsta n:S ol a r i nve stme nt op p ortuni ti e s 12S ol a r p owe r p l a nt i n the Al ma ty re g i on of K a za khsta n.P a ve l Mi khe ye v/S hutte rstoc k.c omK a za khsta n a c ti ve l y se e ks to b a l a nc e the i nte

111、 re sts of the two ma jor p owe rs p re se nt i n the re g i on-R ussi a a nd Chi na.F ol l owi ng R ussi a s i nva si on of U kra i ne,K a za khsta n ha s ma i nta i ne d a ne utra l p osi ti on,i n l i ne wi th i ts b a l a nc e d fore i g n p ol i c y.K a za khsta n a nd R ussi a re ma i n i mp o

112、rta nt e c onomi c p a rtne rs,g i ve n the sha re d S ovi e t hi story,strong c ul tura l a nd l i ng ui sti c ti e s a nd a sha re d 7,6 00km l a nd b ord e r.K a za khsta n a nd Chi na a l so ha ve ma ny c onve rg e nt stra te g i c i nte re sts,i nc l ud i ng e nsuri ng p ol i ti c a l sta b i l

113、 i ty i n Ce ntra l Asi a,whi c h he l p s to b oost re g i ona l tra d e a nd K a za khsta ns tra nsi t p ote nti a l a s a l a nd b ri d g e b e twe e n E urop e a nd Chi na -a nd c ounte rb a l a nc i ng R ussi a s i nfl ue nc e i n Ce ntra l Asi a.K a za khsta n a nd the E urop e a n U ni on ma

114、rke d the 30th a nni ve rsa ry of the e sta b l i shme nt of d i p l oma ti c re l a ti ons i n F e b rua ry 2023.Ove r the c ourse of 30 ye a rs,b i l a te ra l ti e s ha ve g rown i nto a rob ust tra d e a nd i nve stme nt p a rtne rshi p.More re c e ntl y,E U-K a za khsta n c oop e ra ti on ha s

115、a c c e l e ra te d a s the E U l ooks to ma ke p rog re ss on i ts ne t-ze ro c l i ma te a mb i ti ons whi l e stre ng the ni ng i ts re si l i e nc e a nd d i ve rsi fyi ng i ts stra te g i c sup p l y c ha i ns.I n thi s c onte xt,the E U a nd K a za khsta n si g ne d a Me mora nd um of U nd e r

116、sta nd i ng for a S tra te g i c P a rtne rshi p1 i n N ove mb e r 2022.T he ob je c ti ve s of thi s MoU a re to se c ure a susta i na b l e sup p l y of c ri ti c a l ra w ma te ri a l s a nd a d va nc e the d e ve l op me nt of re ne wa b l e hyd rog e n a nd b a tte ry va l ue c ha i ns ne e d e

117、 d for the g re e n tra nsi ti on for b oth p a rti e s.Both p a rti e s the n c ommi tte d to d e ve l op i ng a R oa d ma p for 2023-2024,wi th c onc re te joi nt a c ti ons to b e i mp l e me nte d i n c l ose c oop e ra ti on wi th re l e va nt i nd ustri a l a nd fi na nc i a l a c tors from E

118、U Me mb e r S ta te s a nd K a za khsta n.T he roa d ma p fore se e s c l ose r c oop e ra ti on on g e ol og i c a l e xp l ora ti on,re se a rc h a nd i nnova ti on,ski l l s d e ve l op me nt,a nd on c a p a c i ty b ui l d i ng vi a the E U H ori zon E urop e p rog ra mme a nd Coop e ra ti on fa

119、 c i l i ty.I t a l so i nc l ud e s te c hnol og y tra nsfe rs a nd sup p orts the d e ve l op me nt of re ne wa b l e e ne rg y i n b oth re g i ons,e sse nti a l to a d d re ssi ng the c l i ma te c ri si s.Anothe r ke y d e ve l op me nt wi th the p ote nti a l to i mp a c t E U-K a za khsta n s

120、tra te g i c re l a ti ons i s the a d op ti on of the Carbo n Bo rder Adju st men t Mechan ism(CBAM).2 T hi s me a sure a i ms to c re a te a l e ve l p l a yi ng fi e l d b e twe e n E urop e a n d ome sti c p rod uc ti on a nd i mp orts i n re l a ti on to the va ri ous“c a rb on p ri c i ng”me a

121、 sure s i n p l a c e wi thi n the E U.F i na l i se d b y E U l e g i sl a tors i n Ma y 2023,CBAM l ooks to p re ve nt c a rb on l e a ka g e b y i nc re a si ng the e c onomi c c ost of hi g h-c a rb on i mp orts,p romoti ng the i mp ort of g ood s from non-E U b usi ne sse s tha t a re sub je c

122、t to hi g h c l i ma te sta nd a rd s,e qui va l e nt to those a p p l i c a b l e i n the 27 E U Me mb e r S ta te s.At the sa me ti me,the E U hop e s tha t CBAM wi l l i nc e nti vi se i ts tra d e p a rtne rs to re d uc e e mi ssi ons a nd e sta b l i sh c a rb on p ri c e s of the i r own.F rom

123、 Oc tob e r 2023,the me c ha ni sm,wi l l i ni ti a l l y onl y a p p l y to the d i re c t e mi ssi ons c a use d b y the p rod uc ti on of i ron a nd ste e l,a l umi ni um,c e me nt,fe rti l i ze rs,e l e c tri c i ty,a nd hyd rog e n i mp orte d i nto the E U.Duri ng the tra nsi ti ona l p ha se,

124、i mp orte rs of CBAM-c ove re d p rod uc ts i nto the E U wi l l b e g i n re p orti ng on the c a rb on c onte nt of re l e va nt i mp orts,wi thout ma ki ng a ny fi na nc i a l p a yme nts or a d justme nts.S ta rti ng i n 2026,i mp orte rs wi thout p ol i c i e s tha t the E U d e e ms c omme nsu

125、ra te wi l l ha ve to p a y a p rog re ssi ve l y i nc re a si ng c a rb on ta x d e p e nd i ng on the c a rb on c onte nt of the i r i mp orts.Be yond p rod uc e rs a nd c onsume rs wi thi n the E U,CBAM wi l l a l so a ffe c t othe r e c onomi c a c tors a l ong i nte rna ti ona l sup p l y c ha

126、i ns wi th a c onc re te c ost i mp a c t for some p l a ye rs i n hi g h-e xp ort c ountri e s.T hi s i nc l ud e s K a za khsta n,for whi c h,a c c ord i ng to Worl d Ba nk e sti ma te s,the me c ha ni sm c oul d g e ne ra te U S$250 mi l l i on(230 mi l l i on)l osse s i n e xp ort e a rni ng s p

127、 e r ye a r3 wi th the i ron a nd ste e l se c tor b e i ng most a t ri sk.4 T he se l osse s c oul d ri se to U S$1.5 b i l l i on(1.38 b i l l i on)i n the future i f CBAM i s e xte nd e d to i nc l ud e oi l.Whi l e the i mp a c t of CBAM wi l l ha ve to b e p rop e rl y a sse sse d i n d ue c ou

128、rse,i t ma y ha ve i mp l i c a ti ons for E U-K a za khsta n re l a ti ons a s the c ountry re sp ond s b y re-ori e nti ng i ts p ol i c y p ri ori ti e s towa rd s g re e n g rowth ob je c ti ve s.K a za khsta n:S ol a r i nve stme nt op p ortuni ti e s i n T uni si a131http s:/si ng l e-ma rke t

129、-e c onomy.e c.e urop a.e u/syste m/fi l e s/2022-11/E U-K AZ-MoU-si g ne d _e n.p d f 2http s:/e ur-l e x.e urop a.e u/l e g a l-c onte nt/E N/T X T/?uri=OJ%3AL%3A2023%3A130%3AT OC 3http s:/d oc ume nts1.worl d b a nk.org/c ura te d/e n/099420411012246 02 4/p d f/P 17736 90a d 92b 401b 08 9700f5b e

130、 8 6 59e c f0.p d f 4http s:/www.worl d b a nk.org/e n/ne ws/p re ss-re l e a se/2022/11/03/c l i ma te-a c ti on-c a n-he l p-ka za khsta n-d i ve rsi fy-i ts-e c onomy-a wa y-from-oi l-a nd-c re a te-ne w-d ri ve rs-of-g rowth-world-b a nkE l e c tri c i ty ma rke t22.1.En ergy sect o r o verview

131、T he G ove rnme nt of the R e p ub l i c of K a za khsta n se ts the ma i n c ourse of sta te p ol i c y i n the e l e c tri c p owe r i nd ustry.T he Mi ni stry of E ne rg y i s re sp onsi b l e for the ove ra l l re g ul a ti on of the p owe r se c tor a s we l l a s for the rul e s g ove rni ng t

