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1、 The Bioeconomy:A Primer Updated September 19,2022 Congressional Research Service https:/crsreports.congress.gov R46881 Congressional Research Service SUMMARY The Bioeconomy:A Primer The term bioeconomy refers to the share of the economy based on products,services,and processes derived from biologic

2、al resources(e.g.,plants and microorganisms).The bioeconomy is crosscutting,encompassing multiple sectors,in whole or in part(e.g.,agriculture,textiles,chemicals,and energy).Many predict that the bioeconomy will be a key component of the future economy.Specifically,many view the development of and t

3、ransition to predominantly a bioeconomy as a means to address grand challenges such as climate change,food security,energy independence,and environmental sustainability.Advancing the bioeconomy is also viewed as an opportunity to create new jobs and industries,improve human health through the develo

4、pment of new drugs and diagnostics,and boost rural development.Some experts estimate the direct economic impact of bio-based products,services,and processes at up to$4 trillion per year globally over the next 10 years.U.S.competitiveness and leadership in the future global bioeconomy is uncertain.In

5、 2012,the Office of Science and Technology Policy(OSTP)released a comprehensive vision for the U.S.bioeconomy.Progress on the goals and objectives outlined in the report remains unclear.Since 2016,the U.S.Department of Agriculture and the Department of Energy have led federal efforts on development

6、of the U.S.bioeconomy.However,according to the International Advisory Council on Global Bioeconomy,such agencies have a“more agricultural and bioresources-based vision”than the crosscutting and comprehensive vision proposed by OSTP in 2012(e.g.,biomedicine,health,and biodefense are not emphasized).O

7、rganizations,including the National Academies of Sciences,Engineering,and Medicine,have recommended that the federal government develop and regularly update a comprehensive bioeconomy strategy to sustain and grow the U.S.bioeconomy.On September 12,2022,the Biden Administration issued an executive or

8、der creating the National Biotechnology and Biomanufacturing Initiative with the goal of accelerating biotechnology innovation and growing the U.S bioeconomy across multiple sectors.Other countries are adopting and implementing comprehensive policies and strategies to advance their bioeconomies.Such

9、 efforts have the potential to challenge U.S.leadership in biotechnology and other bioeconomy-related sectors that many view as critical to national security and economic competitiveness.Congress may consider a number of issues regarding advancement of the U.S.bioeconomy,including the development an

10、d implementation of a national bioeconomy strategy,federal investments in bioeconomy-related research and development,expanding the bioeconomy workforce,promoting and furthering the development of regional bioeconomies,increasing both the market for bio-based products and services,as well as public

11、awareness and acceptance of bio-based products and services.Conversely,Congress may decide there is no need to restructure federal activities and policies,including some long-standing efforts(e.g.,bio-based fuels or agricultural biotechnology),under a bioeconomy framework.Congress may decide to purs

12、ue bioeconomy-related policies through new or existing sector-specific efforts,or it may decide current policies and activities are sufficient.R46881 September 19,2022 Marcy E.Gallo Analyst in Science and Technology Policy The Bioeconomy:A Primer Congressional Research Service Contents Introduction.

13、1 Variability in the Scope of the Bioeconomy.2 The Bioeconomy of the United States.3 Federal Activity in the U.S.Bioeconomy.7 Executive Branch.7 Congress.12 Policy Considerations.14 Development and Implementation of a National Strategy.15 Investment in R&D.17 Promotion of Regional Efforts.18 Creatin

14、g a Market for Bio-Based Products.19 Developing a Bioeconomy Workforce.20 Public Engagement and Acceptance.21 International Collaboration.22 Sustainability and Creating a Circular Economy.22 Concluding Remarks.24 Figures Figure 1.Definition and Primary Domains of U.S.Bioeconomy.6 Tables Table 1.Indu

15、stries Included in or Excluded from the U.S.Bioeconomy.7 Table 2.OECD Identified Policy Measures for Creating a Bioeconomy Innovation Ecosystem.20 Appendixes Appendix.Bioeconomy Efforts of Select Countries.25 Contacts Author Information.30 The Bioeconomy:A Primer Congressional Research Service 1 Int

16、roduction The bioeconomy is the portion of the economy based on products,services,and processes derived from biological resources(e.g.,plants and microorganisms).Some predict that the future economy will be primarily a bioeconomy.According to the McKinsey Global Institute(MGI),“as much as 60 percent

17、 of the physical inputs to the global economy could,in principle,be produced biologically.”1 Such predictions are based,in part,on the advancement of our knowledge and understanding of the biological sciences.For example,humans have long bred plants and animals for desirable traits(e.g.,higher yield

18、s,resistance to pests);however,we now understand the genetic basis for some of these traits and how information can be transmitted within cells and between generations.Not only can researchers read an organisms genetic code,they can edit it with a high-level of precision and create organisms with sy

19、nthetic genomes.Many view a bioeconomy as a means to address societal challenges such as climate change,food security,energy independence,and environmental sustainability.Potential benefits of a transition to a bioeconomy include the following:The substitution of renewable biomass or bio-based raw m

20、aterials for fossil fuels in the production of energy,chemicals,and materials.An increase in crop and livestock production.Increased efficiency in the use of biomass and a reduction in waste.New drugs and diagnostics to improve human health.The creation of new jobs and industries.Boosting rural deve

21、lopment.According to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development(OECD),the potential benefits“will not become reality without attentive and active support from governments and the public at large.”2 Potential challenges associated with a transition to a bioeconomy and the successful de

22、velopment and commercialization of bioeconomy-related products and services include ensuring policy coherence and alignment amongst the array of sectors involved;overcoming the“lock-in”or rigidness of existing production systems;ensuring equal access to bioeconomy-related products and services;and p

23、rompting consumer acceptance and demand.Given concerns about U.S.competitiveness and national security associated with biotechnologythe use of cellular and biomolecular processes to develop technologies and processescongressional interest in the bioeconomy and the potential it holds may grow.This re

24、port provides an overview of the bioeconomy,details the efforts of the United States and other selected nations pertaining to the bioeconomy(see Appendix),and offers policy considerations for strengthening the role of the United States in the global bioeconomy.The report does not examine the policie

25、s and programs of individual sectors that contribute to the bioeconomy(e.g.,1 Michael Chui,Matthias Evers,and James Manyika,et al.,The Bio Revolution:Innovations Transforming Economies,Societies,and Our Lives,McKinsey Global Institute,May 2020,p.vi.2 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Develop

26、ment,The Bioeconomy to 2030:Designing a Policy Agenda,OECD Publishing,Paris,2009,p.3.The Bioeconomy:A Primer Congressional Research Service 2 biofuels,biomanufacturing,pharmaceuticals,or agriculture),but instead discusses the bioeconomy from a macro level perspective.3 Variability in the Scope of th

27、e Bioeconomy There is no standard definition of the bioeconomy.The scope,emphasis,and definition of a nations bioeconomy vary based on the countrys technological capacity,natural resource base,and economic and trade policies.However,all nations with a definition of the bioeconomy view it as crosscut

28、ting,encompassing multiple sectors,in whole or in part(e.g.,agriculture,textiles,chemicals,energy,and pharmaceuticals).The National Academies of Sciences,Engineering,and Medicine(NASEM)groups the variability observed in how a nation scopes or defines its bioeconomy into three categories or visions:(

29、1)a biotechnology vision,(2)a bioresource vision,and(3)a bioecology vision.According to NASEM Under the biotechnology vision,activities in the bioeconomy center around generating scientific knowledge enabled by the purposeful manipulation of DNA,with production processes operating at the molecular l

30、evel,the commercialization of such processes,and the development of new commercial products through biomanufacturing.The bioresource vision involves the conversion of biomass and biological materials(e.g.,crops,trees)into sources of power and/or new products,such as bio-plastics or biofuels.The bioe

31、cology vision“highlights the importance of ecological processes that optimize the use of energy and nutrients,promote biodiversity,and avoid monocultures and soil degradation.4 These categories or visions,however,are not mutually exclusive.The box titled“Examples of Bioeconomy Definitions”presents d

32、efinitions of the bioeconomy used by various countries and international organizations.Examples of Bioeconomy Definitions Brazil The term bioeconomy refers to“the generation of innovative products and services based on the countrys natural resources and ecosystem services.”5 European Union“The bioec

33、onomy covers all sectors and systems that rely on biological resources(animals,plants,micro-organisms and derived biomass,including organic waste),their functions and principles.It includes and interlinks:land and marine ecosystems and the services they provide;all primary production sectors that us

34、e and produce 3 More information on individual sectors that contribute to the bioeconomy can be found in other CRS reports.For example,see CRS Report R46737,Agricultural Biotechnology:Overview,Regulation,and Selected Policy Issues,by Genevieve K.Croft;CRS Report R43325,The Renewable Fuel Standard(RF

35、S):An Overview,by Kelsi Bracmort;CRS Report R40529,Biomass:Comparison of Definitions in Legislation,by Kelsi Bracmort;and CRS Report R46427,Development and Regulation of Medical Countermeasures for COVID-19(Vaccines,Diagnostics,and Treatments):Frequently Asked Questions,by Agata Bodie et al.4 Nation

36、al Academies of Sciences,Engineering,and Medicine,Safeguarding the Bioeconomy,The National Academies Press,Washington,DC,2020,pp.45,48,https:/www.nap.edu/catalog/25525/safeguarding-the-bioeconomy.5 German Bioeconomy Council,Bioeconomy Policy(Part III):Update Report of National Strategies around the

37、World,2018,p.32.The Bioeconomy:A Primer Congressional Research Service 3 biological resources(agriculture,forestry,fisheries and aquaculture);and all economic and industrial sectors that use biological resources and processes to produce food,feed,bio-based products,energy and services.”6 Germany The

38、 Federal Government of Germany defines the bioeconomy as“the production,exploitation and use of biological resources,processes and systems to provide products,processes and services across all economic sectors within the framework of a future-oriented economy.”7 Italy The bioeconomy encompasses the

39、integration of“the sustainable production of renewable biological resources and the conversion of these resources and waste streams into value-added products such as food,feed,bio-based products and bioenergy.”8 Japan The bioeconomy is a“concept that expands a sustainable and renewable circular econ

40、omy and society by using biotechnology and renewable biological resources.”9 See“Sustainability and Creating a Circular Economy”below for further discussion.South Africa The South African bioeconomy definition refers to“activities that make use of bio-innovations,based on biological sources,material

41、s and processes to generate sustainable economic,social and environmental development.”10 United Nations,Food and Agriculture Organization(FAO)FAO uses the definition of the bioeconomy adopted at the 2018 Global Bioeconomy Summit.“Bioeconomy is the production,utilization and conservation of biologic

42、al resources,including related knowledge,science,technology,and innovation,to provide information,products,processes and services across all economic sectors aiming toward a sustainable economy.”11 United States A 2019 White House“Summit on Americas Bioeconomy”stated“the bioeconomy represents the in

