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1、NATIONAL SCIENCE BOARDSCIENCE&ENGINEERING INDICATORS 2024InnovationInvention,Knowledge Transfer,and InnovationNSB-2024-1February 29,2024This publication is part of the 2024 edition of the Science and Engineering Indicators(Indicators)suite of reports.Indicators is prepared under the guidance of the

2、National Science Board by the National Science Foundations National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics.The Indicators suite consists of a summary report called The State of U.S.Science and Engineering,more-detailed thematic reports with supporting data,and a data tool that provides state-

3、level indicators.National Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2024-12National Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2024-13Table of Contents 7Executive Summary 8Introduction 10Invention Indicators:Protecting Useful Ideas 10Contributors to U.S.Patent Activity 13The Geography o

4、f U.S.Patenting 22Global Trends in Patenting Activity 24Global Patenting Activity in Artificial Intelligence 28Counting Women as Patented Inventors 30Knowledge Transfer Indicators:Putting Information to Use 30Business Collaborations and Patent Citations to Published Literature 32Publications Cited i

5、n Patents 33Federal Publications Cited in Patents 33Startup Companies and University Knowledge Transfer Activities 36Federal Government Knowledge Transfer Support 42Innovation Indicators:Introducing New Products and Processes 42Small Business Innovation Research 44Venture Capital and Innovation 47Tr

6、ademarks:U.S.Trends 50Business Innovation 53Conclusion 54Glossary 54Definitions 55Key to Acronyms and Abbreviations 57References 62NotesNational Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2024-14 63Acknowledgments and Citation 63Acknowledgments 63Citation 64Contact Us 64Report Author 64NCSES 6

7、5Correction(s)List of Sidebars 38Federal Support for Open Science and Public Engagement in Science 27Patenting That Addresses CHIPS and Science Act Technologies 15Patenting That Addresses Environmental SustainabilityList of TablesINV-1Indicators of invention,knowledge transfer,and innovation used in

8、 this thematic report and their sources 9INV-2USPTO utility patent and publication metrics for selected federal departments or agencies:2022 33INV-3University technology licenses or license options executed,by company characteristic:2011,2016,and 2021 35INV-AUSPTO patents granted to selected regions

9、 or countries in environmental sustainability technologies:2022 16INV-BUSPTO utility patents granted in critical technology categories:2022 27INV-CCumulative federally sponsored public science projects on CitizenScience.gov,by federal department or agency:2022 40INV-DKnowledge products posted by sel

10、ected federal agencies:2020 40List of FiguresINV-1USPTO utility patents granted to owners,by nationality and U.S.sector:200222 10INV-2USPTO utility patents granted to inventors,by selected region,country,or economy:200022 11INV-3USPTO utility patents granted in semiconductors,by selected country or

11、economy:2022 12INV-4USPTO utility patents granted to inventors per 1,000 residents,by U.S.county:2022 14INV-5PCT applications for selected regions,countries,and economies:200022 23INV-6PCT applications for selected technology areas,by selected region,country,or economy:2022 24INV-7Worldwide utility

12、patents in AI granted to inventors,by selected country or economy:200022 25INV-8Worldwide granted utility patents in AI techniques,functional applications,and application fields,by selected country:200022 26National Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2024-15INV-9Inventors with female n

13、ames on granted USPTO patents,by technology area:200022 28INV-10Inventors with female names on granted USPTO patents,by technology area and issue year:200022 29INV-11Business sector publications coauthored with academic,government,and foreign institutions:2008 and 2022 31INV-12Citations of U.S.acade

14、mic S&E articles in USPTO utility patents,by S&E field of the articles cited:2022 32INV-13Annual economywide business startups and startups with licensed university technology:200021 34INV-14Startup companies based on licensed university technology,by company location:19992021 36INV-15Invention disc

15、losures reported by selected agencies:FYs 201120 37INV-16New CRADAs signed by selected agencies:FYs 201120 38INV-17Firms receiving Phase II SBIR or STTR awards:201222 43INV-18Firms receiving Phase II SBIR or STTR awards,by awarding agency:201222 44INV-19Venture capital investment received by firms h

16、eadquartered in the United States,by deal stage:200322 45INV-20Firms headquartered in the United States receiving venture capital investment,by Census region:200322 46INV-21Firms headquartered in the United States receiving venture capital investment,by industry:201322 47INV-22U.S.-registered USPTO

17、trademarks,by business sector:2022 48INV-23Registered USPTO trademarks per 1,000 residents,by U.S.county:2022 49INV-24Registered USPTO trademarks,by selected region,country,or economy:200822 50INV-25Share of U.S.companies reporting product innovation,by selected industry:201820 51INV-26Share of U.S.

18、companies reporting product innovation:201618,201719,and 201820 52INV-ASpecialization of patents among technology areas for the top 5 regions or countries in environmental sustainability technology:201122 17INV-BShare of environmental sustainability technology patents for the top 5 regions or countr

19、ies,by technology area:201122 18INV-CLocation quotients of U.S.states for patents in climate change mitigation technologies in energy generation,transmission,or distribution:201122 20INV-DLocation quotients of U.S.states for patents in environmental management:201122 21National Science Board|Science

20、&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2024-16National Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2024-17Executive SummaryKey takeaways:U.S.patenting and trademark activities are concentrated in certain areas of the country,with the highest rates on the East Coast and West Coast,around the Great Lakes,an

21、d in parts of the Southwest.Internationally,China and the United States are granted the highest numbers of artificial intelligence(AI)utility patents,with Chinas AI patents primarily granted in machine learning.Consistent with the overall increase of international collaboration in peer-reviewed lite

22、rature,the largest increase in collaboration for U.S.business-authored publications is with international authors.Among patents on technologies for climate change mitigation and adaptation issued by the Patent and Trademark Office(USPTO),those for climate change mitigation in energy generation,trans

23、mission,and distribution account for the highest number granted to inventors in each of the five most active countries or regions.About 190,000 USPTO utility patents were granted in 2022 in technology areas that correspond to CHIPS and Science Act technologies,almost half of which were granted to U.

24、S.inventors.As an indicator of knowledge flow,biological and biomedical sciences publications and health sciences publications are by far the most cited by patent documents.The number of university licenses and license options granted to private sector entities has increased 50%in the last decade.Pe

25、er-reviewed publications from authors at the Department of Health and Human Services received more citations in patent documents than any other federal agency over the period from 2013 to 2022.At the federal agency level,the National Aeronautics and Space Administration(NASA)and the Department of En

26、ergy(DOE)report the highest numbers of invention disclosures in each year from 2011 through 2020,an indicator of invention prior to patenting.In 2009,only DOE,the Department of Commerce,and NASA used open-source platforms to share software with other users;by 2023,26 federal departments and agencies

27、 did so.Venture capital investment dropped globally in 2022 after reaching record levels in 2021.The incidence of product innovation in the United States decreased between 2017 and 2020,driven by decreases in smaller companies with service sector innovation.National Science Board|Science&Engineering

28、 Indicators|NSB-2024-18IntroductionGovernments,academia,and business all contribute to the activities that comprise the innovation process.Through intellectual property protection measures,successful business research and development(R&D)incorporates new knowledge into new products and processes whi

29、le attempting to prevent useful new knowledge from spreading to rivals(Arora,Belenzon,and Sheer 2017).In contrast,many government,academic,and nonprofit institutions create new knowledge with the intention of sharing it widely to support innovationfor example,through publications,data sets,and techn

30、ology transfer agreements.New knowledge created by R&D activities across all sectors takes different forms,including scientific literature meant to be published and private knowledge meant to be kept secret.Both forms may contribute to inventions or innovations.The distinction between invention and

31、innovation is an important one;implementation of new ideas as products or processes with real-world applications is what separates inventions from innovations.In this report,an invention is defined as any new and useful process,machine,manufacture,or composition of matter,including any new and usefu

32、l improvement thereof(USPTO 2020).By contrast,an innovation is“a new or improved product or process(or combination thereof)that differs significantly from the units previous products or processes and that has been made available to potential users(product)or brought into use by the unit(process)”(OE

33、CD/Eurostat 2018).The activities along the way constitute innovation activities.This report starts with invention,ends with innovation,and situates knowledge transfer activities in between.Where applicable,this report also addresses critical and emerging technologies using current and relevant typol

34、ogies.For example,the National Science and Technology Council(NSTC 2022)includes advanced manufacturing,biotechnologies,and artificial intelligence(AI)as current examples of critical and emerging technologies,among other priorities.This report provides tabulations of international AI patents and of

35、Patent and Trademark Office(USPTO)patents granted based on two different typographies:environmental sustainability technology areas,and technology areas named in the CHIPS and Science Act of 2022.The geography of innovation is addressed in this report through county-level data on patenting and trade

36、marking for the United States,as well as regional breakdowns where possible,such as with venture capital data.These units of geography are imperfect:for economic processes,metropolitan areas may be preferred;for political processes,congressional districts may be preferred.While resource and space li

37、mitations have guided this choice in this thematic report,machine-readable patent and trademark data sets provided with this report allow users to combine county-level data for their own purposes.Similarly,the central role of the business sector in innovation activity has shaped the available data,a

38、nd most indicators of innovation address the private sector.Notwithstanding the availability of data,however,a diverse set of actors who span the economic sectors of the economy contributes to the creation of innovative output,including universities,government agencies,and individuals.Not every topi

39、c that matters has relevant high-quality data available for this report.The innovation indicators in this report include both direct,survey-based measures of innovation output from the businesses and also indirect innovation indicators connected to venture investment and trademarks.Self-reported com

40、pany data on the introduction of new or significantly improved products are reported based on a joint National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics(NCSES)and Census Bureau survey that now contains three consecutive years of data.Access to financing is an essential component of the translati

41、on of new knowledge into innovations.Venture capital is a particularly important indicator of innovation because venture investors tend to invest in companies whose products,they believe,have a significant likelihood of achieving market success.Venture capitalbacked firms that become publicly traded

42、 are more likely to have recorded R&D expenditures compared to publicly traded firms that were not originally National Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2024-19venture backed(Lerner and Nanda 2020).In this regard,data on U.S.and global venture capital investment trends,provided by Pit

43、chBook,can be viewed as leading indicators of the innovative output expected from startups and from early investments to create innovations.The data sources for the indicators used in this report are shown in Table INV-1 and rely on both administrative data and survey data and on public as well as p