132、he p owe r ma rke ts op e ra ti on.T he Commi tte e for Atomi c a nd E ne rg y S up e rvi si on a nd Control,house d i n the Mi ni stry of E ne rg y,ove rse e s a nd e xe rc i se s c ontrol func ti ons ove r the i nd ustry,whi l e the Commi tte e for the R e g ul a ti on of N a tura l Monop ol i e s

133、,und e r the Mi ni stry of N a ti ona l E c onomy,c a rri e s out c ontrol a nd re g ul a ti on of sta te monop ol y a c ti vi ti e s a nd l i c e nsi ng.T he e l e c tri c p owe r i nd ustry of K a za khsta n i nc l ud e s p rod uc ti on,tra nsmi ssi on,sup p l y,c onsump ti on,a nd othe r re l a t

134、e d a c ti vi ti e s.P ri va te e nte rp ri se s a re the p ri ma ry e l e c tri c i ty g e ne ra tors i n the c ountry.T he sta te-owne d c omp a ny,K a za khsta n E l e c tri c i ty G ri d O p e ra ti ng Comp a ny(K E G OC),i s re sp onsi b l e for e l e c tri c i ty tra nsmi ssi on,a nd 21 re g i

135、 ona l d i stri b uti on c omp a ni e s a c t a s Di stri b uti on S yste m O p e ra tors(DS O s).T he e l e c tri c i ty ma rke t i s d i vi d e d i nto the whol e sa l e a nd re ta i l ma rke ts,whi l e the he a t p owe r ma rke t onl y ha s a re ta i l l e ve l.T he whol e sa l e e l e c tri c i

136、ty ma rke t i n K a za khsta n i nc l ud e s a d e c e ntra l i se d ma rke t wi th b i l a te ra l c ontra c ts for short-,mi d-,a nd l ong-te rm p e ri od s.I t a l so ha s a re a l-ti me b a l a nc i ng ma rke t,a syste m a nd a nc i l l a ry se rvi c e s ma rke t,a nd,si nc e 1 J a nua ry 2019,5

137、 a c a p a c i ty ma rke t.T he c urre nt syste m of sta te sup p ort for the d e ve l op me nt of re ne wa b l e e ne rg y sourc e s ha s b e e n e nshri ne d i nto the l e g i sl a ti on of the R oK si nc e 2009.T he stra te g y Kaz akhs t an-2 0 50,e na c te d on 14 De c e mb e r 2012,a nd the Co

138、ncept for t he Repu blic of Kaz akhs t ans Trans it ion t o a Green Economy,a d op te d on 30 Ma y 2013,ha ve se t ta rg e ts for the d e ve l op me nt of the re ne wa b l e e ne rg y se c tor:a R E S sha re of the tota l e l e c tri c i ty p rod uc ti on of 3%b y 2020,of 15%b y 2030 a nd of 50%b y

139、2050.Al so,a s p e r the Carbon Neu t ralit y St rat egy,a d op te d on 2 F e b rua ry 2023,the ma i n g oa l i s to a c hi e ve susta i na b l e d e ve l op me nt of K a za khsta ns e c onomy b y a c hi e vi ng c a rb on ne utra l i ty b y 206 0.T he me d i um-te rm ta rg e t of the stra te g y i s

140、 to re d uc e g re e nhouse g a s e mi ssi ons b y 15%from 1990 e mi ssi on l e ve l s b y 2030(from 38 1,7 MT of CO2-e q to 324,4 MT of CO2-e q)a nd i nc re a se the re d uc ti on to 25%,sub je c t to i nte rna ti ona l sup p ort.De ve l op me nt of R E S wi l l b e a ke y e na b l e r for suc c e

141、ssful d e c a rb oni sa ti on.Wi nd e ne rg y wi l l b e the ma i n re sourc e for d e ve l op me nt i ni ti a l l y d ue to i ts qua l i ty a nd wi d e sp re a d a va i l a b i l i ty i n the c ountry.S ol a r wi l l b e c ome a ke y e ne rg y sourc e i n the future,owi ng to the c onsi ste nt d e

142、c re a se i n p ri c e s i n P V te c hnol og y.T he F i na nc i a l S e ttl e me nt Ce ntre for S up p ort to R e ne wa b l e E ne rg y S ourc e s L L P (F S C)e nsure s tha t e l e c tri c i ty p rod uc e d b y re ne wa b l e e ne rg y fa c i l i ti e s i s c e ntra l l y p urc ha se d,sol d,a nd

143、d e l i ve re d to K a za khsta ns U ni fi e d P owe r S yste m(U P S)e l e c tri c i ty ne tworks.Ac c ord i ng to the Energy Balance of t he Repu blic of Kaz akhs t an unti l 2035,a p p rove d on 22 Ma rc h 2022,17.5 G W of ne w g e ne ra ti on c a p a c i ty wi l l b e re qui re d b y tha t ti me

144、 to me e t d e ma nd from the i nd ustri a l,c omme rc i a l,a nd re si d e nti a l se c tors,6 G W of whi c h wi l l c ome from re ne wa b l e sourc e s.R e ne wa b l e i nsta l l e d c a p a c i ty i n K a za khsta n ha s g rown si g ni fi c a ntl y si nc e the i ntrod uc ti on of fe e d-i n ta ri

145、 ff K a za khsta n:S ol a r i nve stme nt op p ortuni ti e s i n T uni si a14S ol a r E ne rg y S ta ti on i n S a ra n Ci ty,K a za khsta n.e vg e nykz/S hutte rstoc k.c om5K E G OC,Power indu s t ry of Kaz akhs t an:key fact ors.K a za khsta n:S ol a r i nve stme nt op p ortuni ti e s i n T uni si

146、 a15d i stri b ute e l e c tri c i ty to the c onsume rs throug h the whol e sa l e ma rke t a nd i nc l ud e l a rg e the rma l p owe r p l a nts,suc h a s:E ki b a stuz G R E S-1 L L P na me d a fte r B.G.N urzha nov(4 G W),E ki b a stuz G R E S-2 P owe r P l a nt J S C(1 G W),P owe r P l a nt of

147、E E C J S C,E R G,E ura si a n G roup (2.48 G W),Ma i n d i stri b uti on p owe r sta ti on T op a r L L P (743 MW),Z ha mb yl G R E S J S C na me d a fte r T.I.Ba turov(1.23 G W).I nd ustri a l p owe r p l a nts(I P P s),suc h a s Comb i ne d H e a t P owe r P l a nts(CH P P s),p rovi d e he a t a

148、nd e l e c tri c i ty to l a rg e i nd ustri a l e nte rp ri se s a nd ne a rb y p op ul a te d a re a s.E xa mp l e s of suc h p l a nts i nc l ud e:CH P P-3 K a ra g a nd a E ne rg oc e nte r L L P (6 70 MW),CH P P-P V S,CH P P-2 of Arc e l or Mi tta l T e mi rta u J S C(435 MW),CH P P of S S G P

149、O J S C,E R G,E ura si a n G roup (26 7 MW).Be twe e n 2010-2013,K a za khsta n wa s a ne t i mp orte r of e l e c tri c i ty,b ut,tha nks to a n i nc re a se of d ome sti c p rod uc ti on i n 2013,i t re sume d e xp orts tha t ye a r.I n 2022,1.46 T Wh of e l e c tri c i ty we re e xp orte d to R u

150、ssi a,up from 1.33 T Wh i n 2021,whi l e 6 96.6 G Wh we re e xp orte d to Ce ntra l Asi a i n the sa me ye a r,d own from 1.33 T Wh i n 2021.N e a rl y 6 7%of the c ountrys e l e c tri c i ty g e ne ra ti on i s sourc e d from c oa l-fi re d p l a nts l oc a te d i n the northe rn re g i ons whe re

151、c oa l i s p rod uc e d (K E G OC,Power indu s t ry of Kaz akhs t an:key fact or).T he c ountrys e l e c tri c i ty ne twork i s c omp ri se d of sub sta ti ons,swi tc hg e a rs,a nd tra nsmi ssi on l i ne s ra ng i ng from 0.4 to 1,150 kV.K E G O C owns sub sta ti ons,swi tc hg e a rs,a nd tra nsmi

152、 ssi on l i ne s of 220 kV a nd a b ove,whi c h a re p a rt of the N a ti ona l P owe r G ri d (N P G),i nc l ud i ng those use d to c onne c t p owe r p l a nts.Whi l e most of the tra nsmi ssi on syste m i s owne d a nd op e ra te d b y K E G O C,the re a re ne a rl y 200 othe r e nti ti e s i nvo

153、l ve d i n tra nsmi tti ng e l e c tri c i ty,suc h a s oi l a nd g a s c omp a ni e s,p owe r sta ti ons,mi ni ng c omp a ni e s a nd me ta l l urg i c a l p l a nts tha t own or re nt l i ne s i n the i r re sp e c ti ve a re a s of op e ra ti on.I n a d d i ti on to a ssi sti ng the l ong-d i sta

