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1、REPORTREPORTELECTRIC TRUCK DEPOTS ELECTRIC TRUCK DEPOTS Are EvolvingAre EvolvingHow 10 Fleets Grew Their How 10 Fleets Grew Their BEV PopulationsBEV Populations 2024 North American Council for Freight Efficiency.All rights reserved.The contents of this document are provided for informational purpose

2、s only and do not constitute an endorsement of any product,service,industry practice,service provider,manufacturer,or manufacturing process.Nothing contained herein is intended to constitute legal,tax,or accounting advice,and NACFE assumes no liability for use of the report contents.No portion of th

3、is report or accompanying materials may be copied,reproduced,or distributed in any manner without express attribution to the North American Council for Freight Efficiency.REPORTREPORTABSTRACT This report documents the planning,execution and findings from the NACFE Run on Less Electric DEPOT(RoL-E DE

4、POT)commercial battery electric vehicle(BEV)production vehicle demonstration involving 10 fleets and 22 vehicle models from 11 manufacturers located in California,New York and British Columbia,Canada.Vehicles represented four market segments,Class 3,4 and 5 vans and step vans,Class 6 box trucks,Clas

5、s 8 terminal tractors,and Class 8 regional haul tractors.The demonstration period was September 11 through September 30,2023,with continuous tracking of vehicle parameters via Geotab.“The main thing about any new equipment is dont be scared.Its just another learning process.”Jimmy Huynh,Lead Technic

6、ian,US FoodsPlatinumGoldSilverBronzePhilanthropyNORTH AMERICAN COUNCIL FOR FREIGHT EFFICIENCY2024 FISCAL SUPPORTAN INDUSTRIAL POWER COMPANYAUTHORS&ACKNOWEDGEMENTSReport published May 7,2024STUDY TEAMMike Roeth,NACFE executive directorRylie Buch,Lead Author,Juris Doctor Candidate,Santa Clara Univeris

7、ty School of LawYunsu Park,NACFE director of engineeringJames Brown,producer/director,James Brown MediaSTUDY EDITORSDenise Rondini,NACFE communications director,Rondini CommunicationsKim Ehrenhaft,NACFE design directorCONTACTS Mike Roeth,mike.roethnacfe.orgDenise Rondini,denise.rondininacfe.orgNACFE

8、 TECHNICAL ADVISORY COMMITTEEJohn Gerra,AmazonMatt McLelland,Covenant Transport Dan Deppeler,Paper TransportScott Brower,PenskeAdam Buttgenbach,PepsiCoBrent Hickman,Pilot Travel CentersTaki Darakos,Pitt OhioSteve Jarosinski,SchneiderDennis Elford,UPSKen Marko,US FoodsGuy Welton,WernerBruce Stockton,

9、Wilson LogisticsTim Dzojko,NACFE Consultant Rick Mihelic,NACFEYunsu Park,NACFEMike Roeth,NACFEDavid Schaller,NACFESome of the vehicle-manufacturer pairings that participated in Run on Less Electric DEPOT are part of California Climate Investments,a statewide initiative that puts billions of cap-and-

10、trade dollars to work reducing greenhouse gas emissions,strengthening the economy,and improving public health and the environment particularly in disadvantaged communities.Event SponsorsSupporter SponsorsSPONSORSEXECUTIVESPONSORTITLE SPONSORSABOUT USGET INVOLVEDNACFE could use the assistance of flee

11、ts,manufacturers and other trucking industry stakeholders in improving freight efficiency.Become a part of this exciting opportunity.Learn more at www.nacfe.org or contact Mike Roeth at mike.roethnacfe.orgABOUT RMIRMI is an independent nonprofit founded in 1982 that transforms global energy systems

12、through market-driven solutions to align with a 1.5C future and secure a clean,prosperous,zero-carbon future for all.We work in the worlds most critical geographies and engage businesses,policymakers,communities,and NGOs to identify and scale energy system interventions that will cut greenhouse gas

13、emissions at least 50 percent by 2030.RMI has offices in Basalt and Boulder,Colorado;New York City;Oakland,California;Washington,D.C.;and Beijing.More information on RMI can be found at www.rmi.org or follow them on Twitter RockyMtnInst.ABOUT NACFEThe North American Council for Freight Efficiency(NA

14、CFE)works to drive the development and adoption of efficiency enhancing,environmentally beneficial,and cost-effective technologies,services,and operational practices in the movement of goods across North America.NACFE provides independent,unbiased research,including Confidence Reports on available t

15、echnologies and Guidance Reports on emerging ones,which highlight the benefits and consequences of each,and deliver decision-making tools for fleets,manufacturers,and others.NACFEpartners withRMIon a variety of projects including the Run on Less demonstration series,electric trucks,emissions reducti

16、ons,and low-carbon supply chains.Visit NACFE.org or follow us on Twitter NACFE_Freight.NORTH AMERICAN COUNCIL FOR FREIGHT EFFICIENCYABOUT RUN ON LESS BY NACFERun on Less is a biennial demonstration showcasing advancements in freight efficiency.The event takes place over the course of three weeks and

17、 has fleets across North America moving freight in their normal operations to show how it is possible to operate efficiently with todays technologies.Each truck in the Run is outfitted with a telematics device allowing NACFE to track key metrics.The first Run took place in 2017 and featured seven fl

18、eets that averaged 10 MPG over in long haul routes over the course of the Run.Run on Less Regional,held in 2019,featured 10 fleets that averaged 8.4 miles in regional haul routes during the Run.Run on Less Electric,held in 2021 featured 13 trucks operating electric vehicles on real routes carrying r

19、eal freight.Run on Less Electric DEPOT featured 10 fleets with 15 or more electric trucks at a depot.Visit or follow us on Twitter RunOnLess.Electric Truck Depots Are Evolving:How 10 Fleets Grew Their EV Populations May 7,2024 Page 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF FIGURES.8 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.10 1 INTROD

20、UCTION.19 2 SCOPE.20 3 NACFES MISSION.20 4 WHAT WAS RUN ON LESS ELECTRIC DEPOT?.20 4.1 FLEETS AND BATTERY ELECTRIC TRUCKS.20 5 THE PLAN FOR RUN ON LESS-ELECTRIC DEPOT.22 6 INDUSTRY EVENTS.24 7 SELECTING FLEETS,OEMS,VEHICLES,AND DUTY CYCLES.30 7.1 FRITO-LAY,QUEENS,NEW YORK WITH FORD.33 7.2 OK PRODUCE

21、,FRESNO,CALIFORNIA WITH ORANGE EV AND FREIGHTLINER.35 7.3 PENSKE,ONTARIO,CALIFORNIA WITH FORD,FREIGHTLINER,GM BRIGHT DROP AND INTERNATIONAL.37 7.4 PEPSICO,SACRAMENTO,CALIFORNIA WITH TESLA.39 7.5 PERFORMANCE TEAM LOGISTICS,COMMERCE,CALIFORNIA WITH VOLVO.41 7.6 PUROLATOR,RICHMOND,BRITISH COLUMBIA,WITH

22、 FORD AND MOTIV.42 7.7 SCHNEIDER,SOUTH EL MONTE,CALIFORNIA,WITH FREIGHTLINER.44 7.8 UPS,COMPTON,CALIFORNIA,WITH FREIGHTLINER AND FREIGHTLINER CUSTOM CHASSIS CORPORATION.46 7.9 US FOODS,LA MIRADA,CALIFORNIA,WITH FREIGHTLINER.47 7.10 WATTEV,LONG BEACH,CALIFORNIA,WITH BYD AND NIKOLA.49 8 WHAT WAS MEASU

23、RED?.51 8.1 ESTIMATING TOTAL DEPOT BEV ENERGY.52 8.2 WEATHER DATA.56 8.3 CONTINUOUS TRUCK DATA.57 8.3.1 Geotab GO Device.57 8.3.2 GPS Position Data.57 8.3.3 Miles Driven.57 8.3.4 Speed.58 8.3.5 Battery State of Charge(SOC).59 8.3.6 Energy Recovery.60 8.4 DERIVED DAILY VEHICLE DATA.61 8.4.1 Deliverie

24、s Per Day.61 8.4.2 Charging Rate.61 8.4.3 Truck Activity.62 8.4.4 Energy-In per Day.63 8.4.5 Energy-Out per Day.64 9 THE DRIVERS.64 10 ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE.67 Electric Truck Depots Are Evolving:How 10 Fleets Grew Their EV Populations May 7,2024 Page 7 11 CHARGING CYCLES.67 12 MAINTENANCE AND DOWNTI

25、ME.68 13 POWER AND UTILITIES.68 14 ELECTRIC DEPOT BOOTCAMP.71 15 GAUGING REAL-WORLD INTEREST.73 16 VIDEOS FLEET PROFILES.74 17 VIDEOS STORIES FROM THE RUN.75 18 TCO RAMIFICATIONS.77 19 RUN ON LESS ELECTRIC DEPOT FINDINGS.77 20 NEXT STEPS.82 21 AN INDUSTRY EFFORT.82 22 REFERENCES.83 23 APPENDIX A ELE