44、rivate data sources.Table INV-1Indicators of invention,knowledge transfer,and innovation used in this thematic report and their sources(Indicator and source)SectionIndicatorSourceInvention Indicators:Protecting Useful IdeasNumber of USPTO utility patents granted to U.S.owners,by type of granteeUSPTO

45、Number of world patent applicationsWIPONumber of USPTO utility patents granted,by selected region,country,or economyUSPTONumber of USPTO patents granted to inventors in selected countries,by field of technologyUSPTONumber of USPTO utility patents,by U.S.countyUSPTOProportion of patent applications b

46、y country with at least one woman applicantWIPOInternational patents granted in artificial intelligenceEPOKnowledge Transfer:Making Information AvailableNumber of coauthored business sector publications with other academic,government,and foreign institutionsUSPTO Elsevier ScopusTotal number of U.S.e

47、stablishment startupsCensus BureauTotal number of startups launched annually based on university technologyAUTMNumber of technology transfer activities supported by federal laboratories,by selected agencyNIST Number of peer-reviewed publications by federal authorsElsevier ScopusNumber of patents iss

48、ued to federal inventorsUSPTO Number of open-source projects sponsored by federal agenciesGSA Code.govNumber of federally sponsored public science projects on CitizenScience.gov,by agencyGSA CitizenScience.govInnovation:Introducing New Products and ProcessesSBIR and STTR program funding awardsSmall

49、Business AdministrationVenture capital investments PitchBookU.S.companies introducing product innovationNCSES Census BureauNumber of U.S.-registered USPTO trademarks,by business sectorUSPTOEPO=European Patent Office;GSA=General Services Administration;NCSES=National Center for Science and Engineerin

50、g Statistics;NIST=National Institute of Standards and Technology;SBIR=Small Business Innovation Research;STTR=Small Business Technology Transfer;USPTO=Patent and Trademark Office;WIPO=World Intellectual Property Organization.Source(s):NCSES;RTI International;1790 Analytics;SRI International;Science-

51、MetrixScience and Engineering IndicatorsNational Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2024-110YearNumberU.S.academicU.S.individualU.S.governmentU.S.businessForeign2002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017201820192020202120220100,000200,000300,000400,000Invention In

52、dicators:Protecting Useful IdeasContributors to U.S.Patent ActivityUSPTO patent records provide industry,technology areas,and geographical inventor information for all patents registered in the United States,including patents granted to individuals and foreign entities.Most patent topics in this rep

53、ort cover only inventions protected by utility patents.Design patents are included in this report in the coverage of patenting by gender;plant patents were last covered in Science and Engineering Indicators 2020(see Indicators 2020 report“2020 Invention,Knowledge Transfer,and Innovation”).More infor

54、mation on the patent data used in this report is available in the Technical Appendix provided with this report,and detailed methodological information is provided in Science-Metrix(2024).The USPTO awarded 325,000 utility patents in 2022,of which 152,000(47%)were assigned to domestic owners(Table SIN

55、V-1).Obtaining and defending a patent incurs significant costs;among U.S.assignees(the U.S.entities to whom inventors assign the rights of ownership),private ownerswhich are primarily businessesreceive by far the most patents(86%),while individual filers and those in academia and government account

56、for much smaller shares(Figure INV-1).In the wake of the global pandemic,the total number of USPTO utility patents awarded annually to U.S.owners has declined since 2019,when 179,000 were granted.Patents assigned to U.S.businesses declined 15%between 2019 and 2022,in contrast to a general upward tre

57、nd from 2000 to 2019(Table SINV-1).Figure INV-1USPTO utility patents granted to owners,by nationality and U.S.sector:200222USPTO=Patent and Trademark Office.National Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2024-111YearNumberUnited StatesEU-27ChinaJapanSouth KoreaTaiwanIndia20002001200220032

58、004200520062007200820092010201120122013201420152016201720182019202020212022050,000100,000150,000200,000Note(s):Patents are allocated according to patent ownership information.Patents are credited on a fractional-count basis(i.e.,for patents with collaborating institutions,each institution receives f

59、ractional credit on the basis of the proportion of inventors from participating institutions).Unclassified patents are not shown.See Table SINV-1 and the Technical Appendix for additional detail.Source(s):National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics;Science-Metrix;PatentsView,USPTO,accesse

60、d June 2023.Science and Engineering IndicatorsAs commercial activities increasingly cross international borders,rising rates of foreign patenting reflect the desire of foreign firms to seek patent protection in multiple international jurisdictions(Fink,Khan,and Zhou 2015).Foreign owners were assigne

61、d rights to 53%of USPTO utility patents in 2022,an increase from 44%in 2000(Table SINV-1).In contrast with ownership information,the addresses of inventors provide information about where inventors reside.The European Union(EU-27)and Japan continue to account for the largest numbers of foreign inven

62、tors(Figure INV-2).In 2020,the number of patents granted to inventors from China exceeded the number of patents granted to inventors from South Korea for the first time ever.Inventors with addresses in China received about 28,000 patents in 2022(Figure INV-2).According to a USPTO report,the growth i

63、n USPTO patents granted to China is driven by nonmarket factors as well as by traditional market factors.The report identifies nonmarket factors such as university and government subsidies for patenting that can exceed the cost of filing the patent.These subsidies are often higher for patents grante

64、d in foreign jurisdictions(USPTO 2021).Figure INV-2USPTO utility patents granted to inventors,by selected region,country,or economy:200022EU-27=European Union;USPTO=Patent and Trademark Office.National Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2024-1122.627.76.712.37.82.63.214.86.96.905101520

65、2530United StatesTaiwanJapanSouth KoreaChinaGermanyFranceSingaporeAustriaBelgiumSemiconductor patent share of total patents(%).3,6743,2623,0772,7232,165418201156939105001,0001,5002,0002,5003,0003,5004,000United StatesTaiwanJapanSouth KoreaChinaGermanyFranceSingaporeAustriaBelgiumNumber of semiconduc

66、tor patents granted United States Taiwan JapanSouth Korea China Germany France Singapore Austria Belgium Note(s):Patents are allocated according to patent inventorship information.Patents are fractionally allocated among regions,countries,or economies based on the proportion of residences of all nam

67、ed inventors.China includes Hong Kong.The United States includes Puerto Rico and all other U.S.territories.See Table SINV-4 for additional countries.Source(s):National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics;Science-Metrix;PatentsView,USPTO,accessed June 2023.Science and Engineering Indicators

68、USPTO utility patents granted in semiconductors make up 5%of total 2022 patents.Inventors who were resident in the United States received the largest number of USPTO patents in semiconductors,which is identified as a critical or emerging category(NSTC 2022)(Figure INV-3).In addition to inventors fro

69、m the United States,the highest numbers of USPTO utility patents in semiconductors were issued to inventors from Taiwan,Japan,South Korea,and China.Semiconductor utility patents make up more than a quarter of the USPTO patents received by inventors from Taiwan(Figure INV-3).A public-use file contain

70、s data on USPTO patents granted by five broad technology areas and tabulated in Table SINV-4 through Table SINV-9(File USPTO patents,by county and technical field).Figure INV-3USPTO utility patents granted in semiconductors,by selected country or economy:2022USPTO=Patent and Trademark Office.Note(s)

71、:Patents are allocated according to patent inventorship information.Patents are fractionally allocated among regions,countries,or economies based on the proportion of residences of all named inventors.China includes Hong Kong.The United States includes Puerto Rico and all other U.S.territories.See T

72、able SINV-10 for additional regions,countries,and economies.National Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2024-113Source(s):National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics;Science-Metrix;PatentsView,USPTO,accessed September 2023.Science and Engineering IndicatorsAs presented above

73、,these data provide rich geographic and technological detail;however,patent data represent just a portion of all the ways that economically valuable ideas and inventions are protected by their owners.Nondisclosure agreements,trade secrets,trademarks,and copyrights are used by U.S.businesses in addit

74、ion to utility and design patents(Shackelford and Kindlon 2021).The Geography of U.S.PatentingInvention is a market-driven activity and tends to take place where skilled human capital and other inputs are relatively abundant.As new knowledge spreads,it produces localized growth benefits or spillover

75、s that drive additional growth(Grossman and Helpman 1991).States that have relatively high proportions of workers with a bachelors degree or higher in science,technology,engineering,and mathematics(STEM)are located primarily on the East Coast and West Coast of the United States and in the U.S.Midwes

76、t(see Indicators 2022 report“2022 The STEM Labor Force of Today:Scientists,Engineers,and Skilled Technical Workers”).As skilled labor and other inputs accumulate,a locations initial advantages grow over time relative to other locations,leading to different growth rates and economic outcomes.Because

77、patent documents include the addresses of both the inventor and the patent owner,patent data provide an indicator of the location of inventive activity.County-level patenting intensity is measured in this thematic report by the location of the inventor of utility patents granted per 1,000 population

78、.Counties with high patenting intensity are concentrated in the United States along the coasts and in parts of the Great Lakes region,Texas,and the Rocky Mountains(Figure INV-4).This geographic distribution corresponds to indicators of knowledge-and technology-intensive(KTI)industries,in which Calif

79、ornia is the single largest producer of KTI industry output,followed by Texas,Washington,and New York(see Indicators 2022 report“2022 Production and Trade of Knowledge-and Technology-Intensive Industries”).In 2022,Santa Clara County in Californias Silicon Valley region had the highest patenting inte

80、nsity.Three of the countrys top five counties in patenting intensity were in the San JoseSan FranciscoOakland combined statistical area.The top three counties in 2022 for patenting intensity are Santa Clara in California,followed by Fairfax City in Virginia and San Mateo County in California(Figure

81、INV-4).National Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2024-114Zero1st Quartile:0.0010.0582nd Quartile:0.0590.1133rd Quartile:0.1140.2324th Quartile:0.2337.513Figure INV-4USPTO utility patents granted to inventors per 1,000 residents,by U.S.county:2022USPTO=Patent and Trademark Office.Note

82、(s):USPTO patents are allocated to counties according to the address for each inventor listed on a patent.U.S.addresses were geocoded to 3,143 U.S.counties according to U.S.states,U.S.cities,and ZIP Codes appearing in these addresses.Because of the absence of ZIP Codes for most U.S.addresses in the