154、 nc e tra nsmi ssi on of p owe r,suc h op e ra ti ons a re a l so some ti me s i nvol ve d i n d i stri b uti ng p owe r to ne a rb y se ttl e me nts(E I A,2022).(F I T)i n 2014.I n 2017,a uc ti ons for re ne wa b l e e ne rg y we re a d d e d to the e xi sti ng F I T syste m.T he p urp ose of the a

155、 uc ti ons i s to i d e nti fy vi a b l e p roje c ts a nd e sta b l i sh c omp e ti ti ve p ri c e s for re ne wa b l e e l e c tri c i ty.Auc ti on ra te s a re a d juste d a nnua l l y to a c c ount for c ha ng e s i n i nfl a ti on a nd fore i g n e xc ha ng e ra te s.By the e nd of 2022,K a za

156、khsta n ha d 130 re ne wa b l e e ne rg y fa c i l i ti e s wi th a tota l i nsta l l e d c a p a c i ty of a round 2.4 G W,i nc l ud i ng 44 sol a r p owe r p l a nts(1.15 G W),46 wi nd p owe r p l a nts(958 MW),37 hyd roe l e c tri c p owe r p l a nts(28 0 MW),a nd 3 b i oe ne rg y p owe r p l a n

157、ts(1.77 MW).T he vol ume of re ne wa b l e e ne rg y g e ne ra te d b y the se fa c i l i ti e s a t the e nd of 2022 wa s 5.11 T Wh,whi c h a c c ounte d for 4.53%of the c ountrys tota l e l e c tri c i ty p rod uc ti on.T hi s fi g ure i s e xp e c te d to i nc re a se to 5%i n 2023.I n 2022,12 ne

158、 w re ne wa b l e e ne rg y fa c i l i ti e s we re c ommi ssi one d wi th a tota l c a p a c i ty of 38 5 MW a nd a tota l i nve stme nt of 18 0 b i l l i on K Z T (36 0 mi l l i on),a nd 15 fa c i l i ti e s wi th a tota l c a p a c i ty of 276 MW a re d ue to b e c ommi ssi one d i n 2023.6 T he

159、2022 R E S a uc ti ons re sul te d i n the se l e c ti on of 15 p roje c ts wi th a tota l c a p a c i ty of 440 MW,i nc l ud i ng 400 MW of wi nd fa rms a nd 40 MW of sol a r p owe r p l a nts.T o me e t the g ove rnme nts g oa l of 15%re ne wa b l e e ne rg y b y 2030,on 23 Ma y 2023 the Mi ni str

160、y of E ne rg y p ub l i she d a re ne wa b l e s a uc ti on sc he d ul e for 2023.T he tota l a nnua l a uc ti one d c a p a c i ty i s 8 6 0 MW,a nd a furthe r 5.9 G W i s p l a nne d b e twe e n 2024-2027.More tha n 50%of thi s p l a nne d c a p a c i ty i s for wi nd p roje c ts(3.5 G W),400 MW f

161、or sol a r p roje c ts,1.97 G W for hyd ro p roje c ts a nd 40MW for Bi oe ne rg y p roje c ts.I n a d d i ti on,on 19 Ap ri l 2023,a t the me e ti ng c ha i re d b y the H e a d of S ta te,the P ri me Mi ni ste r,Al i kha n S ma i l ov,i nforme d p a rti c i p a nts tha t T ota l E ne rg i e s(F ra

162、 nc e),Ma sd a r(U ni te d Ara b E mi ra te s),a nd Ac wa P owe r(S a ud i Ara b i a)ha d sta rte d i mp l e me nti ng wi nd fa rm p roje c ts wi th a tota l c a p a c i ty of 3 G W wi thi n the fra me work of si g ne d I nte rg ove rnme nta l Ag re e me nts.7 2.2.El ect ricit y in frast ru ct u re

163、Wi th 204 p owe r p l a nts i n the c ountry,of whi c h 130 p rod uc e re ne wa b l e e l e c tri c i ty,K a za khsta n ha s a tota l i nsta l l e d g e ne ra ti on c a p a c i ty of 24.52 G W,wi th a n a va i l a b l e c a p a c i ty of 19.02 G W,i nc l ud i ng fossi l fue l s.T he p owe r p l a nt

164、s c a n b e c l a ssi fi e d i nto thre e c a te g ori e s b a se d on the i r i mp orta nc e:na ti ona l,i nd ustri a l,a nd re g i ona l.N a ti ona l p owe r p l a nts 6S ourc e:Mi ni stry of E ne rg y,Dev elopment of renewable energy s ou rces.7http s:/p ri me mi ni ste r.kz/ru/ne ws/novye-p roe

165、kty-p o-e l e ktro-i-te p l osna b zhe ni yu-re a l i zuyut-v-ka za khsta ne-23791T he hi g h-vol ta g e syste m i s d i vi d e d i nto thre e zone s.T he northe rn a nd southe rn zone s a re c onne c te d b y thre e l ong-d i sta nc e 500 kV l i ne s wi th a tota l c omb i ne d tra nsfe r c a p a c

166、 i ty of 900 MV A.K E G OC i s p l a nni ng to c onne c t the we ste rn zone to the othe rs.T he l e a st e xp e nsi ve op ti on woul d b e to c onne c t the we ste rn a nd northe rn zone s.T he othe r ma i n op ti on woul d b e a l ong e r l i ne c onne c ti ng the we ste rn a nd southe rn zone s,p

167、 ossi b l y runni ng p a ra l l e l to the Be yne u-S hymke nt g a s p i p e l i ne.T hi s op ti on,a c c ord i ng to a va i l a b l e a na l ysi s,woul d i nvol ve b ui l d i ng more g a s-fi re d c a p a c i ty i n the we ste rn zone (E I A,2022).K a za khsta n i s the ni nth l a rg e st c ountry

168、i n the worl d,so e l e c tri c i ty tra nsmi ssi on i s c ha ra c te ri se d b y re l a ti ve l y hi g h l osse s a l ong the g ri d (more tha n 10%).T he e l e c tri c i ty g ri d i nfra struc ture,op e ra te d b y K E G O C,c onsi sts of l i ne s from 220kV a nd a b ove tha t c ove r 26,000 km.I

169、n a d d i ti on,re g i ona l ne twork op e ra tors run c a b l e s ra ng i ng from 10/6 220 kV whi c h c ove r ove r 250,000 km.(K a ze ne rg y,2021).T he U P S i s a ne twork of p owe r p l a nts,tra nsmi ssi on l i ne s a nd sub sta ti ons,p rovi d i ng re l i a b l e a nd qua l i ty e l e c tri c

170、 i ty to c onsume rs.T he p owe r c omp a ni e s tha t a re l i nke d to the e l e c tri c ne tworks of R e g i ona l E l e c tri c 2 E l e c tri c i ty ma rke t/c onti nue dK a za khsta n:S ol a r i nve stme nt op p ortuni ti e s 16UZBEKISTANTURKMENISTANURALSK TPP30 MWRUSSIACHINAKYRGYSTANACDCDCAKTO

171、BECHP 118 MWTPPS 134MWAKTAU MAEK CHP1-3 1,330 MWFORT SHEVCHENKOWTG 36 MWGTES KALAMKAS TPP90MWTAIMAN WTG53 MWATYRAU CHP314 MWZHANAZHOL TPP56MWKASHAGAN TPP244MWKARACHAGANAK TPP145 MWTENGIZ TPP489 MWKUMKOL OIL FIELDS91 MWURALSK TPP30 MWKARAGANDACHP&TPP1,906 MWZHEZKAZGAN CHP182 MWALMATY CHPS1,2,3 828 MW

172、KORDAISPV 0.5 MWWTG 25.2 MWHPP 9.2 MWBURNOYESPV 50 MWSHYMKENTCHP 160 MWSHARDARA HPP100 MWKENTAU WTG0.25 MWKENTAU CHP18MWKAPSHAGAIHPP 364 MWSPV 2AKTOGAYDJUNGAR GATESWTGANTONOV HPP1.6 MWKARATAL HPPS22 MWMOINAK HPP300 MWNUR-SULTANAKMOLACHP 1,2382 MWEKIBASTUZTPP 1,2&CHP5,012 MWYEREINEBTAUWTG 45 MWSTEPNO

173、GORSKCHP 180 MWOMSK CHPSAKSI(ERG)TPP&PAVLODAR CHP 1,2,33,415 MWSHULBINSK HPP702 MWUST-KAMENOGORSKCHP 252 MWHPP 331SOGRINKS(RIDDER)CHP 59 MWLENINOGORSK CHP18 MWBUKHTARMA HPP675 MWCHP204 MWVOSTOK BIO0.4 MWKOSTANAYPETROPAVLOVSKCHP 434 MWZENCHENKO&WTG 3.5 MWORSKRUDNYYKOKSHETAUGTEC-45KURGANCHELYABINSKSEM

