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1、Metaverse Identity:Defining the Self in a Blended RealityI N S I G H T R E P O R TM A R C H 2 0 2 4In collaboration with AccentureImages:Getty Images,MidjourneyDisclaimer This document is published by the World Economic Forum as a contribution to a project,insight area or interaction.The findings,in

2、terpretations and conclusions expressed herein are a result of a collaborative process facilitated and endorsed by the World Economic Forum but whose results do not necessarily represent the views of the World Economic Forum,nor the entirety of its Members,Partners orotherstakeholders.2024 World Eco

3、nomic Forum.All rights reserved.No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means,including photocopying and recording,or by any information storage and retrieval system.ContentsForeword 3Executive summary 4Introduction 51 Metaverse identity 71.1 A story about

4、metaverse identity 81.2 The role of identity 81.3 What is metaverse identity?102 Inferring identity from data 132.1 Your metaverse identity generates data 142.2 How metaverse identity data is processed matters 142.3 AI/MLs role in inferred data 152.4 New lexicon required to describe metaverse identi

5、ty 162.5 Data processing trade-offs 163 Identification(ID)in the metaverse 183.1 Digital ID and representation 193.2 Bifurcating digital ID and representation 203.3 New form factors of digital ID 213.4 Know-your-customer in the metaverse 213.5 Requirement for a nuanced digital identity approach 224

6、Representation through metaverse identity 234.1 Presentation through multiple identities and spaces 244.2 Representation across realities 254.3 Dysmorphia and depersonalization-derealization 265 Digital entities in the metaverse 275.1 What are digital entities?285.2 Responsible digital entity design

7、 305.3 Accountability and digital entities 326 Education is key 34Conclusion 36Contributors 37Endnotes 43Metaverse Identity:Redefining Identity for a Blended Reality2ForewordThe metaverse aims to be the future of the internet a spatial,social internet experience that uses existing and emerging techn

8、ologies to seamlessly blend physical and digital worlds.With recent developments in generative artificial intelligence(AI),metaverse creation and growth may expand.While media announcements about AI and the metaverse may compete for media attention,they are,in fact,partners in this digital evolution

9、.The metaverse will act as a conduit to blend the digital world with the physical world and transform how people interact with information,others and their surroundings.One of the central elements inthis advancement is“identity”.In May 2022,the World Economic Forum launched the Defining and Building

10、 the Metaverse Initiative,which orchestrates an integrated approach to the development and governance of the metaverse.The initiative is divided into two workstreams:governance and economic and social value creation.It seeks to build a responsible,equitable,inclusive,diverse and accessible metaverse

11、 through discussions with a wide array of stakeholders.This report is a continuation of the World Economic Forums Defining and Building the Metaverse Initiative.In collaboration with Accenture,previous outputs from this initiative include:Interoperability in the Metaverse Privacy and Safety in the M

12、etaverse Demystifying the Consumer Metaverse Social Implications in the Metaverse Exploring the Industrial MetaverseIn this report,the governance workstream underscores the imperative for global collaboration in forming a shared understanding of the metaverse and metaverse identity.It aims to set be

13、st practices that encourage innovation and growth while safeguarding privacy and security.Ignoring theevolving expectations of identity in themetaverse could lead to repeating current internet shortcomings.To build a metaverse that is economically vibrant as well as equitable,accessible and inclusiv

14、e,attention must be given to human rights,equality andsustainability.The report draws on contributions from a diverse global working group of over150 experts across academia,international organizations,civil society,government,technology and business sectors.Daniel Dobrygowski Head,Governance and Tr

15、ust,Centre for the Fourth Industrial Revolution Digital Technologies,WorldEconomic ForumDave Treat Senior Managing Director,Innovation,Incubation Group Lead,AccentureMetaverse Identity:Redefining Identity for a Blended Reality March 2024Metaverse Identity:Redefining Identity for a Blended Reality3Ex

16、ecutive summaryThe metaverse,thought of as the future version of the internet,continues to garner research,development and investment interest around the world.It has immense potential to reshape the way individuals live,work and interact.As the convergence of extended reality(XR)technologies blur t

17、he boundaries between physical and virtual worlds,it becomes imperative to address the topic of“identity”to ensure an inclusive,equitable,accessible,secure and privacy-preserving metaverse.This report highlights the role metaverse identity plays in designing human-first experiences1 and catalyses st

18、akeholders to navigate the complexities of metaverse identity.Metaverse identity encompasses:Representation:including personal,social and role identity,be it through avatars,pseudonyms or other digital expressions Data:capturing the intricate web of knowledge about individuals generated by metaverse

19、-supporting hardware and software Identification(ID):be it through drivers licences,government-issued IDs,passports,birth certificates,attestations,labels,or usernames and passwords.These layers span human identities and the advent of digital entities avatars,virtual agents,digital replicas and othe

20、r assets that contribute to the richtapestry of metaverse inhabitants.As people spend more time exploring,playing and socializing in digital experiences,a persons metaverse identity will be central to their day-to-day life as well as to the way they express their personal identity.Education on what

21、it is and how to use it safely will be transformational.Given the broad socio-technical concept of identity,the implications and insights within this document are pertinent to a broader audience beyond those who focus primarily on the construct of digital ID.A multistakeholder,diverse group must com

22、e together to navigate identity challenges and sculpt a metaverse that is secure,beneficial and equitable for all.Therefore,metaverse identity requires ongoing input and collaboration from keystakeholders,including:Design teams Academia Business leaders in diverse fields ranging from security,market

23、ing and HR to strategy Government entities such as policy-makers and law enforcement Civil society and stakeholders from other assorted backgrounds such as standards associations,etc.While foundational elements of identity management and the myriad of identity system archetypes2(e.g.centralized,fede

24、rated and decentralized systems)and supporting technologies,such as blockchain,remain relevant,this report goes beyond questions of infrastructure and system management.This report examines identity as a means of crafting digital belonging and presence.By highlighting identity considerations,respons

25、ible data practices and inclusive design principles,this report aims to support stakeholders in conversations about how to navigate metaverse identity responsibly and ethically across data,representation,ID and digital entities.Identity encompassing representation,data and identification will be a c

26、ritical component of the metaverse.With the next evolution of the internet,it will be critical to confidently manage the connection between physicalhumans,associated digital identities and corresponding data.This is necessary to protect individuals,manage content and safely secure services.Responsib

27、le innovation is key to bridging the physical and digital worlds in ways that meets societal,legal and cultural needs community by community.BOX 1Responsible innovation is keyMetaverse Identity:Redefining Identity for a Blended Reality4IntroductionThe metaverse has emerged as a vision for the future

28、 of the internet built on the current internet and new spatial experiences.5,6 This report discusses the importance of metaverse identity andconsiderations that may set the foundation foran inclusive,privacy-preserving next era of theinternet.7Metaverse identity is an extension of identity as it is

29、known today encompassing forms of representation,data and identification(ID).For example:Representation:Beyond static profile pictures,users may adopt customizable digital assets such as avatars,augmented reality(AR)filters and accessories that reflect various facets of their identity,whether that b

30、e cultural attire,distinctive physical features or abstract designs that symbolize personal beliefs or affiliations.These presentations will cover a spectrum of manifestations from real-world appearance to entirely aspirational or creative.These expressions may extend to include words,actions,behavi

31、ours and mannerisms.Stakeholders must understand that representation is not limited to immersive experiences,such as virtual reality(VR)and platforms;representation blends physical and digital worlds across traditional 2D screens along with AR and mixed realities(MR).Data:Data points are capable of

32、describing identity.Paired with artificial intelligence (AI)/machine learning(ML)models that can analyse a persons interactions,movements and preferences further generates identity.Whether these(inferred)data points are capturing a persons current activities,predicting their next action or future pr

33、eferences,these data-based breadcrumbs provide information into ones identity.These attributes may influence the way the virtual environment responds to an individual,and outsiders perceive an individual or entity.ID:Similar to todays traditional identification systems like passports and drivers lic

34、ences IDs may evolve to include unique avatar designs,new body-based8 attestations or unique virtual signatures that validate ones existence and grant access to specific realms or activities.Metaverse identity extends beyond a tangible human to include digital entities.These encompass a range of ent

35、ities ranging from simple text-based chatbots to complex,human-like avatars and photo-realistic digital doppelgangers or digital replicas.Digital entities may represent humans(i.e.via avatars9,10),systems(i.e.via chatbots11,12),objects(i.e.via digital twins13,14)or other abstract concepts15,16 and a

36、re capable of varying degrees of interaction,autonomy and behaviour within digital experiences.Digital entities will be an enabling aspect of metaverse identity,facilitating and augmenting digital interactions.Digital identification is expanded in the metaverse through forms of representation,new da

37、ta types and digital entities.Metaverse insightThe metaverse aims to be a spatial,social internet experience3 that uses existing and emerging technologies to seamlessly blend physical and digital worlds.It will enable shared,persistent realities,transforming how people interact with information,othe

38、rs and their surroundings.4Metaverse Identity:Redefining Identity for a Blended Reality5Pillars of metaverse identityFIGURE 1RepresentationDataIdentificationDesigning for inclusion,diversity and accessibility Creating,collecting and processing“data about me”Managing identity and identifying oneself

39、HumanDigital entityLayers of identityIdentity typese.g.an individuals identity;this may be manifested through a digital entitye.g.avatars,chatbots,virtual agents,digital twins,etc.Pillars of metaverse identityGiven the well-known global discussion regarding ID,digital ID17 and system archetypes(cent

40、ralized,federated and decentralized)of identity infrastructure,18 this report will:Explore the above net-new facets of identity in the future internet,emphasizing the importance of its multi-dimensional nature and its pivotal role in shaping the digital future Conceptualize how metaverse identity ca

41、n bring human-by-design19 and human-first20 design requirements into the larger global conversation.The early development stage of the metaverse presents a unique opportunity to prioritize building a metaverse identity framework that champions inclusivity,accessibility,equity,diversity and sustainab

42、ility while enabling security and innovation.To achieve this,stakeholders must learn from real-world identity conversations and the challenges of previous internet generations and go forward with purpose.Without these important conversations,stakeholders risk revisiting the mistakes of current onlin

43、e experiences one that mirrors real-world inequality,privacy concerns and security threats on a vast,nearly infinite digital canvas.Metaverse Identity:Redefining Identity for a Blended Reality6Metaverse identity1To navigate metaverse identity,stakeholders must understand its ubiquity and impact on d

44、igital interactions,vulnerable populations and personal expression.Metaverse Identity:Redefining Identity for a Blended Reality7Metaverse identity broadens“identity”as it is known today and combines it with the digital underpinnings of the internet.It is a multi-layered construct of an individual or

45、 entity,including everything from representation to data and identification.Metaverse identity connects and anchors a person to the physical and virtual world.It is the foundation that privacy and security measures protect;it is the building block that enables recognition of the movement of money an