26、CTRIC DEPOT BOOTCAMP SESSIONS.87 Electric Truck Depots Are Evolving:How 10 Fleets Grew Their EV Populations May 7,2024 Page 8 TABLE OF FIGURES Figure 1.NACFE has conducted four Run on Less demonstrations.19 Figure 2.Early models of battery electric trucks.21 Figure 3.Run on Less Electric DEPOT timel

27、ine.23 Figure 4.An example of NACFEs social media efforts surrounding Run on Less Electric DEPOT.25 Figure 5.Run on Less Electric DEPOT participants share details of their electrification efforts.25 Figure 6.Mike Roeth gives opening luncheon keynote.26 Figure 7.Rick Mihelic led a breakfast session d

28、iscussion.27 Figure 8.Mike Roeth(let)and Ari Kahn hosted a LinkedIn Live event.28 Figure 9.Mike Roeth with RoL-E DEPOT participant OK Produce.29 Figure 10.Run on Less Electric DEPOT participants speak at the White House.30 Figure 11.Criteria for selecting fleet depot participants.31 Figure 12.Partic

29、ipating fleets were in California,New York and British Columbia.32 Figure 13.The Frito-Lay depot in Queens,NY.34 Figure 14.Two Ford E-Transits were tracked at the Frito-Lay Queens,NY depot.35 Figure 15.The OK Produce depot in Fresno,CA.36 Figure 16.A Freightliner eCascadia and an Orange EV were trac

30、ked at the OK Produce Fresno,CA depot.36 Figure 17.The Penske depot in Ontario,CA.37 Figure 18.A Freightliner eCascadia,a GM Bright Drop step van,an International eMV,and a Ford E-Transit were tracked at the Penske Depot in Ontario,CA.38 Figure 19.The PepsiCo depot in Sacramento,CA.39 Figure 20.Thre

31、e Tesla Semis were tracked at the PepsiCo location in Sacramento,CA.40 Figure 21.The Performance Team deport in Commerce,CA.41 Figure 22.Two Volvo battery electric VRNs were tracked at the Performance Team depot in Commerce,CA 42 Figure 23.The Purolator depot in Richmond,BC,Canada.43 Figure 24.A For

32、d E-Transit and Motiv Epic step van were tracked at the Purolator depot in Richmond,BC,Canada.43 Figure 25.The Schneider depot in South El Monte,CA.44 Figure 26.Two Freightliner eCascadias were tracked at the Schneider depot in South El Monte,CA.45 Figure 27.The UPS depot in Compton,CA.46 Figure 28.

33、A Freightliner Custom Chassis Corp.model MT50e and a Freightliner eCascadia were tracked at the UPS depot in Compton,CA.47 Figure 29.The US Foods depot in La Mirada,CA.48 Figure 30.Two Freightliner eCascadias were tracked at the US Foods depot in La Mirada,CA.49 Figure 31.The WattEV depot in Long Be

34、ach,CA.50 Figure 32.A Nikola Tre and a BYD 8TT were tracked at the WattEV depot in Long Beach,CA.50 Figure 33.These metrics were captured for each participating fleet.51 Figure 34.An example of vehicle count by depot for BEV and ICE vehicles.53 Figure 35.The projected power needed for a 100%BEV flee

35、t was calculated through a series of formulas.55 Figure 36.Since NACFE only tracked the three trucks in the longer duty cycles,when estimating the energy needs of all Tesla trucks,the miles per truck was scaled down.56 Figure 37.An example of the weather data reported for one day of RoL-E DEPOT for

36、one vehicle.56 Electric Truck Depots Are Evolving:How 10 Fleets Grew Their EV Populations May 7,2024 Page 9 Figure 38.A Geotab Go device like the one pictured here was used for Run on Less Electric DEPOT.57 Figure 39.An example of distance and state of charge data that was collected.58 Figure 40.An

37、example of speed data that was collected during Run on Less Electric DEPOT.59 Figure 41.An example of battery state of charge compared to time passed.60 Figure 42.An example of regenerative braking energy recovery vs.charging.61 Figure 43.An example of state of charge over time(we may need to tweak

38、this caption.62 Figure 44.The various types of truck activity.63 Figure 45.An example of Energy-In.64 Figure 46.An example of Energy-Out.64 Figure 47.The drivers who participated in Run on Less Electric DEPOT.65 Figure 48.Steps needed to create an effective fleet electrification plan.69 Figure 49.Fr

39、amework created to model projected BEV populations and grid emissions over time.70 Figure 50.Electric Depot Bootcamp sessions.72 Figure 51.Attendance of each Electric Depot Bootcamp session.73 Figure 52.RoL-E DEPOT and Electric Depot Bootcamp handout 4x6 card.73 Figure 53.Monthly page views for the

40、Run on Less website.74 Figure 54.Fleet profile videos provided an in-depth look at each fleet depot.75 Figure 55.Stories from the Run videos focused on a variety of topics surrounding depot electrification.76 Figure 56.The depots in RoL-E DEPOT were a good representation of commercial vehicle market

41、.78 Figure 57.Small energy depots are ready to electrify now.79 Figure 58.Large energy deports are gaining momentum in electrifying.80 Figure 59.Energizing fleet depots is taking too long.81 Figure 60.Summary of RoL-E DEPOT findings.82 2024 North American Council for Freight Efficiency.All rights re

42、served.The contents of this document are provided for informational purposes only and do not constitute an endorsement of any product,service,industry practice,service provider,manufacturer,or manufacturing process.Nothing contained herein is intended to constitute legal,tax,or accounting advice,and

43、 NACFE assumes no liability for use of the report contents.No portion of this report or accompanying materials may be copied,reproduced,or distributed in any manner without express attribution to the North American Council for Freight Efficiency.E X E C U T I V E S U M M A R Y E L E C T R I C D E P

44、O T S A R E E V O L V I N G:H O W 1 0 F L E E T S G R E W T H E I R B E V P O P U L A T I O N S ELECTRIC TRUCK DEPOTS ARE EVOLVING:How 10 Fleets Grew Their BEV PopulationsRun on Less Electric DEPOT(RoL-E DEPOT)was a three-week demonstration of production-level battery electric commercial vehicles in

45、 real-world operations at 10 fleet depots across North America,operating in market segments identified as high potential for employing battery electric trucks.Four segments were included:vans and step vans,medium-duty box trucks,terminal tractors,and heavy-duty tractors in regional haul.Depot has be

46、come the common nomenclature for a site where trucks are domiciled and begin their routes and then return to the same location at the completion of their routes.Early adoption of battery electric trucks is at depots where fleets can be more confident in the use of electric charging infrastructure si

47、nce trucks can charge at the depots every day.The initial goal for the Run was to engage eight unique fleets in different regions of North America that were operating at least 15 production-level BEVs at one location from a variety of manufacturers.The fleets agreed to allow real-time data collectio

48、n from their vehicles over the course of the demonstration.Additionally,the participants identified their own driver(s),route(s),and loads as part of their normal daily operations.The fleets,manufacturers,and other stakeholders were interviewed on-site at their respective operations during the three

49、 months prior to the Run for the purposes of hearing from the participants and capturing video for NACFE.The data collection process was reviewed with each fleet.ACKNOWLEDGMENTS NACFE Report Team:Mike Roeth,Executive Director,NACFE Rylie Buch,Lead Author,Juris Doctor Candidate,Santa Clara Univeristy

50、 School of Law Yunsu Park,Director,Engineering,NACFE Denise Rondini,Director,Communications,NACFE Kim Ehrenhaft,Design Director,NACFE2C O N F I D E N C E R E P O R T E X E C U T I V E S U M M A R Y M A K I N G S E N S E O F H E A V Y-D U T Y H Y D R O G E N F U E L C E L L E X E C U T I V E S U M M

51、A R Y E L E C T R I C D E P O T S A R E E V O L V I N G:H O W 1 0 F L E E T S G R E W T H E I R B E V P O P U L A T I O N SEvent SponsorsSupporter SponsorsSPONSORSEXECUTIVESPONSORTITLE SPONSORS3C O N F I D E N C E R E P O R T E X E C U T I V E S U M M A R Y M A K I N G S E N S E O F H E A V Y-D U T

52、Y H Y D R O G E N F U E L C E L L E X E C U T I V E S U M M A R Y E L E C T R I C D E P O T S A R E E V O L V I N G:H O W 1 0 F L E E T S G R E W T H E I R B E V P O P U L A T I O N SFLEETS,OEMS&DRIVERSFrito-Lay operating two Ford E-Transits driven by Arnel Sencion and Gary LaBush.OK Produce operati

53、ng an Orange EV e-TRIEVER and a Freightliner eCascadia driven by Johnny Saenz and Robert Garcia.Penske operating a Ford E-Transit,a Freightliner eCascadia,a GM BrightDrop ZEVO 600,and an International eMV driven by John Leroux.PepsiCo Beverges operating three Tesla Semis driven by Rhianna Castro,Her