174、EYTALDYKORGANCHP 7 MWZHAMBYL TPP1,230 MWKYZYLORDACHP(>S)196 MWLEGEND1,150 kV with substation(operation at 500 kV)Coal CHP/TPP*500 kV with substationGas CHP/TPP220 kV planned/constructionSolar(SPV)500 kV unification options(AC/DC)Oil CHP/TPP110 kV with substation(notable)BiomassNuclear(off-line)220

175、 kV with substationHydro HPP*CHP=Combined heat and power plant TPP=Thermal power plantWind(WTG)TRANSMISSION NETWORKPOWER PLANTSGasCoalFOSSIL FUEL PRODUCTIONFIGURE 6 K AZ AK HS T AN P OWE R I NF R AS T R UCT UR E MAPSOURCE:S E E P X E ne rg y.S E E P X E ne rg y 2021K a za khsta n:S ol a r i nve stme

176、 nt op p ortuni ti e s i n T uni si a17Comp a ni e s(R E C)ma y g a i n a c c e ss to the na ti ona l p owe r g ri d i f the y ha ve a c ontra c t wi th K E G OC tha t a l l ows the l a tte r to p rovi d e te c hni c a l d i sp a tc h se rvi c e s for the g e ne ra ti on a nd c onsump ti on of e l e

177、 c tri c i ty i n the K a za khsta n U P S.K a za khsta ns e l e c tri c i ty i nfra struc ture i s a c ruc i a l e l e me nt for the c ountrys e c onomi c g rowth a nd d e ve l op me nt.Wi th a n i nc re a si ng d e ma nd for e l e c tri c i ty,the c ountry ha s b e e n i nve sti ng he a vi l y i n

178、 i ts g ri d i nfra struc ture to e nsure a re l i a b l e a nd susta i na b l e p owe r syste m.Whi l e most of the e l e c tri c i ty g e ne ra te d i n the c ountry c ome s from c oa l-fi re d p owe r p l a nts,the g ove rnme nt i s ma ki ng e fforts to p romote re ne wa b l e e ne rg y sourc e s

179、 a nd d e c re a se i ts re l i a nc e on fossi l fue l s.T he g ove rnme nts p l a ns to i nc re a se the sha re of re ne wa b l e e ne rg y i n the e l e c tri c i ty mi x,a s we l l a s p ub l i c i nve stme nt i n mod e rni si ng the tra nsmi ssi on a nd d i stri b uti on ne tworks,show a c ommi

180、 tme nt to a more susta i na b l e a nd e ffi c i e nt e ne rg y se c tor i n K a za khsta n.As the c ountry c onti nue s to g row a nd d e ve l op,i t i s i mp orta nt for K a za khsta n to c onti nue p ri ori ti si ng i ts e l e c tri c i ty i nfra struc ture to me e t the ne e d s of i ts p e op

181、l e a nd e c onomy i n a susta i na b l e wa y.2.3.Renewable energy regulatory framework 2.3.1 Legal an d In st it u t io n al Framewo rk T he ma i n l e g a l fra me work for re ne wa b l e e ne rg y i n K a za khsta n i s the L a w On the S up p ort for the U se of R e ne wa b l e E ne rg y S ourc

182、 e s(the R E S L a w),a d op te d i n 2009.T he R E S L a w e sta b l i she s the l e g a l b a si s for the p romoti on of re ne wa b l e e ne rg y i n the c ountry,i nc l ud i ng the e sta b l i shme nt of a g ua ra nte e d p urc ha se of e l e c tri c i ty p rod uc e d from re ne wa b l e e ne rg

183、 y sourc e s,a p ri ori ty d i sp a tc h re g i me,a nd othe r sup p ort me c ha ni sms.T he Mi ni stry of E ne rg y(MoE)i s re sp onsi b l e for the d e ve l op me nt a nd i mp l e me nta ti on of the c ountrys e ne rg y p ol i c y,i nc l ud i ng the p romoti on of re ne wa b l e e ne rg y.T he MoE

184、 i s sup p orte d b y se ve ra l sub ord i na te a g e nc i e s,i nc l ud i ng the Commi tte e for Atomi c a nd E ne rg y S up e rvi si on a nd Control,whi c h ove rse e s the sa fe ty a nd se c uri ty of nuc l e a r a nd e ne rg y fa c i l i ti e s,a nd the F S C,whi c h p urc ha se s a nd se l l s

185、 e l e c tri c i ty from R E S fa c i l i ti e s.L oc a l e xe c uti ve b od i e s a l so p e rform func ti ons i n the fi e l d of R E S,i nc l ud i ng the a p p rova l of c onstruc ti on p roje c ts,a s we l l a s the a l l oc a ti on of l a nd for the c onstruc ti on of fa c i l i ti e s usi ng R

186、 E S.Po l icy Measu res T he R oK G ove rnme nt ha s i mp l e me nte d va ri ous p ol i c y me a sure s to p romote the d e ve l op me nt of R E S.T he se i nc l ud e the a d op ti on of the “Conc e p t of K a za khsta ns T ra nsi ti on to a G re e n E c onomy”,whi c h se ts out the stra te g i c ob

187、 je c ti ve s a nd ta rg e ts for the c ountrys tra nsi ti on to a l ow-c a rb on a nd re sourc e-e ffi c i e nt e c onomy.T he Conc e p t a i ms to i nc re a se the sha re of re ne wa b l e e ne rg y i n the c ountrys e ne rg y mi x to 50%b y 2050.Anothe r i mp orta nt p ol i c y me a sure i s the

188、N a ti ona l Ac ti on P l a n for the De ve l op me nt of R e ne wa b l e E ne rg y for 2013-2020,whi c h se ts out sp e c i fi c ta rg e ts a nd me a sure s for the p romoti on of re ne wa b l e e ne rg y i n the c ountry.T he P l a n a l so se ts out sp e c i fi c me a sure s for the d e ve l op m

189、e nt of d i ffe re nt typ e s of R E S,suc h a s wi nd,sol a r,hyd ro,a nd b i oma ss.Su ppo rt Mechan isms T he K a za kh g ove rnme nt ha s i mp l e me nte d va ri ous sup p ort me c ha ni sms to p romote the d e ve l op me nt of R E S.T he se i nc l ud e fi xe d fe e d-i n ta ri ffs,te nd e rs,a

190、uc ti ons,a nd othe r forms of fi na nc i a l sup p ort.Ac c ord i ng to P a ra g ra p h 1,Arti c l e 9 of the R E S L a w,a n e ne rg y-p rod uc i ng org a ni sa ti on tha t use s re ne wa b l e e ne rg y sourc e s sha l l ha ve the ri g ht to se l l the p rod uc e d e l e c tri c e ne rg y a t i t

191、s d i sc re ti on usi ng one of the fol l owi ng op ti ons:1)T o the F S C a t the fe e d-i n ta ri ff tha t i s va l i d a s of the d a te of si g ni ng of the P owe r P urc ha se Ag re e me nt(P P A)b e twe e n the org a ni sa ti on a nd the F S C,or a t a n a uc ti on p ri c e d e te rmi ne d b a

192、 se d on a uc ti on re sul ts,c onsi d e ri ng i nd e xa ti on.2)T o the c onsume rs throug h si g ne d b i l a te ra l a g re e me nts i n a c c ord a nc e wi th the p owe r i nd ustry re g ul a ti ons of the R oK.Fixed Feed-in Tariffs.F i xe d fe e d-i n ta ri ffs for re ne wa b l e e ne rg y we r

193、e i ntrod uc e d i n 2014,whi c h p rovi d e a g ua ra nte e d p ri c e for the e l e c tri c i ty K a za khsta n:S ol a r i nve stme nt op p ortuni ti e s i n T uni si a182 E l e c tri c i ty ma rke t/c onti nue dp rod uc e d from R E S fa c i l i ti e s.T he ta ri ffs a re d i ffe re nti a te d b

194、y te c hnol og y a nd c a p a c i ty,wi th hi g he r ta ri ffs for l e ss ma ture a nd more c a p i ta l-i nte nsi ve te c hnol og i e s.T he fe e d-i n ta ri ffs a re g ua ra nte e d for 15 ye a rs from the d a te of c ommi ssi oni ng of the fa c i l i ty.T hi s me c ha ni sm wa s sup e rse d e d b

195、 y i ntrod uc ti on of a uc ti ons i n 2017.Ten ders an d Au ct io n s.T he G ove rnme nt use s te nd e rs a nd a uc ti ons to p romote the d e ve l op me nt of R E S.T he a uc ti ons a re he l d a nnua l l y a nd a re op e n to a l l typ e s of re ne wa b l e e ne rg y te c hnol og i e s.T he wi nn

196、e rs of the a uc ti ons a re se l e c te d b a se d on the l owe st p rop ose d p ri c e p e r ki l owa tt-hour of e l e c tri c i ty g e ne ra te d from R E S.T he suc c e ssful b i d d e rs a re a wa rd e d a l ong-te rm c ontra c t for the sa l e of e l e c tri c i ty to the F S C.T he p roc e d