83、patent data,coassignment to multiple U.S.counties occurred for addresses accounting for about 14%of all U.S.patent counts,mostly in populous cities encompassing multiple counties.Further manual disambiguation was performed based on information available to assign some of the ambiguous addresses to a

84、 single county.When more than one county remained for an address on a patent,the fraction of the patent associated to this address was split equally across all the counties.See File USPTO patents,by county and technical field and the Technical Appendix for additional detail.Source(s):National Center

85、 for Science and Engineering Statistics;Science-Metrix;PatentsView,USPTO,accessed June 2023.Population data from the Census Bureau,https:/www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/tables/2020-2022/counties/totals/co-est2022-pop.xlsx,accessed June 2023.Science and Engineering IndicatorsThe county paten

86、ting data files released with this report provide additional detail by technology area,showing,for example,the high rate of transportation technology patenting in Oakland and Wayne Counties in Michigan(File USPTO patents,by region,country,economy,and technical field).In 2022,64%of all counties had a

87、t least one patent granted to inventors in that county.1 Beyond geography,the technological detail in the patent documents makes it possible for new insights into environmental management and mitigation.The sidebar Patenting That Addresses Environmental Sustainability provides country and U.S.state

88、data on the patents granted and geographic specialization in these technologies.A supplemental workbook released with this report provides annual country-,state-,and county-level data for 19982022(File USPTO environmental and critical technology patent data).National Science Board|Science&Engineerin

89、g Indicators|NSB-2024-115SIDEBAR PATENTING THAT ADDRESSES ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITYPatenting That Addresses Environmental SustainabilityPatenting that addresses climate change through mitigation and adaptation is of increasing interest internationally,and renewable energy generation is identified

90、 as a critical or emerging technology(NSTC 2022).Based on an analysis of Patent and Trademark Office(USPTO)utility patents,the foreign locations where inventors have the highest numbers of patents that address environmental sustainability through climate change mitigation and adaptation are the Euro

91、pean Union(EU-27),China,Japan,and South Korea.Climate change mitigation in energy generation,transmission,or distribution has the highest numbers of USPTO patents granted.The following analysis of utility patents that address this topic is based on a set of classification codes developed by the Unit

92、ed Nations and the European Patent Office.This classification system for patent documents identifies climate change mitigation technologies(CCMT),climate change adaptation technologies(CCAT),and environmental management technologies that explicitly and cleanly correspond to existing patent classific

93、ation systems that are used by USPTO and the World Intellectual Property Organization(Veefkind et al.2012;Hai and Migotto 2015).In 2022,more than 32,000 USPTO utility patents were granted in these environmental technologies,a threefold increase since 2000(Table SINV-A).These 10 technologies are clas

94、sified as follows:Climate change mitigation in energy generation,transmission,or distribution have the highest numbers of USPTO patents granted in each of the five most active countries or regions,with a global total of about 7,900 USPTO patents granted in 2022(Table INV-A).The classification used f

95、or this analysis includes patenting related to a sustainable ocean economy:280 such USPTO utility patents were granted in 2022.Additionally,almost 700 patents within these 10 categories address sustainable technologies for agriculture and forestry(Table INV-A).Environmental managementCCMT in energy

96、generation,transmission,or distributionCCMT in capture,storage,sequestration,or disposal of greenhouse gasesCCMT in transportationCCMT in buildingsCCMT in wastewater treatment or waste managementCCMT in the production and processing of goodsCCMT in information and communications technologiesCCATSust

97、ainable ocean economyNational Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2024-116Table INV-AUSPTO patents granted to selected regions or countries in environmental sustainability technologies:2022(Number)Technology areaWorld China EU-27 Japan South Korea United StatesEnvironmental management5,

98、2882958738902682,321CCMT in energy generation,transmission,or distribution7,9437571,1031,6221,1542,544CCMT in capture,storage,sequestration,or disposal of greenhouse gases199725251198CCMT in transportation5,1701729831,1053532,035CCMT in buildings2,317258341325156996CCMT in wastewater treatment or wa

99、ste management55742885117262CCMT in the production or processing of goods3,9753066357102861,542CCMT in information and communication3,4284472603044101,532CCAT2,974140364198871,722Sustainable ocean economy28018451915131AddendumCCAT in agriculture,forestry,livestock,or agroalimentary production4423638

100、2014262CCMT in agriculture,livestock,or agroalimentary industries2452431711134CCAT=climate change adaptation technology;CCMT=climate change mitigation technology;EU-27=European Union;USPTO=Patent and Trademark Office.Note(s):USPTO patents are allocated according to patent inventorship information.US

101、PTO patents are fractionally allocated among regions,countries,or economies based on the proportion of residences of all named inventors.Patents are classified under the World Intellectual Property Organization(WIPO)classification of patents,which classifies International Patent Classification(IPC)c

102、odes under 35 technical fields.IPC reformed codes take into account changes that were made to the WIPO classification in 2006 under the eighth version of the classification and were used to prepare these data.However,because PatentsView only provides the original IPC codes as they appeared on patent

103、s and not the IPC reformed codes,current Cooperative Patent Classification codes on patents were converted back to the most recent IPC classification to prepare these statistics.Fractional counts of patents were assigned to each technological field on patents to assign the proper weight of a patent

104、to the corresponding technological fields under the classification.Beginning in 2020,the United Kingdom was no longer a member of the EU.China includes Hong Kong.See File USPTO environmental and critical technology patent data.Source(s):National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics;Science-

105、Metrix;USPTO data hosted by Reed Tech(LexisNexis),accessed June 2023.Science and Engineering IndicatorsAlong with the number of patents granted,location quotients(LQs)are a useful analytical tool for providing insight into the technological specialization by region,country,or economy relative to ove

106、rall size.The LQs here compare activity in specific technology categories to overall global or national patents in environmental technologies.*For example,while the presentation shown in Table INV-A shows higher levels of patenting in energy generation,transmission,or distribution relative to other

107、sustainable technologies,LQs show specialization.For example,an LQ of 1.5 implies that the location has 50%more activity in a given technology than would be expected based on volume alone.Inventors from China are more specialized in CCMT related to buildings(1.9)than would be expected,while the EU-2

108、7(1.3)is more highly specialized in CCMT in transportation,as is Japan(1.4).As shown by LQs closer to 1.0,the United States is more balanced than other locations in its overall concentration of its patenting by technology area(Figure INV-A).National Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2

109、024-117Technology areaLocation quotientChinaEU-27JapanSouth KoreaUnited StatesEnvironmental managementCCMT in transportationCCMT in buildingsCCATSustainable ocean economy0.00.51.01.52.0Figure INV-ASpecialization of patents among technology areas for the top 5 regions or countries in environmental su

110、stainability technology:201122CCAT=climate change adaptation technology;CCMT=climate change mitigation technology;EU-27=European Union.Note(s):Patent and Trademark Office(USPTO)patents are allocated according to patent inventorship information.USPTO patents are fractionally allocated among regions,c

111、ountries,or economies based on the proportion of residences of all named inventors.Patents are classified under the World Intellectual Property Organization(WIPO)classification of patents,which classifies International Patent Classification(IPC)codes under 35 technical fields.IPC reformed codes take

112、 into account changes that were made to the WIPO classification in 2006 under the eighth version of the classification and were used to prepare these data.However,because PatentsView only provides the original IPC codes as they appeared on patents and not the IPC reformed codes,current Cooperative P

113、atent Classification codes on patents were converted back to the most recent IPC classification to prepare these statistics.Fractional counts of patents were assigned to each technological field on patents to assign the proper weight of a patent to the corresponding technological fields under the cl

114、assification.Beginning in 2020,the United Kingdom was no longer a member of the EU.China includes Hong Kong.United States includes Puerto Rico and all other U.S.territories.Source(s):National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics;Science-Metrix;PatentsView,USPTO,accessed June 2023.Science an

115、d Engineering IndicatorsNational Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2024-118Region or countryPercentEnvironmental managementCCMT in energy generation,transmission,or distributionCCMT in capture,storage,sequestration,or disposal of greenhouse gasesCCMT in transportationCCMT in buildings

116、CCMT in wastewater treatment or waste managementCCMT in the production or processing of goodsCCMT in information and communication technologiesCCATSustainable ocean economyCCAT in agriculture,forestry,livestock,or agroalimentary productionCCMT relating to agriculture,livestock,or agroalimentary indu

117、striesChinaEU-27JapanSouth KoreaUnited States0102030405060708090100The percent distribution of each regions or countrys patenting across environmental sustainability technology areas shows where its patenting activity is greatest.For each of the five leading regions or countries in environmental sus

118、tainable technology patenting,climate change mitigation technologies in energy generation,transmission,or distribution represent the largest share of patents(Figure INV-B).Figure INV-BShare of environmental sustainability technology patents for the top 5 regions or countries,by technology area:20112

119、2CCAT=climate change adaptation technology;CCMT=climate change mitigation technology;EU-27=European Union.Note(s):Patent and Trademark Office(USPTO)patents are allocated according to patent inventorship information.USPTO patents are fractionally allocated among regions,countries,or economies based o

120、n the proportion of residences of all named inventors.Patents are classified under the World Intellectual Property Organization(WIPO)classification of patents,which classifies International Patent Classification(IPC)codes under 35 technical fields.IPC reformed codes take into account changes that we

121、re made to the WIPO classification in 2006 under the eighth version of the classification and were used to prepare these data.However,because PatentsView only provides the original IPC codes as they appeared on patents and not the IPC reformed codes,current Cooperative Patent Classification codes on

122、 patents were converted back to the most recent IPC classification to prepare these statistics.Fractional counts of patents were assigned to each technological field on patents to assign the proper weight of a patent to the corresponding technological fields under the classification.Beginning in 202

123、0,the United Kingdom was no longer a member of the EU.China includes Hong Kong.United States includes Puerto Rico and all other U.S.territories.Source(s):National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics;Science-Metrix;PatentsView,USPTO,accessed June 2023.Science and Engineering IndicatorsNatio

124、nal Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2024-119Based on inventor addresses within the United States,the state of New Mexico has the highest degree of specialization in patents in the critical or emerging technology of renewable energy generation and storage among all states.Inventors i

125、n New Mexico are 2.5 times more specialized in this technology than would be expected(Figure INV-C).For environmental management technologies,Louisiana has the highest degree of specialization,more than 2.1 times what would be expected(Figure INV-D).Supplementary tables and public-use data sets rele

126、ased with this report provide annual state-level USPTO patent counts by sustainability category that will allow for additional analysis(File USPTO environmental and critical technology patent data).National Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2024-120Figure INV-CLocation quotients of U.