54、nesto Sandoval,and Casey Thijon.4C O N F I D E N C E R E P O R T E X E C U T I V E S U M M A R Y M A K I N G S E N S E O F H E A V Y-D U T Y H Y D R O G E N F U E L C E L L E X E C U T I V E S U M M A R Y E L E C T R I C D E P O T S A R E E V O L V I N G:H O W 1 0 F L E E T S G R E W T H E I R B E V

55、 P O P U L A T I O N SFLEETS,OEMS&DRIVERSPurolator operating a Ford E-Transit and a Motiv EPIC driven by Alfred Hou and Lisa Ashton.Performance Team Logistics operating two Volvo VNRs driven by Francisco Cervantes and Jesus Tejada.Schneider operating two Freightliner eCascadias driven by Marty Boots

56、.UPS operating a Freightliner eCascadia and a Freightliner Custom Chassis Corporation MT50e driven by Sal Larios and Eddie Barrios.5C O N F I D E N C E R E P O R T E X E C U T I V E S U M M A R Y M A K I N G S E N S E O F H E A V Y-D U T Y H Y D R O G E N F U E L C E L L E X E C U T I V E S U M M A

57、R Y E L E C T R I C D E P O T S A R E E V O L V I N G:H O W 1 0 F L E E T S G R E W T H E I R B E V P O P U L A T I O N SFLEETS,OEMS&DRIVERSSome of the vehicle-manufacturer pairings that participated in Run on Less Electric DEPOT are part of California Climate Investments,a statewide initiative that

58、 puts billions of cap-and-trade dollars to work reducing greenhouse gas emissions,strengthening the economy,and improving public health and the environmentparticularly in disadvantaged communities.US Foods operating two Freightliner eCascadias driven by Richard Rodriguez.WattEV operating a BYD 8TT a

59、nd a Nikola Tre BEV driven by Ivan Nava and Sergio Nava.6C O N F I D E N C E R E P O R T E X E C U T I V E S U M M A R Y M A K I N G S E N S E O F H E A V Y-D U T Y H Y D R O G E N F U E L C E L L E X E C U T I V E S U M M A R Y E L E C T R I C D E P O T S A R E E V O L V I N G:H O W 1 0 F L E E T S

60、 G R E W T H E I R B E V P O P U L A T I O N SSelecting The Fleet DepotsAfter reviewing 121 fleet depot plans,NACFE selected 10 fleet depots that had deployed BEVs at scale.NACFE required both the fleets and the OEMs to agree to be participants for each RoL-E DEPOT entry.The vehicles had to be in op

61、eration at the fleets by June 2023,to allow time before the September 11 start of the Run so operators,along with the NACFE team,could work out any issues with the trucks and chargers.This time frame also allowed NACFE to visit the sites,interview participating employees and those from companies sup

62、porting them,and shoot video to use in an extensively planned NACFE education and media effort.Over the course of six weeks,the NACFE team visited all the sites and interviewed 122 participants,including drivers,operations managers,fleet experts,utilities,charging supplier manufacturers,construction

63、 companies,project funders,among others.NACFEs Executive Director Mike Roeth explained the event saying,“Run on Less Electric in 2021 was 90%the trucks,10%the infrastructure.Run on Less Electric DEPOT will be about 70%the infrastructure and 30%the trucks.”At the beginning of the search,the NACFE tea

64、m hoped to include fleets from the U.S.,Canada,and Mexico,but unfortunately,were not able to include as large a variety of locations as planned.Eight of the participating fleets were in California,which reflects the reality of the electric truck market today.Though NACFE always strives to include pa

65、rticipants from across North America,the dominance of California when it comes to battery electric trucks cannot be understated,especially in the operation of large-scale battery electric fleets.In the end,the participants selected are a great representation of truck sizes,duty cycles,and use cases

66、among electric vehicles in fleet operations today.The trucking industry will be able to learn a great deal from these progressive fleets leading the way to even more electrification.Ultimately the 10 depots were operating approximately 850 total trucks of which 291 were battery electric at the time

67、of the actual RoL-E DEPOT in September 2023.See ES Figure 1.FIGURE ES1RUN ON LESS ELECTRIC DEPOT LOCATIONS7C O N F I D E N C E R E P O R T E X E C U T I V E S U M M A R Y M A K I N G S E N S E O F H E A V Y-D U T Y H Y D R O G E N F U E L C E L L E X E C U T I V E S U M M A R Y E L E C T R I C D E P

68、 O T S A R E E V O L V I N G:H O W 1 0 F L E E T S G R E W T H E I R B E V P O P U L A T I O N SThe teams selected were:Frito-Lay operating two Ford E-Transit in Queens,New York.OK Produce operating an Orange EV e-TRIEVER and a Freightliner eCascadia in Fresno,California.Penske operating a Ford E-Tr

69、ansit,a Freightliner eCascadia,a GM BrightDrop ZEVO 600,and an International eMV in Ontario,California.PepsiCo Beverages operating three Tesla Semis in Sacramento,California.Performance Team Logistics operating two Volvo VNRs in Commerce,California.Purolator operating a Ford E-Transit and a Motiv EP

70、IC in Richmond,British Columbia,Canada.Schneider operating two Freightliner eCascadias in South El Monte,California.UPS operating a Freightliner eCascadia and a Freightliner Custom Chassis Corporation MT50e in Compton,California.US Foods operating two Freightliner eCascadias in La Mirada,California.

71、WattEV operating a BYD 8TT and a Nikola Tre BEV in Long Beach,California.What Was MeasuredAll NACFEs Run on Less events track and present data,and RoL-E DEPOT was no different.The homepage of the Run on Less website has a link to the RoL-E DEPOT dashboard,which was developed to capture and present d

72、ata on the vehicles and depots that participated in the Run.The metrics captured for each participating fleet are shown in Figure ES 2.Collecting data from the RoL-E DEPOT vehicles has produced a large amount of data.NACFE and Geotab engineers worked together with each of the BEV manufacturers to es

73、tablish a connection with their vehicles to obtain the continuous data needed during the Run.Metrics captured included:GPS position(although this was not shared publicly),miles driven,speed,battery state of charge,energy recovery,deliveries per day,charging rate,consumption,truck activity,energy-in

74、per day,and energy-out per day.During RoL-E DEPOT,NACFE had planned to capture data on chargers and charging infrastructure along with metrics on the vehicles themselves.However,it ended up not being possible to track charger data.Transferring power from the grid to the vehicle incurs some loss due

75、FIGURE ES2THE TYPES OF METRICS RECORDED DURING RUN ON LESS ELECTRIC DEPOT“Were past the point of pilots and beta tests.These electric fleets are here to stay and theyre going to continue operating in a significant way for a long time to come.And that feels great.”Andy Manos,Director of Fleet Solutio

76、ns,Prologis Mobility8C O N F I D E N C E R E P O R T E X E C U T I V E S U M M A R Y M A K I N G S E N S E O F H E A V Y-D U T Y H Y D R O G E N F U E L C E L L E X E C U T I V E S U M M A R Y E L E C T R I C D E P O T S A R E E V O L V I N G:H O W 1 0 F L E E T S G R E W T H E I R B E V P O P U L A

77、 T I O N Sto heating and other inefficiencies.In addition,therehas been great progress with charging infrastructure,such as the versatility in the use of portable chargers and the variety of configurations of permanent chargers that can suit many different vehicles in a fleet.NACFE also estimated th

78、e total depot BEV energy.For depots that are scaling to 15 or more trucks,estimating daily energy demand can be much more complicated.The combination of duty cycles and applications add complexity well beyond just the increase in the number of electric trucks.In order to get a complete picture of th

79、e energy demand at a depot,the ideal scenario is to collect data from every vehicle and charger at that location.For a number of reasons,this was not possible during RoL-E DEPOT.NACFE used several ways to calculate and validate total depot energy.The DriversThe drivers insights and firsthand experie

80、nces have been crucial to documenting the effectiveness of new and evolving technologies.These drivers have volunteered to participate in the more complicated process of being interviewed,photographed,filmed,and having every minute of their working shift tracked for the three weeks of the Run.The dr

81、ivers who volunteered to participate in RoL-E DEPOT are a diverse group with a variety of experience levels,ethnicities,ages,and genders.FindingsFor three weeks in September 2023,NACFE showed what electrification looks like at depots operating 15 or more BEVs spanning four different market segments.