197、ure for a uc ti ons i s d e te rmi ne d b y the R ul e s for Org a ni si ng a nd Cond uc ti ng Auc ti on S a l e s,whi c h i nc l ud e s qua l i fi c a ti on re qui re me nts for a uc ti on p a rti c i p a nts,the c onte nt a nd p roc e d ure for a p p l yi ng,typ e s of fi na nc i a l se c uri ty f

198、or the a p p l i c a nt a nd the c ond i ti ons for the i r p a yme nt a nd re turn,a s we l l a s the p roc e d ure for summi ng up a nd d e te rmi ni ng the wi nne rs,a p p rove d b y ord e r of the MoE of the R oK d a te d 21 De c e mb e r 2017 N o.46 6.I n a c c ord a nc e wi th the ord e r of t

199、he MoE d a te d 7 Aug ust 2017 N o.28 0,the joi nt-stoc k c omp a ny K a za khsta n E l e c tri c i ty a nd P owe r Ma rke t Op e ra tor(J S C K OR E M)wa s d e si g na te d a s the offi c i a l a uc ti on org a ni se r.T he a uc ti on me c ha ni sm ha s b e e n l a rg e l y suc c e ssful ove r the

200、l a st fi ve ye a rs,a wa rd i ng a tota l R E S c a p a c i ty of a round 1.8 G W(se e fi g.7).H owe ve r,re c e ntl y the G ove rnme nt ha s d e c re a se d the p rop ose d a uc ti on c a p a c i ti e s d ue to the i mp a c t of va ri a b l e g e ne ra ti on b y R E S fa c i l i ti e s.F urthe rmo

201、re,K a za khsta n c urre ntl y ha s a l a c k of p owe r p l a nts or syste ms(e i the r g a s p e a ke r p l a nts or Ba tte ry E ne rg y S tora g e S yste ms)tha t c oul d he l p b a l a nc e the g ri d.T hi s ma ke s the future unc e rta i n for sol a r a nd othe r re ne wa b l e te c hnol og i e

202、 s.FIGURE 7 K AZ AK HS T AN R E NE WABL E S DE V E L OP ME NT AR CHI T E CT UR EFeed-in tariff mechanismAuctionmechanism2013-2017Since 2018Kazakhstan renewablesdevelopment architectureP V p owe r p l a nt,Al ma ty,K a za khsta n.V l a d i mi r T re tya kov/S hutte rstoc k.c omK a za khsta n:S ol a r

203、 i nve stme nt op p ortuni ti e s i n T uni si a19Wi nni ng p ri c e s for sol a r a t a uc ti ons ha ve re ma i ne d c onsi ste ntl y l ow,wi th re l a ti ve l y l i ttl e fl uc tua ti on from a hi g h of 18 K Z T/kWh(0.037/kWh)i n 2018,wi th the l owe st p ri c e of 12.49 K Z T/kWh(0.025/kWh)c omi

204、 ng i n 2019.De sp i te mi ni mum p ri c e s for sol a r ri si ng a fte r tha t a nd re a c hi ng 16.95 K Z T/kWh (0.035/kWh),thi s i s l i ke l y d ue to hi g h i nfl a ti on ra te s,a s wi nd a l so e xp e ri e nc e d some fl uc tua ti ons a s shown i n the ra ng e s of wi nni ng p ri c e s.TABLE

205、1 CONS OL I DAT E D DAT A OF 2018-2022 ON AUCT I ONE D,AWARDE D CAP ACI T I E S AND WI NNE R S BY T Y P E OF T E CHNOL OGYAUCTIONED CAPACITY,MWAWARDED CAPACITY,MWNUMBER OF WINNERSTy pe20182019202020212022To t al 20182019202020212022To t al 20182019202020212022To t alWin d 6 20 1006 5504001,235501109

206、6 5504001,12516531833So l ar 290 8 055206 05052708 6.56 02040476.512341222Hy dro 75 6 511201202206008 272311.80123.87294022Bio 15 1010101055510.4-5.15020.5513-206TOTAL1,000 2 5 52 5 02 006 9 02,3 9 58 5 82 12.914 88 6.9 54 4 01,7 4 63 613168108 3SOURCE:J S C K OR E M-http s:/vi e.kore m.kz/rus/a na

207、l i ti ka/S E E P X E ne rg y 2021TABLE 2 CONS OL I DAT E D DAT A ON AUCT I ONS OF 2018-2022 ON AUCT I ON S T ART I NG P RI CE S,WI NNE R S RANGE AND MI NI MUM P RI CESOURCE:J S C K OR E M-http s:/vi e.kore m.kz/rus/a na l i ti ka/S E E P X E ne rg y 2021STARTING PRICE(K Z T/kWh)WINNERS RANGE OF PRI

208、CES(K Z T/kWh)MINIMUM PRICE(K Z T/kWh)Ty pe201820192020202120222018201920202021202220182019202020212022Win d 22.6 822.6 621.6 921.5321.5317.49-22.6 619.33-19.3315.90-21.5314.0812.39-15.9617.3919.2715.9014.0812.3 9So l ar 34.6 129.0016.9716.9616.9618.00-28.0012.49-16.9714.58-16.9612.8 716.9518.0012.4

209、 914.5812.8 719.95Hy dro 16.7115.4815.4815.215.212.8 0-15.4815.43-15.4813.48-15.2015.19-15-12.8 015.4313.4815-Bio 32.3332.1532.1532.1532.1532.15-32.1532.15-32.15-32.15-3214-32.153 2.13-32.14-K a za khsta n:S ol a r i nve stme nt op p ortuni ti e s i n T uni si a202 E l e c tri c i ty ma rke t/c onti

210、 nue dAt the e nd of 2022,130 re ne wa b l e e ne rg y fa c i l i ti e s we re op e ra ti ng i n K a za khsta n wi th a n i nsta l l e d c a p a c i ty of a round 2,400 MW,i mp l e me nte d und e r b oth the F I T a nd a uc ti on me c ha ni sms.S ol a r ma ke s up the l a rg e st sha re of i nsta l

211、l e d re ne wa b l e e ne rg y c a p a c i ty(48%)wi th wi nd fol l owi ng c l ose l y wi th a 40%sha re.Bil at eral Po wer Pu rchase Agreemen t (PPA)I n a d d i ti on to the a uc ti on me c ha ni sm,p ursua nt to Arti c l e 9 of the R E S L a w,a n I P P usi ng R E S ma y se l l e l e c tri c i ty

212、to c onsume rs vi a b i l a te ra l a g re e me nts.H owe ve r,thi s op ti on,i f c hose n,e xc l ud e s the p ossi b i l i ty of the I P P swi tc hi ng to se l l i ng e l e c tri c i ty to the F S C und e r the a uc ti on me c ha ni sm.Othe r tha n the p rovi si on a b ove,the p roc e d ure s for c

213、 onc l ud i ng a nd op e ra ti ng b i l a te ra l P P As a re not re g ul a te d i n the R oK l e g i sl a ti on.Ot her Fo rms o f Fin an cial Su ppo rt.T he G ove rnme nt a l so p rovi d e s othe r forms of fi na nc i a l sup p ort for re ne wa b l e e ne rg y,suc h a s ta x i nc e nti ve s,sub si

214、d i e s,a nd c onc e ssi ona l l oa ns i n a c c ord a nc e wi th R oK E ntre p re ne uri a l Cod e a nd T a x Cod e.F or e xa mp l e,re ne wa b l e e ne rg y p roje c ts a re,i nte r a l i a,e xe mp t from c orp ora te i nc ome ta x for the fi rst te n ye a rs of op e ra ti on,p rop e rty ta x for

215、the fi rst e i g ht ye a rs of op e ra ti on a nd a V AT re fund on the p urc ha se of e qui p me nt a nd ma te ri a l s(P ri ori ty I nve stme nt Contra c t P I C).Ma tte rs of sta te sup p ort for i nve stme nts a re re g ul a te d b y the Mi ni stry of F ore i g n Affa i rs of the R oK.2.3.2 On g

216、o in g l egisl at ive amen dmen t s T he P re si d e nt of the R oK si g ne d the Law on Amendment s and Addit ions t o Cert ain Legis lat iv e Act s of t he RoK on Adminis t rat iv e Reform of t he Repu blic of Kaz akhs t an(he re i na fte r the l a w)on 19 Ap ri l 2023.T he l a w e nvi sa g e s a

217、ra d i c a l re form of the e l e c tri c i ty ma rke t throug h the i ntrod uc ti on of a ne w ma rke t mod e l the “S i ng l e Buye r”a nd the “R e a l-ti me Ba l a nc i ng E l e c tri c i ty Ma rke t”.U nd e r the S i ng l e Buye r c onc e p t,a l l e ne rg y p rod uc i ng org a ni sa ti ons woul