127、S.states for patents in climate change mitigation technologies in energy generation,transmission,or distribution:201122CCMT=climate change mitigation technology.Note(s):Patents are attributed to states using a fractional count based on the states listed as the residences of inventors.Location quotie

128、nt measures each states concentration of patenting in a technology area among sustainable technologies relative to the U.S.concentration of patenting in that area.Source(s):National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics;Science-Metrix;PatentsView,USPTO,accessed June 2023.Science and Engineer

129、ing IndicatorsNational Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2024-121Figure INV-DLocation quotients of U.S.states for patents in environmental management:201122Note(s):Patents are attributed to states using a fractional count based on the states listed as the residences of inventors.Locat

130、ion quotient measures each states concentration of patenting in a technology area among sustainable technologies relative to the U.S.concentration of patenting in that area.Source(s):National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics;Science-Metrix;PatentsView,USPTO,accessed June 2023.Science an

131、d Engineering IndicatorsNational Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2024-122*A location quotient of 1.0 in each technology means that particular subregion and the entire area are equally specialized in the technology based on patents granted.A location quotient greater than 1.0 means t

132、hat the subregion is relatively more specialized than the entire area in that technology.A public-use file released with this report provides region,country,or economy data along with U.S.state-level data for these patents(File USPTO environmental and critical technology patent data).Global Trends i

133、n Patenting ActivityIn contrast to the U.S.-focused data presented earlier in this report from USPTO,this section presents global trends using a more inclusive global data set that is based on patent application information rather than patents granted.Patent applications filed under the Patent Coope

134、ration Treaty(PCT)show the number of inventions whose owners have sought international protection across many countries or economies simultaneously.The data source in this section is the World International Property Organization(WIPO)database and the unit of measurement is a patent application filed

135、 under the PCT.This treaty allows a patent to gain protection in multiple jurisdictions,and use of these application data avoids double counting across these jurisdictions.These data have different characteristics compared with USPTO data on patents granted.Compared with patents filed solely in an i

136、nventors home jurisdiction,fewer patents are filed under the PCT.Other differences are that not all applications are subsequently granted and that not all patented inventions appear in the application data.Also,these PCT application data are classified based on the receiving office,which usually cor

137、responds to the location of the inventor.Taiwan is not a party to the PCT,so it is not represented in the data.Table SINV-11 through Table SINV-16 provide data by country and broad technology area.China,the United States,the EU-27,and Japan are leading jurisdictions in terms of the number of PCT app

138、lications filed in 2022.Of these,the fastest growth over the preceding 10-year period occurred in China(330%)and South Korea(110%).In 2015,the United States had more than twice the number of PCT applications as China,the two countries had similar application numbers in 2020,with Chinas applications

139、exceeding those of the United States for the first time in 2021(Figure INV-5).National Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2024-123YearNumberChinaEU-27IndiaJapanSouth KoreaUnited States20002001200220032004200520062007200820092010201120122013201420152016201720182019202020212022010,00020,

140、00030,00040,00050,00060,00070,000Figure INV-5PCT applications for selected regions,countries,and economies:200022EU-27=European Union;PCT=Patent Cooperation Treaty.Note(s):Figures are based on publication year of PCT applications.Countries are allocated using the receiving office for each PCT applic

141、ation,which is based on the location of the inventors.In cases where PCT applications are filed directly with the World Intellectual Property Organization via its international bureau,the priority country of the earliest document in the same patent family is used(i.e.,where the first application in

142、the patent family was filed).Beginning in 2020,the United Kingdom was no longer a member of the EU.China includes Hong Kong.Source(s):National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics;EP Bibliographic Data(EBD),European Patent Office;1790 Analytics,accessed June 2023.Science and Engineering Ind

143、icatorsInternational Patents,by Broad Technology CategoryChemistry,electrical engineering,instruments,mechanical engineering,and other fields are broad categories for the technology areas of utility patents(Table SINV-3).At the national level,both chemistry and instruments were technology areas with

144、 greatest participation by U.S.inventors.In 2022,inventors from the United States were granted 27%of chemistry patents and 27%of instruments patents;inventors from China had 37%of the PCT patents granted in electrical engineering(Figure INV-6).National Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NS

145、B-2024-124Technology areaPercentUnited StatesChinaEU-27JapanSouth KoreaRest of worldChemistryElectrical engineeringInstrumentsOther fields010203040Figure INV-6PCT applications for selected technology areas,by selected region,country,or economy:2022EU-27=European Union;PCT=Patent Cooperation Treaty.N

146、ote(s):Figures are based on publication year of PCT applications.China includes Hong Kong.Technology areas are derived from the World Intellectual Property Organization(WIPO)concordance of International Patent Classifications to technology categories available at https:/www.wipo.int/ipstats/en/.Coun

147、tries are allocated using the receiving office for each PCT application,which is the location of the inventors.In cases where PCT applications are filed directly with WIPO via its international bureau,the priority country of the earliest document in the same patent family is used(i.e.,where the firs

148、t application in the patent family was filed).See Table SINV-11 through Table SINV-16.Source(s):National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics;EP Bibliographic Data(EBD),European Patent Office;1790 Analytics,accessed July 2023.Science and Engineering IndicatorsGlobal Patenting Activity in Ar

149、tificial IntelligenceThis section examines trends over time in AI patenting across regions,countries,and economies.AI is identified as a critical or emerging technology(NSTC 2022).The technology-level analysis of international patent family data from the European Patent Offices Global Patent Index d

150、atabase covers years since 2000 with AI patents granted,rather than applications,as the unit of measurement.This presentation contains 13 categories based on 3 distinct dimensions of AI patents that are categorized using a taxonomy developed by the Association for Computing Machinery and employed in

151、 previous studies of AI patenting by WIPO(WIPO 2019).AI techniques are defined by how the invention works,with categories such as machine learning,logic models,and fuzzy logic.Functional applications reflect what the invention does,with categories including computer vision,control systems,measuremen

152、t and testing,and knowledge representation(Table SINV-18).Application fields reflect where the invention is designed to be used,with categories of life sciences,transportation,energy management,and industrial and manufacturing applications.2National Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2

153、024-125YearNumberChinaUnited StatesSouth KoreaJapanAustraliaIndiaGermanyTaiwanUnited KingdomIsraelFranceCanadaRussia2000200120022003200420052006200720082009201020112012201320142015201620172018201920202021202205,00010,00015,00020,00025,00030,00035,00040,00045,000Based on this taxonomy,about 190,000 A

154、I patents were granted worldwide between 2000 and 2022(Table SINV-17).In 2022,about 40,000 AI patents were granted to inventors with addresses from China;the comparable figure for the United States was about 9,000(Figure INV-7).Machine learning,personal devices and computing,and computer vision were

155、 categories that had the highest number of patents received,based on technology,application,or field.Among the United States,China,Japan,and South Korea,inventors with addresses in China had the highest number of patents in all three categories(Figure INV-8).Within the United States,inventors receiv

156、ed the highest number of patents in machine learning,followed by personal devices and telecommunications applications(Figure INV-8).3Figure INV-7Worldwide utility patents in AI granted to inventors,by selected country or economy:200022AI=artificial intelligence.Note(s):Granted patents for all patent

157、 authorities are allocated according to patent inventorship information.AI patents are identified and divided into categories using filters consisting of Cooperative Patent Classifications and International Patent Classifications plus keywords and phrases.Details of these filters can be found at htt

158、ps:/ the first granted patent in each patent family is counted so as to avoid double counting the same invention.Patent families containing no granted patents are excluded.Country assignments are based on fractional counting of countries of residence of inventors as listed in the associated record f

159、rom the Global Patent Index.If no inventor countries are listed,the priority country is used(i.e.,where the first application in the patent family was filed).China includes Hong Kong.Source(s):National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics;European Patent Office Global Patent Index;1790 Anal

160、ytics,accessed June 2023.Science and Engineering IndicatorsNational Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2024-126CategoryNumberUnited StatesChinaJapanSouth KoreaMachine learningPersonal devices and computingLogic programmingTelecommunicationsComputer visionKnowledge representationControl

161、Life sciencesProbabilistic reasoningMeasuring or testingTransportationIndustrial and manufacturingEnergy management010,00020,00030,00040,00050,00060,00070,00080,00090,000Figure INV-8Worldwide granted utility patents in AI techniques,functional applications,and application fields,by selected country:

162、200022AI=artificial intelligence.Note(s):Granted patents for all patent authorities are allocated according to patent inventorship information.AI patents are identified and divided into categories using filters consisting of Cooperative Patent Classifications and International Patent Classifications

163、 plus keywords and phrases.Details of these filters can be found at https:/ the first granted patent in each patent family is counted so as to avoid double-counting the same invention.Patent families containing no granted patents are excluded.Country assignments are based on fractional counting of i

164、nventor locations as listed in the associated record from the Global Patent Index.If no inventor countries are listed,the priority country is used(i.e.,where the first application in the patent family was filed).China includes Hong Kong.Source(s):National Center for Science and Engineering Statistic

165、s;European Patent Office Global Patent Index;1790 Analytics,accessed June 2023.Science and Engineering IndicatorsNational Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2024-127In addition to AI,there are critical or otherwise important technologies within the technologies such as chemistry,electr

166、ical engineering,or instruments.USPTO patenting activity for the technologies funded by Congress in recent legislation is described in the sidebar Patenting That Addresses CHIPS and Science Act Technologies.SIDEBAR PATENTING THAT ADDRESSES CHIPS AND SCIENCE ACT TECHNOLOGIESPatenting That Addresses C

167、HIPS and Science Act TechnologiesThe CHIPS and Science Act,passed in 2022,provides research funding in several technical areas identified as important to competitiveness and national security.While semiconductor technology was highlighted in coverage of the act,several technological areas were ident

168、ified within the legislation(Congress.gov 2022).Table INV-B provides preliminary and prototype classifications and patent counts for 2022 for the technologies within the legislation that link to technologies within existing utility patent classes.By this measure,there were 190,000 Patent and Tradema