82、RoL-E DEPOT proved that truck depots can operate battery electric vehicles in large numbers in a variety of use cases.Initial findings were validated by the data collected throughout the entire 18 days of the Run.NACFE expects this will give fleets confidence in moving toward wider deployment of bat

83、tery electric vehicles.One key finding was that the fleets in RoL-E DEPOT were a good representation of the current state of the trucking industry.A total of 850 trucks were operated out of the 10 depots of which 291 were BEVs.The depots had a total of 139 chargers and 1044 MWh of power were used as

84、 the trucks traveled 446,831 miles over the three weeks of the Run.Another key finding was that small depots are ready for electrification now.NACFE defines a small energy depot as ones that require less than 10 MWh of power per day because of the small number of trucks and/or low number of miles th

85、ose trucks travel in a day.There is less cost in energizing these depots.METHODOLOGYThis conclusions in this were generated through visits to 10 fleet depots between June 5,2023 and July 17,2023 along with the data collection and calculations from Run on Less Electric DEPOT.Twenty-two vehicles at 10

86、 fleet depots were tracked via Geotab devices during the three weeks of the Run.The vehicle operations were continuously digitally tracked,and their metrics updated daily via a pub-lic website with the ability to view results by day or over a span of days.Metrics such as daily range,speed profiles,s

87、tate of charge,charging events,amount of regenerative braking energy recovery,weather and number of deliveries were shown in near real time.Information on weather conditions was also obtained.“We do see customer adoption across the US in different segments of the industry,but there are clearly deman

88、ds for electric trucks outside of California as well.”Christopher Matheis,Fleet Account Manager,Peach State Freightliner 9C O N F I D E N C E R E P O R T E X E C U T I V E S U M M A R Y M A K I N G S E N S E O F H E A V Y-D U T Y H Y D R O G E N F U E L C E L L E X E C U T I V E S U M M A R Y E L E

89、C T R I C D E P O T S A R E E V O L V I N G:H O W 1 0 F L E E T S G R E W T H E I R B E V P O P U L A T I O N S“This is the beginning of our electrification journey.And whatever we can learn here is just going to help us to electrify faster and more effectively and efficiently across Canada.”Chris H

90、enry,Director,Fleet,Purolator Electrification at large energy depots is gaining momentum.NACFE defines a large energy depot as one that requires a high amount of power typically exceeding 35 MWh of power per day because there are a large number of trucks operating out of the depot and the trucks are

91、 traveling longer distances.Sometimes the BEVs even are driven during two shifts.One challenge that was reinforced during the Run is that its still taking too long for power delivery and infrastructure to be installed,which is driving portable/temporary charging.It took 9 to 36 months to energize th

92、e infrastructure at the 10 depots that participated in RoL-E DEPOT.NACFE also found that there have been big improvements in trucks and chargers since Run on Less Electric in 2021.RoL-E DEPOT showed that the industry needs cost and weight reductions to improve the total cost of ownership and that ra

93、nge can be extended with multiple charges per shift at the depot and enroute.NACFE also believes that diversity,passion,and capability of the people involved is helping to scale the adoption of electric trucks.These findings were published in a six-panel comic style infographic shown in Figure ES3.Y

94、ou can find a larger version of the infographic here.Next StepsNACFE will publish another report on RoL-E DEPOT in 2024 that will further analyze all of the learnings from the Run.This will include a deeper dive into the interviews completed and the data collected during the Run including data from

95、a workshop following the Run as well as other developments in truck electrification.As we continue to learn about the impacts of fleet electrification following the success of the Run and as there continues to be developments in the market,NACFE will release reports addressing the capacity of BEVs a

96、nd the need for reliable power.FIGURE ES3RUN ON LESS ELECTRIC DEPOT FINDINGS WERE PUBLISHED IN A SIX-PANEL COMIC STYLE INFOGRAPHICElectric Truck Depots Are Evolving:How 10 Fleets Grew Their EV Populations May 7,2024 Page 19 1 INTRODUCTION The North American Council for Freight Efficiency(NACFE)was e

97、stablished in 2009 as a 501(c)(3)non-profit to provide unbiased information to all stakeholders interested in improving the efficiency of freight movement.This is accomplished through a combination of creating in-depth reports on technologies for improving efficiency,through industry outreach,worksh

98、ops and conferences,and through freight efficiency demonstrations like Run on Less.Run on Less is a biennial demonstration highlighting significant technologies available to the trucking industry.NACFE has conducted four Run on Less demonstrations so far.See Figure 1.Figure 1.NACFE has conducted fou

99、r Run on Less demonstrations The 2017 Run on Less demonstration highlighted Class 8 diesel semi tractors in real-world long-haul fleet operations.The 2019 Run on Less Regional demonstration spotlighted Class 8 diesel semi tractors in real-world regional haul operations.The 2021 Run on Less Electric

100、event illustrated the movement of fleets to battery electric vehicles(BEVs)as the next technology to adopt to help reduce greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions.The BEVs selected included terminal tractors,vans and step vans,medium-duty box trucks,and heavy-duty regional haul tractors.NACFE believed the indus

101、try was transitioning from prototypes to production-level BEVs and fleets needed to know how those vehicles performed in the real-world to learn from companies already making investments in electrification.The 2023 Run on Less Electric DEPOT(RoL-E DEPOT)demonstration expanded on Run on Less Electric

102、.RoL-E DEPOT focused on fleets operating 15 or more BEVs at a single depot as of June 2023.Most of these fleets were in California,but the Run included one fleet in New York,and one in Canada.Over the course of the event,22 trucks were tracked via telematics devices.The Run also placed more focus on

103、 chargers and charging infrastructure at each location.The goal of RoL-E DEPOT was to help fleets and those that support them better understand the benefits and challenges of operating battery electric trucks in large numbers.The purpose of this Electric Truck Depots Are Evolving:How 10 Fleets Grew

104、Their EV Populations May 7,2024 Page 20 demonstration was to isolate areas of electrification going well and separate those from challenging areas to bring better and faster solutions to the industry.2 SCOPE The purpose of this report is to document the year-long effort to bring RoL-E DEPOT to fruit

105、ion and to provide an analysis of the initial findings and lessons learned from this demonstration.3 NACFES MISSION NACFEs overriding principle in reporting on freight technologies is to provide an unbiased perspective.NACFE recognizes that it also has vested interests and an agenda.NACFEs mission i

106、s to improve efficiency of the movement of goods across North America which in turn reduces the environmental impact of freight hauling.NACFE pursues this goal in three ways:Through publishing in-depth studies on old and new technologies;By conducting information-sharing events including workshops,p

107、anel discussions,and conferences;and Through demonstrations.4 WHAT WAS RUN ON LESS ELECTRIC DEPOT?RoL-E DEPOT was a three-week demonstration of production-level battery electric commercial vehicles in real-world operations at 10 fleet depots across North America,operating in market segments identifi

108、ed as high potential for employing battery electric trucks.Four segments were included:terminal tractors,heavy-duty tractors in regional haul,vans and step vans,and medium-duty box trucks.Depot has become the common nomenclature for a site where trucks are domiciled and begin their routes and then r

109、eturn to the same location at the completion of their route.Early adoption of battery electric trucks is at depots where fleets can be more confident in the use of electric charging infrastructure since trucks can charge at the depots every day.4.1 FLEETS AND BATTERY ELECTRIC TRUCKS Battery electric

110、 trucks have existed for more than 100 years.The technology made only small inroads in freight operations,such as with forklifts and material handling equipment,and saw limited use in delivery vehicles and special purpose vehicles because of the limitations of the capability of lead-acid batteries.D

111、evelopment of much higher energy dense lithium-ion batteries in parallel with advances in electric motors,software,and digital control systems made production battery electric passenger cars viable starting in 2009 with the Tesla Roadster(2009),Tesla Model S(2012),the Nissan Leaf(2010),Chevy Volt Hy

112、brid(2010),and Chevy Bolt(2012).The long running success of Toyotas Prius hybrid with nickel metal hydride batteries introduced in 2000 also has contributed to acceptance of battery powered vehicles.Electric Truck Depots Are Evolving:How 10 Fleets Grew Their EV Populations May 7,2024 Page 21 In 2010

113、,commercial BEVs had early entrants,including the Smith-Newton used by Frito-Lay in 2010 and the Navistar eStar used by FedEx.See Figure 2.Electric and hybrid electric buses also were being introduced in that time frame from companies like Proterra and New Flyer 12345.Figure 2.Early models of batter

114、y electric trucks After 2010,as electric vehicle components began evolving into commodities,several small manufacturers saw opportunities to take production of chassis deliveries from Ford,GM,Isuzu,Fuso,and others to upfit them with electric drivetrains to fill niche market demands.New brands like L

115、ightning eMotors,SEA Electric,Motiv,Workhorse,Phoenix Motorcars and others started introducing a small number of electric vehicles too.The established large OEMs were mostly silent in public on battery electric medium-and heavy-duty trucks,except for the occasional technology demonstration prototype

116、s.Then in October 2017,Teslas Elon Musk introduced a long-range battery electric Class 8 tractor during a major press event and discussed production starting in 2019.This led to established truck manufacturers beginning public discussions of battery electric trucks.Many started introducing prototype

117、s,grant vehicles,and laying out plans for serial production of BEVs.Spurring fleet and manufacturer interest in BEVs was the growing focus on sustainability by companies,investors,the public,and regulators.The movement toward the requirement of zero-emission vehicles to control emissions was gaining

118、 momentum at many levels and regulations and policies were starting to be put in place to enable a transition from fossil-fuel powered vehicles to zero-emission vehicles.In October 2020,NACFE gauged that by 2021 the trucking industry would be ready for the introduction of production-level BEVs.NACFE