218、 d se l l e l e c tri c i ty e i the r to a S i ng l e Buye r(F S C)a p p oi nte d b y the G ove rnme nt,or to a c ontrol l e d a ffi l i a te.T he Ba l a nc i ng E l e c tri c i ty Ma rke t,op e ra ti ng i n re a l-ti me,me a ns a syste m of re l a ti onshi p s b e twe e n the Ba l a nc i ng Ma rke

219、 t S e ttl e me nt Ce ntre (K O R E M),syste m op e ra tor(K E G OC)a nd p owe r g e ne ra ti ng,p owe r tra nsmi ssi on,p owe r sup p l y org a ni sa ti ons,a nd whol e sa l e c onsume rs op e ra ti ng i n the whol e sa l e e l e c tri c i ty ma rke t,re sul ti ng from the p hysi c a l a nd sub se

220、que nt fi na nc i a l se ttl e me nt b y K OR E M of i mb a l a nc e s a ri si ng i n re a l ti me b e twe e n the c ontra c tua l a nd a c tua l va l ue s of p rod uc ti on a nd (or)c onsump ti on of e l e c tri c e ne rg y i n the uni fi e d e l e c tri c p owe r syste m of the R oK on the c urre

221、nt op e ra ti ona l d a y.T he i ntrod uc ti on of ne w me c ha ni sms i mp l i e s the fol l owi ng c onse que nc e s for the d e ve l op me nt of the p owe r se c tor:SOURCE:Da ta of the R e p ub l i c of K a za khsta n Mi ni stry of E ne rg y we b si te.FIGURE 8 T OT AL I NS T AL L E D CAP ACI T

222、Y F OR OP E R AT I NG R E S F ACI L I T I E S I N K AZ AK HS T AN,2022Solar:48%BioPP:0.3%Hydro:11.7%Wind:40%K a za khsta n:S ol a r i nve stme nt op p ortuni ti e s i n T uni si a21a re ye t to b e d e te rmi ne d b y the c omp e te nt a uthori ty,i n a c c ord a nc e wi th the L a w on E l e c tri

223、c i ty.2.4.New developments for solar power On 26 Ma y 2023 the MoE p ub l i she d the fi ve-ye a r a uc ti on sc he d ul e for re ne wa b l e s(2023 2027)wi th a tota l a uc ti one d c a p a c i ty of 6.8 G W.F or 2023,a tota l c a p a c i ty of 8 6 0 MW wi l l b e a uc ti one d (100 MW sol a r,500

224、 MW wi nd,250 MW H yd ro a nd 10 MW b i og a s)whi l e 1,370 MW wi l l b e a uc ti one d i n 2024;1,390 MW i n 2025;1,590 MW i n 2026 a nd 156 0 MW i n 2027 wi th the fol l owi ng b re a kd own b y sourc e s:S ol a r 400 MW,Wi nd 3,500 MW,H yd ro 1970 MW a nd Bi og a s 40 MW.i.the sa l e of a l l g

225、e ne ra te d e l e c tri c a l e ne rg y to the S i ng l e Buye r,a nd i i.the a p p l i c a ti on of fi na nc i a l l i a b i l i ty me a sure s for c ommi tte d i mb a l a nc e s i n the e ne rg y syste m.F i na nc i a l l i a b i l i ty wi l l b e i mp ose d on ne w re ne wa b l e e ne rg y fa c

226、i l i ti e s,whe re P P As a re c onc l ud e d a fte r 1 J ul y 2023,a nd whe re the fore c a st yi e l d d i ffe rs from a c tua l d e l i ve re d e l e c tri c i ty a b ove a c e rta i n thre shol d.T he rul e s re g ul a ti ng the b a l a nc i ng ma rke t i nc l ud i ng the ra ng e of a c c e p t

227、a b l e d e vi a ti on b e twe e n fore c a st a nd a c tua l yi e l d,a nd the c oe ffi c i e nts for c a l c ul a ti on of fi na nc i a l l i a b i l i ty SOURCE:S ol a rP owe r E urop e,2023.FIGURE 9 CU MU L AT I V E S OL AR P V CAP ACI T Y DE V E L OP ME N T S I N K AZ AK HS T AN 2022-202700.51.

228、01.52.02.53.03.5GW202220232024202520262027Historical dataLow ScenarioHigh ScenarioMedium Scenario1.221.773.272.352.131.451.901.531.231.191.152 E l e c tri c i ty ma rke t/c onti nue dK a za khsta n:S ol a r i nve stme nt op p ortuni ti e s 22T he se a uc ti ons wi l l sup p ort the i nc re a se of i

229、 nsta l l e d re ne wa b l e s c a p a c i ty fore se e n i n the Energy Balance of t he Repu blic of Kaz akhs t an u nt il 2 0 3 5.I n Oc tob e r 2021 T ota l E re n si g ne d a n MoU wi th the MoE of the R oK,S a mruk-K a zyna J S C a nd K a zMuna yG a s J S C for the c onstruc ti on a nd op e ra

230、ti on 100 MW100 MW200 MW100 MW30 MW20 MW20MW20MW20MW20MW20MW50MW50MW50MW50MW10MWWESTKAZAKHSTANEASTKAZAKHSTANALMATYSOUTHKAZAKHSTANNORTHKAZAKHSTANAKMOLAPAVLODARZHAMBYLKYZYLORDAKARAGANDAKOSTANAYATYRAUAKTOBEMANGYSTAUFIGURE 10 2023 AUCT I ONE D CAP ACI T Y BY T Y P E OF T E CHNOL OGYSOURCE:E ne rg y Ba l

231、 a nc e of the R e p ub l i c of K a za khsta n unti l 2035.FIGURE 11 F OR E CAS T S T R UCT UR E OF NE W E NE R GY CAP ACI T I E S R E QUI R E D F OR COMMI S S I ONI NG BY 2035(GW)Hydro:2.0%Gas:5.5%Coal:1.5%Nuclear:2.0%Wind:5.0%Solar:1.0%Solar(100 MW)Biomass(10 MW)Hydro(250 MW)Wind(500 MW)TECHNOLOG

232、Y(CAPACITY IN MW)K a za khsta n:S ol a r i nve stme nt op p ortuni ti e s i n T uni si a23me c ha ni sm or rul e s for se l l i ng or b uyi ng c a rb on c re d i ts e i the r i n the c ountry or a b roa d.Green fin an cin g fo r Kazak hst an.S e ve ra l fi na nc i a l i nstrume nts we re te ste d b

233、y Da mu E ntre p re ne urshi p De ve l op me nt F und J S C wi thi n the fra me work of U N DP a nd R oK G ove rnme nt p roje c ts,fi na nc e d b y the G l ob a l E nvi ronme nt F a c i l i ty,to i nc re a se the a va i l a b i l i ty of g re e n fi na nc e for S ME s i n the e ne rg y e ffi c i e n

234、c y a nd R E S se c tors suc h a s:An i nstrume nt for sub si d i si ng i nte re sts on c re d i t,l a unc he d i n 2018,ha s a l re a d y p rovi d e d sup p ort to 36 p roje c ts throug h the p a yme nt of a n i nte re st ra te sub si d y to b a nks,re d uc i ng d e b t fi na nc i ng p a yme nts fo

235、r p roje c t.An i nstrume nt for sub si d i si ng p ri nc i p a l a mounts,i mp l e me nte d i n 2022,whi c h p rovi d e s l oa n re p a yme nts up to 40%a fte r p roje c t sta rt-up a nd a c c e p ta nc e throug h te c hni c a l ve ri fi fc a ti on.A l oa n g ua ra nte e (p a rti a l p l e d g e su

236、b sti tuti on).T he U N De ve l op me nt P rog ra mme (U N DP)a c ts a s a g ua ra ntor tha t wi l l re p a y the l oa n i n ful l,or ful fi l othe r c ontra c tua l ob l i g a ti ons to b a nks on b e ha l f of a “g re e n”p roje c t i n c a se of d e fa ul t.T hi s g ua ra nte e c ove rs up to 8 5

237、%of the l oa n for a p e ri od of thre e ye a rs.T he g ua ra nte e ha s a c e i l i ng of K Z T 350 mi l l i on(700,000)p e r p roje c t.I-REC(In t ern at io n al REC St an dard Fo u n dat io n)cert ificat es he l p c omp a ni e s to re d uc e the i r e nvi ronme nta l footp ri nt a nd me e t E S G

238、 c ommi tme nts b y re d uc i ng sc op e 2 e mi ssi ons.T he se c e rti fi c a te s c onfi rm tha t a c e rta i n a mount of e l e c tri c i ty i s g e ne ra te d b y R E S.One i ssue d c e rti fi c a te i s e qua l to 1 MWh of c l e a n e l e c tri c i ty.T he I-R E C sta nd a rd i s re c og ni se