46、d objects.As interactions and transactions become more complex and diverse,a robust and adaptable identity framework will become the bedrock upon which digital trust,21 authenticity and metaverse experiences are built.Imagine a world where the boundaries between the physical and digital realms blur

47、and where this scenario is commonplace.Morning sun filters through the blinds as future-you rises from bed.Your virtual assistant,sensing youre awake,runs your pre-scripted morning wake-up routine.The companion authenticates you not just from a password but from your unique voice pattern.Once you ar

48、e verified,it runs the routine youve requested and reads out both your personal schedule and your work calendar;then,it prioritizes,summarizes and shares messages that were sent to your work email overnight.This mornings read-out puts you in the right mindset to tackle an early meeting in the office

49、.While prepping for your day,you put on your smart glasses,and they display a message from your mother.You consent to opening the messages,and rather than her text showing,her digital avatar (a close likeness to her real self)appears beside you in AR,relaying the message about a change in dinner pla

50、ns.Using your smart mirror and AI filters to make you more presentable so early in the morning you send a video reply.Meanwhile,your virtual assistant updates your itinerary for the evening and schedules an autonomous vehicle to pick you up after work to drive you to dinner.Throughout your day at th

51、e office,your smart glasses serve a dual purpose.They bring the work-from-home employees into the meeting roomto improve accessibility.Additionally,whenyou speak with colleagues,real-time data overlays provide context real-time subtitles,recent emails exchanged,upcoming shared events or even mutual

52、contacts aiding in smoother communication.All this is made possible because your co-workers have given tiered permission access as part of their professional digital identities.1.1 A story about metaverse identity1.2 The role of identity 1.2.1 Identity is foundational Child insightMetaverse identity

53、 choices made today will affect more than just adults;22 it will affect how childrens information,and the information of other vulnerable groups,is processed.In this near-future world,metaverse identity may simplify,secure and personalize everyday experiences.23 It highlights that the movement of a

54、persons identity across digital and physical spaces makes identity central to the future of the blended world.With this frontier comes an essential question:In an environment where the tangible and intangible converge,how can stakeholders best enable the management of data,representation and identif

55、ication while protecting individuals and encouraging innovation?The concept of identity is contextual,flexible,complex and fluid.Individually answering the question,“Who am I?”depends on a range of factors,including items such as:when someone asks the question,how one perceives themselves,their memb

56、ership to certain groups and how others influence ones self-perception.The answer provided by the individual may differ entirely from the one provided by a third party.For example,whether its members of ones community or an organization each will have their own distinct view of how they perceive an

57、individual.This is because the available information,or data,that they have will influence their perception of the individuals identity.Metaverse Identity:Redefining Identity for a Blended Reality8The metaverse offers a realm where identity is not just a concept,but a lived experience,demanding a ba

58、lance between self-expression and privacy protection.24Identity consists of layered aspects of cultural heritage,ethnicity,age,professional and social roles,hobbies,gender identification,sexual orientation and much more.These elements of identity can be sources of pride and self-expression.Yet,these

59、 very same attributes can become vulnerabilities in some contexts.Possession,let alone revealing certain identity facets,may invite bullying,harassment,stalking,discrimination,prosecution,legal action,persecution,grooming25 or bias.This duality casts a spotlight on the complexities of identity in th

60、e real world.1.2.2 The ID gap1.2.3 Metaverse identity is integral to future internet interactionsForms of ID such as passports and government IDs formalize an individuals identity;additionally,these can serve as credentials or means of authenticating and verifying individuals across physical and dig

61、ital spaces.While the metaverse may open new avenues to formalize ID,stakeholders should remember an often-overlooked challenge termed the“identification gap”26 or the number of individuals who do not have a form of ID.This ID gap underscores the importance of ensuring that,as society progresses int

62、o the digital era,efforts are made to be inclusive and mindful of those who,bychoice or circumstance,remain outside the formal bounds of identification.The lack of focus on identity may limit the social experiences within digital worlds;it may also have more serious consequences like unintentionally

63、 and negatively extending hegemonic27 or anthropomorphic28 norms to technology.Improperly designed metaverse identities may:Negatively influence social mobility in physical worlds,given the reliance economies have on digital platforms Hinder mechanisms to identify privately and securely,credential,a

64、uthenticate and verify an individual or digital human entity Improperly assign human-like qualities and essence to technology,resulting in over-trust and realization of harms ranging from psychological to emotional.Metaverse insightMetaverse Identity:Redefining Identity for a Blended Reality9To buil

65、d an inclusive,economically viable and responsible metaverse,stakeholders should be asking themselves:1.How will metaverse identity be understood by non-digital natives?2.How essential will the metaverse be to social and economic engagement?3.How is identity to be presented,perceived and interoperat

66、e across different jurisdictions and metaverse infrastructure models?Stakeholders must understand and discuss identity beyond the infrastructure foundations and system archetypes that authenticate and manage credentials.The metaverse presents an opportunity to recognize the individual at the centre

67、of these identity systems through inclusive,accessible and equitable design.The opportunity exists to define,redefine and protect through:Managing representation:creating inclusive,diverse digital presentation in a new medium inclusive of avatars or other digital assets that may mirror real-world as

68、pects of identity or embrace entirely new,imaginative forms Managing data through privacy-preserving technologies and processes via:Improving consent mechanisms Minimizing and selectively processing collected identity information Increasing transparency regarding data collection,data processing,the

69、purposes for which data will be used and implications of consenting to data collection/processing Maintaining selective anonymity and/or ability to control the disclosure of personal data Managing and facilitating ID associated experience via:Credentials and wallets Connections between people and di

70、gital assets Interactions between people and digital entities1.2.4 The opportunityBuilding a responsible and inclusive metaverse demands a deep understanding of diverse identity expectations and challenges acrossgeographies.29Everyone has a metaverse identity due to the choices they make both on and

71、 offline.Its critical that identity holders and other stakeholders alike protect it with sensitivity.Designing the future of the metaverse requires a nuanced approach to identity30 that necessitates an inclusive dialogue spanning geographies,ethnicities,gender and sectors to enable inclusivity,diver

72、sity,equity and accessibility.This report posits that metaverse identity refers to the manifestation of identity across digital and physical spaces;this encompasses expressions,credentials,data attributes and digital entities.1.3 What is metaverse identity?1.3.1 Who has a metaverse identity?Given th

73、at the metaverse is an extension of and an evolution of todays internet,it may be assumed that anyone online today can have a metaverse identity.Whether its composed of a photo,a Facebook profile,a Reddit account,a picture,an IP address,a gamer tag,digital wallet address,or something else,everyone o

74、nline has a collection of digital crumbs that accumulate to form a metaverse identity.Metaverse insightMetaverse insightMetaverse Identity:Redefining Identity for a Blended Reality10Metaverse identity extends beyond possessing an avatar and encompasses an individuals behaviours,preferences,movements

75、,actions and decisions made in digital realms whether they be AR,VR,MR,2D webpages or something else.Given this potential traceability between an individuals identity in the digital world and their“real-life”identity in the physical world,stakeholders should consider the tension between privacy,safe

76、ty,regulation32 and individual identity choices.Child insightMetaverse identities may be linked back to a real-world self;as such,additional considerations around privacy,safety and compliance is needed for the well-being of children and other vulnerablepopulations.311.3.2 Speaking a common identity

77、 languageMetaverse identity is composed of how onepresents themselves,the personas they assume and the credentials they possess.Behind all these layers are the supporting data points that capturethe essence of thoseexpressions.Metaverse identity layersFIGURE 2ExpressionPublic spaces(environmental sp

78、aces)Representation cultural,social,legal,geographicIdentity constructsPrivate spaces(personal,industrial,enterprise spaces)Presentationphysical attributes,characteristicsPersonasbehaviours and rolesCredentials(functional and foundational)authorizations,identifications,attestations,tokens and certif

79、ications“Real world identity”Physical spaces“Digital identity”Digital spacesWeb 2.0,metaverse(AR,MR and VR),IAM*,and DiDAbility to haveportability andinteroperability ofPrivacy and security choicesHow I lookThe behaviours and roles I assumeThe paper-based and digital credentials I carryHow my avatar

80、,personas and digital profiles lookThe behaviours and roles my digital self assumesThe digital credentials my avatar,personas,etc.carry Metaverse identity layers*Identity and access management*Decentralized identifiersGoverned by regulations,standards and jurisdictionsMy decisions in private spacesM

81、y decisions in virtual private spacesMy decisions inpublic spacesMy decisions in virtual public spacesTangible and intangible“data about me”Personal beliefs Digital assets I associate with myself(money and objects)Ability to disclose,shield,hide and/or assume anonymity/pseudonymityMetaverse Identity

82、:Redefining Identity for a Blended Reality11Child insightAs children craft their digital identities,they may inadvertently share sensitive information,making them susceptible to various online risks.33 Digital intermediaries,agents and guardians may offer asolution.1.3.3 Special attention is require

83、dThe importance of addressing privacy and safety34 cannot be understated as individuals,andparticularly vulnerable individuals,start onboarding to metaverse experiences.Vulnerable populations including children,populations with limited technological proficiencies or individuals with cognitive challe

84、nges affecting decision-making abilities have limited capacity for discernment,which requires heightened considerations for privacy and safety provided by parents,platforms and regulators alike.Vulnerable populations are more susceptible to online risks.Recognizing this,the introduction of both AI-d

85、riven and manually managed virtual guardians35 or specialized virtual assistants36 might offer a solution,acting as protective buffers.This could help manage and oversee an individuals interactions,ensuring that their metaverse experiences are enriching,privacy-preserving and safe while navigating t

86、he intrinsic tension between exploration and protection.Metaverse Identity:Redefining Identity for a Blended Reality12Inferring identity from data2New data types will identify users in new,more subtle ways,requiring a new lexicon and responsible data processing.Metaverse Identity:Redefining Identity

87、 for a Blended Reality13Use of AI/ML must adhere to responsible AI practices and principles including those relating to human rights,transparency,human autonomy and non-discrimination.422.1 Your metaverse identity generates dataIdentity goes beyond ID,like a passport or drivers licence.Metaverse ide

88、ntity includes data points.37Identity extends into the intricacies of an individuals behaviours,actions and choices.The way an individual speaks for example,with unique tonal inflexions or cultural idioms can offer insights into their background and upbringing.Similarly,a persons distinctive movemen

89、ts,whether its the fluidity of their dance or the precision of their basketball shots,tell tales of their experiences and passions.Collectively,these attributes can generate insights and inferred data.Inferred data revolves around deriving insights from information through pattern recognition within

90、 data.Inferred data38 is not new.This sophisticated analytical process,now aided by AI/ML,can examine seemingly unrelated behaviours,actions and choices to draw meaningful conclusions about a persons preferences,background and intentions.However,the new types of data available with the rise of the m

91、etaverse and supporting technologies will fundamentally shift the level of information available regarding“data about me”.392.2 How metaverse identity data is processed matters Statista expects that by 2025 nearly 181 zettabytes of data will be created,captured,copied and consumed worldwide.40 That