119、 initiated reporting on electric vehicles in 2018 with a series of in-depth Guidance Reports and other reports:1.Electric Trucks Where They Make Sense(May 2018)1 2.Medium-Duty Trucks Total Cost of Ownership(Oct.2018)6 3.Amping Up Charging for Electric Trucks(Mar.2019)7 4.Viable Class 7/8 Alternative

120、 Fuel Tractors(Dec.2019)8 Electric Truck Depots Are Evolving:How 10 Fleets Grew Their EV Populations May 7,2024 Page 22 5.High-Potential Regions for Electric Truck Deployments(Nov.2020)9 6.Making Sense of Hydrogen Fuel Cell Tractors(Dec.2020)10 7.Battery Electric Powertrains for Class 8 Regional Hau

121、l Freight(June 2020)11 8.Defining Production(Jan.2020)12 9.Electric Trucks Have Arrives:Documenting a Real-World Trucking Demonstration(Jan.2022)69 10.Electric Trucks Have Arrived:The Case for Terminal Tractors(Mar.2022)70 11.Electric Trucks Have Arrived:The Case for Vans&Step Vans(Apr.2022)71 12.El

122、ectric Trucks Have Arrived:The Case for Heavy-Duty Regional Haul Tractors(May 2022)72 13.Electric Trucks Have Arrived:The Case for Medium-Duty Box Trucks(June 2022)73 14.Hydrogen Trucks:Long Hauls Future?(Apr.2023)76 15.Charging Forward With Electric Trucks(June 2023)75 16.Intermodal&Drayage:An Oppo

123、rtunity to Reduce Freight Emissions(Dec.2023)74 During the summer and fall of 2022,the NACFE team evaluated alternatives for the next Run on Less demonstration.Mike Roeth,NACFEs executive director,proposed and received approval from NACFEs Board of Directors to proceed with RoL-E DEPOT in 2023 with

124、the three-week demonstration period in September of 2023.5 THE PLAN FOR RUN ON LESS-ELECTRIC DEPOT The initial goal for the Run was to engage eight unique fleets in different regions of North America that were operating at least 15 production-level BEVs at one location from a variety of manufacturer

125、s.The fleets agreed to allow real-time data collection from their vehicles over the course of the demonstration.Additionally,the participants identified their own driver(s),route(s),and loads as part of their normal daily operations.The fleets,manufacturers,and other stakeholders were interviewed on

126、-site at their respective operations during the three months prior to the Run for the purposes of hearing from the participants and capturing video for NACFE.The data collection process was reviewed with each fleet.Funding for the event was pursued through sponsorships and in-kind contributions.Part

127、icipating fleets were not compensated outside of whatever publicity they received from taking part in the demonstration and through their own social media efforts and press releases.NACFE conducted a significant educational outreach effort in the five months prior to the demonstration through a seri

128、es of webinars that became the Electric Depot Bootcamp.Electric Truck Depots Are Evolving:How 10 Fleets Grew Their EV Populations May 7,2024 Page 23 Social media and the press were engaged through a series of fleet profile videos prior to the demonstration.Then videos on a variety of topics related

129、to BEVs were released during the event,capturing comments from the participant site interviews and other interviews with subject matter experts.The demonstration kicked off with a press release and NACFE introduced the event at major industry conferences throughout the spring and summer.When the Run

130、 concluded,a press release was issued at a virtual press conference where NACFE shared initial findings.The final version of the schedule provided to participants and organizers is shown in Figure 3.Figure 3.Run on Less Electric DEPOT timeline RoL-E in 2021 showed that the transition to electric veh

131、icles is about much more than just trucks,but requires learning and actions about charging,infrastructure,grid capacity,etc.Thus,the vision of RoL-E DEPOT was to learn and share the best industry practices for scaling electric trucks at depots.While NACFE knows it is early for these trucks to see wi

132、despread deployment,some fleets are moving beyond the initial one or two electric vehicles in their fleets to adding 15 or more units.Californias Advanced Clean Trucks(ACT)rule requires truck manufacturers to sell an increasing large percentage of zero-emissions vehicles in the state,starting in 202

133、4.By 2035,at least 55%of Class 2b to 3 truck sales,75%of Class 4 through Class 8 straight trucks sales,and 40%Class 8 truck tractor sales must be zero emissions.While California is the leading state in setting goals for the sale of zero-emission vehicles,other states and provinces also have followed

134、 suit.Electric Truck Depots Are Evolving:How 10 Fleets Grew Their EV Populations May 7,2024 Page 24 RoL-E DEPOT allowed the industry to better understand what it takes to scale from one or two electric vehicles to dozens or more.RoL-E DEPOT originally planned on featuring eight fleets,but later two

135、fleets were added bringing the total to 10 fleet depots.Eight charger manufacturers and five utilities also were engaged during the Run.The plan with Run on Less Electric DEPOT was to attract the participation of the most visible early battery electric truck deployments in North America and work col

136、laboratively with diverse organizations across the large zero-emissions vehicle ecosystem.6 INDUSTRY EVENTS On January 10,2023,NACFE sent a press release announcing RoL-E DEPOT was a go for the fall of 2023 and solicited fleets and those supporting them to apply for participation.The group continued

137、 additional outreach via social media,participation in key industry events and through targeted invitations.A formal press release on April 26 announced eight participants in the Run.Two more fleets were announced on July 11,2023.An example of one of NACFEs social media posts is shown in Figure 4.El

138、ectric Truck Depots Are Evolving:How 10 Fleets Grew Their EV Populations May 7,2024 Page 25 Figure 4.An example of NACFEs social media efforts surrounding Run on Less Electric DEPOT NACFE hosted a breakfast at ACT Expo on May 3,2023.More than 200 people attended and listened as the eight fleet depot

139、 leaders shared details of their current electric depot efforts and excitement about the upcoming Run activities.See Figure 5.Figure 5.Run on Less Electric DEPOT participants share details of their electrification efforts Ultimately the 10 depots were operating approximately 850 total trucks of whic

140、h 291 were battery electric at the time of the actual RoL-E DEPOT in September 2023.The teams selected were:Frito-Lay operating two Ford E-Transit in Queens,New York.OK Produce operating an Orange EV e-TRIEVER and a Freightliner eCascadia in Fresno,California.Penske operating a Ford E-Transit,a Frei

141、ghtliner eCascadia,a GM BrightDrop ZEVO 600,and an International eMV in Ontario,California.PepsiCo operating three Tesla Semis in Sacramento,California.Performance Team Logistics operating two Volvo VNRs in Commerce,California.Purolator operating a Ford E-Transit and a Motiv EPIC in Richmond,British

142、 Columbia,Canada.Schneider operating two Freightliner eCascadias in South El Monte,California.UPS operating a Freightliner eCascadia and a Freightliner Custom Chassis Corporations MT50e in Compton,California.US Foods operating two Freightliner eCascadias in La Mirada,California.WattEV operating a BY

143、D 8TT and a Nikola Tre BEV in Long Beach,California.The NACFE team wanted to spotlight depots from across North America to show how large-scale fleet electrification is being rolled out in different regions that have different demands.However,this became Electric Truck Depots Are Evolving:How 10 Fle

144、ets Grew Their EV Populations May 7,2024 Page 26 a challenge because many of the depots that applied with 15 or more electric trucks were located in California.The Run included two locations outside of California,with one of the two in Canada.All vehicle models were equipped with Geotab tracking sys

145、tems,except for one which gathered its data separately and NACFE was given permission to record data from the company files going through the Geotab system.NACFE and Geotab worked with the OEMs during several months leading up to the start of RoL-E DEPOT to provide data connectivity.The data dashboa

146、rd can be found on the results page of the Run on Less website.NACFE developed the data dashboard website with the software company LTL MTN 13.NACFE capitalized on multiple high-profile industry events,from late May to the end of 2023,to present information on RoL-E DEPOT before,during and after the

147、 Run,including:Advanced Clean Transportation Exposition(ACT Expo)o ACT Expo is the largest trucking event NACFE supports every year.ACT Expo 2023,held May 1 through 4,was the largest ever attracting more than 11,000 attendees.On May 2,NACFE hosted a breakfast with more than 200 attendees where execu

148、tives from each of the eight fleets already announced to participate in RoL-E DEPOT shared their thoughts on the upcoming Run.National Private Truck Council Annual Meeting(NPTC)o The NPTC annual meeting moved to Orlando in 2023 increasing attendance.Mike Roeth,NACFEs executive director,provided the

149、opening luncheon keynote on May 7 sharing how electric trucks fit into the trucking industrys plans for the next few decades.See Figure 6.Figure 6.Mike Roeth gives opening luncheon keynote Forth Roadmap Conference o Rick Mihelic,NACFEs director of emerging technologies,led a combined NACFE/RMI works

150、hop in Portland,OR during the Forth Roadmap Conference held May 15 to 17.This was a robust discussion with more than 100 people working on many key elements of the electrification transformation including environmental justice.See Figure 7.Electric Truck Depots Are Evolving:How 10 Fleets Grew Their