239、d b y ma jor e mi ssi ons re p orti ng syste ms suc h a s the G re e nhouse G a s P rotoc ol (G H G P),the Ca rb on Di sc l osure P roje c t(CDP),R E 100,e tc.of hyb ri d p owe r p l a nts d e p l oyi ng 1 G W of wi nd e ne rg y c omb i ne d wi th 500 MW 1 G Wh of e ne rg y stora g e syste ms to b e

240、 l oc a te d i n c e ntra l K a za khsta n.8 F urthe rmore,the G ove rnme nt si g ne d se ve ra l MoU s for the d e ve l op me nt of l a rg e-sc a l e wi nd p roje c ts i n the c ountry ove r the l a st ye a r wi th:ACWA p owe r(S a ud i Ara b i a)for the d e ve l op me nt of 1 G W wi nd e ne rg y a

241、 nd b a tte ry stora g e p roje c t wi th a n i ni ti a l i nve stme nt of U S$1,5 b i l l i on(1.38 b i l l i on);9 Chi na P owe r I nte rna ti ona l H ol d i ng L i mi te d (Chi na)for d e ve l op me nt of 1G W R E S (400MW S ol a r+6 00MW Wi nd P a rks)p re l i mi na ry i n Z ha mb yl,Al ma ty or

242、 E a st K Z re g i ons wi th tota l i nve stme nts of a round U S$1 b i l l i on(920 mi l l i on).Ma sd a r(U AE)for the d e ve l op me nt of up to 1 G W wi nd fa rm wi th the fi rst p ha se of 500 MW foc use d on d e p l oyi ng a c a p a c i ty of 500 MW wi th the p ossi b l e i nc l usi on of b a

243、tte ry stora g e.10 I n 2022,K a za khsta ns g ove rnme nt a l so si g ne d a d e a l for a U S$50 b i l l i on(46 b i l l i on)p roje c t wi th the G e rma n-S we d i sh S ve vi nd E ne rg y G roup to b ui l d a 20 G W g re e n hyd rog e n p l a nt for e xp ort to the E U b y 2030-32.11 T he i nd u

244、stri a l p a rk of e l e c trol yse rs i s e xp e c te d to b e fe d b y wi nd a nd p hotovol ta i c p l a nts wi th tota l c a p a c i ty of a round 40 G W,i n Ma ng ysta u re g i on of K a za khsta n.F urthe r me c ha ni sms to sup p ort the d e ve l op me nt of the re ne wa b l e s i nd ustry ha

245、ve b e e n i ntrod uc e d re c e ntl y i n the c ountry sup p orti ng a susta i na b l e e ne rg y tra nsi ti on:Kazak hst an Emissio n Tradin g Scheme(“KazETS”)l a unc he d i n 2013 wi th the a i m of a c hi e vi ng a 15%re d uc ti on i n G H G e mi ssi ons from 1990 l e ve l s,b y 2030.T he l e g

246、a l b a si s of the sc he me ha s a l re a d y b e e n se t wi th a me nd me nts e nd orse d i n J ul y 2021(the N e w ve rsi on of E nvi ronme nta l Cod e of the R e p ub l i c of K a za khsta n).H owe ve r,the a c hi e ve me nt of the 2030 g oa l ma y b e hi nd e re d b y l a rg e fre e quota s a

247、nd l ow CO2 p ri c e s12 und e r the sc he me.A furthe r N DC re vi si on i s e xp e c te d to c omp l y wi th the ne t ze ro b y 206 0.Vo l u n t ary carbo n mark et.Wi thi n the N e w ve rsi on of the E nvi ronme nta l c od e of the R e p ub l i c of K a za khsta n,the G ove rnme nt a l l ows R E

248、S i nd ustry p l a ye rs to re g i ste r a nd ob ta i n i nte rna ti ona l l y c e rti fi e d c a rb on c re d i ts.H owe ve r,the p rovi si ons re qui re i mp rove me nt,a s the re i s no c l e a r 8http s:/www.tota l-e re n.c om/wp-c onte nt/up l oa d s/2021/10/E N-P R-MO U-T ota l-E re n-K a za k

249、hsta n_c l e a n-F I N AL-re v-1_c l e a n.p d f 9http s:/www.a c wa p owe r.c om/ne ws/a c wa-p owe r-i nks-ma jor-re ne wa b l e-d e ve l op me nt-d e a l-wi th-ka za khsta n-g ove rnme nt-for-1g w-wi nd-e ne rg y-a nd-b a tte ry-stora g e-p l a nt/10http s:/ne ws.ma sd a r.a e/e n/N e ws/2023/01/

250、18/09/53/Ma sd a r-to-E xp l ore-De ve l op me nt-of-Wi nd-P owe r-P roje c t 11http s:/www.b l oomb e rg.c om/ne ws/a rti c l e s/2022-10-27/ka za khsta n-si g ns-d e a l-to-ma ke-hyd rog e n-a t-a-50-b i l l i on-p l a nt 12http s:/re c yc l e.kz/ru/p a rni kovye-g a zy-E T S Op e ra tor.R e c omm

251、e nd a ti ons3K a za khsta n,b e i ng the l a rg e st c ountry i n Ce ntra l Asi a,i t i s e nd owe d wi th si g ni fi c a nt re ne wa b l e e ne rg y re sourc e s,i nc l ud i ng wi nd,sol a r,hyd rop owe r,a nd b i oma ss.Wi th the i nc re a si ng g l ob a l d e ma nd for c l e a n e ne rg y a nd t

252、he c ountrys a mb i ti ous g re e nhouse g a s e mi ssi ons re d uc ti on a nd R E S ta rg e ts,K a za khsta n ha s b e e n ta ki ng ma jor ste p s to d e ve l op i ts re ne wa b l e e ne rg y se c tor.H owe ve r,the c urre nt unc e rta i nti e s l i nke d to the re c e nt a me nd me nts to the re g

253、 ul a tory fra me work,a s we l l a s te c hni c a l g ri d-re l a te d c onstra i nts,ma y hi nd e r the d e ve l op me nt of the re ne wa b l e s ma rke t a nd the a ttra c ti ve ne ss of K a za khsta ns re ne wa b l e s se c tor for i nve stors.T he future of re ne wa b l e s i n the c ountry wi

254、l l d e p e nd on the a c ti ons ta ke n i n the short-to me d i um-te rm.T he re c omme nd a ti ons for the d e ve l op me nt of the re ne wa b l e s ma rke t i n K a za khsta n c a n b e struc ture d i nto four ma i n a re a s of i mp rove me nt:3.1.Nat io n al grid an d cro ss-bo rder in t egrat

255、io n:Expan din g,rein fo rcin g,an d impro vin g t he fl exibil it y o f t he exist in g el ect ricit y grid in frast ru ct u re sho u l d be t he fo cu s o f in vest men t.T o i mp rove the re l i a b i l i ty a nd re si l i e nc e of the N a ti ona l P owe r G ri d (N P G),the syste m op e ra tor(

256、K E G OC)ha s p l a nne d se ve ra l i ni ti a ti ve s,i nc l ud i ng i)stre ng the ni ng the ne twork of the S outhe rn zone of the U P S of K a za khsta n b y 2027,i i)uni fyi ng the e ne rg y syste m of We ste rn K a za khsta n wi th the U P S b y 2028,i i i)re furb i shi ng the 8 500 km of 220-5

257、00 kV tra nsmi ssi on l i ne s a c ross se ve ra l a re a s of the g ri d,for whi c h fe a si b i l i ty stud i e s a re und e rwa y.T he ti me l y i mp l e me nta ti on of thi s p rog ra mme a nd a d d i ti ona l i nte rve nti ons a i me d a t re i nforc i ng the g ri d c a n a i d the i nte g ra t

258、i on of l a rg e r sha re s of re ne wa b l e e ne rg y.Fu rt hermo re,ro l l in g o u t smart t echn o l o gies wil l hel p impro ve grid efficien cy,rel iabil it y,an d fl exibil it y an d sho u l d be pro mo t ed.T he use of b a tte ry e ne rg y stora g e te c hnol og i e s i n the c ountry i s a

259、 l re a d y und e rwa y a nd shoul d b e furthe r p romote d to e nsure c onsi ste nt a va i l a b i l i ty of e l e c tri c i ty a nd mi ti g a te the va ri a b i l i ty of re ne wa b l e e l e c tri c i ty g e ne ra ti on.I n a d d i ti on,p rog ra ms a i me d a t i ntrod uc i ng a d d i ti ona l

260、ma rke t me c ha ni sms to e nc oura g e l a rg e-sc a l e ma rke t c onsume rs to p a rti c i p a te i n d e ma nd-re sp onse p rog ra ms a re und e r d i sc ussi on,b ut the se p rog ra ms ne e d to b e fi na l i se d a nd the n i mp l e me nte d c onsi d e ri ng the re l e va nc e of ma rke t me