92、is nearly a 1,075%increase from 2015.41 Stakeholders must consider and plan for the depth and breadth of this data.The implications of data and inferred data in the identity space can present challenges.For example,imagine a virtual world where individuals can customize their experience.A platform o

93、r system may track every customization choice and corresponding data point an individual makes over time.While this data is collected to enhance the persons experience,it could also be analysed to make inferences as to their real-world identity or preferences and used for targeted advertising orothe

94、r purposes without their consent.43,44 Given that identity is contextual on circumstance,these data points may be analysed without context and incorrectly attribute insights.As individuals interact in virtual spaces,their movements,speech patterns and other behaviours generate data that could potent

95、ially be wholly re-identifying.45 This level of data aggregation and data processing of identifiers46 and quasi-identifiers47 could enable profiling people in ways individuals did not intend or anticipate when onboarding to environments orexperiences.While some initial existing and emerging regulati

96、on and standards may start to address the privacy,security and processing of this data,stakeholders globally should consider the depth and scale of those instruments to selectively limit and/or restrict data processing for both profiling and re-identification.As immersive technologies continue to ad

97、vance,stakeholders should consider how to balance innovation with ethical data practices that respect user privacy and autonomy.Metaverse insightMetaverse insightMetaverse insightAI/ML may curate or narrow ones experience either intentionally or unintentionally based on an individuals perceived pref

98、erences.48Metaverse Identity:Redefining Identity for a Blended Reality142.3 AI/MLs role in inferred data With the rise of cloud storage,cloud computing and AI/ML data can now be collected,stored and processed in unprecedented ways,as noted in global dialogue.49,50,51 For example,a 2020 study suggest

99、s that five minutes of VR tracking data can produce“information that can identify a user out of a pool of 511 people with an accuracy of 95.3%”,indicating the increasing privacy risks of themetaverses growing data ecosystem.52However,while the availability and ease of access to data captured via met

100、averse-supporting technologies may seem ominous,it also empowersindividuals and organizations.The value of data processingTABLE 1Individual valueBusiness valueIndividuals may use data to:Track workout routines supported by smart fitness devices capturing real-time data can help define fitness goals,

101、identify physical limitations and challenges such as balance issues and modify workouts in real time to create a safer workout.Capture electroencephalography(EEG)data with external sensors to detect an oncoming migraine and help the individual proactively manage it.Businesses may use data to:Offer r

102、ecommendations based on behaviour and forms of expression,going beyond todays predictive analytics.For example,the design choices an avatar gravitates towards in virtual spaces might infer real-world fashion preferences or socio-cultural affiliations to provide more personalized experiences in both

103、online and offline spaces.Sample body-based data like pupil dilation,heart rate and brainwaves in a concert setting via AR devices to capture song reactions.AI may infer musical preferences or emotional states during specific song segments to makecustomized playlists.Executives,regulators,legislator

104、s and society should invest in understanding the power and implications of inferred data53 especially as it offers a deeper,more holistic view of both individual users and broader audience segments.While these examples may initially seem mundane,business executives,regulators,legislators,law enforce

105、ment and society should invest in understanding the power and implications of AI/ML models and(inferred)data especially as it offers a deeper,more holistic view of both individual users and broader audience segments.Showcasing the power of inferred data,a research study demonstrated that inferences

106、using neural data can identify and extract an individuals sensitive information.Researchers at the University of California,Berkeley have conducted studies54 in which they have inserted subliminal messaging into gameplay to probe unconscious brains with suggestion,resulting in successful identificat

107、ion of personally identifiable information(PII).55Metaverse insightMetaverse Identity:Redefining Identity for a Blended Reality15Trade-offs lead to the question,“What does the balance of ownership and control look like with regard to(in)voluntary data generation?”59 For example,an individual can con

108、trol if they click on a certain link,or navigate to a particular webpage,but they cannot control the data generated from that click or an increase in heart rate when a loud,unexpected add pops up.2.4 New lexicon required to describe metaverse identity 2.5 Data processing trade-offsGrowing AI/ML capa

109、bilities warrant that stakeholders consider the need for an expanded privacy lexicon building on glossaries such as the one from the International Association of Privacy Professionals(IAPP).Novel terminology may include:Contextual and inferred personal information(CIPI):The acknowledgement that an i

110、ndividuals identity is exhibited beyond explicitly provided data points.Instead,an individuals identity is additionally represented by a complex array of behavioural,preferential,and(inferential)data points.Additionally,this information may qualify as personal information(PI),56 PII,personal health

111、information(PHI)57 or sensitive personal information(SPI).58 For example,an individuals habit of online browsing and shopping for kids clothing through targeted ads is not PI,PII,PHI or SPI however,when that shopping behaviour becomes contextual,inferred information can bemade on the identity of the

112、 individual using that device.Known pseudonymity:1)a state where an individual operates under a pseudonym that is consistently used across platforms or interactions,making the pseudonym a recognizable marker of their identity without revealing their real name,or 2)a state where a real name is associ

113、ated with pseudonymity for transparency and traceability.Tangential re-identification(TRD):The process of re-identifying an individual by correlating already obfuscated data such as pseudonyms or other anonymized identifiers with other types of data,like sensor data or behavioural patterns,to reiden

114、tify an individual.For longevity,technology-agnostic terms,such as the above,must be created to enable stability as technologies evolve.The promise of more individualized,responsive and immersive experiences curated from personal data must be carefully weighed against the imperative to enable privac

115、y,personal autonomy,trust and safety.Metaverse insightMetaverse Identity:Redefining Identity for a Blended Reality16Benefits of inferred dataRisks of inferred dataThe responsible analysis and application of correlational and/or biometric data could provide personal,novel,identity-reinforcing experie

116、nces.For example:Inferred data is beneficial for the prevention of fraud or scoring the risk of fraud occurring,and this use case is generally supported by existing regulations.Inferred data can enable a more real and nuanced identity-enabling experience e.g.voice printing may cue a virtual intellig

117、ent agent(VIA),like a non-playable character(NPC),in an immersive experience to converse with a regional dialect or accent to make interactions more familiar.Eye-tracking and associated data can provide real-time insights into an individuals engagement and emotional states,enhancing emotive response

118、s and non-verbal communication for social connections.Neurotechnologies can offer deeper insights into cognitive processes to unveil unknown qualities or characteristics when paired with other feedback mechanisms,potentially revolutionizing therapeutic interventions.For example,neurofeedback,paired

119、with VR,could allow therapists to discern specific triggers for post-traumatic stress disorder(PTSD),guiding more focused therapies.Conversely,the collection and handling of such intimate data raises serious privacy concerns,and the potential misuse of information could lead to ethical dilemmas and

120、security threats.Collected data risks misuse and/or abuse.For example,employment decisions like hiring,promotions or termination could be influenced by inferred data about focus,energy levels or personality traits that unfairly disadvantage certain groups.Aggregation of personal information could le

121、ad to data accumulation sufficient to draw correlations across data sets and re-identify or target individuals unknowingly.For example:There is a risk that governments could use aggregated inferred data for surveillance,monitoring dissidents or suppressing certain groups without their active consent

122、.If aggregated inferred data reveals insights about vulnerable populations,they could be targeted for predatory practices or discrimination in housing,lending,etc.Further,compromised biometric and neuro-data could pose threats to national security,providing new avenues forcyberterrorism or criminal

123、activities.For example:Criminals could exploit biometric and neurological data leaks to manipulate,blackmail or physically harmindividuals.Privacy tensions continueTABLE 2While non-exhaustive,the benefits and risks of inferred data use are detailed in Table 2.Metaverse Identity:Redefining Identity f

124、or a Blended Reality17Identification in the metaverse3Digital ID may take new forms in the metaverse,requiring a nuanced approach to credentialled spaces and transactions.Metaverse Identity:Redefining Identity for a Blended Reality18The level of mitigations around impersonation may vary.63 For insta

125、nce,a cartoon elephant avatar might not require the same level of scrutiny as a photorealistic or highly individualized stylized avatar.Todays definition of digital identification digital ID(DID)60 stands to be a cornerstone in metaverse identity.Just as passports and drivers licences validate real-

126、world identities,metaverse identity could grant individuals further access to unique experiences,services and transactions.Like internet interactions today,credentials,verification,authentication and trust61 anchor online interactions and transactions.As the transition to the metaverse gains momentu

127、m,these core identification components will undeniably carry forward,albeit potentially in transformed capacities,as they expand to include aspects of data,representation and digital entities.3.1 Digital ID and representation Risks of fraud,impersonation and manipulation take new forms.Voice modific

128、ations,video deepfakes and the potential to adapt them compel stakeholders to acknowledge a concerning reality:in the future of the internet,seeing or hearing should not equate to believing.Inappropriate or malicious use of visual data like that represented by avatars or deepfakes can:1.Cause societ

129、al disruption2.Perpetuate stereotypes3.Promote discrimination 4.Undermine the principles of diversity and inclusivity.Individual manipulationImpersonationFraudBy creating an idealized character or avatar,a nefarious party could catfish or launch a romance scam.This could lead to emotional harm,someo

130、ne being conned out of money,enabling inappropriate information access or radicalizing the target.Impersonation of public figures or celebrities could be used to spread misinformation or manipulate followers.Platforms within the metaverse redefine“fame”in many ways,extending the potential for impers

131、onation harms beyond traditional public figures to individuals who might have influence or recognition within digital communities.Copying or cloning someone elses unique likeness without consent,may enable identity theft and fraud.Further,this could lead to potential harassment,defamation or other f

132、orms of abuse should someones likeness be used inappropriately.Exemplified harmsTABLE 3Identity-based crimes are not new.Beyond building on existing frameworks,stakeholders may:1.Augment a taxonomy of crimes62 specific to the metaverse and consequently close identified gaps in current legal framewor

133、ks,such as criminalizing harms that occur in online spaces via avatars.For example,harm risk levels may be closely tied to the type of avatars used.Photorealistic avatars could present higher risks of impersonation,while fully customizable stylized avatars could more easily be used for stereotypical

134、 or malicious misrepresentation.Either demands clear expectations for recourse and redress.2.Establish transparent processes for reporting harms like abuse.3.Extend protections to ones identity and likeness against impersonation,regardless of their level of public recognition.Safeguards like verific

135、ation systems could help address issues like catfishing,copyright infringement and misinformation spread by impersonation accounts.4.Implement enforcement thresholds for the community,platform and subsequently law enforcement,impersonation or other violations.5.Implement platform-level controls and

136、community guidelines around the development and use of avatars.While preserving free expression,protections should be explored that effectively balance authentic self-expression with safety and integrity,based on the type of avatar and context in question.Metaverse insightMetaverse Identity:Redefini

137、ng Identity for a Blended Reality193.2 Bifurcating digital ID and representation Managing identities may involve the intricate processes of creating,maintaining and using a combination of credentials and assets across platforms potentially in a digital wallet.Ownership and control will influence the

138、 management of identities,while ethical considerations should guide how identities are used,shared and represented.Stakeholders should ponder the strategic value of bifurcating an individuals digital ID from their representative presentation keeping IDs and forms of representation separate.While dig

139、ital assets,like digital entities,might visually depict various layers of an individuals manifested digital self,a distinct boundary between them could reinforce security standards.Such a delineation guarantees that intimate data and IDs remain shielded,separate from the mutable universe of avatars.