151、EV Populations May 7,2024 Page 27 Figure 7.Rick Mihelic led a breakfast session discussion Electric Autonomy Conference o Dave Schaller,NACFEs director of industry engagement,represented NACFE at the Electric Autonomy Conference in Toronto on May 17 and 18.Schaller led a panel that focused on the us

152、e of battery electric trucks and their charging systems in Canada.Electric Vehicle Symposium&Exposition(EVS36)o EVS36,is a global electric vehicle conference held nearly every year since 1987.On June 13,Roeth moderated a spirited discussion with four truck manufacturers on the future of electric tru

153、cks.This was one of a few events conducted during the six weeks that NACFE was visiting the 10 depots participating in the Run.Trucking Association Executive Council(TAEC)Annual Meeting o On July 18,Roeth spoke to the executive directors of the 50 State Trucking Associations in Newport RI.This was a

154、 very spirited discussion if not debate about the future of electric trucks.Topics included which types of trucks would scale and where the significant challenges could slow,if not derail,adoption.DOE Clean Cities 30 Anniversary Annual Meeting o Schaller helped the department of energy celebrate 30

155、years September 6 to 8 and shared thoughts on expectations for the Run starting in two weeks.Heavy Duty Technology Exchange(HDTX)o Roeth delivered the opening dinner keynote highlighting the future of sustainable trucking in Phoenix on September 6 with more than 200 fleets and key industry suppliers

156、 in attendance.His comments included details of what to expect from the 10 fleets participating in RoL-E DEPOT.Transmission&Distribution World(T&DW)o Schaller led a team of NACFE and RMI personnel attending this significant utility conference September 12 to 14 during the first days of the Run.The u

157、tility industry audience is key to the successful adoption of electric trucks and the conference was abuzz with the Run kickoff.Piper Sandler Battery Summit Electric Truck Depots Are Evolving:How 10 Fleets Grew Their EV Populations May 7,2024 Page 28 o On September 13,Roeth presented early results c

158、oming in from the 22 trucks in the Run streaming data.This was a focused event of battery suppliers,technology developers and investors who were highly engaged in the detailed data.Society of Automotive Engineers(SAE)Comvec o In Chicago on September 16,Schaller joined a panel on sustainable trucking

159、 providing up-to-date details on the electric trucks operating in the Run.The audience of more than 200 engineers were very thirsty for this data.Technology and Maintenance Council(TMC)Fall Meeting o In Cleveland,OH,September 17 through 21,Kevin Otto,NACFEs electrification technical lead,led a team

160、of NACFE members sharing information about the Run with a very focused audience interested in electric trucking.NACFE is very involved with TMC and was thrilled to provide this context at this major trucking event.New York City Climate Week(NYC CW)o Since 2009,people from all over the world have com

161、e to New York City to share progress being made to support a better climate.September 17 through 24,Roeth participated in three non-governmental organizations(NGOs)workshops(EDF,CERES and Calstart)leading small group discussions at two where the topic was accelerating electric truck adoption.Given t

162、he real-time nature of the Run,this was particularly engaging with professionals at many private and non-profit organizations.Additionally,Roeth and Ari Kahn,manager,carbon-free transportation at RMI,hosted a LinkedIn Live event on September 18 which presented mid-Run results.See Figure 8.Figure 8.M

163、ike Roeth(let)and Ari Kahn hosted a LinkedIn Live event Drive Electric&ClimateWorks o From September 26 to 28,Roeth traveled to Costa Rica for the annual gathering of global non-profit organizations working with the Drive Electric campaign.This included key leaders representing the major regions fro

164、m across the world.It was here where Roeth was able to announce that one heavy-duty tractor achieved 1,076 miles in a 24-hour period to major applause.GreenBiz VERGE o A few weeks after the Run concluded,on October 26 and 27,NACFE and Environmental Defense Fund(EDF)hosted a three-hour workshop in Sa

165、n Jose,CA at VERGE.This event Electric Truck Depots Are Evolving:How 10 Fleets Grew Their EV Populations May 7,2024 Page 29 identified many benefits,challenges and actions directly responding the RoL-E DEPOT learnings.OK Produce also brought one of its eCascadias that was plugged into the conference

166、s microgrid in the networking area just outside the show.See Figure 9.Figure 9.Mike Roeth with RoL-E DEPOT participant OK Produce Electric Power Research Institute(EPRI)Truck and Bus Working Group o In Orlando on October 26 and 27,Schaller and Rob Graff,NACFE senior technical advisor,joined key indu

167、stry leaders using the Runs data and videos to discuss the current state of electric trucking.The group is working on improving many aspects of electric grid preparedness for electric vehicles.Women in Trucking(WIT)Accelerate Conference o Each year WIT brings together a group of truckings key profes

168、sionals,mostly women,to share insights and work on the industrys key opportunities and issues.Roeth and Denise Rondini,NACFEs communications director,attended the event November 5 through 8,where Roeth lead a panel of women who were directly involved with four of the Runs depots.White House Heavy-Du

169、ty Vehicle Electrification Roundtable o Drew Kojak and Roeth organized a gathering of more than 60 professionals for a roundtable at the White House on November 9.Attendees included fleets,government agencies and supporting NGOs.Eight of the 10 RoL-E DEPOT fleets shared their thoughts on the benefit

170、s,challenges,and issues that they had limited confidence were being resolved.Five other key fleets joined as well.See Figure 10.Electric Truck Depots Are Evolving:How 10 Fleets Grew Their EV Populations May 7,2024 Page 30 Figure 10.Run on Less Electric DEPOT participants speak at the White House NAC

171、FE and RMI continued sharing RoL-E DEPOT learnings via participation at meetings throughout 2023 and into 2024 up to the release of this report.Both will continue to share new learnings concerning the Run at events throughout 2024 and beyond.Along with these major industry events,NACFE took part in

172、41 other events to share information about RoL-E DEPOT from April through December 2023.NACFE and many in the industry hope that with the growing success of electrification,more funding will be available to invest in infrastructure and expand BEVs for commercial use.Just like past Run on Less demons

173、trations,RoL-E DEPOT continues to be a topic of discussion at industry events.NACFEs Board of Directors believes that the findings of this Run will aid in expanding the transportation industrys understanding of fleet electrification and the future of zero-emissions freight movement.7 SELECTING FLEET

174、S,OEMS,VEHICLES,AND DUTY CYCLES BEVs continue to be an emerging market within the trucking industry.In 2021,the COVID-19 pandemic led to an increase in e-commerce,an application where BEVs make sense today.By 2023,large and small companies were beginning or continuing their transition to BEVs.NACFEs

175、 goal for RoL-E DEPOT was to highlight the electrification process as fleets moved from deploying one or two trucks to 10,20,30 or more.The goal was that other fleets would be able to learn from the experience of these pioneering fleets.As NACFEs Roeth said,“Run on Less Electric in 2021 was 90%the t

176、rucks,10%the infrastructure.Run on Less Electric DEPOT was about 70%the infrastructure and 30%the trucks.”This included 139 chargers,trucks traveling 446,834 miles and using 1044 MWh of power.Electric Truck Depots Are Evolving:How 10 Fleets Grew Their EV Populations May 7,2024 Page 31 Emerging techn

177、ologies typically start first as proof-of-concept OEM prototypes with significant manufacturer support,often stated as the trucks come with“an engineer in the glovebox.”Early production units,on the other hand,are intended for fleets to fully evaluate operational use of production-representative veh

178、icles.The fleet and the OEMs are effectively pairing in the success of emerging technology deployment.NACFE required both the fleets and the OEMs to agree to be participants for each RoL-E DEPOT entry.The vehicles had to be in operation at the fleets by June 2023,to allow time before the September 1

179、1 start of the Run so operators,along with the NACFE team,could work out any issues with the trucks.This time frame also allowed NACFE to visit the sites,interview participating employees,and shoot video to use in an extensively planned NACFE media effort.Over the course of six weeks,from June 5 thr

180、ough July 17,the NACFE team visited all the sites and interviewed 122 participants,including drivers,operations managers,fleet experts,utilities,charging supplier manufacturers,project funders,among others.NACFE began by compiling a list of fleets in North America that had multiple electric vehicles

181、 at one of their depot locations.NACFE identified 121 possible candidates.Once those fleets were identified,they were contacted to assess where they were in their electrification journey.NACFE also needed to determine whether fleets were willing to invest the resources needed to be in the Run,primar

182、ily supporting site visits and being willing to share data as well as anecdotal information as they continue to add more electric vehicles to their fleets.See Figure 11.Figure 11.Criteria for selecting fleet depot participants Electric Truck Depots Are Evolving:How 10 Fleets Grew Their EV Population

183、s May 7,2024 Page 32 At the beginning of the search,the NACFE team hoped to include fleets from the U.S.,Canada,and Mexico,but unfortunately,were not able to include as large a variety of locations as planned.Most of the participating fleets were in California,which reflects the reality of the elect