169、rk Office utility patents granted in 2022 in technology areas that correspond to CHIPS and Science Act technologies,about half of which were granted to U.S.inventors.By this measure,over half of the patents granted in artificial intelligence,machine learning,autonomy,and related advances;robotics,au

170、tomation,and advanced manufacturing;biotechnology,medical technology,genomics,and synthetic biology;and data storage,data management,distributed ledger technologies,and cybersecurity,including biometrics,were awarded to inventors who resided in the United States.A public-use file released with this

171、report provides region,country,or economy data along with U.S.state-level data for the 10 subcategories shown in Table INV-B(also see File USPTO environmental and critical technology patent data).Table INV-BUSPTO utility patents granted in critical technology categories:2022(Number)CategoryWorldwide

172、 U.S.inventorsAll critical technology categories192,75485,739Artificial intelligence,machine learning,autonomy,and related advances16,2888,245High-performance computing,semiconductors,and advanced computer hardware and software42,06419,529Quantum information science and technology2,019907Robotics,au

173、tomation,and advanced manufacturing4,4502,356Natural and anthropogenic disaster prevention or mitigation15,4026,146Advanced communications technology and immersive technology28,05613,384Biotechnology,medical technology,genomics,and synthetic biology21,85311,366Data storage,data management,distribute

174、d ledger technologies,and cybersecurity,including biometrics18,2469,551Advanced energy and industrial efficiency technologies,including(but not limited to)the purposes of electric generation29,1508,968Advanced materials science,including composites 2D materials,other next-generation materials,and re

175、lated manufacturing technologies15,2265,287USPTO=Patent and Trademark Office.Note(s):Patents are allocated according to patent inventorship information.Patents are credited on a fractional-count basis(i.e.,for patents with collaborating institutions,each institution receives fractional credit on the

176、 basis of the proportion of inventors from participating institutions).See File USPTO environmental and critical technology patent data.Source(s):National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics;Science-Metrix;PatentsView,USPTO,accessed June 2023.Science and Engineering IndicatorsNational Scie

177、nce Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2024-128Technology areaPercentDesign patents010515Counting Women as Patented InventorsThe information required to register a patent generally includes an inventors name but not their gender.Thus,comprehensive longtime sources of information on patenting b

178、y gender are scarce.Computer matching of inventor names to their most likely gender is often used along with verification against data sets of known inventors and their gender.4 Analyses like these have shown that patenting activity is unevenly distributed among men and women,with men much more like

179、ly to be inventors named on granted patents(USPTO,Office of the Chief Economist 2020;WIPO 2020).This section reports on the prevalence of women as inventors in design patents and utility patents in broad technology areas.The analysis is based on USPTO data and uses the WIPO Gender Name Dictionary dr

180、awn from a data set of worldwide patents to assign inventors to a gender(Martinez et al.2021).The methodology is further described in the Technical Appendix to this report.For all patents granted from 2000 through 2022,the share of inventors who are women is highest in chemistry-related utility pate

181、nts and design patents(based on female names)on patents granted(14%each),and mechanical engineering has the smallest share(5%)over the 22-year period(Figure INV-9).Across all fields,women have increased their participation in patenting,with the fastest increase in electrical engineering,where the sh

182、are of women inventors increased from 5%in 2000 to 10%in 2022.The category with the highest share in 2022 is chemistry(18%),followed closely by design patents(16%)(Figure INV-10).Figure INV-9Inventors with female names on granted USPTO patents,by technology area:200022USPTO=Patent and Trademark Offi

183、ce.Note(s):The analysis of patenting by gender is based on patents granted by USPTO.Fractional counting of inventors is used,with the credit for each patent divided equally between the inventors.The gender of inventors is determined using the World Intellectual Property Organization(WIPO)World Gende

184、r-Name Dictionary Version 2.0,available athttps:/dataverse.harvard.edu/dataverse/WGND.The process for matching inventor names to genders is based on the WIPO guidelines described athttps:/tind.wipo.int/record/45020?ln=en.Technology areas are based on the WIPO concordance of International Patent Clas

185、sifications to technology categories available at https:/www.wipo.int/ipstats/en/.National Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2024-129YearPercentChemistryDesign patentsElectrical engineeringOther fieldsInstrumentsMechanical engineeringAll patents2000200120022003200420052006200720082009

186、2010201120122013201420152016201720182019202020212022024681012141618Source(s):National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics;USPTO Bulk Data Storage System(BDSS);1790 Analytics,accessed June 2023.Science and Engineering IndicatorsFigure INV-10Inventors with female names on granted USPTO paten

187、ts,by technology area and issue year:200022USPTO=Patent and Trademark Office.Note(s):The analysis of patenting by gender is based on patents granted by USPTO.Fractional counting of inventors is used,with the credit for each patent divided equally between the inventors.The gender of inventors is dete

188、rmined using the World Intellectual Property Organization(WIPO)World Gender-Name Dictionary Version 2.0,available athttps:/dataverse.harvard.edu/dataverse/WGND.The process for matching inventor names to genders is based on the WIPO guidelines described athttps:/tind.wipo.int/record/45020?ln=en.Techn

189、ology areas are based on the WIPO concordance of International Patent Classifications to technology categories available at https:/www.wipo.int/ipstats/en/.Source(s):National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics;USPTO Bulk Data Storage System(BDSS);1790 Analytics,accessed June 2023.Science

190、and Engineering IndicatorsAcademic research on the share of women as inventors has highlighted factors outside of the technology field.Once women are in the science and engineering(S&E)workforce,factors that are associated with the increased participation of women as patented inventors include colla

191、boration with university advisors in graduate programs.This collaboration is associated with higher rates of first-time patenting by women,identifying a role for mentorship at universities in the invention process(Delgado and Murray 2021,2022).National Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NS

192、B-2024-130Knowledge Transfer Indicators:Putting Information to UseBoth formal R&D and informal activities like learning-by-doing produce new knowledge.Knowledge transfer encompasses the many activities whereby newly created knowledge is shared with those who can apply it,develop it,or transform it i

193、nto new outputs,inventions,and innovations.That knowledge can be transferred through the dissemination of the information embedded in documented R&D outputs,such as publications,patents,and software;through direct organization-to-organization interaction and collaboration;and via both formal and inf

194、ormal interaction among individuals.Coauthorship of research publications across business,academia,and government is used to measure the transfer of knowledge across sectors.Citations to the peer-reviewed scientific literature appearing in patents provide evidence of the application of scientific kn

195、owledge in inventions and highlight knowledge transfer within and between sectors(such as between universities and businesses).Knowledge embedded in technology constitutes a special case of knowledge transfer often referred to as technology transfer and is tracked for universities as well as for the

196、 federal government.Indicators discussed in this thematic report include both the narrower case of technology transfer and the broader category of knowledge transfer.The institutional performers of R&D activity are covered in detail in the forthcoming Indicators 2024 report“2024 Research and Develop

197、ment:U.S.Trends and International Comparisons”and the Indicators 2024 report“2024 Academic Research and Development.”Knowledge transfer also includes transfer between individuals,transfer from one organization to another,and transfer to new fields of study and domains of application.Business Collabo

198、rations and Patent Citations to Published LiteratureAll parties have the potential to benefit when business,academia,and government agencies collaborate.Through collaboration,the participants share access to advanced tools,emerging technologies,unpublished or private data,and technical expertise.Coa

199、uthorship of peer-reviewed publications in the Scopus database is an indicator of such collaborations.The Scopus database is an abstract and citation database of scholarly literature that is also used in the Indicators 2024 report“2024 Publications Output:U.S.Trends and International Comparisons.”To

200、 calculate collaboration activity,each author is credited once for their participation in the article.On this basis,more than 51,000 publications included authors with U.S.business affiliations.5 In 2022,over 45,600(90%)of business-authored publications were coauthored with authors from other instit

201、utions,up from about 44,000(75%)in 2008(Figure INV-11).Collaborations between U.S.business authors and U.S.academic authors grew by almost 4,000 publications to more than 29,000 in 2022(Figure INV-11).There were about 7,000 coauthored publications with U.S.government and U.S.business institutions,ab

202、out 13%of all business-authored publications in 2022(Figure INV-11).National Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2024-131Business sector publicationsNumber20082022All publicationsTotal coauthored010,00020,00030,00040,00050,00060,000Figure INV-11Business sector publications coauthored wi

203、th academic,government,and foreign institutions:2008 and 2022Note(s):Publications are classified by their publication year and are assigned to a sector based on the institutional address(es)listed within the author information.Each publication is credited to a sector based on the institution type.Ea

204、ch collaborating institution is credited as coauthoring in this figure when the listed authors come from different sectors.The publication is counted as one count in the sector(whole counting).Publications can be authored by collaborators in multiple sectors;thus,the sum of publications coauthored w

205、ith various sectors can exceed the total.Publications from unknown U.S.sectors are not shown.Source(s):National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics;Elsevier;Scopus abstract and citation database,accessed May 2023.Science and Engineering IndicatorsConsistent with the overall increase of int

206、ernational collaboration in peer-reviewed literature(NSB 2021a),the largest increase in collaboration for business-authored publications is with international authors.Among the business-coauthored publications,this category of cooperation grew the most.From 2008 to 2022,the number and proportion of

207、publications coauthored between U.S.businesses and foreign collaborators increased,reaching about 21,500(42%)of all business-authored publications in 2022 versus about 14,500 in 2008(25%)(Figure INV-11).Publications,citations,and collaborations in peer-reviewed literature are covered in greater dept

208、h in the Indicators 2024 report“2024 Publications Output:U.S.Trends and International Comparisons.”National Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2024-132S&E fieldNumberHealth sciencesComputer and information sciencesEngineeringChemistryPhysicsMaterials scienceAll other fields020,00040,00

209、060,00080,000Publications Cited in PatentsWhen peer-reviewed publications from any author are cited in thereferencesection of patent documents,the linkage between the two documents indicates that the scientific literature may have contributed knowledge to the patented invention.Analyses of these cit

210、ations show the disproportionately large role of academic publications in the nonpatent literature cited in patents,pointing to the importance of academic research in invention(Table SINV-21).Of almost 634,000 citations to S&E articles in patents in 2022,about 30%were to articles from the U.S.academ