140、However,this same delineation may create less transparent environments.Decoupling IDs from digital assets may increase trust and enable new business models.64OptionLinked digital relationshipsBifurcated digital relationshipsDescriptionEnable all forms of digital ID and representation via digital ent

141、ities,etc.to be traceable back to the legal entity.Limit or entirely disable,an individual or entitys to be linked/traceable back to a singular legal entity.Pros Enables auditing Promotes transparency Enables privacy Supports voyeuristic,escapismCons Hinders privacy Limits voyeuristic,escapism Hinde

142、rs auditing Reduces transparencyAssociating digital assets with digital ID trade-offsTABLE 4Stakeholders could further consider the followingsolutions:1.Imposing hybrid ID structures,such as:a.Requiring traceable digital IDs back to a legal entity in environments of high trust,i.e.banking b.Not requ

143、iring traceability in low-trust environments,i.e.video games2.Use of trusted digital intermediaries65 and digital agents66 when interacting with“unknown”or“untraceable”individuals Metaverse insightMetaverse Identity:Redefining Identity for a Blended Reality203.4 Know-your-customer in the metaverseTy

144、peNew inferred data-based credentials73The metaverse enables dynamic verification through real-time,inferred data.74 For example,an individuals behaviours,paired with facial scanning,can be used as ongoing age estimation or“behavioural credentials”,effectively making verification an ongoing authenti

145、cation process based on individual user conduct.New digital asset/avatar-based credentials75Digital representations could carry credentials.Paired with authenticity checks,a digital asset or avatars distinctive attributes whether design,presentation or behaviour may emerge as a new-age digital signa

146、ture.However,questions remain:What meta-data might support the digital signature?How can the operator be appropriately verified?What should this type of multi-factor authentication looklike?Even if digital assets arent used as a primary form of identification,might their pairing with other identific

147、ation mechanisms enable them to be part of an individuals credential and/or verification in digitalspaces?New presentation formats76Identity extends to ones chosen form of representation.These representational forms could serve as asecondary permissions mechanism.For instance,a dragon avatar may onl

148、y gain access to a“fantasy realm”if it meets certain criteria,like having specific scales or another unique token,thus adding a gating layer.Questions remain:Should an asset have a degree of likeness to its operator for trust and authentication purposes?How can asset-based IDs avoid(unintentional)pr

149、ofiling,bias or discrimination?How can asset-based credentials be harmonized across multiple,potentially competing platforms?How should metaverse identity components be standardized?Possible credential form factors(non-exhaustive)TABLE 5A pivotal factor in fostering trust will be identity verificati

150、on conducted by independent bodies.77 Determining who these bodies would be,and establishing their credibility,will be critical.These independent entities could be responsible for verifying the authenticity of users identities,ensuring the security and accuracy of transactions and providing a layer

151、of trust that is essential for meaningful interactions and exchanges.To reinforce trust,stakeholders should consider the evolution of know-your-customer(KYC).78 Might KYC adapt for body-based79 identity?Instead of traditional verification methods,it may become commonplace to recognize a persons uniq

152、ue movement patterns or digital asset-specific credentials as markers of identity.Might KYC adapt for interoperable spaces?If participants are empowered to move across platforms and spaces with their avatars,digital wallets and associated money and objects,80 what level of information will need to b

153、e shared across experiences?Might KYC adapt for representation?With identity expanding to include digital assets,stakeholders may set the criteria for what representations are appropriate to use as KYC mechanisms,based on the nature and purpose of various virtual environments.Might KYC incorporate v

154、isual verification indicators?A visual verification system and supporting assistive accessibility applications could be adopted to enhance trust and transparency in immersive environments.This could manifest as distinct colour outlines on an avatar,indicating that the user is the primary human user,

155、a guest user,a virtual intelligent agent,NPC,etc.,and has completed a KYC verification process.This visual cue could help users easily identify and trust verified identities,promoting a safer interaction environment.3.3 New form factors of digital IDAs the metaverse expands,it will build on existing

156、 digital ID frameworks,67,68,69,70,71,72 and it will raise net-new compelling questions and areas to explore.Metaverse Identity:Redefining Identity for a Blended Reality213.5 Requirement for a nuanced digital identity approachAs the metaverse matures,it could be envisioned as a public utility akin t

157、o the internets role today.Therefore,its important to design a digital identity approach that treats the metaverse as such.Penalizing individuals who dont wish to create digital identity profiles81 such as by not wishing to create social media profiles can augment the digital divide.82 For example,a

158、 schools group that is only hosted on a virtual platform may prevent a parent from participating in their childs school functions if that parent does not wish to create an account on that platform either for privacy reasons or otherwise.When designing public and private spaces,stakeholders should re

159、member that mandatory credential-based access limits accessibility.Stakeholders should additionally consider how to create inclusive spaces for the following individuals who:Are unidentified or under-identified83 and may be put at risk by creating a digital footprint84 Cannot access appropriate tech

160、nologies or are slow to adopt technologies Are,by choice,fully offline or partially offline and wish to engage passively as spectators or consumers of mediated realities.Metaverse insightMetaverse Identity:Redefining Identity for a Blended Reality22Representation through metaverse identity4Identity

161、goes beyond pixels,emphasizing the need for authentic and inclusive representation to create deeper human connection.Metaverse Identity:Redefining Identity for a Blended Reality23In both 2D and 3D ranging from AR to VR,the notion of“representation”is not just about pixels and graphics;its a reflecti

162、on of societal values,inclusivity and the human desire for authenticity.Getting representation right in these digital realms is pivotal because it directly impacts how individuals perceive themselves and others in real-world and digital environments.Mistakes or biases in representation can perpetuat

163、e real-world stereotypes,marginalize groups,create monocultures or diminish presence and belonging.85 Conversely,accurate and inclusive representation can promote empathy,broaden perspectives and elevate the metaverse from a buzzword to a transformative space for human connection and understanding.A

164、s users build and curate metaverse identities,it will be critical to define appropriate safeguards to minimize risks such as impersonation and avoid empowering bad actors to escape accountability.Representation through cultural norms,etiquette,physical presentation and expression takes on profound s

165、ignificance across public and private spaces.This is further emphasized by the blending of digital and physical worlds and the introduction of digital entities.4.1 Presentation through multiple identities and spacesThe ability to adopt multiple identities tailored to different contextual situations

166、reflects the multifaceted nature of human identity.CategoryPersonal identity86Public identity87Social identity88Professional identity89DescriptionPersonal identities are those that are formed when no monitoring occurs.This includes the composition of an individuals true self and their unhindered tho

167、ughts,feelings and choices.Public identities are those that are displayed under observation.This includes only the qualities or characteristics that an individual wishes to display within a particularcontext.Social identities are a form of public identity but are contextualized forsocialization with

168、in specific groups.Professional identities are a form of public identity but are contextualized for professional environments.Design considerations Design diverse spaces and activities that can be tailored to align with personal values,interests and styles.Enable rich forms of expression through ava

169、tars,creative tools and communication options.Allow user reputations,histories and relationships to selectively carry over across experiences through interoperable design.Collaborate with diverse communities relevant to the public space being created.Consider how public norms evolve and design syste

170、ms that can adapt.Address challenges of privacy,laws/regulations and socially accepted behaviour to govern public spaces.Conduct moderation is key.Design with the social group.Ensure design promotes inclusivity.Encourage community ownership,moderation and a sense of belonging and trust.Design with p

171、rofessional groups,organizations and industry-specific bodies.Consider the future of work,and accessibility for all levelsprofessionally and geographically.Design should respect autonomy and individuality while preserving privacy and security.Privacy compliance and security choices should be regular

172、ly reviewed,updated and hardened for identity-based data.Diverse needs and expectations,along with user-based control should be paramount.Examples of identity types(non-exhaustive)TABLE 6Metaverse Identity:Redefining Identity for a Blended Reality24To enable navigating multiple identities in a blend

173、ed digital/physical world:Platforms and applications should provide granular and flexible ways of choosing various presentations of identities depending on which one the audience wants to project.Stakeholders should invest in developing harm and impact models that further explore the multi-faceted n

174、ature of identity types.Stakeholders should invest in understanding how to enable an individual to create,operationalize and switch between these various identities in digital spaces while also potentially enabling a link to a physical,tangible person for purposes of safety and legality.Designing fo

175、r multiple identities across public and private spaces is a human-first approach.90,91 Harmonizing the autonomy of personal identity exploration with the integrity of community standards helps create digital personae that are authentic extensions of oneself.Avatars and other related digital assets m

176、ust be thoughtfully designed to avoid exclusion or limitation due to a lack of options for cultural representation,body type,age expression,cultural artifacts,etc.924.2 Representation across realitiesIdentity is often constrained by societal norms and physical reality limitations.However,the future

177、of the internet offers a flexible,fluid and dynamic space where identity can be constructed,moulded and changed digitally to suit an individuals preferred presentation and expression of self.The internet is enabling individuals to engage in novel,digitally enhanced ways.For example,starting in early

178、 2015,Snapchat enabled individuals to enhance themselves with photo and video filters.93 Whether in VR or in a more blended reality through AR and MR where a physical person can be superimposed with computer generated graphics,text,animations,accessories and more the future of the internet will enab

179、le means for personal representation.Representation can be photo-real or entirely stylized,with high levels of variability.Example of a spectrum of representations(non-exhaustive)TABLE 7FantasticalRealisticNon-humanHumanoidNon-humanHumanStylizedSpyro the Dragon Insomniac GamesThe Legend of Zelda Lin

180、ks Awakening NintendoGudetama:An Eggcellent Adventure NetflixReadyPlayerMe AvatarsPhoto-realSmaug The Hobbit:The Desolation of Smaug MGMRonal Avatar:The Way of Water 20th Century FoxThe Lion King DisneyMeta Codec Avatars Mark Zuckerberg94 (courtesy of Lex Fridman interview)Metaverse insightThis vari

181、ability requires additional governance considerations when curating experiences.Governance considerations could include standards and policies to community guidelines that dictate acceptable representation and forms of expression etc.ranging from fantastical to realistic.Metaverse Identity:Redefinin

182、g Identity for a Blended Reality254.3 Dysmorphia and depersonalization-derealizationThe future will enable more AR and MR through avatars,filters and associated accessorizing digital assets.These may be a common digital extension of oneself,allowing individuals to creatively explore and express vari

183、ous facets of their identity some of which may not be possible in the physical world.A lack of representation or supportive communities where this type of creative exploration may take place may cause harm.Additionally,unfettered augmentation95 may incidentally promote reality dysmorphia and/or depe