184、ric truck market today.Though NACFE always strives to include participants from across North America,the dominance of California when it comes to battery electric trucks cannot be understated,especially in the operation of large-scale battery electric fleets.California is a leader in zero-emission t

185、echnology adoption,and this was reflected in the available fleet depots that met the criteria NACFE devised for RoL-E DEPOT candidates.According to data from Calstart,as of early 2023,60%of all electric vehicles being operating in North America are in California.State and regional programs in Califo

186、rnia have supported fielding many BEVs in different duty cycles.California has both regulations that require sales and operation of BEVs by fleets and incentives for the trucks and chargers to operate them.The environmental conditions also tend to be ideal for operation,with moderate temperatures an

187、d road grades in many regions.In the end,the participants selected are a great representation of truck sizes,duty cycles,and use cases among electric vehicles in fleet operations today.The trucking industry will be able to learn a great deal from these progressive fleets leading the way to even more

188、 electrification.See Figure 12.Figure 12.Participating fleets were in California,New York and British Columbia As preparations progressed and the start of the Run grew near,a few complications arose with some of the participants,but NACFE and the fleets were able to adapt to the challenges.Examples

189、include late delivery of vehicles,data acquisition challenges with new models and slow electrification of the sites.The Run went on as planned and the participating fleets allowed NACFE to track a variety of vehicles Electric Truck Depots Are Evolving:How 10 Fleets Grew Their EV Populations May 7,20

190、24 Page 33 within the four market segments of vans and step vans,medium-duty box trucks,terminal tractors,and heavy-duty tractors in regional haul,as well as to place greater focus on the chargers and infrastructure implemented by each fleet.Fleets and OEMs permitted Geotab to instrument and monitor

191、 their vehicles for RoL-E DEPOT.NACFE has worked extensively with Geotab in past Run on Less events and on other projects.Geotab provides telematics tracking technology that provides GPS and operating statistics.Connecting each vehicle to a Geotab device involved NACFE and Geotab working in concert

192、over several months.One participant was unable to install Geotab devices in their electric trucks,but they gathered their data separately and NACFE was given permission to record data from the company files going through the Geotab system.Other fleets required specially configured cables to be built

193、 and installed to use the Geotab device.The following sections detail each of the 10 participating fleet depots.7.1 FRITO-LAY,QUEENS,NEW YORK WITH FORD One of the most recognizable brand names in snack foods,Frito-Lay North America is the$23 billion convenient foods division of PepsiCo,Inc.Headquart

194、ered in Plano,Texas,Frito-Lay operates 30+manufacturing facilities across the United States and Canada,with more than 200 distribution centers serving 315,000 retail customers per week through a direct-store-delivery model 14.Frito-Lays transition to commercial BEVs is part of PepsiCos Pep+initiativ

195、e launched in 2021 and focused on providing a more sustainable operation for both people and planet 15.Frito Lays RoL-E DEPOT participant is in Queens,New York.This location underwent a complete revitalization in only nine months with Ford E-Transits.Prologis owns the site and managed the charging i

196、nfrastructure installation for this rapid change.PepsiCo and Prologis first discussed the move to BEVs at the 2022 ACT Expo,where they learned about each others shared goal of decarbonizing.Thus began a major electrification process in Queens 16.See Figure 13.Electric Truck Depots Are Evolving:How 1

197、0 Fleets Grew Their EV Populations May 7,2024 Page 34 Figure 13.The Frito-Lay depot in Queens,NY Over the course of the Run,NACFE followed the sites Ford E-Transit,equipped with a 68-kWh battery with an estimated range of 108 miles.PepsiCo had worked extensively with Ford on the design of the E-Tran

198、sit vans in hopes of creating a reliable and efficient BEV for Frito-Lays Queens site.The locations electric Ford E-Transit vans are being operated in dense urban areas with multiple stops,with diminishing loads throughout the shift.Lower mileage means less demand on utility upgrades,allowing for a

199、quick and efficient transition to electric 17.See Figure 14.Electric Truck Depots Are Evolving:How 10 Fleets Grew Their EV Populations May 7,2024 Page 35 Figure 14.Two Ford E-Transits were tracked at the Frito-Lay Queens,NY depot The charging infrastructure for this Frito-Lay site is powered under C

200、on Edisons Power Ready program,which offers reductions in upfront costs for installing infrastructure to support BEV charging,benefitting both utility and client.Because the site already was under construction,installation of the infrastructure was not as much of a hassle.Prologis provided the six t

201、emporary chargers that enabled Frito-Lay to begin operting some of the Ford E-Transits while waiting for the permanent infrastructure to be completed.The temporary chargers were in use for the initial 30 electric cargo vans being operated,with plans to transition all 66 route trucks to Ford E-Transi

202、ts by the end of 2023 18.“Were not seeing any limitations on the customers that we serve,the duty cycle that we operate in.Its all positives that were adding to the site.This is the future for us,”said Adam Bettgenbach,director of fleet energizing&sustainability at PepsiCo.For more information on th

203、e Frito-Lay depot check out the fleet profile and video.7.2 OK PRODUCE,FRESNO,CALIFORNIA WITH ORANGE EV AND FREIGHTLINER OK Produce is a third-generation family-owned produce wholesaler located in Fresno,California,operating in California and southern Oregon.OK Produce supplies fresh fruits and vege

204、tables produced,handled,and distributed in an environmentally responsible way from field to store.With the help of BP Pulse,OK Produce began a three-phase process to complete electrification of its site 19.See Figure 15.Electric Truck Depots Are Evolving:How 10 Fleets Grew Their EV Populations May 7

205、,2024 Page 36 Figure 15.The OK Produce depot in Fresno,CA OK Produces RoL-E DEPOT site was first presented with the possibility of adopting electric trucks when approached by Freightliner three years prior to this demonstration.OK Produce was eager to make the move to electrification because it felt

206、 like it was the natural next step for the company.It has now certified more than half of its 100 drivers to drive these BEVs.These trucks are being used for longer haul operations of up to 120-mile routes that take them across California and southern Oregon.NACFE followed a Freightliner eCascadia e

207、quipped with a 475-kWh battery with an estimated range of 230 miles and an Orange EV e-TRIEVER terminal tractor equipped with a 189-kWh battery that has an estimated range of 175 miles.The Orange EV terminal tractor was an easy and optimal change for OK Produce because there is less power required t

208、o operate electric terminal tractors and there are no range issues when chargers are located on site 21.See Figure 16.Figure 16.A Freightliner eCascadia and an Orange EV were tracked at the OK Produce Fresno,CA depot Electric Truck Depots Are Evolving:How 10 Fleets Grew Their EV Populations May 7,20

209、24 Page 37 OK Produce invested in more than 12,000 solar panels that helped launch their first 10 eCascadias,three Orange EV terminal tractors,and seven battery electric Volvos.The solar panels provide 4.5 MW of power,producing around 7 million kWh of power.The charging infrastructure for both the O

210、range EVs and Freightliner eCascadias receive power from PG&E and operate as pull-in chargers where the trucks pull in without the trailers attached.Under the California Public Utilities Commission EV Fleet program,PG&E assisted in the site design and funding for charging infrastructure installation

211、 for medium-and heavy-duty BEVs.The on-site generation is accompanied by a 150-kWh storage capacity.OK Produce plans to add 28 more ABB E-Mobility chargers as part of the second phase of electrification.There are already plans for a third phase where OK Produce will work with PG&E to continue expans

212、ion of the sites permanent infrastructure to accommodate the growing electric fleet 2223.“Its exciting to be standing here at OK Produce because theyve set forth a vision of what theyre going to do toward zero emissions and reducing their carbon footprint in Fresno,and theyre making it happen.I thin

213、k its a model for companies across America,”said Jerry Dyer,mayor of Fresno.For more information on the OK Produce depot check out the fleet profile and video.7.3 PENSKE,ONTARIO,CALIFORNIA WITH FORD,FREIGHTLINER,GM BRIGHT DROP AND INTERNATIONAL Penske Transportation Solutions is an umbrella brand th

214、at includes Penske Truck Leasing,Penske Logistics,Epes Transport Systems,Penske Vehicle Services,and other related businesses.Penske provides transportation,supply chain,and technology solutions.Penske Logistics provides supply chain management and logistics services to its customers,offering servic

215、es in design,planning,and execution of transportation,warehousing and freight management,and dry-van carriers.Penskes fleet across North America consists of more than 400,000 vehicles,making electrification a massive effort that Penske has committed itself to achieving 24.See Figure 17.Figure 17.The

216、 Penske depot in Ontario,CA Electric Truck Depots Are Evolving:How 10 Fleets Grew Their EV Populations May 7,2024 Page 38 Penskes participating site for RoL-E DEPOT was its Center of Excellence for Charging,located in Ontario,California.This site deploys a variety of electric trucks from different O

217、EMs that use a variety of different chargers,with interoperability being their top priority.Four OEMs took part in the Run in partnership with Penske.The first model,a Ford E-Transit step van,was equipped with a 68-kWh battery with an estimated range of 108 miles.The second model,Freightliner eCasca