43、frastructure,innovation,products,technology,and data derived from biologically-related processes and science that drive economic growth,improve public health,agricultural,and security benefits.”12 The Bioeconomy of the United States The lack of an officially accepted definition for the U.S.bioeconom

44、y complicates its analysis and decisionmaking.The characteristics of the U.S.bioeconomy consist of an emphasis on 6 European Commission,A Sustainable Bioeconomy for Europe:Strengthening the Connection Between Economy,Society and the Environment,2018,p.4.7 International Advisory Council on Global Bio

45、economy,Global Bioeconomy Policy Report(IV):A Decade of Bioeconomy Policy Development around the World,November 2020,p.102.8 Ibid.,p.116.9 Ibid.,p.54.10 Ibid.,p.25.11 Marta Gomez San Juan,Anne Bogdanski and Olivier Dubois,Towards Sustainable Bioeconomy:Lessons Learned from Case Studies,Food and Agri

46、culture Organization,United Nations,2019,p.ix.12 Office of Science and Technology Policy,Summary of the 2019 White House Summit on Americas Bioeconomy,Washington,DC,October 7,2019,p.3.The Bioeconomy:A Primer Congressional Research Service 4 biotechnology and innovation,the inclusion of biomedicine a

47、nd health,and the application of the bioeconomy to defense and national security purposes(e.g.,protecting against biological threats).13 In 2020,the NASEM proposed the following definition for the U.S.bioeconomy:The U.S.bioeconomy is economic activity that is driven by research and innovation in the

48、 life sciences and biotechnology,and that is enabled by technological advances in engineering and in computing and information sciences.14 As estimated by the NASEM,the U.S.bioeconomy accounted for more than 5%of U.S.gross domestic product or$959.2 billion in 2016.15 The NASEM groups U.S.bioeconomy

49、activities into three primary domainsagricultural,biomedical,and bioindustrialin addition to“a cross-cutting category of tools,kits,and services”that advance biotechnology research and development(R&D)(see Figure 1).16 The 2020 report also detailed industry sectors excluded from or included,wholly o

50、r in part,in NASEMs proposed definition(e.g.,crop production and pharmaceuticals,see Table 1).As indicated by NASEM,one of the principal differences between the scope of the U.S.bioeconomy and the bioeconomy of countries within the European Union(EU)and Japan is the treatment of primary sectors such

51、 as agriculture,fisheries,and forestry.In general,EU countries and Japan include these sectors wholly within their definition of the bioeconomy,while the United States includes only selected parts(e.g.,genetically modified crops and crops produced for energy).17 This difference reflects the U.S.view

52、 that biotechnology is a key driver of the bioeconomy.For example,the NASEM established biotechnology-focused criteria for inclusion of agricultural activities within the scope of its definition,including the use of genetic engineering when creating a strain or seed,among others(see Figure 1).18 Add

53、itionally,the EU explicitly excludes health and medicine from the scope of the EU bioeconomy,while the United States and Japan include such sectors.19 NASEM indicates that there are advantages and disadvantages in adopting a broad versus narrow definition or scope of the bioeconomy.According to NASE

54、M,If one adopts a broad,highly inclusive definition,the bioeconomy is dominated by mature economic activities(e.g.,manufacturing of wood furniture)that(as yet)involve neither applications of biological research or biotechnology nor the substitution of biological for petrochemical resources.Adopting

55、a broader definition has the advantage of including the totality of such sectors as agriculture,forestry,wood manufacturing,and food processing.These sectors are already characterized and defined in national income accounts and recorded regularly in government statistics.This facilitates measurement

56、,but measures of the bioeconomy heavily weighted toward such mature sectors may indicate that the bioeconomy is a shrinking share of economic activity,incomes,and wages over time.13 International Advisory Council on Global Bioeconomy,Global Bioeconomy Policy Report(IV):A Decade of Bioeconomy Policy

57、Development around the World,November 2020,p.31.14 National Academies of Sciences,Engineering,and Medicine,Safeguarding the Bioeconomy,The National Academies Press,Washington,DC,2020,pp.58-66.15 Ibid.,p.73.16 Ibid.,p.6.17 Ibid.,pp.53-58.18 Ibid.,p.61.19 International Advisory Council on Global Bioec

58、onomy,Global Bioeconomy Policy Report(IV):A Decade of Bioeconomy Policy Development around the World,November 2020,p.153.The Bioeconomy:A Primer Congressional Research Service 5 In contrast,a narrower definition,based more on biological innovations,may be better equipped to track innovation and dyna

59、mism within mature sectors.For example,under a narrower definition of the bioeconomy,forestry may not be included.Yet,as adoption of future biotechnology applications progresses,activities within the forestry sector would increasingly be included in the bioeconomy.Likewise,innovations in cellular ag

60、riculture could bring more activities within livestock production or food processing under the umbrella of the bioeconomy.20 20 National Academies of Sciences,Engineering,and Medicine,Safeguarding the Bioeconomy,The National Academies Press,Washington,DC,2020,p.56.The Bioeconomy:A Primer Congression

61、al Research Service 6 Figure 1.Definition and Primary Domains of U.S.Bioeconomy As proposed by the National Academies of Science,Engineering,and Medicine Source:Adapted from Figure 2-2,National Academies of Sciences,Engineering,and Medicine,Safeguarding the Bioeconomy,The National Academies Press,Wa

62、shington,DC,2020,p.60.The Bioeconomy:A Primer Congressional Research Service 7 Table 1.Industries Included in or Excluded from the U.S.Bioeconomy As proposed by the National Academies of Science,Engineering,and Medicine Wholly Included Industries Partially Included Industries Industries with Emergin

63、g Activities That May Be Included in the Future Excluded Industries Pharmaceuticals Biotechnology Research and Development Medical Diagnostics Crop Production Electricity Generation Processed Food Chemicals Plastics and Rubber Other Physical,Engineering and Life Sciences Research and Development Liv

64、estock Production Fisheries/Aquaculture Forestry Mining(bioleaching)Textiles Beverages and Tobacco Leather and Products Wood Manufacturing Paper Products Furniture Manufacturing Apparel Health Care Druggists Goods(wholesalers)Agriculture Supplies(wholesale)Construction Water Treatment and Supply Nat

65、ure Tourism,Hunting,Fishing Source:Adapted from Table 2-1,National Academies of Sciences,Engineering,and Medicine,Safeguarding the Bioeconomy,The National Academies Press,Washington,DC,2020,pp.54-55.Note:The category“Industries with Emerging Activities That May Be Included in the Future”represents i

66、ndustries in which some,not all,activities are anticipated to be included.Federal Activity in the U.S.Bioeconomy The following sections provide an overview and background on current and past federal activities associated with the bioeconomy.The sections are limited to activities that explicitly refe

67、rence the term“bioeconomy”and are intended to be illustrative of executive branch and legislative actions in this area,without necessarily being comprehensive.Executive Branch In 2010,the Office of Budget and Management(OMB)and the Office of Science and Technology Policy(OSTP)included bioeconomy R&D

68、 among the Obama Administrations science and technology priorities for formulating the FY2012 budget.The OMB and OSTP memorandum stated that federal agencies should“support research to establish the foundations for a 21st century bio-economy.Advances in biotechnology and improvements in our ability

69、to design biological systems have the potential to address critical national needs in agriculture,energy,health,and the environment.”21 In 2012,the Obama Administration released the National Bioeconomy Blueprint with the stated purpose of“laying out strategic objectives that will help realize the fu

70、ll potential of the U.S.bioeconomy.”22 According to the bioeconomy blueprint,“a bioeconomy is one based on the use 21 Peter R.Orszag and John P.Holdren,“Memorandum for the Heads of Executive Departments and Agencies,Subject:Science and Technology Priorities for the FY2012 Budget,”Executive Office of

71、 the President,Office of Management and Budget,Washington,DC,July 21,2010,https:/obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/fy12-budget-guidance-memo.pdf.22 White House,National Bioeconomy Blueprint,Washington,DC,April 2012,p.2,https:/obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/

72、files/microsites/ostp/The Bioeconomy:A Primer Congressional Research Service 8 of research and innovation in the biological sciences to create economic activity and public benefit.”23 The bioeconomy blueprint included the following strategic objectives:Support for R&D investments to provide the foun

73、dation for the future U.S.bioeconomy.Facilitating the transition and commercialization of bio-inventions,including an increased focus on translational and regulatory sciences.Developing and reforming regulations to reduce barriers,increase the speed and predictability of regulatory processes,and red

74、uce costs while protecting human and environmental health.Updating training programs and aligning academic institution incentives to address national workforce needs.Identifying and supporting the development of public-private partnerships and precompetitive collaborations.24 While the 2015 update o

75、f the Obama Administrations American Innovation Strategy highlighted the need for R&D investments to advance the bioeconomy,including efforts to promote the development of biotechnology tools and investments associated with bioenergy,the extent to which the 2012 bioeconomy blueprint was implemented

76、is unclear.The federal government has not issued another government-wide strategy or vision for the bioeconomy since 2015.As noted by the International Advisory Council on Global Bioeconomy,since 2016,the direction of the U.S.bioeconomy has been“marked by the more agricultural and bioresources-based

77、 vision put forth by individual federal agencies.”25 In particular,the U.S.Department of Agriculture(USDA)and the Department of Energy(DOE)have a long history of supporting R&D and policies in areas associated with the bioeconomy.In 2016,the Biomass R&D Board,26 an interagency group co-chaired by DO

78、E and USDA and also including the Departments of Transportation,the Interior,and Defense,the Environmental Protection Agency,the National Science Foundation,and OSTP,released a Federal Activities Report on the Bioeconomy to“emphasize the significant potential for an even stronger U.S.bioeconomy thro

79、ugh the production and use of biofuels,bioproducts,and biopower.”The report outlined a vision for“expanding the sustainable production and use of biomass,”proposed a number of objectives for,and identified barriers to achieving such a vision.The report divided the objectives into the following areas

80、:Use an integrated systems approach.Provide the science and technology needed to drive innovation.national_bioeconomy_blueprint_april_2012.pdf.23 Ibid.,p.7.24 Ibid.,pp.2-5.25 International Advisory Council on Global Bioeconomy,Global Bioeconomy Policy Report(IV):A Decade of Bioeconomy Policy Develop

81、ment around the World,November 2020,pp.40-41.26 P.L.106-224 established the Biomass Research and Development Board“to coordinate programs within and among departments and agencies of the Federal Government for the purpose of promoting the use of bio-based industrial products.”Per 7 U.S.C.8108 the cu

82、rrent duties of the Board include coordinating R&D activities related to biofuels and bio-based products between USDA and DOE and with other federal departments and agencies.For more information on the Biomass Research and Development Initiative,see CRS In Focus IF10288,Overview of the 2018 Farm Bil

83、l Energy Title Programs,by Kelsi Bracmort,and CRS Report R45943,The Farm Bill Energy Title:An Overview and Funding History,by Kelsi Bracmort.The Bioeconomy:A Primer Congressional Research Service 9 Create public and private collaborations to overcome barriers and accelerate deployment.Develop a work