184、rsonalization-derealization disorder(DPDR).96Recent research in DPDR97 has shown feelings of detachment in VR,where technology blurs the lines between objective reality and virtual reality or boundaries between a sense of self and avatar embodiment.Some individuals might find it difficult to integra

185、te their online persona(s)with their real-world self,leading to struggles in self-perception and understanding.Virtual environments might further reinforce or aggravate existing feelings of unreality,contributing to a cycle that further entrenches the disorder.Recent discourse has shown98 that AR“be

186、autification”filters may be promoting body dysmorphia.While such identity presentation options are meant to provide diversion and entertainment,they may be exacerbating DPDR-related issues.Further research is needed to fully understand the relationship between DPDR and virtual environments,particula

187、rly as technology evolves and becomes more immersive.Metaverse Identity:Redefining Identity for a Blended Reality26Digital entities in the metaverse5Representation,data and ID are not limited to humans;digital entities will play a role in the future of the internet.Metaverse Identity:Redefining Iden

188、tity for a Blended Reality27Digital entities refer to a broad spectrum of digital representations and interactive embodiments within digital computing environments.Metaverse insightDigital entities may represent humans,objects,systems or abstract concepts,and are capable of varying degrees of intera

189、ction,autonomy and behaviour within digital experiences.Digital entityFIGURE 3Non-exhaustive spectrum of digital entitiesDigital entityAvatarsNPCsChatbotsVirtual agents:assistantsVirtual agents:influencersVirtual agents:gardiansVirtual agents:companionsDigital replicas:virtual doppelgangerDigital re

190、plicas:digital twins5.1 What are digital entities?Digital entities broaden the concept of identity beyond physical individuals.Digital entities encompass a range from simple text-based chatbots to complex,human-like avatars and digital replicas like doppelgangers and digital twins.Digital entities m

191、ay represent humans via avatars,objects via digital twins and third parties via chatbots.Each is capable of varying degrees of interaction,autonomy and behaviour within digital experiences.They are capable of mimicking human communication and may be used as sales assistants,corporate trainers,social

192、 media influencers and more.Digital entity relationshipsFIGURE 4ModalityFabricatedReal personCharacterVirtual doppelgangersIntelligent virtual agents(IVA)Virtual influencersVirtual guardiansVirtual companionsDigital twinDigital replicasChat botsDigital entityAvatarEmbodied virtual agents(EVA)Non-emb

193、odied entitiesVirtual agentsNPCsVirtual assistantsHuman-drivenNote:While various terminology is used across academia,industry and identity discourse,this figure represents the cascading relationships between terminology.It is not intended to be exhaustive.Metaverse Identity:Redefining Identity for a

194、 Blended Reality28Digital entities are used today:Companies are deploying digital entities across organizations in business-to-customer(B2C)and business-to-business(B2B)functions,leading to increased sales conversions,better customer retention,and lead generation.99 Individuals are employing digital

195、 entities to provide emotional engagement100 and reduce friction in daily activities101,102 and benefit from anthropomorphic103 agents.DescriptionExampleVirtual agents:These may range from fully autonomous to pre-programmed and may be represented in embodied104 or non-embodied forms.The modality of

196、virtual agents may be embodied via an avatar or may not contain a visual component atall.Virtual influencers:Unlike human influencers,they are digitally generated.For example,lilmiquela105 is an Instagram influencer with over 3 million followers,Miquela posts pictures,endorses products and interacts

197、 with followers,but shes entirely generated.Her identity,though virtual,influences real-world fashion and lifestyle trends.Virtual guardians106:Think of a babysitter or a bodyguard.Virtual guardians are entities that have defined responsibilities,such as interpreting aggressive behaviour or alerting

198、 individuals to perceived dangers.Virtual guardians can also offer guidance to help inform users of potential risky interactions/transactions.Virtual companions:Consider an entity that offers personalized companionship.This digital entity might reminisce about old songs,discuss books or simply chat,

199、providing comfort and companionship.Anima provides a platform to enable this type of interaction.Virtual assistants:Virtual assistants are software applications designed to assist users in performing tasks or services,either online or offline,by interpreting and executing commands given by an indivi

200、dual.Think of Apples Siri or Amazons Alexa but that can be augmented with a human face and gestures.107 NPCs:This refers to a character within a game or a virtual environment that is not controlled by an individual but rather by a game or environments programming.Character:A character108 represents

201、a role or persona that can be assumed by,or assigned to,an individual.A character represents a proxy for the individual in a digital experience like a video game or social experience.Characters typically have pre-defined traits,characteristics,stories,etc.Digital replicas:Digital twin:In industrial

202、contexts,digital twins are copies of physical assets that can be connected to digital spaces via sensors such as a building,machine or manufacturing line.This is intended to be a one-to-one,sensor-driven version of oneself or ones anatomy.Consider a replica of a human heart while this isnt a complet

203、e doppelganger of oneself,it is a digital replica of a physical asset,machine or live human system.This heart replica may be used for near-real-time information and representation of an individual.Virtual doppelganger:These are intended to be proxies or close replications of holistic people.This may

204、 be an avatar that is a“digital twin-like”replica of an individual either through photorealism,mannerisms or knowledge expertise in a particular field.Virtual doppelgangers may provide value through use cases such as:Health monitoring:A person can see potential health outcomes over time by inputting

205、 an individuals daily nutrition and exercise habits into the doppelgangers simulated environment.Similarly,an athlete may train with their virtual doppelganger to test new techniques or strategies,receiving data-driven feedback on performance,energy use and potential for injury.Fashion try-ons:Befor

206、e purchasing a new outfit online,an individual uses their virtual doppelganger to try on clothes,ensuring they fit and look right before making a purchase.Teaching:A professor trains a virtual doppelganger on her lectures to be available on-demand to answer ad-hoc questions and provide 24/7 lecture

207、availability to meet student needs for alternative learning hours.Immersion:A professor immerses students in art history by using replicas of famous artists.Students may virtually stroll through historically accurate streets,interacting with artists like Botticelli and Michelangelo,witnessing first-

208、hand the artistic techniques and cultural nuances that defined the period.Digital entitiesTABLE 8Metaverse Identity:Redefining Identity for a Blended Reality29Children who lack autonomy and legal ability to navigate digital interactions may benefit from digital guardians109 who can function as a gua

209、rdrail.Child insightNew digital entity business models may be augmented using generative AI tools;however,care should be taken in initiatives that involve digital entities.Research has shown that entities may:Pose significant risks when not understood by end-users,resulting in over-trust110 Be explo

210、ited by adversaries111 for manipulation and misinformation or be used for predatory sales or advertising.112 The promise and the peril of digital entities call for a human-first design approach to ensure responsible,ethical and trustworthy use of the technology and to ensure their representation in

211、metaverse identity is genuine and inclusive.5.2 Responsible digital entity design Delving into various roles and applications of digital entities from virtual assistants and companions to influencers and doppelgangers it becomes clear that they are more than just lines of code or graphical represent

212、ations;they are entities that interact with,influence and,in the case of avatars,can represent individuals.These digital entities may be managed either directly via human control or orchestrated through AI.This requires special design considerations across:1.The desired levels of autonomy and contro

213、l the creator wishes to provide or maintain over the digital entity either via pre-programming or degree of output variability.2.The expressive capabilities the digital entity possesses across visual representation,actions and behaviours,conversational abilities and emotive capabilities.Digital enti

214、tys capability for emotional engagement,customization and scalability presents enormous opportunities but also comes with ethical considerations.Metaverse Identity:Redefining Identity for a Blended Reality30Metaverse insightRepresentational design choices extend to the design of digital entities113

215、from embodied virtual agents to non-embodied virtual assistants.5.2.1 Designing with representation,inclusivity and access in mindStakeholders must explore representational aspects in depth,examining how to responsibly assimilate digital entities into evolving notions of identity across blended phys

216、ical and digital spaces.Ecosystems with digital entities should represent a wide spectrum of ages,genders,ethnicities and even abilities.This requires an intersectional approach that goes beyond just skin-deep appearances.For instance,the way a digital entity communicates its language,tone and gestu

217、res should be diverse and inclusive.Moreover,to bring the benefits of digital entities to the widest audience,stakeholders must consider the technology access gap.114 The lack of reasonable internet access,paired with inaccessible enabling hardware and software,may prevent individuals from using dig

218、ital entities such as virtual agents in the form of guardians and companions.Stakeholders should consider how to create accessible guardians and companions that do not require continual internet access.5.2.2 Designing digital entities with AI governance in mindMetaverse insightResponsible AI is a cr

219、itical centrepiece to enabling digital entities in the metaverse.115Many organizations116,117,118,119 and initiatives120,121 have been formed to understand what responsible AI looks like.This is increasingly important given that digital entities are becoming ever more present in blended physical/dig

220、ital worlds,from AI-driven customer service agents to using generative AI models to give voice to NPCs.This requires that stakeholders further enable AI governance structures to consider how to:1.Make decisions based on responsible AI principles2.Identify risks and necessary policies to provide adeq

221、uate oversight and control of digital entities3.Manage use case selection determining if,when,where and how digital entities are deployed4.Develop,monitor and maintain underlying AI models that may be directing the actions of digital entities.Additionally,stakeholders must address the publics ongoin

222、g concerns of transparency and verification.Mechanisms to disclose digital entities and authenticate their intended application and capacity are critical for both trustworthy interactions and successful assimilation.For example,users should be clearly aware when they are interacting with an AI-power

223、ed digital entity,as well as what data processing that entity may be facilitating.Metaverse Identity:Redefining Identity for a Blended Reality31Positive representationControversial representationSuccessful virtual influencers:Lil Miquela:An American virtual influencer,with 2.8 million Instagram foll

224、owers,known for her music,style and activism.Lil Miquela has collaborated with real-world brands and musicians and has even released her own music,topping Spotify charts.During the pandemic,Bloomberg reported that Lil Miquela charged$8,500 per sponsored post.123Lu do Magalu:A 3D virtual influencer a

225、nd digital specialist at Brazilian retail giant Magazine Luiza,with 6.5 million followers on Instagram.Lu do Magalu primarily engages with audiences through unboxing videos,product reviews and software tips.She has been particularly successful in Brazil.K/DA:A virtual K-pop girl group created by Rio

226、t Games,the company behind the popular online game League of Legends.The band comprises four themed versions of League of Legends characters:Ahri,Akali,Evelynn and KaiSa.Real-world artists voice each of these virtual characters.124FN Meka:Capitol Records signed the virtual influencer FN Meka,develop

227、ed by a start-up called Factory New and voiced by a real artist,to a record deal.Shortly after,Capitol Records shelved the project,citing criticism and backlash from black music industry professionals who said the influencer was fashioned out of reductive stereotypes.125Representation examplesTABLE

228、9This opens many tangible and philosophical questions about the expressive and representational nature of digital entities roles,responsibilities and expectations.5.2.3 Authenticity of digital entitiesGiven a digital entitys ability to interact,engage and even influence within blended digital and ph