261、c ha ni sms i n e na b l i ng the U P S to ma na g e more R E S a nd i n i mp rovi ng the re l i a b i l i ty of the g ri d.More ove r,ta ki ng i nto a c c ount the g e og ra p hi c a l d i sp e rsi on of the l oa d c e ntre s,the re c e nt a d va nc e me nt of mi c ro-g ri d te c hnol og i e s c a

262、n b e c onsi d e re d for a p p l i c a ti on for d i sta nt c ommuni ti e s a nd c a n p rovi d e e c onomi c a d va nc e me nt b y a voi d i ng the ma ssi ve l osse s a ssoc i a te d wi th l ong-d i sta nc e p owe r tra nsmi ssi on.I n a d d i ti on,foste ri ng c ross-b ord e r i nte g ra ti on wi

263、 th ne i g hb ouri ng c ountri e s g ri d s wi l l e na b l e a more e ffe c ti ve use of re ne wa b l e e l e c tri c i ty whi l e e nha nc i ng g ri d sta b i l i ty throug h d i ve rsi fi c a ti on.K a za khsta n:S ol a r i nve stme nt op p ortuni ti e s 24P V p owe r p l a nt,Al ma ty,K a za khs

264、ta n.V l a d i mi r T re tya kov/S hutte rstoc k.c omK a za khsta n:S ol a r i nve stme nt op p ortuni ti e s i n T uni si a253.2.RES au ct io n s:Mo E sho u l d l o o k t o in crease t he n u mbers o f bidders part icipat in g in au ct io n s b y p rovi d i ng,a t l e a st for some l ots und e r a

265、uc ti on,te c hni c a l i np ut d a ta suc h a s yi e l d a sse ssme nts a nd othe r te c hni c a l stud i e s.T hi s woul d i mp rove mi d-a nd l ong-te rm i nve stme nt a ttra c ti ve ne ss i n the 2024-2027 a uc ti on p l a n,e nsuri ng g re a te r c omp e ti ti on.The appl icat io n o f so u n d

266、 pre-q u al ificat io n crit eria fo r t he sel ect io n o f bidders sho u l d be co n sidered fo r fu t u re au ct io n s.I n the 2024-2027 a uc ti on p l a n,the re a re se ve ra l l a rg e l ots i nc l ud e d.T he a p p l i c a ti on of sound p re-qua l i fi c a ti on c ri te ri a foc usse d on a

267、 sse ssi ng d e ve l op e rs e xp e ri e nc e a nd tra c k re c ord,fi na nc i a l c a p a b i l i ti e s,te c hni c a l e xp e rti se a nd c ommi tme nt to i nnova ti on woul d a voi d a ra c e to the b ottom i n te rms of p ri c e s,whe re i nsta l l a ti on qua l i ty ma y suffe r,a nd e nc oura

268、g e the p a rti c i p a ti on of fi na nc i a l l y sol i d a nd te c hni c a l l y e xp e ri e nc e d a c tors,thus i nc re a si ng the l i ke l i hood of b i g l ots b e i ng c omp l e te d e ffi c i e ntl y a nd e ffe c ti ve l y.3.3.Legisl at io n:The regu l at o ry framewo rk go vern in g bil a

269、t eral PPAs design an d man agemen t sho u l d be fu rt her devel o ped.As i nd i c a te d i n the p a r.3.3.1 L e g a l a nd I nsti tuti ona l F ra me work of the sub je c t re p ort,Bi l a te ra l P P As a re a l l owe d b y the R E S L a w,howe ve r the R oK l e g i sl a ti on d oe s not d i sc i

270、 p l i ne thi s ma tte r i n d e ta i l,for e xa mp l e b y d e fi ni ng a sta nd a rd se t of fi sc a l a nd re g ul a tory norms a nd i nc e nti ve s a p p l i c a b l e to Bi l a te ra l P P As.T hi s c re a te s unc e rta i nti e s for b oth i nve stors a nd c onsume rs.I n thi s re g a rd,i n o

271、rd e r to i nc e nti vi se the e xe c uti on of b i l a te ra l P P As,i t woul d b e he l p ful to d e fi ne vi a a p p rop ri a te re g ul a ti on the fol l owi ng c ond i ti ons:(i)rul e s a nd p roc e d ure s for c onne c ti ng the p owe r p l a nt to the G ri d,(i i)the a p p l i c a b l e fi s

272、c a l i nc e nti ve s,(i i i)p roc e d ure for G ri d tra nsmi ssi on a nd b a l a nc i ng c osts a l l oc a ti on,i v)the op ti on to se l l surp l us e l e c tri c i ty to the S i ng l e Buye r.Cl e a r e sta b l i shme nt of suc h c ond i ti ons woul d he l p a ttra c t i nve stme nt i n the se c

273、 tor a nd b oost re ne wa b l e s p roje c ts d e ve l op me nt.Cl ear an d fair ru l es fo r cal cu l at in g bal an cin g co st s sho u l d be defin ed.T hi s i s e xc e p ti ona l l y i mp orta nt whe n i t c ome s to p rovi d i ng se c uri ty for i nve stors a nd e na b l e the m to p l a n futu

274、re i nve stme nts vi a b oth the a uc ti on me c ha ni sm a nd b i l a te ra l P P As.R ul e s shoul d b e d e si g ne d i n re c og ni ti on of the i ntri nsi c va ri a b i l i ty of re ne wa b l e s g e ne ra ti on a nd the c ha l l e ng e s i n fore c a sti ng p rod uc ti on,re ma i n sta b l e a

275、 nd b e c ommuni c a te d p romp tl y.3.4.Emissio n s Tradin g Sy st em(ETS):The ETS sho u l d be adapt ed t o reward in vest men t s in ren ewabl e en ergy.T he c urre nt d e si g n of the E T S ma rke t d oe s not suffi c i e ntl y i nc e nti vi se d e c a rb oni sa ti on.I t shoul d b e re-e va l

276、 ua te d so tha t i t i nc e nti vi se s e mi ssi ons re d uc ti ons b y c a rb on-i nte nsi ve se c tors,whi l st i nc re a si ng the e c onomi c a ttra c ti ve ne ss of re ne wa b l e e ne rg y p roje c ts.T o d o so,a sc he d ul e for the re d uc ti on of c a rb on c re d i ts a va i l a b l e th

277、a t i s i n l i ne wi th K a za khsta ns re ne wa b l e e ne rg y ta rg e ts shoul d b e d e vi se d.Whe re ve r p ossi b l e a nd e ffi c i e nt(b oth fi na nc i a l l y a nd te c hni c a l l y),e l e c tri fi c a ti on shoul d b e p ri ori ti se d,a nd ha rd-to-a b a te se c tors shoul d b e a ssi

278、 ste d i n tra nsi ti oni ng to re d uc e the i r c a rb on footp ri nt a t the e a rl i e st p ossi b l e op p ortuni ty.Impl emen t in g t hese reco mmen dat io n s can hel p address t he issu es iden t ified by t he in du st ry an d impro ve mark et co n dit io n s,t hu s su ppo rt in g fu rt her

279、 devel o pmen t o f ren ewabl e pro ject s in Kazak hst an an d hel pin g Kazak hst an meet it s decarbo n isat io n t arget s.R e fe re nc e sK a za khsta n:S ol a r i nve stme nt op p ortuni ti e s 26IEA,Kaz akhs t an 2 0 2 2 Energy Sect or rev iew,Ju n e 2022,(l i nk).IEA,Kaz akhs t an Energy Pro

280、file-Market des ign,Ju n e 2021,(l i nk).Kazen ergy,The Nat ional Energy Report 2 0 2 1.(l i nk).KEGOC,Power indu s t ry of Kaz akhs t an:key fact ors,(l i nk).Min ist ry o f En ergy,Dev elopment of renewable energy s ou rces,2023,(l i nk).The Green Fin an ce&Devel o pmen t Cen t er,Energiz ing Kaz

281、akhs t an:Renewable Energy Opport u nit ies,April 2021,(l i nk).USAID CENTRAL ASIA ENERGY PROJECT,Inv es t ors gu ide t o renewable energy project s in Kaz akhs t an,2022.S ol a r p a ne l s,Z ha mb yl re g i on,K a zkhsta n.V l a d i mi r T re tya kov/S hutte rstoc k.c omK a za khsta n:S ol a r i n

282、ve stme nt op p ortuni ti e s i n T uni si a27S ol a r p owe r p l a nt Al ma ty,K a za khsta n.V l a d i mi r T re tya kov/S hutte rstoc k.c omS ol a rP owe r E urop e -L e a d i ng the E ne rg y T ra nsi ti on R ond-P oi nt R ob e rt S c huma n 3,1040 Brusse l s,Be l g i um T +32 2 709 55 20 /F +32 2 725 32 50 i nfosol a rp owe re urop e.org /www.sol a rp owe re urop e.orgI S BN N U MBE R 978 946 46 6 9091