211、ic sector(Table SINV-21).6By field of science,biological and biomedical sciences are cited more often than any other S&E field in U.S.-granted patents;this is true for U.S.authors affiliated with academia,business,or federal laboratories.However,the scale of these citations varies substantially amon

212、g sectors:for S&E publications in the biological and biomedical sciences,those with academic authors were cited by patents 61,000 times,while those publications with business authors were cited 13,000 times and those with federal authors were cited 5,000 times(Table SINV-21).In addition to biologica

213、l and biomedical sciences,health sciences publications are cited next most frequently in patent documents.U.S.academic authors accounted for almost 50,000 health sciences citations in patent documents(Figure INV-12).Figure INV-12Citations of U.S.academic S&E articles in USPTO utility patents,by S&E

214、field of the articles cited:2022USPTO=Patent and Trademark Office.Note(s):See Table SINV-21 for additional detail.Source(s):National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics;Science-Metrix;PatentsView,USPTO,accessed June 2023;Elsevier,Scopus abstract and citation database,accessed May 2023.Scie

215、nce and Engineering IndicatorsNational Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2024-133Federal Publications Cited in PatentsAt the department or agency level and across disciplines,the Department of Energy(DOE)has the highest number of peer-reviewed publications by federal government author

216、s,about 19,100 in 2022,followed by Department of Health and Human Services(HHS)with 14,000.Publications by federal government authors affiliated with HHS received about 16,000 citations in patent documents in 2022,and those affiliated with DOE authors received the next highest number of citations wi

217、th about 11,100 citations(Table INV-2).The role of these agencies in knowledge transfer is illustrated by the relative magnitudes of these publications and patent citations compared with the magnitude of USPTO patents granted to inventors from federal departments or agencies.Only inventors affiliate

218、d with the Department of Defense(DOD)and DOE were granted more than 400 utility patents in 2022(Table INV-2).Table INV-2USPTO utility patent and publication metrics for selected federal departments or agencies:2022(Number)Metric descriptionUSDADOCDODDOEHHSDHSDOIDOTVAEPA NASAPublications cited in gra

219、nted USPTO patents,by authors affiliated agency1,6891,5054,61411,11616,06361134296,0271271,277Publications with authors from U.S.federal agencies,by authors affiliated agency6,4224,2099,16019,10013,9231572,72518113,4226726,303Patents granted to U.S.federal agencies,by inventors agency of employment2

220、237465425147431164873DHS=Department of Homeland Security;DOC=Department of Commerce;DOD=Department of Defense;DOE=Department of Energy;DOI=Department of the Interior;DOT=Department of Transportation;EPA=Environmental Protection Agency;HHS=Department of Health and Human Services;NASA=National Aeronau

221、tics and Space Administration;USDA=Department of Agriculture;USPTO=Patent and Trademark Office;VA=Department of Veterans Affairs.Note(s):Data are presented by calendar year.Patents are credited on a whole-count basis(i.e.,each participating federal agency on a patent is credited for the entire paten

222、t,regardless of coassignments).Articles are credited on a whole-count basis(i.e.,each participating federal agency on an article receives credit for the entire article,regardless of coauthors).The sum of the individual federal agencies may exceed the total across agencies because articles may have a

223、uthors from multiple federal agencies.Source(s):Science-Metrix using USPTO data indexed in PatentsView,accessed June 2023;Science-Metrix from data provided in Scopus(Elsevier)database,accessed May 2023.Science and Engineering IndicatorsStartup Companies and University Knowledge Transfer ActivitiesCh

224、ange in the number of business establishments created in a given year is an aspect of business dynamism that reflects both broad economic factors as well as the impact of technology transfer to the business sector.For example,in several of the years preceding the global financial crisis,more than 60

225、0,000 U.S.establishments were less than 1 year old;that number of new establishments has not been reached in any year since 2008(Figure INV-13).National Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2024-134YearNumberNumberEconomywideWith licensed university technology2000200120022003200420052006

226、200720082009201020112012201320142015201620172018201920202021050,000100,000150,000200,000250,000300,000350,000400,000450,000500,000550,000600,000650,000700,000750,00002505007501,0001,250Figure INV-13Annual economywide business startups and startups with licensed university technology:200021 Note(s):B

227、usiness startups are establishments born within the last 12 months.University startups are based on a survey question that asks how many startup companies were formed in a given year that were dependent on the licensing of the institutions technology for initiation.Startup companies reported by univ

228、ersities in AUTM data refer only to those companies that were formed in the reporting year specifically to develop the technology being licensed.Source(s):Census Bureau,Business Dynamics Statistics,economywide data through 2021,available at https:/data.census.gov/table?q=BDSTIMESERIES.BDSEAGE&tid=BD

229、STIMESERIES.BDSEAGE&hidePreview=true,accessed October 2023;and AUTM,Statistics Access for Technology Transfer(STATT)Database,Version 4.2,accessed April 2023.Science and Engineering IndicatorsA small subset of those startups is formed specifically to develop and license university technology.These st

230、artups represent a technology commercialization component of knowledge transfer by university faculty,staff,and students.In addition,for many technology-based startups,possession of a patent or an exclusive option to license a patent is an important factor in attracting external financing.In each ye

231、ar between 2015 and 2021,more than 1,000 businesses were reported as startups by universities in AUTM data(Figure INV-13).These startup companies reported by universities in AUTM data refer to companies that were formed in the reporting year specifically to develop the technology being licensed(AUTM

232、 2022).National Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2024-135Patented inventions can be licensed directly to an external party,or an exclusive option can be granted for licensing rights at a future date.According to AUTM,U.S.universities issued almost 8,800 new licenses or options in 202

233、1.Increasingly,university technology licenses or license options are executed by startups and small firms(those with fewer than 500 employees).In 2011,startups and small businesses accounted for 69%of new licenses or optionsby 2021,this portion had increased to 78%(Table INV-3).Most university-relat

234、ed startups are in the home state of the research university(66%)(Figure INV-14).The number of university-related startups launched annually increased steadily through 2017 and reached a peak of 1,125 in 2020 before declining slightly in 2021(Figure INV-14).Table INV-3University technology licenses

235、or license options executed,by company characteristic:2011,2016,and 2021(Number)Company characteristic201120162021All licenses,total active6,0857,72610,409New licenses or options executed5,8627,1658,769Startups8981,4151,480Small companies3,1243,5985,344Large companies1,8402,1521,945Note(s):AUTM coll

236、ects data on invention and patent-related activities of its member universities and hospitals.Responding institutions may report for any 12-month period ending in the identified year.Startup companies reported by universities in AUTM data refer only to those companies that were formed in the reporti

237、ng year specifically to develop the technology being licensed.Counts of licenses to startups and small companies are mutually exclusive.Small companies are those with fewer than 500 employees.Source(s):AUTM,AUTM Licensing Survey(various years),accessed April 2023.Science and Engineering IndicatorsNa

238、tional Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2024-136YearNumberStartups out of home stateStartups in home state1999200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017201820192020202102505007501,0001,250Figure INV-14Startup companies based on licensed university techno

239、logy,by company location:19992021Note(s):The survey question asks how many startup companies were formed in a given year that were dependent on the licensing of the institutions technology for initiation.Startup companies reported by universities in AUTM data refer only to those companies that were

240、formed in the reporting year specifically to develop the technology being licensed.Source(s):AUTM,Statistics Access for Technology Transfer(STATT)Database,Version 4.2,accessed April 2023.Science and Engineering IndicatorsFederal Government Knowledge Transfer SupportMultiple indicators provide insigh

241、t into how federal R&D contributes to innovation through knowledge transfer.Federal laboratories facilitate knowledge transfer in various ways,with several measures reported annually by congressional mandate.These measures include R&D spending,invention disclosures,patenting,licensing,and peer-revie

242、wed publications(NIST 2022).Additionally,federal laboratories and federal science-funding agencies support startups in many ways,including through material transfer agreements and collaborative research.Researchers at these laboratories are required to report the development of novel techniques and

243、technologies to laboratory management as invention disclosure.While each federal agency has its own process for determining when a researcher is required to file an invention disclosure,the disclosure form is designed to provide the laboratories with sufficient notice to file for patent protection o

244、n promising inventions.Two agencies(DOE and National Aeronautics and Space Administration)accounted for over 60%of federal agency invention disclosures in each year from 2011 to 2020,with collectively more than 3,000 disclosures each year(Figure INV-15).National Science Board|Science&Engineering Ind

245、icators|NSB-2024-137Fiscal yearNumberDOCDODDOEHHSNASAUSDAOther agenciesFY 2011FY 2012FY 2013FY 2014FY 2015FY 2016FY 2017FY 2018FY 2019FY 202005001,0001,5002,0002,500Figure INV-15Invention disclosures reported by selected agencies:FYs 201120DOC=Department of Commerce;DOD=Department of Defense;DOE=Dep

246、artment of Energy;HHS=Department of Health and Human Services;NASA=National Aeronautics and Space Administration;USDA=Department of Agriculture.Note(s):Federal employees are required to report inventions in a reasonable time through the agencys Invention Disclosure Form.The number of invention discl

247、osures refers to the number of Invention Disclosure Forms submitted to an agencys management during the fiscal year.Source(s):National Institute of Standards and Technology,Federal Lab Technology Transfer Database,October 2022,and Summary Report on Federal Laboratory Technology Transfer FY2020,https

248、:/www.nist.gov/tpo/reports-and-publications,accessed May 2023.Science and Engineering IndicatorsCollaborative relationships include cooperative R&D agreements(CRADAs),of which the traditional type involves an agreement between a federal agency or laboratory and one or more nonfederal organizations.T

249、he nonfederal organization(a business,nonprofit,or other government entity)provides some of its own resources for research activity.In exchange,the nonfederal organization is granted the option for an exclusive license to the resulting technologies,if any.Nontraditional CRADAs provide material trans

250、fer or other forms of federal technical assistance that may result in protected information.The Department of Commerce(DOC)consistently enters into the highest number of CRADAs(Figure INV-16)due to the cooperative research activity at the National Institute of Standards and Technology,which works cl

251、osely with industry on standards development,metrology techniques,and other research areas with high commercial relevance(DOC 2020).In addition to the technology transfer metrics described here,federal agencies also release data sets and open-source software,and they engage in science activities wit