84、force for the future bioeconomy.Understand and inform policy.The identified barriers included sustainably producing and accessing adequate,affordable feedstock;developing and applying innovative,cost-competitive conversion technologies;optimizing distribution infrastructure across the nation to allo

85、w movement of biomass and subsequent derivatives across the entire supply chain;and educating the consumer.27 Also in 2016,DOE released an update to its Billion-Ton Bioeconomy report,which modeled and detailed the availability of up to 1 billion tons of biomass resources per year in the United State

86、s.In addition,the report examined concerns about climate change impacts,logistical operations,environmental sustainability,and systems integration across the production,harvest,and conversion of biomass.28 DOEs Bioenergy Technology Office(BETO)also published the Strategic Plan for a Thriving and Sus

87、tainable Bioeconomy in 2016.The strategic plan identified the following key opportunity areas:Enhancing the value proposition of bioenergy.Mobilizing the nations biomass resources.Cultivating end use markets and customers.Expanding stakeholder engagement and collaboration.29 In 2019,the Biomass R&D

88、Boardas a follow-on to the 2016 federal activities reportreleased an implementation framework for the bioeconomy.As described in the report,the purpose of the framework is to serve as a guiding document for the BR&D Board member agencies to increase government accountability and efficiency,maximize

89、interagency coordination on bioeconomy research and other activities,and accelerate innovative and sustainable technologies that harness the nations biomass resources.The cutting-edge research and development(R&D)described in this Framework can advance technologies to provide a secure,reliable,affor

90、dable,and enduring supply of U.S.energy and products.There has been great progress to date,but many opportunities remain to unlock the full potential of the U.S.bioeconomy.This Framework lays out activities that will help understand and mitigate technology uncertainty;leverage government,academic,27

91、 Biomass Research and Development Board,Federal Activities Report on the Bioeconomy,February 2016,https:/www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2016/02/f30/farb_2_18_16.pdf.28 U.S.Department of Energy,2016 Billion-Ton Report:Advancing Domestic Resources for a Thriving Bioeconomy,Volume 1:Economic Availabil

92、ity of Feedstocks,Oak Ridge,TN,July 2016,https:/www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2016/12/f34/2016_billion_ton_report_12.2.16_0.pdf;and U.S.Department of Energy,2016 Billion-Ton Report:Advancing Domestic Resources for a Thriving Bioeconomy,Volume 2:Environmental Sustainability Effects of Select Scenar

93、ios from Volume 1,Oak Ridge,TN,January 2017,https:/www.energy.gov/eere/bioenergy/downloads/2016-billion-ton-report-volume-2-environmental-sustainability-effects.29 Bioenergy Technologies Office,Strategic Plan for a Thriving and Sustainable Bioeconomy,U.S.Department of Energy,December 2016,https:/www

94、.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2016/12/f34/beto_strategic_plan_december_2016_0.pdf.The Bioeconomy:A Primer Congressional Research Service 10 industrial,and non-governmental resources and capabilities;stimulate public-private partnerships and investment;and generate technical information that can infor

95、m decision-makers and policymakers across complex value chains.No singular agency has the expertise for all aspects of the bioeconomy supply chain;it is only by leveraging the strengths of all BR&D Board agencies and external partners that technology challenges can be addressed.30 Also in 2019,the T

96、rump Administration hosted a White House summit to discuss U.S.leadership in the bioeconomy and key opportunities and challenges.In remarks at the summit,Michael Kratsios,Chief Technology Officer of the United States,stated As we look to the future,this Administration is focusing in on three of the

97、core issues that will affect the future of the Bioeconomy:infrastructure,talent,and data.First,infrastructure.We need to identify what the most critical infrastructure is in the bioeconomy,what we do well,what we dont do well enough,and where there are bottlenecks that impede our innovation or put o

98、ur security at risk.Second is talent.We must not only train future innovators,but also determine how we can most successfully support our great research institutions and talent producers so that they have the resources and protection they need to thrive.And third,we should explore how we can best pr

99、otect our genetic and biological data while safeguarding the freedom necessary for a robust and growing bioeconomy.As the bioeconomy develops,we need to ensure it is rooted in American values and is always used for the benefit of the American people.31 Furthermore,OSTP issued a request for informati

100、on on the bioeconomy seeking to“inform notable gaps,vulnerabilities,and areas to promote and protect in the U.S.Bioeconomy that may benefit from Federal government attention.”32 The Trump Administration also identified the bioeconomy as a key area of focus for federal R&D investments in both the FY2

101、021 and FY2022 R&D budget priority memoranda issued by OMB and OSTP.33 According to STAT News,the Trump Administration drafted,but never issued an executive order that would have directed OSTP and the National Security Council to co-chair an interagency committee tasked with creating a national bioe

102、conomy strategy within 210 days,in addition to directing the Department of Homeland Security with deciding if the bioeconomy should be designated as a critical infrastructure sector.34 30 Biomass Research and Development Board,The Bioeconomy Initiative:Implementation Framework,U.S.Department of Agri

103、culture,Washington,DC,March 5,2019,p.vii,https:/biomassboard.gov/sites/default/files/pdfs/Bioeconomy_Initiative_Implementation_Framework_FINAL.pdf.31 Office of Science and Technology Policy,Summary of the 2019 White House Summit on Americas Bioeconomy,Washington,DC,October 7,2019,p.7,https:/trumpwhi

104、tehouse.archives.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Summary-of-White-House-Summit-on-Americas-Bioeconomy-October-2019.pdf.32 Office of Science and Technology Policy,“Request for Information on the Bioeconomy,”Federal Register,vol.84,no.175,p.47561,September 10,2019.33 Russell T.Vought and Dr.Kelvin Droe

105、gemeir,“Memorandum for the Heads of Executive Departments and Agencies,Subject:Fiscal Year 2021,”Administration Research and Development Budget Priorities Executive Office of the President,Washington,DC,August,30,2019,https:/trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/FY-21-RD-Budget-Pri

106、orities.pdf;and Russell T.Vought and Dr.Kelvin Droegemeir,“Memorandum for the Heads of Executive Departments and Agencies,Subject:Fiscal Year(FY)2022 Administration Research and Development Budget Priorities and Cross-Cutting Actions,”Executive Office of the President,Washington,DC,August,14,2020,ht

107、tps:/trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/M-20-29.pdf.34 Nicholas Florko,“Abandoned Trump Order on the Bioeconomy Highlights a Path Forward for BidenBut with Mixed Reviews,”STAT News,May 17,2021.The Bioeconomy:A Primer Congressional Research Service 11 In 2020,USDA released a repo

108、rt that included the bioeconomy among the agencys science priorities through 2025.USDAs objectives for the bioeconomy included the following:Promoting the development of enabling technologies for the sustainable,efficient,and profitable production of bio-based products from renewable agricultural an

109、d bioeconomic crops,including emerging supplemental and alternative crops.Developing a bioeconomy research roadmap that sets near-,mid-,and long-term goals and highlighting progress towards those goals annually.Developing knowledge and tools to design and optimize biorefining and processing systems

110、that leverage economies of scale to promote bio-based product competition and market access.Generating,gathering,and synthesizing relevant data and scientific information to quantify and inform the valuation of bioeconomic ecosystems as well as societal and environmental costs,benefits,and services.

111、35 Also in 2020,the Department of Health and Human Services(HHS)awarded$51 million to the Advanced Regenerative Manufacturing Institute(ARMI)to establish“the nations first Foundry for American Biotechnology.”ARMI is a nonprofit organization and a Manufacturing USA Institute with the mission“to make

112、practical the large-scale manufacturing of engineered tissues and tissue-related technologies,to benefit existing industries and grow new ones.”36 According to the press release,the foundry will“produce technological solutions that help the United States protect against and respond to health securit

113、y threats,enhance daily medical care,and add to the U.S.bioeconomy.”37 The Department of Defense awarded$87 million in 2020 to establish the Bioindustrial Manufacturing and Design Ecosystem(BioMADE),a Manufacturing USA Institute.According to a press release,BioMADE will examine and advance industry-

114、wide standards,tools,and measurements;mature foundational technologies;foster a resilient bioindustrial manufacturing ecosystem;advance education and workforce development;and support the establishment and growth of supply chain intermediaries that are essential for a robust U.S.bioeconomy.Other imp

115、ortant focus areas include challenges related to biosafety and security and ethical,legal,and societal considerations.38 According to the National Science Foundation(NSF),“as the U.S.envisions an expanding bioeconomy as a cornerstone of its industrial base,NSF is positioned to have a leading role in

116、 35 U.S.Department of Agriculture,USDA Science Blueprint:A Roadmap for USDA Science from 2020 to 2025,Washington,DC,February 6,2020,p.26,https:/www.usda.gov/sites/default/files/documents/usda-science-blueprint.pdf.36 Advanced Regenerative Manufacturing Institute,“Our Mission,”https:/www.armiusa.org/

117、about-us.For more information on Manufacturing USA Institutes,see CRS Report R46703,Manufacturing USA:Advanced Manufacturing Institutes and Network,by John F.Sargent Jr.37 Department of Health and Human Services,“HHS Pioneers First Foundry for American Biotechnology,”press release,February 10,2020,h

118、ttps:/www.hhs.gov/about/news/2020/02/10/hhs-pioneers-first-foundry-for-american-biotechnology.html.38 Department of Defense,“DOD Approves$87 Million for Newest Bioindustrial Manufacturing Innovation Institute,”press release,October 20,2020,https:/www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Releases/Release/Article/238

119、8087/dod-approves-87-million-for-newest-bioindustrial-manufacturing-innovation-insti/.The Bioeconomy:A Primer Congressional Research Service 12 shaping that vision across the federal sector.”39 NSF invests$250 million annually in biotechnology and bioeconomy activities,including through the agencys

120、Understanding the Rules of Life Big Idea initiative that supports foundational research“to better understand and predict,control,and ultimately design how living systems function.”40 NSF has also identified biotechnology as one of its five“industries of the future.”NSF investments in biotechnology a

121、nd the bioeconomy are concentrated in four priority areas:foundational research,infrastructure,workforce,and the translation of research results.According to the National Institute of Standards and Technology(NIST),the agencys role in the bioeconomy is to provide“the measurement science,validated da

122、ta,and standards development leadership to support the maturation of new biotechnologies into successful products.”41 A 2020 presentation by the agency to the Visiting Committee on Advanced Technology,the agencys advisory council,indicates$30.5 million in support for bioeconomy R&D and other activit

123、ies in FY2020.42 On September 12,2022,the Biden Administration issued Executive Order 14081,Advancing Biotechnology and Biomanufacturing Innovation for a Sustainable,Safe,and Secure American Bioeconomy.43 The policies included in the executive order,collectively referred to as the National Biotechno