229、ysical environments,chatbots,human-driven avatars and AI-driven virtual agents should also be given representational consideration to promote authenticity.For example,influencers play a central role in advertising globally,with brands estimated to have invested up to$15 billion in influencer marketi

230、ng by the end of 2022.122 The appeal for companies to employ influencers lies in the creators personal blend of authenticity,ability to connect with others and aspirational allure.Moreover,this meets a brands desire to develop timely,authentic branding,imaging and messaging that aligns with company

231、policy.The flexibility of choice when creating digital entities and the ease of digital duplication raisecritical questions around positive and controversial representation.5.3 Accountability and digital entitiesAs blended and physical worlds come together and the role of digital entities becomes mo

232、re commonplace,stakeholders must consider accountability of:Proving personhood Actions occurring around digital entities.Standards,guidance and regulation,such as the European Unions AI Act,will play a critical role.Metaverse insightIn the metaverse,accountability is a two-way responsibility relatin

233、g to answerability,culpability and liability of actions.126While an individual should remain vigilant of their personal interactions with digital entities,platforms carry the responsibility to create safe environments with trusted digital entities.127Metaverse Identity:Redefining Identity for a Blen

234、ded Reality325.3.1 Accountability of proving personhood 5.3.2 Accountability and digital entitiesThe ability to manipulate or create misinformation through digital entities such as chatbots128 and photoreal avatars129 raises ethical and security concerns.These challenges underscore the importance of

235、 robust mechanisms to verify and validate identities.One such mechanism is the ability to prove personhood.Digital entities should have the means to disclose whether it is human-driven or AI-driven.130 If human-driven,individuals should be provided with the assurance that the individual behind the e

236、ntity is the person being presented and not someone else without permission.131This concept is vital for maintaining integrity,trust,and accountability and reinforcing recourse and redressability.While digital entities can offer innovative interactions and functionalities within the metaverse,they m

237、ay commit real-world harms.Determining what pass-through liability should translate from the digital entity to the associated physical individual or company is essential.Proactive measures may require stakeholders to:Develop and implement frameworks for liability should a digital entity commit a har

238、m,e.g.if a persons digital replica voices slander in a public setting.Develop mechanisms that unambiguously link digital entities back to their operator and/or creator for law enforcement responses.Capture actions performed by AI-driven entities to enable recourse and redress.Stakeholders should fur

239、ther consider that AI-driven digital entity operations should:1.Be transparent and easily identifiable to other users to maintain a level of trust and safety 2.Apply clear labelling of entities,perhaps through visual indicators3.Provide accessible and clear knowledge bases to inform users of the cap

240、abilities and limitations of AI-driven entities and set expectations for interactions and reliability.Metaverse Identity:Redefining Identity for a Blended Reality33Education is key6Building identity literacy across digital rights,management and security challenges is essential for safely navigating

241、the metaverse.Metaverse Identity:Redefining Identity for a Blended Reality34Metaverse insightChild insightIndividuals should stay informed regarding the technical components of metaverse identity,132 how it can be used and the resulting consequences of how an identity is used.While parental involvem

242、ent can contribute to a childs metaverse literacy,there is increased responsibility for stakeholders platforms and governments alike to prioritize the digital education of children.133As metaverse identity evolves,integrating not just digital IDs but also a complex array of data and new form-factors

243、 of credentials,the challenge of keeping individuals informed becomes a monumental task that requires multistakeholder investment andsupport.While not all individuals will need the domain expertise of a lawyer or a data scientist,there is an opportunity for all individuals to learn and take accounta

244、bility for their own identity.Just like in the physical landscape today,individuals are expected to stay aware of legal and ethical considerations that surround their existence.Stakeholders across the board governments,platforms and civil society have a vested interest in ensuring comprehensive educ

245、ation andawareness programmes are in place.Clear guidelines and educational resources should be developed to help people understand the scope and limits of their digital rights,the technologies driving their virtual identities and the responsibilities that come with participating in a digital societ

246、y.Awareness of potential harms within the metaverse,such as digital fraud,harassment or exposure to inappropriate content,is crucial to ensure individuals are well-informed and prepared.Educating individuals on how to defend against social engineering attacks aimed at stealing their virtual identity

247、,money and/or digital assets is paramount.Simple,clear and actionable advice on recognizing phishing attempts,securing personal information and what steps to take if they suspect theyre under attack or have been compromised should be part of the educationcurriculum.Interactive tutorials,easily acces

248、sible frequently asked questions and real-world analogies can help demystify complex topics.Considering the global reach of the metaverse,these educational materials must be accessible,multilingual and culturally sensitive to effectively reach a broad audience.Metaverse Identity:Redefining Identity

249、for a Blended Reality35Conclusion The discussions above underscore the centrality and complexity of identity in the metaverse.Identity is not a singular construct;it encapsulates data,representation and identification across analogue humans and digital entities.The stakes are high.As people navigate

250、 this new terrain,their sense of belonging,privacy,security and trust will be anchored to their digital identities.A successful transition to this new metaverse era requires more than just immersive hardware and software;it demands a concerted effort from stakeholders globally to rethink the notions

251、 of identity beyond a digital ID or identity access and management system.Policy-makers,academics,regulators,law enforcement and design teams must rally together to ensure that this new realm is constructed on the tenets of equality,inclusivity,accessibility,authenticity and trust.Without trust,the

252、vast potential of this space risks being undermined.The metaverse could be fertile ground for powerful manipulative tactics,putting the onus on the global community to establish robust frameworks that not only facilitate the growth of the metaverse but also safeguard its integrity.As the metaverse e

253、volves,this community issues a clarion call:the journey ahead should prioritize human-first values,ensuring a metaverse that is not only economically prosperous but also a beacon of human rights,equality and sustainability.Metaverse Identity:Redefining Identity for a Blended Reality36ContributorsAck

254、nowledgementsWorld Economic Forum Daniel DobrygowskiHead,Governance and Trust,Centre for the Fourth Industrial Revolution Digital Technologies Judith Espinoza Specialist,Metaverse Governance Cathy LiHead,AI,Data and Metaverse,Centre for the Fourth Industrial Revolution;Member of the Executive Commit

255、teeDylan ReimLead,Metaverse GovernanceAccentureMatt PriceFellow,Metaverse Governance,Responsible Innovation Strategy Manager,Responsible Innovation GroupAnna SchillingFellow,Metaverse Governance,Data&AI Value Strategy,Responsible AI GroupDavid TreatSenior Managing Director,Innovation Incubation Grou

256、p LeadKathryn WhiteExecutive Fellow,Centre for the Fourth Industrial Revolution;Principal Director,Responsible InnovationThe project team would also like to extend special appreciation to Aiden Slavin,whose dedication to and expertise on identity issues significantly contributed to the development o

257、f this report.Steering Committee MembersSincere appreciation is extended to the following steering committee members,who spent numerous hours providing critical input and feedback to the drafts.Their diverse insights are fundamental to the success of this work.Judson AlthoffChief Commercial Officer,

258、MicrosoftJeremy Bailenson Thomas More Storke Professor of Communication,Stanford UniversityStephanie Burns Senior Vice-President and General Counsel,SonyAdam Caplan Senior Vice-President,Emerging Technology,SalesforceInhyok Cha Group Chief Digital Officer,CJ Group,Chief Executive Officer,CJ Olivenet

259、worksPhil Chen Chief Decentralized Officer,HTC-VIARob ShermanDeputy Chief Privacy Officer,MetaJulia Goldin Chief Product and Marketing Officer,LEGO GroupJulie Inman Grant eSafety Commissioner,Office of the eSafety Commissioner,AustraliaMarwan Bin Haidar Executive Vice-President,Innovation and the Fu

260、ture,Dubai Electricity and Water Authority(DEWA)Royce WeeDirector,Department of Communications and Connectivity,and Department of Data Protection,NEOM Authority.Huda Al Hashimi Deputy Minister,Cabinet Affairs for Strategic Affairs,Office of the Prime Minister of the United Arab EmiratesMetaverse Ide

261、ntity:Redefining Identity for a Blended Reality37Brittan Heller Fellow,Digital Forensics Research Lab,The Atlantic CouncilPaula IngabireMinister of Information Communication Technology and Innovation,Government of RwandaPeggy Johnson Chief Executive Officer,Magic LeapNuala OConnor Senior Vice-Presid

262、ent and Chief Counsel,Digital Citizenship,WalmartTony Parisi Chief Product Officer,Lamina1Philip Rosedale Co-Founder,High FidelityYat Siu Co-Founder and Executive Chairman,Animoca BrandsHugo Swart Vice-President and General Manager,XR,Qualcomm Artur Sychov Founder and Chief Executive Officer,Somnium

263、 SpaceKent Walker President,Global Affairs and Chief Legal Officer,GoogleWilson White Vice-President,Government Affairs and Public Policy,GoogleWorking group membersThis insight report is a combined effort based on numerous interviews,discussions,workshops and research.The opinions expressed herein

264、do not necessarily reflect the views of the individuals or organizations involved in the project listed below.Sincere appreciation is extended to the following working group members,who spent numerous hours providing critical input and feedback on the drafts.Their diverse insights are fundamental to

265、 the success of this work.Joe Abi AklChief Corporate Development Officer and Managing Director of Xsight Future Solutions,Majid Al Futtaim HoldingSeokhyun Elliott AhnVice-President,DT Executive Director,CDO Office and Chief Strategy Officer,CJ ONSAnju AhujaVice-President,Product Strategy and Insight

266、s,CableLabsSaeed AldhaheriDirector,Center for Futures Studies,University of DubaiFlavia AlvesHead,International Institutions Relations,Meta PlatformsAhmed Saeed Abdulla AlshamiHead,AI Systems and Services Development Team,General-Directorate,Ministry of the Interior,United Arab Emirates,United Arab

267、Emirates GovernmentMaurizio ArseniFreelance Tech JournalistYoni AssiaChief Executive Officer,eToroFrank BadalamentiPartner,PwC AmericasMoritz Baier-LentzPartner and Head of Gaming&Interactive Media,Lightspeed Venture PartnersJeremy BailensonProfessor,Stanford UniversityAvi Bar-ZeevFounder and Chief

268、Technology Officer,RealityPrimeLuna BianchiAdvocacy Officer,Privacy NetworkDoreen BogdanDirector,Telecommunication Development Bureau,International Telecommunication Union(ITU)Gustavo BorgesProfessor of Human Rights and Social Media,Department of Human Rights,University of the Extreme South of Santa

269、 Catarina(UNESC)Sebastien BorgetChief Operations Officer and Co-Founder,The SandboxMarine BoulotVice-President,Public Relations and Communications,Improbable WorldsMahmut BozHead,Anticipatory Regulation and Regulatory Experimentation,NEOMGareth Burkhill-Howarth Global Data Protection Officer,WPPJeha