252、h the public(see sidebar Federal Support for Open Science and Public Engagement in Science).National Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2024-138Fiscal yearNumberDOCDODDOEHHSUSDANASAFY 2011FY 2012FY 2013FY 2014FY 2015FY 2016FY 2017FY 2018FY 2019FY 202005001,0001,5002,0002,5003,000Figure

253、 INV-16New CRADAs signed by selected agencies:FYs 201120CRADA=Cooperative Research and Development Agreement;DOC=Department of Commerce;DOD=Department of Defense;DOE=Department of Energy;HHS=Department of Health and Human Services;NASA=National Aeronautics and Space Administration;USDA=Department of

254、 Agriculture.Note(s):A CRADA is an agreement between a federal laboratory and a nonfederal entity that is executed under the authority of 15 U.S.Code 3710a and that includes a research plan or statement of work.Source(s):National Institute of Standards and Technology,Federal Lab Technology Transfer

255、Database,October 2022,and Summary Report on Federal Laboratory Technology Transfer FY2020,https:/www.nist.gov/tpo/reports-and-publications,accessed May 2023.Science and Engineering IndicatorsSIDEBAR FEDERAL SUPPORT FOR OPEN SCIENCE AND PUBLIC ENGAGEMENT IN SCIENCEFederal Support for Open Science and

256、 Public Engagement in ScienceThe White House and other federal agencies declared 2023 to be a year of open science,highlighting information about federal activities that share the results of its research and other work(OSTP 2023).In addition to knowledge creation through publications and patenting,t

257、he federal government also shares knowledge it has supported through access to data sets and to software code.As of October 2023,more than 250,000 data sets have been shared(Data.gov).The measures reported here are from federal websites;they are not based on mandatory reporting or comprehensive admi

258、nistrative data.As a result,they can be understood as a limited view of the activity described.National Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2024-139Open-source software provides a form of knowledge transfer through the sharing of digital tools.The U.S.federal government supports the sha

259、ring of software developed by and for the federal government through its federal Source Code Policy,which provides a framework for government code to be released and reused through open-source software licensing.This policy allows software created for narrow federal purposes to be reused elsewhere w

260、ithin the federal government,multiplying its value to the government,and outside of the federal government,further extending its impact.In 2009,only the Department of Energy(DOE),the Department of Commerce,and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration(NASA)used open-source platforms to share

261、 software with other users;by 2023,26 federal departments and agencies did so,based on data at Code.gov.Federal support for individuals to participate in organized science activity is one way that knowledge about the conduct of science is transferred to the lay public to use.Public science,or citize

262、n science,is a form of open collaboration in which individuals or organizations participate as volunteers in scientific progress.Data collected from the U.S.federal government website CitizenScience.gov(https:/www.citizenscience.gov/#)provide the number of citizen science projects per agency.While t

263、he federal government uses the term citizen science as well as crowdsourcing,this thematic report has adopted the more accurate and inclusive term public science.In 2023,there were 579 projects sponsored by U.S.federal agencies and departments and reported on CitizenScience.gov(Table INV-C).With 174

264、 projects,the National Park Service leads federal agencies and departments in sponsoring public science projects,followed by the National Science Foundation(with 77 projects)and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration(with 60 projects)(Table INV-C).The sharing of data sets and of open-so

265、urce software projects comprise another aspect of open science for the government.As of 2020,NASA has made publicly available more than 32,000 data sets,and DOE has made public almost 2,000 software projects(Table INV-D).National Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2024-140Table INV-CCu

266、mulative federally sponsored public science projects on CitizenScience.gov,by federal department or agency:2022(Number)SponsorNumberTotal579National Park Service174National Science Foundation77National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration60Environmental Protection Agency47Geological Survey44Depart

267、ment of Agriculture37National Aeronautics and Space Administration28Forest Service21Fish and Wildlife Service16Smithsonian Institution14National Institutes of Health12Department of Energy8Department of the Interior8Centers for Disease Control and Prevention7Bureau of Land Management4All other U.S.fe

268、deral projects22Source(s):CitizenScience.gov,tabulated by RTI International,April 2023.Science and Engineering IndicatorsTable INV-DKnowledge products posted by selected federal agencies:2020(Number)AgencyData setsSoftware codeDOD37817DOE2,8681,948HHS2,041179NASA32,0891,257DOD=Department of Defense;

269、DOE=Department of Energy;HHS=Department of Health and Human Services;NASA=National Aeronautics and Space Administration.Note(s):Data are cumulative as of March 2020.Data are reported for the agencies whose laboratories have the largest R&D budgets.Source(s):National Academies of Sciences,Engineering

270、,and Medicine,2021,Advancing Commercialization of Digital Products from Federal Laboratories,Table 7.2,https:/doi.org/10.17226/26006;Data.gov;Code.gov.Science and Engineering IndicatorsNational Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2024-141As individual contributors,developers with federa

271、l agency or department affiliations have also made extensive contributions to open-source software,based on information from the GitHub platform(Table SINV-29).The Indicators 2022 report“2022 Invention,Knowledge Transfer,and Innovation”provides more extensive discussion of agency-specific informatio

272、n on open-source repositories(NSB Indicators 2022:Table INV-4)as well as information about international collaboration in the development of open-source software(NSB Indicators 2022:Figure INV-A).National Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2024-142Innovation Indicators:Introducing New

273、Products and ProcessesThe implementation of new ideas in the form of products or processes with real-world applications is what separates innovations from inventions.Access to financing is an essential component of the translation of new knowledge into innovations.This section presents a range of in

274、dicators of innovation output,starting with data on the funding of innovation through federal programs and through private venture capital.Often,these two kinds of funding work together,with federal funding providing the earlier stage of financial capital.High rates of innovation activity in the bus

275、iness sector indicate a dynamic economy,whether at the local,regional,or national level(Hall and Jaffe 2018).A key indicator of business innovation activity is the proportion of companies within an industry that introduce new or significantly improved products and processes.Self-reported industry-le

276、vel data for the United States are provided on the introduction of new or significantly improved products and processes by U.S.businesses,from a joint NCSES and Census Bureau survey.Trademark registrations from the USPTO“capture the moment at which products or services are introduced into the market

277、,turning inventions into innovations”(von Graevenitz,Graham,and Myers 2022:22728).Thus,trademarks represent another direct measure of innovative output by firms.Compared with patenting,trademarking is easier and less costly,and it does not have the same requirements regarding novelty(Millot 2009);co

278、nsequently,small and new businesses apply for trademarks more frequently than they apply for patents(Greenhalgh et al.2011;Seip,Castaldi,and Flikkema 2019).Therefore,trademarks can reveal service,marketing,and organizational innovation that would not otherwise be captured because the source of innov

279、ation is not always tied to technological advances(Castaldi,Block,and Flikkema 2020).The central role of the business sector in innovation activity has shaped the available data,and most indicators of innovation address the private sector.Notwithstanding the availability of data,however,a diverse se

280、t of actors that span the economic sectors of the economy contributes to the creation of innovative output,including universities,government agencies,and public scientists.Small Business Innovation ResearchOne type of federal government support is the Small Business Innovation Research(SBIR)program.

281、SBIR was established in legislation by the Small Business Innovation Development Act of 1982(P.L.97-219)to increase the participation of small firms in federally funded R&D.Federal agencies with over$100 million per year in extramural research spending must establish an agency-specific SBIR program,

282、under the framework and guidelines set by the Small Business Administration(SBA).Over time,the programs objectives have expanded to include the promotion of participation by women-owned and socially disadvantaged businesses and to encourage the commercialization of innovations developed with federal

283、 R&D funding.In 1992,Congress established a complementary program,the Small Business Technology Transfer(STTR)program,which supports small firms seeking to commercialize technologies developed at universities and other research institutes.As of FY 2022,each U.S.federal government agency with over$10

284、0 million in R&D expenditures is required to spend 3.2%of its extramural research budget on its SBIR program.There are currently 11 agencies operating SBIR programs,and 5 of those agencies also have STTR programs.Agencies with over$1 billion in R&D spending per year must also operate an STTR program

285、,with funding set at 0.45%of that agencys extramural budget(SBA 2023b).SBIR funds are awarded at two levels.From the perspective of funding innovation,Phase II awards provide more direct assistance to firms seeking to get new products and services to market.Through these Phase II SBIR awards,federal

286、 agencies that fund R&D provide direct support for technology development and commercialization to over 1,000 firms per year.The number of firms receiving Phase II SBIR and STTR awards each year rose from 1,171 in 2012 to 1,870 in 2022(Figure INV-17).At the agency and department level,the largest sh

287、are of awardees was funded by DOD(50%)(Figure INV-18).National Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2024-143YearNumber2012201320142015201620172018201920202021202205001,0001,5002,000Figure INV-17Firms receiving Phase II SBIR or STTR awards:201222SBIR=Small Business Innovation Research;STT

288、R=Small Business Technology Transfer.Note(s):Firms receiving multiple SBIR or STTR Phase II awards in the same year are counted only once for that year.Source(s):Small Business Administration,SBIR/STTR Award database,accessed August 2023.Science and Engineering IndicatorsNational Science Board|Scien

289、ce&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2024-144YearPercentUSDADODDOCDOEHHSNASANSFOther201220132014201520162017201820192020202120220102030405060708090100Figure INV-18Firms receiving Phase II SBIR or STTR awards,by awarding agency:201222DOC=Department of Commerce;DOD=Department of Defense;DOE=Department of Ene

290、rgy;HHS=Department of Health and Human Services;NASA=National Aeronautics and Space Administration;NSF=National Science Foundation;SBIR=Small Business Innovation Research;STTR=Small Business Technology Transfer;USDA=Department of Agriculture.Note(s):Firms receiving multiple SBIR or STTR Phase II awa

291、rds in the same year are counted only once for that year.Other includes awards from Department of Education,Department of Homeland Security,Department of Transportation,and Environmental Protection Agency.Source(s):Small Business Administration,SBIR/STTR Award database,accessed August 2023.Science a

292、nd Engineering IndicatorsVenture Capital and InnovationVenture capital is a particularly important indicator of innovation because venture investors tend to invest in companies with products that they believe have a significant likelihood of achieving market success.Venture capital-backed firms that

293、 become publicly traded are more likely to have recorded R&D expenditures compared to publicly traded firms that were not originally venture backed(Lerner and Nanda 2020).In this regard,data on venture capital investment trends can be viewed as leading indicators of the innovative output expected fr