124、logy and Biomanufacturing Initiative,seek to grow domestic biomanufacturing capacity;expand market opportunities for bio-based products;drive R&D to address national challenges,streamline regulations for products of biotechnology;and advance biosafety and biosecurity to reduce risk,among others.44 C

125、ongress The following sections describe legislation and congressional hearings that explicitly reference the term bioeconomy,as of the date of this report.The following should be considered illustrative and not comprehensive.Legislation In 2005,Congress required the Secretary of Agriculture to award

126、 grants to regional bioeconomy development associations,agricultural or energy trade associations,or land-grant universities to support the growth and development of regional bioeconomies.45 39 National Science Foundation,“Advanced Biotechnology and Bioeconomy Research at NSF,”https:/www.nsf.gov/bio

127、/bioeconomy.jsp.40 National Science Foundation,“Fact Sheet:American Leadership in Biotechnology,”https:/www.nsf.gov/news/factsheets/Factsheet_BioTech_v04.pdf.41 National Institute of Standards and Technology,“NISTs Role in the Bioeconomy,”https:/www.nist.gov/topics/bioscience/nists-role-bioeconomy.4

128、2 National Institute of Standards and Technology,“Engineering Biology,”February 12,2020,https:/www.nist.gov/system/files/documents/2020/02/11/10.%20NIST%20VCAT%20Feb%202020%20EngBio%20Feb1120%20Updated.pdf.43 Executive Order 14081,“Advancing Biotechnology and Biomanufacturing Innovation for a Sustai

129、nable,Safe,and Secure American Bioeconomy,”vol.87,no.178 Federal Register 56849-56860,September 15,2022.44 White House,“Fact Sheet:President Biden to Launch a National Biotechnology and Biomanufacturing Initiative,”press release,September 12,2022,https:/www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-re

130、leases/2022/09/12/fact-sheet-president-biden-to-launch-a-national-biotechnology-and-biomanufacturing-initiative/.45 42 U.S.C.16254.The Bioeconomy:A Primer Congressional Research Service 13 In 2008,the conference report to the Food,Conservation,and Energy Act of 2008(P.L.110-234,the 2008 farm bill)st

131、ated The Managers encourage the Secretary of Agriculture to continue to allow and support efforts of regional consortiums of public institutions,including land grant universities and State departments of agriculture,to jointly support the bio-economy through research,extension and education activiti

132、es.46 In 2017,P.L.115-31,the Consolidated Appropriations Act,2017,required the Director of National Intelligence to brief the congressional intelligence committees on a proposed plan to monitor advances in life sciences and biotechnology.Congress required the plan to include An assessment of the cur

133、rent collection and analytical posture of the life sciences and biotechnology portfolio as it relates to United States competitiveness and the global bio-economy,the risks and threats evolving with advances in genetic editing technologies,and the implications of such advances on future biodefense re

134、quirements.47 In 2018,the House report to H.R.5952(115th Congress),the Commerce,Justice,Science,and Related Agencies Appropriations Act,2019,directed the Federal Bureau of Investigation(FBI)to provide the appropriations committee with a briefing on biotechnologies and FBI efforts to safeguard the bi

135、oeconomy.48 In the 116th Congress(2019-2020),some Members of Congress introduced a few pieces of legislation related to the bioeconomy.S.3734,the Bioeconomy Research and Development Act of 2020,and a related bill,H.R.4373,the Engineering Biology Research and Development Act of 2019,would have requir

136、ed OSTP to would establish a federal engineering biology research initiative,develop a national strategy for federal agency investments,and create a framework for interagency coordination.The legislation would also have required the National Science Foundation to sponsor a review by NASEM of the eth

137、ical,legal,environmental,and security issues related to engineering biology R&D,among other provisions.H.R.5685,the Securing American Leadership in Science and Technology Act of 2020,would have required the National Institute of Standards and Technology(NIST)within the Department of Commerce to supp

138、ort engineering biology R&D by improving measurement science and the development of standards for synthetic biology,in addition to developing and evaluating predictive models associated with engineered biological systems.In March 2021,Representative Lucas introduced H.R.2153(117th Congress),the Secu

139、ring American Leadership in Science and Technology Act of 2021(identical to H.R.5685 described above).In April 2021,Senator Markey introduced S.1418(117th Congress),the Bioeconomy Research and Development Act of 2021.S.1418 is identical to S.3734(116th Congress)described above.On June 8,2021,the Sen

140、ate passed the United States Innovation and Competition Act of 2021(S.1260,117th Congress)which included the Bioeconomy Research and Development Act of 2021 as Section 2217.On February 4,2022 the House passed the America COMPETES Act of 2022(H.R.4521,117th Congress),which included the Bioeconomy Res

141、earch and Development Act of 2021 as Division B,Title IV.On August 8,2022,President Biden signed 46 U.S.Congress,House Committee on Agriculture,Food,Conservation,and Energy Act of 2008,conference report to accompany H.R.2419,110th Cong.,2nd sess.,May 13,2008,H.Rept.110-627,p.923.47 P.L.115-31 48 U.S

142、.Congress,House Committee on Appropriations,Commerce,Justice,Science,and Related Agencies Appropriations Bill,2019,report to accompany H.R.5952,115th Cong.,2nd sess.,May 24,2018,H.Rept.115-704(Washington:GPO,2018),p.40.The Bioeconomy:A Primer Congressional Research Service 14 the CHIPS and Science A

143、ct into law(P.L.117-80),which included the Bioeconomy Research and Development Act of 2021 as Division B,Title IV.Hearings The bioeconomy has been the focus of or a significant part of several congressional hearings.For example,in 2007,the Senate Committee on Agriculture,Nutrition,and Forestry held

144、a hearing examining policy proposals related to energy and rural development for the 2008 farm bill.49 The hearing included testimony from a representative of the North Central Bioeconomy Consortium,a 12-state collaborative effort that is no longer active,focused on policies that should be included

145、in the 2008 farm bill to support the development of the bioeconomy.In 2017,the House Committee on Agriculture,Subcommittee on Commodity Exchanges,Energy,and Credit,discussed the bioeconomy as part of a series of hearings the committee held in preparation for the 2018 farm bill.50 In 2019,the House C

146、ommittee on Science,Space,and Technology held a hearing to review the opportunities and challenges associated with new and emerging biological innovations and their application in agriculture,energy,and manufacturing;to examine the status of U.S.leadership in engineering biology;and to receive testi

147、mony on the Engineering Biology Research and Development Act.51 In addition,in 2019,the Senate Committee on Armed Services held a hearing on biological threats to the United States that included testimony on the role of the bioeconomy in national security.52 In 2020,the Senate Committee on Commerce,

148、Science,and Transportation held a hearing on“securing U.S.leadership in the bioeconomy.”53 Policy Considerations The following sections describe issues for consideration regarding advancement of the U.S.bioeconomy.Congress may pursue all,some,or none of the areas described below.49 U.S.Congress,Sena

149、te Committee on Agriculture,Nutrition,and Forestry,Farm Bill Proposals Relating to Farm and Rural Energy Issues and Rural Development,110th Cong.,1st sess.,May 9,2007,S.Hrg.110-156(Washington:GPO,2007).50 U.S.Congress,House Committee on Agriculture,The Next Farm Bill,115th Cong.,1st sess.,March,9,20

150、17,Serial no.115-3,Part 1(Washington:GPO,2018).51 U.S.Congress,House Committee on Science,Space,and Technology,Subcommittee on Research and Technology,Engineering Our Way to a Sustainable Bioeconomy,116th Cong.,1st sess.,March 12,Serial no.116-6(Washington:GPO,2019).52 U.S.Congress,Senate Committee

151、on Armed Services,Subcommittee on Emerging Threats and Capabilities,Biological Threats to United States National Security,116th Cong.,1st sess.,November 20,2019,S.Hrg.116-259(Washington:GPO,2020).53 U.S.Congress,Senate Committee on Commerce,Science,and Transportation,Subcommittee on Science,Oceans,F

152、isheries,and Weather,Securing U.S.Leadership in the Bioeconomy,116th Cong.,2nd sess.,March 3,2020.The Bioeconomy:A Primer Congressional Research Service 15 Development and Implementation of a National Strategy Given the potential economic and societal opportunities provided by a robust U.S.bioeconom

153、y,NASEM and others have recommended that the federal government develop and regularly update a national bioeconomy strategy.54 In addition,due to the complexity of the bioeconomy,NASEM recommended that the federal government solicit input from industry,academia,and others regarding the goals and obj

154、ectives of such a strategy.Some have also called for the establishment of a coordination body within the Executive Office of the President to oversee the development and implementation of a national bioeconomy strategy.For example,a policy proposal released by the Day One Project,an initiative of th

155、e Federation of American Scientists,calls for the creation of a National Bioeconomy Coordination Office that is“a joint mandate of the National Security Council(NSC)and the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy(OSTP)to work with federal agencies on bioeconomy priorities.”It also recomm

156、ended each federal agency with a role in the bioeconomy appoint a senior leader to assume responsibility for bioeconomy-related activities and efforts.55 As detailed in the 2012 bioeconomy blueprint,at least 25 federal departments and agencies support biological R&D and have a potential role in prom

157、oting the U.S.bioeconomy(see box titled“Federal Departments and Agencies that Support Biological Research”).Mechanisms to improve the coordination and governance of bioeconomy policies and activities across sectors are prominently featured in the bioeconomy strategies of other nations.In general,oth

158、er nations tasked inter-governmental coordination groups with developing and implementing their countrys bioeconomy strategy and ensuring policy 54 National Academies of Sciences,Engineering,and Medicine,Safeguarding the Bioeconomy,The National Academies Press,Washington,DC,2020,pp.347-351.55 Alexan

159、der Titus,A National Bioeconomy Manufacturing and Innovation Initiative,Day One Project,December 2020,p.4,https:/9381c384-0c59-41d7-bbdf- Departments and Agencies That Support Biological Research Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service National Institute of Food and Agriculture Fores

160、t Service Department of Commerce National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Institute of Standards and Technology Department of Defense Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency Defense Science and Technology Program Office of Naval Research U.S.Army Medical Research and Materiel Comma

161、nd Department of Energy Office of Science Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy Department of Homeland Security Science and Technology Directorate Department of the Interior Fish and Wildlife Service U.S.Geological Survey Environmental Protection A

162、gency Department of Health and Human Services Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Food and Drug Administration National Institutes of Health Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response National Aeronautics and Space Administration National Science Foundation Veteran Affairs Department U

163、nited States Agency for International Development Smithsonian Institution Source:White House,National Bioeconomy Blueprint,Washington,DC,April 2012,p.18.The Bioeconomy:A Primer Congressional Research Service 16 coherence(i.e.,resolving conflicts between goals).Some have also established advisory bod

164、iescomposed of outside expertstasked with evaluating bioeconomy programs and policies and providing recommendations for improvement.In 2012,OSTP released a comprehensive vision for the U.S.bioeconomy,but an implementation plan was not developed,and progress toward the goals and objectives outlined i