270、ngir ByramjiEmerging Technology and Innovation,Lloyds Banking GroupMetaverse Identity:Redefining Identity for a Blended Reality38Marquis CabreraChairman and Chief Executive Officer,Stat ZeroAdam CaplanSenior Vice-President,Emerging Technology,SalesforceIsaac CastroCo-Chief Executive Officer and Co-F

271、ounder,EmergeAchyut ChandraSenior Manager and Global Lead,OI and Technology Venturing,O/o CTO,HCL TechnologiesPearly ChenVice-President,HTC-VIAPhil ChenChief Decentralization Officer,HTC-VIAMagda CoccoHead,Practice Partner Information,Communication and Technology,Vieira de Almeida&AssociadosAnna Mar

272、ia CollardSenior Vice-President,Content Strategy and Evangelist Africa,Knowbe4 AfricaSandra CortesiDirector,Youth and Media,Berkman Klein Center for Internet and Society,Harvard UniversitySadie CreeseProfessor of Cybersecurity,University of OxfordWilliam CutlerHead,Tech Policy and Deputy to UK Tech

273、Envoy,United Kingdom Foreign,Commonwealth and Development OfficeNighat DadExecutive Director,Digital Rights FoundationJulie DawsonChief Policy and Regulatory Officer,YotiEllysse DickPolicy Manager,Reality LabsEileen DonahoeExecutive Director,Global Digital Policy Incubator,StanfordSarah Kate EllisPr

274、esident and Chief Executive Officer,GLAADLiv EricksonInnovation Ecosystem Development Lead,Mozilla Maureen Fan Co-Founder and Chief Executive Officer,BaobabNita FarahanyRobinson O.Everett Professor of Law and Philosophy;Director,Duke Science and Society,Duke University Ellysse DickPolicy Director,Re

275、ality LabsSteven FeldsteinSenior Fellow,Democracy,Conflict and Governance Program,Carnegie Endowment for International PeaceJordan FieulleteauPolicy Manager,Reality LabsFrancesca GinexiPublic Policy Manager,Privacy Legislation,Meta PlatformsInbal GoldbergerVice-President of Trust and Safety,ActiveFe

276、ncePaula Gomes FreireManaging Partner,Vieira de Almeida&Associados Patrick GradyEditor of Metaverse EU,Tech Lead at FourtoldAshraf HamedValue Proposition Innovation and Pioneering,SAPCortney HardingChief Executive Officer,Friends with HologramsSusie HargreavesChief Executive Officer,Internet Watch F

277、oundation(IWF)Huda Al HashimiAssistant Director-General,Strategy and Innovation,Ministry of Cabinet Affairs and FutureMohamed HeikalHead,Corporate Development,Majid Al Futtaim HoldingVera HeitmannLeader,Digital and Growth,Public Affairs,IKEABrittan HellerFellow,The Atlantic CouncilHeidi HolmanAssist

278、ant General Counsel,MicrosoftElizabeth HymanChief Executive Officer,XR AssociationTatsuya IchikawaChief Executive Officer,AversStephanie IfayemiGlobal Shaper,London HubRolf IllenbergerManaging Director,VRdirectMichael JacobidesAcademic Adviser,BCH Henderson Institute,Boston Consulting Group(BCG)Meta

279、verse Identity:Redefining Identity for a Blended Reality39Mikaela JadeFounder and Chief Executive Officer,IndigitalAmy JordanDirector,Technology Policy,Office of Communications(Ofcom)Makarand JoshiDirector,Strategy,Innovation and Standards,Schneider ElectricTony JustmanVice-President and Deputy Gene

280、ral Counsel,Sony Interactive EntertainmentLea KasparExecutive Director,Global Partners DigitalStephen KavanaghExecutive Director,Police Services,International Criminal Police Organization(INTERPOL)Masa KawashimaExecutive Producer,Director of Asia Pacific Operations,NianticHoda Al KhzaimiAssistant Re

281、search Professor,New York University,Abu DhabiMelissa KiehlInnovation&Foresight Advisor,ICRCIngrid KoppCo-Founder,Electric SouthAshish KumarManager,Digital Strategy Office,Ministry of Communications and Information(MCI)of SingaporeFabio La FrancaFounding Partner,Blueverse VenturesNatalie LaceyExecut

282、ive Vice-President,Ipsos Media,IpsosMartina LarkinChief Executive Officer,Project LibertySu Kiang LauExecutive Director,Conduct,SC Ventures,Financial Crime and Compliance,Standard Chartered Sly LeeCo-Chief Executive Officer and Co-Founder,Emerge Helena Leurent Director-General,Consumers Internationa

283、lStephanie LlamasPrincipal,Metaverse Foresight Strategy,VoxPop InsightsDirk LuethChairman,Open Metaverse Alliance for Web3(OMA3)Leon LyuCo-Founder,Booming TechKuniyoshi Mabuchi Managing Director,PwC JapanDeena Magnall Director,Global Digital and Technology Policy,LOralNoora Al MalekAssociate Project

284、 Manager,Artificial Intelligence Office,United Arab Emirates GovernmentCharles de MarcillyAdministrator,Council of the European UnionEva MaydellMember,European ParliamentBrett McDowellIndependent Chair,HederaMauro MedicoDirector,United Nations Counter-Terrorism CentreDinusha MendisProfessor of Intel

285、lectual Property and Innovation Law,Bournemouth UniversityJade MeskillVice-President,Product,Magic LeapAnna MiyagiDeputy Counsellor,Secretariat of Intellectual Property Strategy Headquarters,Cabinet Office of JapanHiroaki MiyataProfessor and Chair,Department of Health Policy Management,Keio Universi

286、tyHamdullah MohibManaging Director,Khas Fund,Chimera InvestmentAhram MoonResearch Fellow,Centre for AI and Social Policy,Korea Information Society Development InstituteSteve MorrisInternational Chair,Portland Communications,OmnicomAngelica MunsonExecutive Officer,Chief Digital Officer,Shiseido Eli N

287、oamProfessor of Finance and Economics;Director,Columbia Institute for Tele-Information,Columbia Business SchoolMadan OberoiExecutive Director,Technology and Innovation,INTERPOLMetaverse Identity:Redefining Identity for a Blended Reality40Genki OdaManaging Executive Officer,SBI HoldingsReinhard Oertl

288、iPartner,Zurich,MLL Meyerlustenberger Lachenal FroriepJudith OkonkwoFounder,Ims 3D Creation LabHelen Papagiannis Founder,XR Goes PopCharles ParChief Integrity Officer,Head,Legal and Compliance,World Economic ForumPark YuhyunFounder and Chief Executive Officer,DQ InstituteErin Marie ParsonsResearcher

289、,Escola Superior dAdministraci i Direcci dEmpreses(ESADE)Kavya PearlmanFounder and Chief Executive Officer,X Reality Safety Intelligence(XRSI)Amy PeckFounder and Chief Executive Officer,EndeavorXRBertrand PerezChief Executive Officer,Web 3.0 Technologies FoundationSusan PerskyDirector,Immersive Simu

290、lation Program;Head,Health Communication and Behavior Unit,National Institutes of HealthDavid Ryan PolgarFounder and Executive Director,All Tech is HumanNicola PortChief Legal Officer and Member of the Executive Committee,World Economic ForumSaif Al Rahma International Legal Advisory,Dubai Economic

291、and Tourism Department,United Arab Emirates GovernmentYonatan Raz-FridmanFounder and Chief Executive Officer,SupersocialSimmy ReaseSenior Legal Counsel/evision(e&life),e&Michal ReffayDigital,Telecommunications and Postal Services,Permanent Representation of France to the European UnionGina Reif Ilar

292、diGeneral Counsel,VindexDan Rice Vice-President,Digital Governance,WalmartTim RobertsPartner and Managing Director,UK Country Co-Leader,AlixPartnersKatitza RodriguezInternational Rights Director,Electronic Frontier Foundation(EFF)Philip RosedaleCo-Founder,High FidelityNilmini RubinChief Policy Offic

293、er,Hedera Hashgraph Sarah Sakha Public Policy Manager,Meta PlatformsErica Salinas Principal Tech Leader,Web3,Amazon Var Shankar Director,Policy,Responsible Artificial Intelligence InstituteNagwa El Shenawi Undersecretary,Ministry of Communications and Information Technology of EgyptLewis Smithingham

294、 Director,Creative Solutions,S4CapitalIan Stevenson Chief Executive Officer,CyacombPhilippe Stransky-Heilkron Senior Vice-President and Chief Architect,KudelskiArtur Sychov Founder and Chief Executive Officer,Somnium SpaceClaire Thwaites Senior Director EMEA Government Affairs,The LEGO GroupTimmu To

295、ke Chief Executive Officer and Founder,Wolfprint 3DNeil Trevett President,Metaverse Standards ForumPaul Trueman Senior Vice-President,Cyber and Intelligence Solutions,MastercardMatthew Vick Deputy Director,Futures and Innovation,HM Revenue and CustomsSteven Vosloo Digital Policy Specialist,UNICEFMet

296、averse Identity:Redefining Identity for a Blended Reality41Larry Wade Senior Director,Crypto/BC Risk and Compliance,PayPalKent Walker President,Global Affairs and Chief Legal Officer,GoogleLynette Wallworth Artist,Studio WallworthAlice Wang Managing Director,Corporate and Investment Bank(CIB)Strateg

297、y,JP MorganGregory Welch Professor and AdventHealth Endowed Chair in Healthcare Simulation,University of Central FloridaDeborah Welsh Executive Manager,International,Strategy and Futures Branch,eSafety CommissionerJosh Williams Chief Executive Officer,ForteJonathan Wong Group President,Group ONE Hol

298、dings Samer Yaghnam Chief Legal and Administrative Officer,OlayanYu Yuan President of IEEE Standards Association,Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers(IEEE)Robby Yung Chief Executive Officer,Animoca BrandsErez ZaionceDirector,Centre for the Fourth Industrial Revolution ColombiaProduction

299、Rose ChilversDesigner,Studio MikoLaurence DenmarkCreative Director,Studio MikoMartha HowlettEditor,Studio MikoMetaverse Identity:Redefining Identity for a Blended Reality421.“Technology Vision 2024”,Accenture,9 January 2024,https:/ Identity”,PwC,n.d.,https:/ is the Metaverse?”,Meta,n.d.,https:/ Deve

300、lopment Company,“The Real-World Metaverse:Bridging Physical and Digital Realities”,Medium,27 July 2023,https:/ and Dan Mapes,The Spatial Web,Google Books,2019.6.“Home”,Spatial Web Foundation,https:/spatialwebfoundation.org/.7.Mapes,Dan,“An Introduction to The Spatial Web”,Transformative Tech,16 Augu

301、st 2021,https:/transformativetech.org/an-introduction-to-the-spatial-web/.8.Rice,Tatiana,“When is Biometric no longer a biometric?”,Future of Privacy Forum,19 May 2022,https:/fpf.org/blog/when-is-a-biometric-no-longer-a-biometric/.9.“Customize Your Meta Avatar With New Body Shapes,Hair and Clothing”