294、om startups because those funds are used to create innovations.National Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2024-145YearMillions of dollarsLater stage venture capital investmentEarly stage venture capital investmentSeed20032004200520062007200820092010201120122013201420152016201720182019

295、202020212022050,000100,000150,000200,000250,000300,000350,000Venture capital investment primarily funds high-risk and early stage firms.The funding for venture capital flows from large institutional investors,called limited partners(e.g.,pension funds,university endowments,private equity funds,and f

296、oundations),to venture investors,who then select the firms to support.Early stage firms give up equity ownership shares in exchange for these investments.These equity shares are not easily traded,so the venture investors(and their limited partners)only receive compensation when the early stage firm

297、has a public stock offering or is acquired by a larger firm.Since early stage firms have a high rate of failure,venture investors deploy capital across a portfolio of these firms,expecting that one successful investment will compensate for the many that yield no returns.Worldwide,venture capital inv

298、estments ranged between$300 billion and$400 billion between 2018 and 2020.In 2021,however,these investments experienced an unprecedented boom.Global venture investments almost doubled between 2020 and 2021,reaching an all-time high of more than$740 billion.This historic increase in 2021 was followed

299、 by a decrease to about$540 billion in 2022,a decline of 27%(Table SINV-31).Venture capital investments within the United States followed a similar pattern,with about$350 billion invested in 2021,followed by a 28%decline to$250 billion in 2022.About$150 billion of venture capital invested in U.S.fir

300、ms in 2022 involved later-stage funding,a 38%decline from the 2021 peak of$240 billion in 2021(Figure INV-19).Later-stage investment capital accounted for over 60%of U.S.venture capital funding in 2022(Figure INV-19).Although a smaller share of overall venture capital,seed funding increased 30%betwe

301、en 2021 and 2022,reflecting strength in early stage companies.Figure INV-19Venture capital investment received by firms headquartered in the United States,by deal stage:200322Note(s):Deal stage is the stage as reported,based on the maturity of the firm receiving the venture investment.Source(s):Pitc

302、hBook,venture capital and private equity database,special tabulations,accessed September 2023.National Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2024-146YearNumberWestSouthMidwestNortheast2003200420052006200720082009201020112012201320142015201620172018201920202021202205,00010,00015,00020,000S

303、cience and Engineering IndicatorsGeographically,firms in the western United States continued to account for the largest share of firms receiving venture capital funding in 2021 and 2022(45%and 43%,respectively),followed by firms in the Northeast(26%and 26%,respectively)(Figure INV-20).The rapid incr

304、ease in venture investment activity in the United States did not affect the overall geographic concentration of that activity.Figure INV-20Firms headquartered in the United States receiving venture capital investment,by Census region:200322Note(s):Regions are defined by the Census Bureau for the Eco

305、nomic Census.See https:/www.census.gov/programs-surveys/economic-census/guidance-geographies/levels.html.Source(s):PitchBook,venture capital and private equity database,special tabulations,accessed September 2023.Science and Engineering IndicatorsAt the industry level,software firms have accounted f

306、or the largest share of firms receiving venture capital investments each year since 2013.These firms accounted for 43%of firms receiving venture capital investment in 2022,representing an increase in share of 2.4 percentage points compared to 2013(Figure INV-21).Health care and biomedical firms were

307、 the next highest in terms of share for 2021 and 2022.Overall,the distribution of firms receiving venture capital funding each year by industry remained roughly similar from 2013 to 2022.National Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2024-147YearPercentAgriculture and foodBiomedicalConsum

308、er goods and servicesCommercial servicesEnergyFinancial servicesHealth careInformation and communications technologyIndustrial productsInformation technologySoftwareTransportation and defenseOther20132014201520162017201820192020202120220102030405060708090100Figure INV-21Firms headquartered in the Un

309、ited States receiving venture capital investment,by industry:201322Note(s):Industry categories are aggregates of PitchBook Primary Industry Codes based on product or service markets.See Table SINV-33.Source(s):PitchBook,venture capital and private equity database,special tabulations,accessed Septemb

310、er 2023.Science and Engineering IndicatorsTrademarks:U.S.TrendsProducts receiving trademark protection provide an indication of industries with high innovation activity.Trademarking allows firms that engage in R&D and patenting to appropriate greater returns from their innovations,suggesting a usefu

311、l and separate innovation indicator from patenting(Dinlersoz et al.2018;Castaldi,Block,and Flikkema 2020).In 2022,the USPTO registered 333,000 trademarks to owners across the world,including 172,000 to U.S.owners(Table SINV-35).Along with other types of invention and innovation,in the pandemic year

312、of 2020 the number of USPTO trademarks registered dropped 9%from the year before,rebounding in 2021(Table SINV-35).Across product types,knowledge-intensive products and services account for high numbers of trademarks;of the 172,000 U.S.registered trademarks in 2022,the highest numbers are in the cat

313、egories of leisure,education,and training;scientific research,information,and communication technology;and management,communications,real estate,and financial services(Figure INV-22).Table SINV-34 through Table SINV-48 provide product level detail.A supplemental workbook released with this report pr

314、ovides annual county-level data(File USPTO trademarks,by county and product).National Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2024-148Business sectorNumberLeisure,education,and trainingTextiles:clothing and accessoriesPharmaceuticals,health,and cosmeticsAgricultural products and servicesHou

315、sehold equipmentConstruction and infrastructureTransportation and logisticsChemicals05,00010,00015,00020,00025,00030,00035,000Figure INV-22U.S.-registered USPTO trademarks,by business sector:2022USPTO=Patent and Trademark Office.Note(s):Trademarks are allocated according to holder information and ar

316、e fractionally allocated to regions,countries,or economies based on the proportion of residences of all named holders.Trademarks are classified under the Nice Classification of goods and services,which classifies trademarks under 34 categories of goods and 11 categories of services;see https:/www.wi

317、po.int/classifications/nice/en/.Fractional counts of trademarks were assigned to each category to assign the proper weight of a trademark to the corresponding category under the classification.See Table SINV-34 through Table SINV-47 for other years and countries.See Table SINV-35 for detail on the 1

318、0 aggregate business sectors.Source(s):National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics;Science-Metrix;USPTO data hosted by Reed Tech(LexisNexis),accessed June 2023.Science and Engineering IndicatorsTrademark activity is unevenly spread across the United States,with more intensive activity alo

319、ng the coasts,the Rocky Mountain region,parts of Texas,and the Great Lakes region(Figure INV-23).In 2022,almost 75%of all counties had at least one trademark issued,making trademark activity more geographically disbursed across the interior of the United States compared with the regional patenting d

320、escribed in this thematic reports section Invention Indicators:Protecting Useful Ideas,in which 64%of counties had at least one patent.The top three counties in 2022 for trademark intensity are Sheridan County in Wyoming,followed by Teton County,also in Wyoming,and then by New York County in New Yor

321、k State.National Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2024-149ZeroQuadrant 1:0.0120.095Quadrant 2:0.0960.173Quadrant 3:0.1740.318Quadrant 4:0.31910.702Figure INV-23Registered USPTO trademarks per 1,000 residents,by U.S.county:2022USPTO=Patent and Trademark Office.Note(s):USPTO trademarks

322、 are allocated according to holder information.U.S.addresses were geocoded to 3,143 U.S.counties according to U.S.states,U.S.cities,and ZIP Codes appearing in these addresses.Trademarks are classified under the 11th edition of the Nice Classification of goods and services,which classifies trademarks

323、 under 34 categories of goods and 11 categories of services.Fractional counts of trademarks were assigned to each category to assign the proper weight of a trademark to the corresponding category under the classification.These counts are then grouped under 10 industry sectors following a mapping def

324、ined by Edital.See File USPTO trademarks,by county and product for additional detail.Source(s):National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics;Science-Metrix;USPTO data hosted by Reed Tech(LexisNexis),accessed June 2023.Population data from the Census Bureau accessed June 2023 at https:/www2.

325、census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/tables/2020-2022/counties/totals/co-est2022-pop.xlsx.Science and Engineering IndicatorsAt the international level,the internationalization of commerce has coincided with an increasing share of USPTO trademarks registered to foreign assignees.The number of foreign-r

326、egistered USPTO trademarks has grown more rapidly in recent years than the number of USPTO trademarks registered to U.S.assignees(Figure INV-24).While those assigned to the United States grew by 12%between 2012 and 2022,the number of USPTO trademarks assigned to China grew from 2,810 to 120,004.For

327、South Korea,the growth rate was 185%(Figure INV-24).National Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2024-150YearNumberAll others and unclassifiedTaiwanSouth KoreaJapanChinaEU-27United States2008200920102011201220132014201520162017201820192020202120220100,000200,000300,000400,000Figure INV-

328、24Registered USPTO trademarks,by selected region,country,or economy:200822EU-27=European Union;USPTO=Patent and Trademark Office.Note(s):Trademarks are allocated according to holder information.Trademarks are fractionally allocated among regions,countries,oreconomies based on the proportion of resid

329、ences of all named holders.Trademarks are classified under the 11th edition of the Nice Classification of goods and services,which classifies trademarks under 34 categories of goods and 11 categories of services.Fractional counts of trademarks were assigned to each category to assign the proper weig

330、ht of a trademark to the corresponding category under the classification.See Table SINV-48 for additional countries.Beginning in 2020,the United Kingdom was no longer a member of the EU.China includes Hong Kong.Source(s):National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics;Science-Metrix;USPTO dat

331、a hosted by Reed Tech(LexisNexis),accessed June 2023.Science and Engineering IndicatorsAs noted with USPTO utility patents,factors behind the increase in trademark activity in China include government subsidies that exceed the cost of filing for foreign trademark applications and government mandates

332、 requiring an increase in trademark filing(USPTO 2021).Business InnovationThe business innovation activity indicator reported here is the proportion of companies within an industry that report introducing new or significantly improved products,which can be goods or services.The data reported here ar

333、e based on the business innovation survey framework of the Oslo Manual(OECD/Eurostat 2018).7National Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2024-151IndustryPercentAll industriesMachineryOther chemicalsOther transportationComputer systems design and related servicesScientific research and development servicesPharmaceuticals and medicinesTelecommunicationsOther computer and electronic prod