165、n the 2012 vision remains unclear.Since 2016,USDA and DOE,including through the Biomass R&D Board,have led federal efforts on development of the U.S.bioeconomy.As described by the International Advisory Council on Global Bioeconomy,such agencies have a“more agricultural and bioresources-based vision

166、”than the one proposed in 2012(i.e.,biomedicine,health,and biodefense are not emphasized).In 2019,the agencies of the Biomass R&D Board,chaired by USDA and DOE,issued an implementation framework for the development of biofuels,biopower,and bioproducts from renewable biomass materials and waste.On Se

167、ptember 12,2022,the Biden Administration issued Executive Order 14081“to coordinate a whole-of-government approach to advance biotechnology and biomanufacturing towards innovative solutions in health,climate change,energy,food security,agriculture,supply chain resilience,and national and economic se

168、curity.”The policies and activities included in the executive order would appear to respond to NASEMs recommendation for a more comprehensive vision and approach to advancing the U.S.bioeconomy.Should Congress be interested in further supporting the U.S.bioeconomy,it may consider codifying some of t

169、he efforts initiated under E.O.14081 or establishing an alternative high-level coordination body tasked with developing,implementing,and evaluating a comprehensive U.S.bioeconomy strategy.It could also continue to support a more decentralized framework that encourages sector specific programs and ac

170、tivities related to the bioeconomy.For example,it could support the“bioresource vision”of the Biomass R&D Board,in addition to strengthening bioeconomy objectives in biomedicine and health,and biodefense and national security through separate strategies,programs,or initiatives.Congress could also co

171、nsider the development of a comprehensive bioeconomy strategy augmented by detailed sector specific implementation plans or roadmaps.Existing interagency bodies(e.g.,the Biomass R&D Board)could execute such roadmaps or Congress could establish new interagency groups that focus on certain sectors or

172、aspects of the bioeconomy.Regardless of the approach,sustainment of bioeconomy policies and programs across presidential Administrations and Congresses will likely be necessary for maintaining U.S.leadership in the future bioeconomy.Ensuring long-term engagement,including the provision of sufficient

173、 resources,is often challenging.In testimony before the Senate Committee on Armed Services in 2019,Dr.Tara OToole,Executive Vice President and Senior Fellow at In-Q-Tel and former Under Secretary for Science and Technology at the Department of Homeland Security,emphasized the role of biotechnologyge

174、nerally considered a driver of the bioeconomyin the future competitiveness of the United States,stating Biology will prove equally transformativeAmericans just do not see it yet.This is a problem because biotechnology is both a humanitarian and geopolitical necessity.Biotechnology will dramatically

175、and literally reshape our lives and our world.It will also become a significant source of national powereconomic,and in all likelihood militaryas it creates entirely new possibilities,materials,and products.The question is whether our government can best position the United States to capitalize on t

176、his promise.56 56 U.S.Congress,Senate Committee on Armed Services,Subcommittee on Emerging Threats and Capabilities,Biological Threats to United States National Security,116th Cong.,1st sess.,November 20,2019,S.Hrg.116-259 The Bioeconomy:A Primer Congressional Research Service 17 NASEM and others ha

177、ve also recommended that the federal government improve its ability to measure the bioeconomy.57 Relevant metrics are generally seen as critical to understanding the value of the U.S.bioeconomy,in addition to tracking progress and assessing the impact of policies.Metrics could also be useful in comp

178、aring the U.S.bioeconomy with other nations.Standardizing such metrics would be challenging given differences among national definitions,but they could still serve as useful benchmarks.Investment in R&D Many experts call for increased federal investment in R&D to maintain U.S.leadership in the bioec

179、onomy.In general,experts highlight the life sciences,computing and information sciences,engineering,and biotechnology for increased support.Many also emphasize the convergence of such disciplines.In one example,the Engineering Biology Research Consortium(EBRC),a nonprofit,public-private partnership,

180、has released a series of roadmaps that identify high-priority research areas in engineering or synthetic biology(see box titled“What is Synthetic Biology?”).According to EBRC,the aim of the effort is“to guide better-coordinated efforts throughout the U.S.government to fund and expand engineering bio

181、logy research,to engage new stakeholders,and to inform the research and scientific support community about the challenges and potential of the engineering biology field.”58 According to the American Association of Universities,Equally important to ensuring substantive federal investments to support

182、the U.S.bioeconomy is maintaining a mechanism that provides predictable,consistent,and sustained funding.The Congressional appropriations process continues to labor to pass the required annual appropriations measures by the end of each fiscal year.59 Beyond investments in basic and applied research

183、in areas deemed critical to advancing the bioeconomy,some are calling for improvements in bioeconomy-related R&D infrastructure,including biomanufacturing platforms and pilot facilities.60 According to a report by the OECD,support for translational R&D seems to be particularly important for advancin

184、g the adoption and (Washington:GPO,2020),p.20.57 National Academies of Sciences,Engineering,and Medicine,Safeguarding the Bioeconomy,The National Academies Press,Washington,DC,2020,pp.341-346.58 Engineering Biology Research Consortium,“Research Roadmapping,”https:/ebrc.org/focus-areas/roadmapping/.5

185、9 Mary Sue Coleman,President,Association of American Universities,Comments Submitted in Response to White House Office of Science and Technology Request for Information on the Bioeconomy,October 22,2019,p.2,https:/www.aau.edu/sites/default/files/AAU-Files/Key-Issues/Innovation-Competitiveness/AAU-re

186、sponse-OSTP-RFI-Bioeconomy.pdf.60 Martin Borowiecki and James Philp,Policy Initiatives for Health and the Bioeconomy,Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development,OECD Science,Technology,and Industry Policy Papers,No.83,Paris,October 2019,https:/www.oecd-ilibrary.org/science-and-technology/p

187、olicy-initiatives-for-health-and-the-bioeconomy_9d98177b-en.What Is Synthetic Biology?Synthetic biology is a component of biotechnology.Specifically,synthetic biology is a field of science that involves redesigning organisms for useful purposes by engineering them to have new abilities.Synthetic bio

188、logy focuses on the design and construction of core components(parts of enzymes,genetic circuits,metabolic pathways,etc.)that can be modeled,understood,and fine-tuned to meet specific performance criteria,in addition to being assembled into larger integrated systems to solve specific problems.Source

189、s:National Human Genome Research Institute,“Synthetic Biology,”https:/www.genome.gov/about-genomics/policy-issues/Synthetic-Biology and Engineering Biology Research Consortium,“What is Synthetic/Engineering Biology?,”https:/ebrc.org/what-is-synbio/.The Bioeconomy:A Primer Congressional Research Serv

190、ice 18 commercialization of health-related innovations.61 Additionally,given the growing importance of“big data”to scientific discovery,a number of experts have recommended improvements in the management of and access to biological data.For example,the Information Technology and Innovation Foundatio

191、n recommends that Congress create“a National Health Research Data Exchange to improve the collection and sharing of patient medical data for research purposes.”62 A proposal by the Day One Project recommends the creation of a“National Biological Data Collectiveto provide a resource from which small-

192、and medium-sized businesses applying the tools of artificial intelligence can draw on to develop new products,therapies,and capabilities for the bioeconomy.”63 The Trump Administration also highlighted the importance of biological data,including consideration of data security and ethical use during

193、its 2019 summit on the bioeconomy.As indicated in a 2017 report by the NASEM,“the profusion of biotechnology products over the next 510 years has the potential to overwhelm the U.S.regulatory system,which may be exacerbated by a disconnect between research in regulatory science and expected uses of

194、future biotechnology products.”To address this concern NASEM recommended The National Science Foundation,the U.S.Department of Defense,the U.S.Department of Energy,the National Institute of Standards and Technology,and other agencies that fund biotechnology research with the potential to lead to new

195、 biotechnology products should increase their investments in regulatory science and link research and education activities to regulatory-science activities.64 Congress may find that a more holistic view of its investments in and oversight of biological research,infrastructure,and data is necessary.A

196、s noted above,at least 25 federal agencies and departments support biological research and development.The jurisdiction of such agencies spans multiple congressional committees,which may make coordination,oversight,and coherence of bioeconomy policies and investments more challenging.Promotion of Re

197、gional Efforts In order to have ready access to biological resources(e.g.,crops,forests),implementation of many aspects of the bioeconomy will occur at the regional scale and involve rural communities.Policies to encourage the development of bioeconomy clusters and regions,including resources for pl

198、anning and the creation of networks that facilitate collaboration between diverse stakeholders,including firms from divergent sectors and small businesses,are common.More than 130 federal programs support economic development activities.65 The nature and scope of such programs vary;however,a few pro

199、grams may be of particular interest as they relate to the 61 Ibid.According to the National Center for Advancing Translation Science,translation is the process of turning observations in the laboratory,clinic and community into interventions that improve the health of individuals and the publicfrom

200、diagnostics and therapeutics to medical procedures and behavioral changes.62 Information Technology and Innovation Foundation,Comments by the Information Technology and Innovation Foundation,October 15,2019,p.7,http:/www2.itif.org/2019-comments-ostp-bioeconomy.pdf.63 Alexander Titus,A National Bioec

201、onomy Manufacturing and Innovation Initiative,Day One Project,December 2020,p.8.64 National Academies of Sciences,Engineering,and Medicine,Preparing for Future Products of Biotechnology,The National Academies Press,Washington,DC,2017,pp.13-14,https:/www.nap.edu/catalog/24605/preparing-for-future-pro

202、ducts-of-biotechnology.65 For more information see,CRS Report R46683,Federal Resources for State and Local Economic Development,by Julie M.Lawhorn.The Bioeconomy:A Primer Congressional Research Service 19 bioeconomy and regional development.For example,the Build to Scale program(formerly Regional In

203、novation Strategies)within the Department of Commerces Economic Development Administration(EDA)awards grants to develop and support regional innovation initiatives and the Small Business Administration(SBA)supports regional development efforts through its Regional Innovation Clusters program.Congres

204、s appropriated$38 million to the Build to Scale program and$6 million to the Regional Innovation Clusters program in FY2021.66 Both programs have awarded grants to regional efforts in areas that would fall under the bioeconomy.As it relates to rural development,USDAs Rural Business Development Grant

205、s program supports technology-based economic development,feasibility studies and business plans,leadership and entrepreneur training,and rural business incubators,among other activities.67 Congress appropriated$37 million to the Rural Business Development Grants program in FY2021.68 It is unclear if

206、 existing programs and efforts to support regional innovation and technology-based economic development,including in rural areas,are sufficient to advance the bioeconomy.Congress may examine the size,scope,effectiveness,and synergy of existing programs,in addition the possibility of creating new pro

207、grams or modifying existing programs to promote regional bioeconomy efforts.Creating a Market for Bio-Based Products According to an analysis by the OECD,bioeconomy-related policies focus primarily on supply-side or technology push measures(i.e.,support for R&D and demonstration efforts).The OECD in