302、,Meta,27 April 2023,https:/ Player Me,https:/readyplayer.me/.11.“Introducing ChatGPT”,OpenAI,n.d.,https:/ Digital Twins”,Microsoft,https:/ Boulos,Maged N.and Peng Zhang,“Digital Twins:From Personalized Medicine to Precision Public Health”,Journal of Personalized Medicine,vol.11,no.8,2021.15.Nilga,Ma

303、ria and Dmytro Rusin,“AR-based Indoor Navigation”,Grid Dynamics,8 April 2021,https:/ Lab,n.d.,https:/makeabilitylab.cs.washington.edu/project/rassar/.17.World Economic Forum,Identity in a Digital World:A New Chapter in the Social Contract,2018,https:/www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_INSIGHT_REPORT_Digital%

304、20Identity.pdf.18.Ibid.19.Accenture,Human by Design video,https:/videos.ces.tech/detail/video/6344580565112/human-by-design-presented-by-accenture.20.Price,Matthew,“Part 1:From Human-Centric Design to Human-First Design in the Metaverse”,Medium,3 April 2023,https:/ Trust”,World Economic Forum,n.d.,h

305、ttps:/initiatives.weforum.org/digital-trust/about.22.“New report:Exploring human vulnerability in the metaverse”,Alliance for Universal Digital Rights,17 July 2023,https:/audri.org/new-report-exploring-human-vulnerability-in-the-metaverse/.23.“Accenture Technology Vision 2024:“Human by Design”Techno

306、logies Will Reinvent Industries and Redefine Leaders by Supercharging Productivity and Creativity”,Accenture,9 January 2024,https:/ Metaverse:What It Is,Where to Find it,Who Will Build It,and Fortnite”,The Ball Metaverse Index,13 January 2020,https:/www.ballmetaverse.co/research/the-metaverse-what-i

307、t-is-where-to-find-it-who-will.25.Pettifer,Stephen,Emma Barrett,James Marsh,Kathryn Hill,et al.,The Future of eXtended Reality Technologies,and Implications for Online Child Sexual Exploitation and Abuse,2022,https:/documents.manchester.ac.uk/display.aspx?DocID=62042.26.“Why ID matters for developme

308、nt”,Identification for Development,https:/id4d.worldbank.org/guide/why-id-matters-development#:text=This%20global%20identification%20gap%20is,providing%20legal%20identity%20from%20birth.27.“hegemony”,Britannica,https:/ Second Life Grid,Google Books,2009,https:/ Identity:Redefining Identity for a Ble

309、nded Reality4330.“OECD Recommendation on the Governance of Digital Identity”,Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development,26 September 2023,https:/www.oecd.org/digital/digital-government/oecd-recommendation-on-the-governance-of-digital-identity.htm.31.UNICEF,The Metaverse Extended Reality

310、and Children,2023,https:/www.unicef.org/globalinsight/media/3056/file/UNICEF-Innocenti-Rapid-Analysis-Metaverse-XR-and-children-2023.pdf.pdf.32.World Economic Forum,Privacy and Safety in the Metaverse,2023.33.“The Child Safety Initiative”,X Reality Safety Intelligence(XRSI),n.d.,https:/xrsi.org/prog

311、rams/child-safety.34.World Economic Forum,Privacy and Safety in the Metaverse,2023.35.Wu,Sixuan,Jiannan Li,Maurcio Sousa and Tovi Grossman,Investigating Guardian Awareness Techniques to Promote Safety in Virtual Reality,Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers(IEEE),2023,https:/ieeexplore.i

312、eee.org/document/10108418.36.“Virtual assistant”Wikipedia,last edited 8 February 2024,https:/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_assistant.37.Mayer-Schnberger,Viktor and Kenneth Cukier,Big Data,Google Books,2013,https:/ Leon,Recognizing Information Inferred about Individuals as Personal Data,Social Scienc

313、e Research Network(SSRN),2022,https:/ and Matthias Artzt,“Metaverse and privacy”,International Association of Privacy Professionals(IAPP),23 August 2022,https:/iapp.org/news/a/metaverse-and-privacy-2/#:text=How%20does%20the%20metaverse%20affect,traced%20back%20to%20real%20individuals.40.Taylor,Petro

314、c,“Volume of data/information created,captured,copied,and consumed worldwide from 2010 to 2020,with forecasts from 2021 to 2025”,Statista,16 November 2023,https:/ Cowls,“A Unified Framework of Five Principles for AI in Society”,Harvard Business Review,issue 1,no.1,1 July 2019,https:/hdsr.mitpress.mi

315、t.edu/pub/l0jsh9d1/release/8.43.Krger,Jacob Leon,Recognizing Information Inferred about Individuals as Personal Data,SSRN,2022,https:/ Americans feel about and manage data privacy:Key findings”,Pew Research Center,18 October 2023,https:/www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2023/10/18/key-findings-about-a

316、mericans-and-data-privacy/.45.“Re-identification risk analysis”,Google Cloud,n.d.,https:/ Filter Bubble:What the Internet is Hiding from You,Penguin Press,2011.49.Whyman,Bill,“AI Regulation is Coming-What is the Likely Outcome?”,Center for Strategic&International Studies(CSIS),10 October 2022,https:

317、/www.csis.org/blogs/strategic-technologies-blog/ai-regulation-coming-what-likely-outcome.50.European Parliament,Artificial Intelligence Act:deal on comprehensive rules for trustworthy AI(Press release),9 December 2023,https:/www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/press-room/20231206IPR15699/artificial-intel

318、ligence-act-deal-on-comprehensive-rules-for-trustworthy-ai.51.“Executive Order on the Safe,Secure,and Trustworthy Development and Use of Artificial Intelligence”,The White House,30 October 2021,https:/www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/presidential-actions/2023/10/30/executive-order-on-the-safe-secure

319、-and-trustworthy-development-and-use-of-artificial-intelligence/.52.Miller,M.R.,F.Herrera,H.Jun,J.A.Landay and J.N.Bailenson,“Personal identifiability of user tracking data during observation of 360-degree VR video”,Scientific Reports,vol.10,no.1,2020.53.Zuboff,Shoshana,The Age of Surveillance Capit

320、alism:The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power,Harvard Business School,2019.54.Carlini,Nicholas,Chang Liu,lfar Erlingsson,Jernej Kos et al.,The Secret Sharer:Evaluating and Testing Unintended Memorization in Neural Networks in SEC19:Proceedings of the 28th USENIX Conference on Secur

321、ity Symposium,2019.55.Ibid.56.Porter,Alexis,“A Guide to Types of Sensitive Information”,Big ID,5 May 2023,https:/ and Dniel Margcsy,“Datafication,Power and Control in Development:A Historical Perspective on the Perils and Longevity of Data”,Progress in Development Studies,vol.22,issue 4,25 February

322、2022.60.World Economic Forum,Reimagining Digital ID,2023,https:/www.weforum.org/reports/reimagining-digital-id/.Metaverse Identity:Redefining Identity for a Blended Reality4461.World Economic Forum,Earning Digital Trust:Decision-Making for Trustworthy Technologies,2022,https:/www.weforum.org/reports

323、/earning-digital-trust-decision-making-for-trustworthy-technologies/.62.INTERPOL,INTERPOL launches first global police Metaverse Press release,20 October 2022,https:/www.interpol.int/News-and-Events/News/2022/INTERPOL-launches-first-global-police-Metaverse.63.Cheong,B.C.,“Avatars in the metaverse:po

324、tential legal issues and remedies”,International Cybersecurity Law Review,issue 3,pp.467-494,2022,https:/doi.org/10.1365/s43439-022-00056-9.64.Schmitt,Paul et al.,The Decoupling Principle:A Practical Privacy Framework,National Science Foundation,2022.65.World Economic Forum,Advancing Digital Agency:

325、The Power of Data Intermediaries,2022.66.Kaye,Kate,“What data privacy could look like in the metaverse”,Protocol,16 February 2022,https:/ Regulation”,European Commission,17 May 2023,https:/digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/eidas-regulation.68.“Trusted Digital Identity Framework(TDIF)”,Austra

326、lian Government,n.d.,https:/www.digitalidentity.gov.au/tdif.69.“Trust Framework”,Digital ID&Authentication Council of Canada,n.d.,https:/diacc.ca/trust-framework/.70.“Digital Identity Services Trust Framework”,New Zealand Digital Government,n.d.,https:/www.digital.govt.nz/digital-government/programm

327、es-and-projects/digital-identity-programme/trust-framework/.71.“UK digital identity and attributes trust framework”,GOV.UK,13 June 2022,https:/www.gov.uk/government/publications/uk-digital-identity-and-attributes-trust-framework-beta-version.72.“Digital Trust Centre(DTC)”,NTU Singapore,https:/www.nt

328、u.edu.sg/dtc.73.Vescent,Heather,“The Metaverse:A missed opportunity for data ownership and privacy?”,Biometric Update,21 January 2022,https:/ Estimation”,Yoti,n.d.,https:/ Avatar Technologies”,https:/ Identities,Contracts and Privacy”,LinkedIn,16 July 2021,https:/ and Wei Wang,“A review of the appli

329、cation of digital identity in the Metaverse”,Security and Safety,vol.2,2023,https:/sands.edpsciences.org/articles/sands/pdf/2023/01/sands20220013.pdf.78.“What is KYC?”,Swift,n.d.,https:/ digital ID,biometric KYC policy model proposed by financial inclusion group”,Biometric Update,5 October 2021,http

330、s:/ Domain Groups”,Metaverse Standards Forum,n.d.,https:/metaverse-standards.org/domain-groups/.81.Broom,Douglas,“A billion people have no legal identity-but a new app plans to change that”,World Economic Forum,20 November 2020,https:/www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/11/legal-identity-id-app-aid-tech/.82

331、.Sanders,Cynthia K.and Edward Scanlon,“The Digital Divide Is a Human Rights Issue:Advancing Social Inclusion Through Social Work Advocacy”,Journal of Human RightsandSocial Work,vol.6,issue 2,pp.130-143,19 March 2021,https:/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7973804/.83.“Identification for Developm

332、ent Global Dataset”,World Bank,n.d.,https:/id4d.worldbank.org/global-dataset.84.“Digital footprint”,eSafety Commissioner,https:/www.esafety.gov.au/young-people/digital-footprint.85.Lee,Jong-Eun Roselyn,“Does virtual diversity matter?:Effects of avatar-based diversity representation on willingness to

333、 express offline racial identity and avatar customization”,Computers in Human Behavior,vol.36,2014,pp.190-197,https:/ P.J.Burke,“Identity theory and social identity theory”,Social Psychology Quarterly,vol.63,no.3,2000,pp.224-237.87.Burke,P.J.,“Relationships among multiple identities”in Advances in Identity Theory and Research,eds.P.J.Burke,T.J.Owens,R.T.Serpe,and P.A.Thoits,Springer,2003,pp.195-21