208、dicates that a shift to“a bio-based economy will likely require a balance of more demand-side or market pull measures in order to help ensure a market for innovative products”(see Table 2).69 In particular,they emphasize the importance of public procurement in helping to create a market for bio-base

209、d products.The OECD recognized the USDAs BioPreferred Program as the most advanced effort in this regard.The BioPreferred Programinitially established in the 2002 farm bill and reauthorized and amended by Congress in the 2018 farm billrequires federal agencies and contractors to give purchasing pref

210、erences to bio-based products.70 Specifically,USDA is required to identify eligible product categories and to specify the minimum bio-based content required for each category.Currently,there are 139 product categories and approximately 14,000 bio-based products under the program.In addition to the f

211、ederal purchasing requirements,the BioPreferred Program also includes a voluntary labeling initiative in which a business can display 66“Explanatory Statement Submitted by Mrs.Lowey,Chairwoman of the House Committee on Appropriations Regarding H.R.133,Consolidated Appropriations Act,2021(Division BC

212、ommerce,Justice,Science,and Related Agencies Appropriations Act,2021),”Congressional Record,vol.166,p.H7922 and“Explanatory Statement Submitted by Mrs.Lowey,Chairwoman of the House Committee on Appropriations Regarding H.R.133,Consolidated Appropriations Act,2021(Division EFinancial Services and Gen

213、eral Government Appropriations Act,2021),”Congressional Record,vol.166,p.H8444.67 For more information,see CRS Report R46235,Rural Development Provisions in the 2018 Farm Bill(P.L.115-334),by Alyssa R.Casey.68“Explanatory Statement Submitted by Mrs.Lowey,Chairwoman of the House Committee on Appropri

214、ations Regarding H.R.133,Consolidated Appropriations Act,2021(Division AAgriculture,Rural Development,Food and Drug Administration,and Related Agencies Appropriations Act,2021),”Congressional Record,vol.166,p.H7989.69 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development,Innovation Ecosystems in the

215、 Bioeconomy,OECD Science and Technology Policy Papers,No.76,OECD Publishing,Paris,September 2019.70 For more information see,CRS Report R45943,The Farm Bill Energy Title:An Overview and Funding History,by Kelsi Bracmort.The Bioeconomy:A Primer Congressional Research Service 20 a“USDA Certified Bioba

216、sed Product label”on a product that meets USDA criteria.71 Despite the relative success of the program,the NASEM identified some areas for improvement.NASEM stated Although the Farm Bill mandates that federal agencies and contractors purchase biobased products when doing so does not impose cost or p

217、erformance penalties,no regular report is available through which to understand the progress or scale of biobased procurement.Updating the reporting mechanisms involved in the federal procurement of biobased products,setting procurement targets,and increasing funding for the program to enable increa

218、sed awareness and standardized reportingsuch as a realtime public-facing dashboard to report federal progress in biobased procurementwould go a long way toward stimulating the bioeconomy and supporting jobs in rural areas where many source materials are concentrated.72 Table 2.OECD Identified Policy

219、 Measures for Creating a Bioeconomy Innovation Ecosystem Supply-Side/Technology Push Demand-Side/Market Pull Crosscutting Local access to feedstocks Targets and quotas Standards and norms International access to feedstocks Mandates and bans Certification R&D subsidy Public procurement Skills and edu

220、cation Pilot and demonstrator support Labels and raising awareness Regional clusters Flagship financial support Direct financial support for bio-based products Public acceptance Tax incentives for industrial R&D Tax incentives for bio-based products Metrics,definitions,and terminology Improved inves

221、tment conditions Incentives related to greenhouse gas emissions Technology clusters Taxes on fossil carbon Governance and regulation Removing fossil fuel subsidies Source:Adapted from Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development,Innovation Ecosystems in the Bioeconomy,OECD Science and Techn

222、ology Policy Papers,No.76,OECD Publishing,Paris,September 2019,p.53.Note:Italicized policy measures are those more frequently cited in the case studies examined by the OECD.Developing a Bioeconomy Workforce There is broad consensus that access to a skilled workforce is essential to advancing the bio

223、economy.Given the role that the convergence of disciplineslife sciences,engineering,and computer scienceshas played in the progress of biological innovation,it is also clear that bioeconomy education and training should be multidisciplinary in nature.However,as noted by the OECD,“the long-standing c

224、onundrum of multidisciplinary education is the need for both 71 U.S.Department of Agriculture,“What is BioPreferred?,”https:/www.biopreferred.gov/BioPreferred/faces/pages/AboutBioPreferred.xhtml.72 National Academies of Sciences,Engineering,and Medicine,Safeguarding the Bioeconomy,The National Acade

225、mies Press,Washington,DC,2020,p.351.The Bioeconomy:A Primer Congressional Research Service 21 breadth and depth to graduate people with problem-solving abilities.”73 Additionally,according to the OECD,the bioeconomy workforce needs more undergraduates than doctorates.Many reports discuss the need to

226、 increase science,technology,engineering,and mathematics(STEM)literacy and the number of STEM graduates in the U.S.to meet 21st century workforce needs,including the bioeconomy.74 For example,in 2018,the White House released Charting a Course for Success:Americas Strategy for STEM Education,which“pr

227、esents the Federal Governments five-year strategic plan for STEM education.”75 As it relates specifically to the bioeconomy,NASEM found that training and workforce development efforts have occurred predominantly in the areas of synthetic biology and biotechnology,with a few programs in bioprocessing

228、,and that in contrast,there are a number of European programs focused specifically on bioeconomy training at the masters and doctorate levels.NASEM recommended that bioeconomy training and workforce development occur at all levels and that it“should be a high priority for future public investment.”7

229、6 In addition,the Biomass R&D Board noted the need for improved analysis and modeling to understand“workforce availability and development(both pertaining to geographic distribution and having the prerequisite skills)”to support the expansion of the bioeconomy.77 Congress may examine federal investm

230、ents in bioeconomy training,education,and workforce development and the progress of the federal government in attaining the goals outlined in its strategic plan on STEM education.Public Engagement and Acceptance According to the McKinsey Global Institute In the next decade,more than 50 percent of th

231、e total potential impact of bio innovations could hinge on consumer,societal,and regulatory acceptance,rising to about 70 percent over the next two decades.Effective mechanisms to govern use,such as societal norms or regulations,will be needed to persuade society that innovations that bring benefits

232、 but may be risky and cause discomfort are being pursued safely.Today,policies to govern use vary significantly among countries with different value systems.78 Due to the significance of public acceptance,a number of countries are pursuing public engagement and awareness activities and policies.For

233、example,the European Commission has supported more than 70 projects and initiatives to increase awareness and support for,in addition to identifying challenges and opportunities associated with,transitioning to a bioeconomy79 73 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development,Innovation Ecosys

234、tems in the Bioeconomy,OECD Science and Technology Policy Papers,No.76,OECD Publishing,Paris,September 2019,p.64.74 For more information on STEM education,see CRS Report R45223,Science,Technology,Engineering,and Mathematics(STEM)Education:An Overview,by Boris Granovskiy.75 Committee on STEM Educatio

235、n,National Science and Technology Council,Charting a Course for Success:Americas Strategy for STEM Education,Executive Office of the President,Washington,DC,December 2018,https:/trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/STEM-Education-Strategic-Plan-2018.pdf.76 National Academies of Sc

236、iences,Engineering,and Medicine,Safeguarding the Bioeconomy,The National Academies Press,Washington,DC,2020,pp.205,353.77 Biomass Research and Development Board,The Bioeconomy Initiative:Implementation Framework,U.S.Department of Agriculture,Washington,DC,March 5,2019,pp.44-45.78 Michael Chui,Matthi

237、as Evers,and James Manyika,et al.,The Bio Revolution:Innovations Transforming Economies,Societies,and Our Lives,McKinsey Global Institute,May 2020,pp.22-23.79 The European Bioeconomy Network,https:/eubionet.eu/.The Bioeconomy:A Primer Congressional Research Service 22 In a 2017 study,the NASEM recom

238、mended that federal agencies invest in new methods of understanding the ethical,legal,and societal implications(ELSI)of future biotechnology products.NASEM noted that ELSI research associated with biotechnology represented less than 1%of the total investment in biotechnology research between 2008 an

239、d 2015.80 Congress may=conduct additional oversight on federal efforts to enhance public awareness and acceptance of bio-based products and services.Congress may also consider the level of resources allocated toward ELSI-related research across federal agencies,in addition to the coordination of suc

240、h efforts.International Collaboration Most bioeconomy-related policies and strategies focus at the national level with some exceptions(e.g.,the European Union).According to the International Advisory Council on Global Bioeconomy,references to and promotion of international collaboration generally em

241、phasize cooperation between research institutions and the removal of trade barriers with“far less discussion about issues relating to the global interconnectedness of the bioeconomy,biomass resources,value-added chains,and technologies with international division of labor.”81 A recent study by resea

242、rchers from the Stockholm Environment Institute explored the role some international institutions and processes have taken on or could take on related to global governance associated with the bioeconomy.The authors suggested a number of options for international collaboration,including focusing coll

243、aboration on less controversial issues such as research and innovation or standardization,monitoring,and verification of bio-based products.Collaboration on such issues may level the playing field as it relates to international competition in the bioeconomy.82 In the United States,some states have e

244、ngaged in bilateral collaborations.For example,Maine and Michigan both signed memoranda of understanding(MOUs)with the government of Finland to develop joint efforts and cooperate in the forest bioeconomy.83 Michigans MOU also outlined cooperation in the areas of battery technology,energy storage,an

245、d the automotive industry,among others.Congress may examine the state of international collaboration on the bioeconomy and the need for congressional direction in this regard.Sustainability and Creating a Circular Economy A number of nations,especially those in the European Union are increasingly co

246、nnecting their bioeconomy strategies and policies to action plans associated with creating a more sustainable 80 National Academies of Sciences,Engineering,and Medicine,Preparing for Future Products of Biotechnology,The National Academies Press,Washington,DC,2017,p.185.81 International Advisory Coun

247、cil on Global Bioeconomy,Global Bioeconomy Policy Report(IV):A Decade of Bioeconomy Policy Development around the World,November 2020,pp.161-162.82 Stefan Bner,Francis X.Johnson,and Zoha Shawoo,“Governing the Bioeconomy:What Role for International Institutions?,”Sustainability,vol.13,no.1(2021),http

248、s:/ of Understanding Between the Ministry of Economic Affairs and Employment of Finland and the State of Michigan Concerning Cooperation on Clean Technologies,”https:/www.michiganbusiness.org/4af068/globalassets/documents/mous/mou-signing-between-state-of-michigan-and-finland-concerning-clean-techno

249、logies-2020,and“Memorandum of Understanding Concerning Cooperation in Forestry Between the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry of Finland and Maine Department of Agriculture,Conservation,and Forestry,”https:/www.maine.gov/governor/mills/sites/maine.gov.governor.mills/files/inline-files/Maine%20and%

250、20Finland%20MOU.pdf.The Bioeconomy:A Primer Congressional Research Service 23 and circular economy(see Appendix).According to the European Parliamentary Research Service,Unlike the traditional linear economic model based on a take-make-consume-throw away pattern,a circular economy is based on sharin

251、g,leasing,reuse,repair,refurbishment and recycling,in an(almost)closed loop,where products and the materials they contain are highly valued.In practice,it implies reducing waste to a minimum.84 Many countries see a connection between the bioeconomy and a circular economy as a means to address a numb

252、er of the Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs).In 2015,193 countries,including the United States,adopted the SDGs as part of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.The SDGs include ensuring sustainable consumption and production patterns,taking urgent action to combat climate change and its impa

253、cts,and ensuring access to affordable,reliable,sustainable and modern energy for all,among others.85 In 2021,the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations(FAO)released a set of principles and criteria with the aim of ensuring that the“bioeconomy,when implemented correctly,can benefit i

254、ndividual communities and the global environment in ways that are in line with the SDGs.”86 FAOs principles are that a sustainable bioeconomy should support food security and nutrition at all levels;ensure that natural resources are conserved,protected,and enhanced;support competitive and inclusive

255、economic growth;make communities healthier,more sustainable,and harness social and ecosystem resilience;rely on improved efficiency in the use of resources and biomass;be underpinned by responsible and effective governance mechanisms;make good use of existing relevant knowledge and proven sound tech

256、nologies and good practices,and where appropriate,promote research and innovations;use and promote sustainable trade and market practices;address societal needs and encourage sustainable consumption;and promote cooperation,collaboration,and sharing between interested and concerned stakeholders in al

257、l relevant domains and at all relevant levels.Congress may consider the degree to which U.S.bioeconomy policies and activities can or should be tied to and aligned with achieving the SDGs.Additionally,while the use of waste material as a feedstock is central to a circular economy there are often cha

258、llenges to its use.For example,a 84 Didier Bourguignon,Closing the Loop New Circular Economy Package,European Parliamentary Research Service,January 2016,p.1,https:/www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2016/573899/EPRS_BRI(2016)573899_EN.pdf.85 As described by the United Nations,the 2030 Agend

259、a for Sustainable Development,adopted by all United Nations Member States in 2015,“provides a shared blueprint for peace and prosperity for people and the planet,now and into the future.At its heart are the 17 Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs),which are an urgent call for action by all countriesde

260、veloped and developingin a global partnership.They recognize that ending poverty and other deprivations must go hand-in-hand with strategies that improve health and education,reduce inequality,and spur economic growthall while tackling climate change and working to preserve our oceans and forests.”F

261、or more information,see https:/sdgs.un.org/goals and CRS In Focus IF10249,The Post-2015 Global Development Agenda,by Marian L.Lawson.86 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,Aspirational Principles and Criteria for a Sustainable Bioeconomy,Rome,2021,p.3.The Bioeconomy:A Primer Cong

262、ressional Research Service 24 2020 workshop hosted by DOE,titled“Advancing the Bioeconomy:From Waste to Conversion-Ready Feedstocks,”found that the variability of municipal solid waste streams poses a significant challenge for downstream conversion and detailed characterization and compositional dat

263、a are lacking to understand and manage such variability.87 Congress may examine any regulatory impediments or other barriers to creating a circular economy.Concluding Remarks The crosscutting nature of the bioeconomy,in addition to the diversity of potential benefits associated with its growth and a

264、dvancement offer a number of reasons for increased congressional interest in bioeconomy policies.Some may view support for and promotion of the bioeconomy as a way to accelerate post-COVID-19 economic recovery and advance public health.Others may be more interested in the environmental benefits asso

265、ciated with a transition away from fossil fuels.Still others may focus on the potential for rural development.The crosscutting nature of the bioeconomy also poses potential challenges to effective policymaking,including the harmonization of policies and coherent governance.Moreover,it likely means t

266、hat the growth and success of the U.S.bioeconomy will depend,in part,on effective public-private partnerships in research,innovation,education,and workforce development.Transitioning to a bio-based economy would take sustained commitment,including balancing short-term actions and long-term planning,

267、removing barriers to such a transition,and creating the opportunity for radical innovation.As noted by the OECD,Systemic change calls for policy making that allows both small and deep support.Vision has to be complemented with a strategy that can be converted to action.It requires action at multi-ac

268、tor,multi-sector and multi-level,and geographically it is national,regional and local in its approach.88 Congress may decide there is no need to reorganize or group together federal activities,including some long-standing efforts,under a bioeconomy framework.It may decide to pursue bioeconomy-relate

269、d policies through new or existing sector-specific focused efforts,or it may decide current policies and activities are sufficient.Regardless,other countries are adopting policies and strategies to advance their bioeconomies.Such efforts have the potential to challenge U.S.leadership in biotechnolog

270、y and other bioeconomy-related sectors that many view as critical to national security and economic competitiveness.According to NASEM,“Internationally,the United States is the leader in the commercialization of advances in synthetic biology and continues to hold an advantage in terms of the educati

271、on of new Ph.D.s in the life sciences.This position provides the basis for but no guarantee of future leadership in bioeconomy innovation.”89 87 U.S.Department of Energy,Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy,“Advancing the Bioeconomy:From Waste to Conversion-Ready Feedstocks Workshop Summ

272、ary Report,”February 2020,p.27,https:/www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2021/02/f82/beto-municipal-solid-waste-report.pdf.88 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development,Innovation Ecosystems in the Bioeconomy,OECD Science and Technology Policy Papers,No.76,OECD Publishing,Paris,September 201

273、9,p.8.89 National Academies of Sciences,Engineering,and Medicine,Safeguarding the Bioeconomy,The National Academies Press,Washington,DC,2020,p.151.The Bioeconomy:A Primer Congressional Research Service 25 Appendix.Bioeconomy Efforts of Select Countries Nearly 60 countriesspurred,in part,by the poten

274、tial associated with growing the bioeconomy portion of their national economy(e.g.,environmental benefits and economic growth)have developed bioeconomy-related policies.The following sections provide high-level descriptions of the bioeconomy efforts of select countries.90 China In general,China does

275、 not use the term bioeconomy in its policy planning documents and strategies.Instead,multiple policy documents and strategies,including Made in China 2025 and the 13th Five-Year Plan for 2016 to 2020,refer to biotechnology,the biotech industry,or the bioindustry as priority areas for development and

276、 growth.In general,the terms biotechnology,biotech industry,and bioindustry describe activities within the areas of biomedicine,biomedical engineering,agriculture biotechnology,bio-based manufacturing,bioenergy,bio-based environmental protection,and biotechnology servicesall areas that generally fal

277、l within the scope of the term bioeconomy.According to one estimate,Chinas bioeconomy amounted to$700 billion in 2015.91 China first recognized the bioindustry as a priority area and contributor to the countrys economy in 2006,this prioritys importance has grown over the years.For example,in 2017,th

278、rough the 13th Five-Year Bioindustry Development Plan,China indicated that it wanted its bioindustry to reach between$1.2 trillion and$1.6 trillion by 2020 and account for more than 4%of the countrys gross domestic product(GDP).92 Additionally,China identified the biotech industry as one of five str

279、ategic emerging industries that together would account for more than 15%of the countrys GDP by 2020.Specifically,as described in the 13th Five-Year National Strategic Emerging Industry Development Plan,China seeks to“accelerate the pace of innovation and development of the biotech industry and foste

280、r new biotech economic drivers”by building a new biopharmaceutical system;enhancing the development level of biomedical engineering;accelerating the industrialization of biotech agriculture;promoting the scaled application of biotech manufacturing;cultivating new forms of biological services;and cre

281、ating models for the development of bioenergy.93 90 For more information on the bioeconomy strategies of various countries see International Advisory Council on Global Bioeconomy,Global Bioeconomy Policy Report(IV):A Decade of Bioeconomy Policy Development around the World,November 2020,https:/ Rob

282、Carlson and Rik Wehbring,Two Worlds Two Bioeconomies:The Impacts of Decoupling US-China Trade and Technology Transfer,Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory,2020,p.6,https:/www.jhuapl.edu/Content/documents/Carlson_Wehbring-Biotech.pdf.92 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development,Innova

283、tion Ecosystems in the Bioeconomy,OECD Science and Technology Policy Papers,No.76,OECD Publishing,Paris,September 2019,p.25,https:/www.oecd-ilibrary.org/deliver/e2e3d8a1-en.pdf?itemId=%2Fcontent%2Fpaper%2Fe2e3d8a1-en&mimeType=pdf.93 Peoples Republic of China State Council,Circular of the State Counc

284、il on Issuing the National 13th Five-Year Plan for the Development of Strategic translation by the Center for Security and Emerging Technology,November 2016,pp.19-23,https:/cset.georgetown.edu/research/national-13th-five-year-plan-for-the-development-of-strategic-emerging-The Bioeconomy:A Primer Con

285、gressional Research Service 26 More recently,biotechnology is included as a strategic area in the 14th Five-Year Plan,which states Chinas plans to increase R&D spending by 7%annually through 2025.94 According to a 2019 report prepared for the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission by Gry

286、phon Scientific and the Rhodium Group Chinas biotech industry has grown rapidly over the past decade but still remains less than a tenth the size of the US biotech industry in terms of market size.Chinas biologics market is estimated at 30 to 40 billion yuan($4.7 to$6.2 billion)and their agricultura

287、l biotech market is around$8.1 billion,while estimates places those US markets at$118 billion and$110 billion,respectively.Overall,the US maintains a superior biotechnology innovation capacity through world-class research training and strong governmental support of R&D,but China is seeking to close

288、that gap through its top-down government strategy and coordination,talent recruitment programs,high R&D spending across the industry,and capacity for high-tech R&D.95 European Union The European Union(EU)issued its first bioeconomy strategy in 2012,stating In order to cope with an increasing global

289、population,rapid depletion of many resources,increasing environmental pressures and climate change,Europe needs to radically change its approach to production,consumption,processing,storage,recycling and disposal of biological resources.The Europe 2020 Strategy calls for a bioeconomy as a key elemen

290、t for smart and green growth in Europe.Advancements in bioeconomy research and innovation uptake will allow Europe to improve the management of its renewable biological resources and to open new and diversified markets in food and bio-based products.Establishing a bioeconomy in Europe holds a great

291、potential:it can maintain and create economic growth and jobs in rural,coastal and industrial areas,reduce fossil fuel dependence and improve the economic and environmental sustainability of primary production and processing industries.96 In 2018,the EU updated its bioeconomy strategy97 indicating t

292、hat a renewed strategy will support the transition to a sustainable and circular bioeconomy,address wider EU priorities and policies(e.g.,climate,innovation,food,and energy),and fulfill global commitments associated with the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development98 and the Paris Agre

293、ement.99 industries/.94 Peoples Republic of China,Outline of the Peoples Republic of China 14th Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development and Long-Range Objectives for 2035,translation by the Center for Security and Emerging Technology,May 12,2021,pp.8,10,https:/cset.georgetown.edu

294、/wp-content/uploads/t0284_14th_Five_Year_Plan_EN.pdf.95 Gryphon Scientific,LLC and Rhodium Group,LLC,Chinas Biotechnology Development:The Role of US and Other Foreign Engagement,A report prepared for the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission,February 14,2019,p.2,https:/www.uscc.gov/site

295、s/default/files/Research/US-China%20Biotech%20Report.pdf.96 European Commission,Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament,The Council,The European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions,Innovating for Sustainable Growth:A Bioeconomy for Europe,February 13,2

296、013,p.2,https:/ec.europa.eu/research/bioeconomy/pdf/official-strategy_en.pdf.97 European Commission,Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament,The Council,The European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions,A Sustainable Bioeconomy for Europe:Strengthening t

297、he Connection Between Economy,Society and the Environment,October 11,2018,https:/op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/edace3e3-e189-11e8-b690-01aa75ed71a1/.98 For more information,see https:/sdgs.un.org/goals.99 As described by the United Nations,the Paris Agreement is a legally binding

298、international treaty on climate change,The Bioeconomy:A Primer Congressional Research Service 27 Specifically,the updated strategy included actions to address three priorities:(1)strengthening and scaling up EU bio-based sectors and unlocking investments and markets;(2)deploying local bioeconomies r

299、apidly across the whole of Europe;and(3)understanding the ecological boundaries of the bioeconomy.According to the EU,it invested approximately$4.5 billion in the bioeconomy from 2014 to 2020 and plans to invest nearly$12 billion between 2021 and 2027.100 Germany The German bioeconomyestimated at ab

300、out$500 billionis the largest in Europe.101 Germany considers itself a leader in the bioeconomy,developing a national research strategy for the bioeconomy in 2010 and a policy strategy for the bioeconomy in 2013.In 2020,Germany published a comprehensive national strategy,combining research and polic

301、y goals from various documents into a single“coherent framework”that“lays the foundations for Germany to strengthen its role as a bioeconomy leader and to create the technology and jobs of tomorrow.”102 Germanys 2020 bioeconomy strategy,as with other European nations,aligns with the bioeconomy goals

302、 and priorities of the European Union(EU)(discussed above).Similar to the 2018 EU Bioeconomy Strategy,the German strategy emphasizes sustainability and resilience.The German government defines the bioeconomy as“the production,exploitation and use of biological resources,processes and systems to prov

303、ide products,processes and services across all economic sectors within the framework of a future-oriented economy.”103 The German national strategy outlines two guidelines and six strategic goals.The guidelines are harnessing biological knowledge and responsible innovation for sustainable,climate-ne

304、utral development;and using biogenic raw materials for a sustainable,circular economy.The strategic goals are develop bioeconomy solutions for the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development;recognize and harness the potential of the bioeconomy within ecological boundaries;enhance and apply biological k

305、nowledge;establish a sustainable raw material base for industry;adopted by 196 countries on December 12,2015,with the goal to limit global warming to below 2 degrees Celsius,compared to pre-industrial levels.For more information,see https:/unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/the-pari

306、s-agreement and CRS Report R46204,The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change,the Kyoto Protocol,and the Paris Agreement:A Summary,by Jane A.Leggett.100 European Commission,Bioeconomy:the European Way to Use Our Natural Resources,Action Plan 2018,October 2018,https:/op.europa.eu/en/pub

307、lication-detail/-/publication/775a2dc7-2a8b-11e9-8d04-01aa75ed71a1.101 Assobiotec and Intesa Sanpaolo,Bioeconomy in Europe,6th Edition,June 2020,https:/assobiotec.federchimica.it/docs/default-source/default-document-library/bioeconomia-executive-summary656353eb1efe40198f9258ada35ca85e.pdf?sfvrsn=d48

308、dbd39_0.102 German Federal Ministry of Education and Research and Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture,National Bioeconomy Strategy,The German Federal Government,January 2020,p.4,https:/www.bmbf.de/upload_filestore/pub/BMBF_Nationale_Biooekonomiestrategie_Langfassung_eng.pdf.103 Ibid.,p.10.The B

309、ioeconomy:A Primer Congressional Research Service 28 promote Germany as the leading location for innovation in the bioeconomy;and involve society and strengthen national and international collaboration.104 In addition,Germanys strategy calls for the establishment of a new advisory board tasked with

310、developing an implementation plan for the national strategy.Germany plans to invest more than$4.3 billion towards the implementation of its bioeconomy strategy from 2020 to 2024.Of this total,about$1.3 billion is to target bioeconomy-related research.From 2010 to 2016,the German government invested

311、approximately$2.9 billion on bioeconomy-related research.105 Italy Agriculture and food are at the center of the Italian bioeconomyestimated at more than$400 billion in 2018.Italy also considers forestry,fisheries and aquaculture,and bio-based industries(e.g.,chemicals)as key components of the natio

312、ns bioeconomy.106 In 2017,Italy developed a dedicated national bioeconomy strategy.In 2019,it released a revised strategy with the goal of increasing the performance of the Italian bioeconomy by 15%by 2030.Both strategies define the Italian bioeconomy as the integration of“the sustainable production

313、 of renewable biological resources and the conversion of these resources and waste streams into value-added products such as food,feed,bio-based products and bioenergy.”107 The revised 2019 strategy created the National Bioeconomy Coordination Group(NBCG)and tasked it with ensuring“synergy between n

314、ational,regional and local public administrations and the National Technology clusters operating in the bioeconomy,”in addition to facilitating and monitoring the implementation of the bioeconomy strategy.108 The NBCG released an implementation action plan in 2020.The action plan proposes to invest

315、nearly$700 million in the following areas:the creation of regional value chains and multi-purpose and multi-product biorefineries;establishing a market for the use of urban bio-waste and wastewater;reconversion of industrial sites;restoration of the marine ecosystem;and circular and sustainable agri

316、food chains.It also seeks to address regulatory barriers at both the European and national level.Furthermore,the implementation action plan highlights what it asserts is the potential of a circular bioeconomy 104 Ibid.,pp.14-16.105 International Advisory Council on Global Bioeconomy,Global Bioeconom

317、y Policy Report(IV):A Decade of Bioeconomy Policy Development around the World,November 2020,p.103.106 Fabio Fava,Lucia Gardossi,and Patrizia Brigidi,et al.,“The Bioeconomy in Italy and the New National Strategy for a More Competitive and Sustainable Country,”New BIOTECHNOLOGY,vol.61(2021),pp.124-13

318、6.107 International Advisory Council on Global Bioeconomy,Global Bioeconomy Policy Report(IV):A Decade of Bioeconomy Policy Development Around the World,November 2020,pp.114-120.108 Italian National Committee for Biosafety,Biotechnology and Sciences of Life Presidency of the Council of Ministers,“Na

319、tional Bioeconomy Coordination Group Mandate,”http:/cnbbsv.palazzochigi.it/en/areas-of-work/bioeconomy/national-bioeconomy-coordination-body/mandate/.The Bioeconomy:A Primer Congressional Research Service 29 in accelerating Italys post-COVID-19 recovery.109From 2016 through 2020,Italy invested about

320、$600 million in bioeconomy research and innovation.110 Japan In 2019,Japanthe third largest economy in the worldissued its first bioeconomy strategy.The strategy builds,in part,on the countrys long history of support for the production and industrial use of biomass.In 2020,Japan updated its bioecono

321、my strategy with an increased emphasis on biotechnology and biological data,in addition to recognizing the potential role of the bioeconomy in addressing and recovering from the coronavirus pandemic(e.g.,developing measures against future public health crisis and building efficient supply chains).Ac

322、cording to the International Advisory Council on Global Bioeconomy,the Japanese bioeconomy is“a concept that expands a sustainable and renewable circular economy and society by using biotechnology and renewable biological resources.”111 The strategy is crosscutting covering multiple sectors,includin

323、g agriculture,industry,health,and medicine.Five basic policies guide the Japanese strategy:The development of targeted market areas,roadmaps,and sustained commitment.Integration of biology with digital technologies.Promotion as an international hub.Coordination and enhancement of international strat

324、egies(e.g.,standards development,trade policies).Responding to ethical,legal,and social implications.112 According to the strategy,these policies reflect knowledge gained from previous efforts.The strategy also targets the following market areas:High-performance biomaterials.Bioplastics.A sustainabl

325、e primary production system.Organic waste and wastewater treatment.Health care for lifestyle improvement,functional foods,and digital health.Industries related to biopharmaceuticals,regenerative medicine,cell therapy,and gene therapy.Bio-foundries,including bio-production of food products.109 Italia

326、n National Committee for Biosafety,Biotechnology and Sciences of Life Presidency of the Council of Ministers,Implementation Action Plan(2020-2025)for the Italian Bioeconomy Strategy BIT II,July 2020,http:/cnbbsv.palazzochigi.it/media/2018/bitii_implementationactionplan_july2020-flg.pdf.110 Fabio Fav

327、a,Lucia Gardossi,and Patrizia Brigidi,et al.,“The Bioeconomy in Italy and the New National Strategy for a More Competitive and Sustainable Country,”New BIOTECHNOLOGY,vol.61(2021),p.132.111 International Advisory Council on Global Bioeconomy,Global Bioeconomy Policy Report(IV):A Decade of Bioeconomy

328、Policy Development around the World,November 2020,p.54.112 Ibid.,p.55.The Bioeconomy:A Primer Congressional Research Service R46881 VERSION 4 UPDATED 30 Biological analysis,measurement,and experimentation.Large-scale construction using wood and smart forestry.113 A Bioeconomy Taskforce,composed of t

329、he heads of innovation-related agencies and offices,is responsible for the implementation,monitoring,and evaluation of the bioeconomy strategy.Multiple agencies and offices are to provide funding and other support,but the level of investment is unclear.According to the strategy,Japan invested$56.4 m

330、illion in FY2019 for technology development related to the study and linking of biological data and for the demonstration of bio-production.114 Author Information Marcy E.Gallo Analyst in Science and Technology Policy Disclaimer This document was prepared by the Congressional Research Service(CRS).C

331、RS serves as nonpartisan shared staff to congressional committees and Members of Congress.It operates solely at the behest of and under the direction of Congress.Information in a CRS Report should not be relied upon for purposes other than public understanding of information that has been provided b

332、y CRS to Members of Congress in connection with CRSs institutional role.CRS Reports,as a work of the United States Government,are not subject to copyright protection in the United States.Any CRS Report may be reproduced and distributed in its entirety without permission from CRS.However,as a CRS Rep

333、ort may include copyrighted images or material from a third party,you may need to obtain the permission of the copyright holder if you wish to copy or otherwise use copyrighted material.113 Ibid.114 Translation by German Tokyo Embassy of Decision of the Council for Integrated Innovation Strategy,Cabinet Office,Bio-Strategy 2020:Basic Measures,June 26,2020,p.7,https:/www.dwih-tokyo.org/files/2020/1