218、dia heavy-duty tractor,was equipped with a 475-kWh battery with an estimated range of 230 miles.The third model,a GM Bright Drop ZEVO 600 step van was equipped with a 165-kWh battery with an estimated range of 135 miles.Unfortunately,timing prevented NACFE from being able to get the Geotab device in

219、stalled in time for the Run,so we were unable to track data from that vehicle.The last model,an International eMV was equipped with a 210-kWh battery with an estimated range of 135 miles.The trucks at this site operate in short duty cycles in an urban environment with diminishing loads throughout th

220、e shift 17202526.See Figure 18.Figure 18.A Freightliner eCascadia,a GM Bright Drop step van,an International eMV,and a Ford E-Transit were tracked at the Penske Depot in Ontario,CA The biggest challenge for this site was installing charging infrastructure that can charge the different types of vehic

221、les located here.The initial plan for this site began in 2018 with the installation of six different types of charging stations.Penske has since installed six additional different types of charging systems to prepare for and gather data for the future of its network,leading to a 40%savings with heav

222、y charging utilization.The Ontario site uses Shell Sky software to manage the growing variety of chargers and the demand on the grid required to sustain the operation.The site also is equipped with on-site battery storage capable of storing up to 800 kWh 27.Electric Truck Depots Are Evolving:How 10

223、Fleets Grew Their EV Populations May 7,2024 Page 39“I think its a revolution.Its a different powertrain.People want to downplay the fact that its just a powertrain,but the impact to how we think about what we do every day,is very comparable to when the horse and buggy was displaced by internal combu

224、stion engines,”said Debbie Shust,vice president of medium-duty business for Navistar.For more information on the Penske depot check out the fleet profile and video.7.4 PEPSICO,SACRAMENTO,CALIFORNIA WITH TESLA Dating back to 1898,PepsiCo Beverages North America is one of the largest beverage companie

225、s in North America,generating$86 billion in net revenue in 2022.PepsiCo is the parent company to many household names including Lays,Doritos,Cheetos,Gatorade,Mountain Dew,and Quaker Oats.PepsiCo has seen constant growth in the electrification of its North American fleets in line with PepsiCos desire

226、 to become a sustainably run company 28.PepsiCos participating site is one of its bottling production and distribution facilities in Sacramento,California.This fleet uses a variety of BEVs,including electric terminal tractors,E-Transit service vans and Tesla Semis.PepsiCo was the first company to pa

227、rtner with Tesla to launch Tesla Semis in a fleet operation.The Sacramento depot is operating 21 Tesla Semis transporting heavy beverage loads operating on two different routes.See Figure 19.Figure 19.The PepsiCo depot in Sacramento,CA One route consists of long-haul transport operating more than 25

228、0 to 450 miles per day while carrying a load of up to 82,000 lbs.Three Tesla Semis are operating in this manner and they are usually slip-seated,meaning they are driven by two drivers,each on a separate shift,allowing for operation most all of the day.Electric Truck Depots Are Evolving:How 10 Fleets

229、 Grew Their EV Populations May 7,2024 Page 40 Eighteen Semis are operating in the second delivery route doing final mile delivery to stores.These operate in much shorter routes,with less than 75 miles per day.PepsiCos move to BEVs and continued expansion has been essential because of the duty cycle

230、of each vehicle.As each day consists of nearly 12 hours of deliveries,electrification of this duty cycle is an important step for PepsiCos decarbonization strategy.The addition of 21 Tesla Semis is part of PepsiCos efforts to aggressively pursue this decarbonization strategy and push the limit to de

231、monstrate their capability 29.During the Run,the Tesla Semis saw ranges of 410 miles on a single charge and completed 1,076 miles in a 24-hour period.The battery capacity of the Tesla Semi has not been disclosed by Tesla,but with an estimated range of 500 miles,the calculations made show a battery c

232、apacity of approximately 900 kWh.The charging infrastructure allows for fast charging(at 750 kw),with turnaround times of 20 or 30 minutes.Charging from 10%to 95%occurs in less than half an hour.The Sacramento site receives power from the Sacramento Municipal Utility District(SMUD).To begin infrastr

233、ucture construction,3 MW of power was needed to add resiliency and alleviate the power demand on the single substation that was already present on site.The site has on-site generation of 1.2 MW solar energy and can store 2.4 MWh in backup battery storage 30.See Figure 20.Figure 20.Three Tesla Semis

234、were tracked at the PepsiCo location in Sacramento,CA“This is a very big deal.This is going to revolutionize how the trucking industry goes to market in the future and PepsiCos on the forefront of it.Its very,very important that we get it right and we do everything we can to make sure we run on less

235、,”said Charles Burton,director of fleet operations,PepsiCo Beverages North American West Division.For more information on the PepsiCo depot check out the fleet profile and video.Electric Truck Depots Are Evolving:How 10 Fleets Grew Their EV Populations May 7,2024 Page 41 7.5 PERFORMANCE TEAM LOGISTI

236、CS,COMMERCE,CALIFORNIA WITH VOLVO Performance Team Logistics is a US based warehousing and distribution company offering end-to-end supply chain solutions.In 2020,Performance Team was acquired by Maersk,a shipping container and logistics company.Performance Team now operates 60 distribution and fulf

237、illment centers within North America with transportation services designed to serve storage,fulfillment,distribution,and inland transportation needs 31.Performance Teams participating site is in Commerce,California and is owned by Prologis,a third-party logistics real estate company.Performance Team

238、 partnered with Volvo to deploy 38 second-generation battery electric Volvo VNRs along with first-generation models.The Volvo VNRs have a battery capacity of 565 kWh with an estimated range of 275 miles.The second-generation VNRs are equipped with a six battery pack that allows for this increased ra

239、nge.The benefit of a six battery pack in comparison with a four battery pack is that it does not require opportunity charging during a days work.BEVs with a four battery pack are more likely to come back during a shift to take advantage of opportunity charging for 30 minutes to an hour.These heavy-d

240、uty tractors operate in short regional haul routes,and can carry loads of up to 82,000 lbs.By the end of the 2023,Performance Team hopes to launch 136 BEVs at its Commerce location 32.See Figure 21.Figure 21.The Performance Team deport in Commerce,CA Performance Team partnered with Prologis Mobility

241、 to install a permanent charging infrastructure at this site.Prologis Mobility constructs,installs,and maintains the chargers as well as cooperating with Southern California Edison(SCE)to establish a utility connection.Overall,this site demands approximately 1.5 MW of power to charge the first-and s

242、econd-generation Volvos.This was all able to occur under SCEs Transportation Electrification Project Management(TEPM),who assessed,evaluated,designed,and orchestrated the construction of this electrification project 333435.See Figure 22.Electric Truck Depots Are Evolving:How 10 Fleets Grew Their EV

243、Populations May 7,2024 Page 42 Figure 22.Two Volvo battery electric VRNs were tracked at the Performance Team depot in Commerce,CA“We share our numbers with anybody who asks.We can talk about kilowatt per hour,the amount of regenerative braking thats generating into the battery.Well share that infor

244、mation with anybody that really wants to know because its the responsible thing to do,”said Dean Magistrale,director of electric vehicle operation at Performance Team Logistics.For more information on the Performance Team depot check out the fleet profile and video.7.6 PUROLATOR,RICHMOND,BRITISH COL

245、UMBIA,WITH FORD AND MOTIV Purolator Inc.is a leading integrated freight,package,and logistics solutions provider,offering services across North America from its base in Canada.With the goal of electrifying more than 60%of its last-mile delivery vehicles,Purolator aims to be the greenest courier in C

246、anada 36.Purolators participating site is in Richmond,British Columbia,right next to the Vancouver International Airport.This location has a total of 15 Motiv Epic step vans and Ford E-Transits in operation and the company hopes the site will be fully electric by the end of 2024.Purolator chose this

247、 site to begin its move toward electrification because of existing infrastructure that would make it easy to begin a pilot BEV program.With the help of BGIS,a facilities management company located in Ontario,Purolator was able to begin electrification at this site and plans to expand both the number

248、 of BEVs and the accompanying charging infrastructure 1737.See Figure 23.Electric Truck Depots Are Evolving:How 10 Fleets Grew Their EV Populations May 7,2024 Page 43 Figure 23.The Purolator depot in Richmond,BC,Canada The Ford E-Transit has a battery capacity of 68 kWh with an estimated range of 10

249、8 miles.The Motiv Epic step van has a battery capacity of 127 kWh with an estimated range of 105 miles.The routes for the Motiv Epic step van range from four to 60 miles a day.This model has a vehicle body manufactured by Morgan Olson with a Motiv powertrain 38.The Richmond site has installed Level

250、2 charging with charging cables capable of charging multiple types of BEVs.During the Run,the Richmond site had 15 chargers installed that are capable of charging both the Ford and Motiv models.These chargers are unique because the charging cables hang overhead using cable reels for easy pull down,c

251、apable of being used on the different sized BEVs.See Figure 24.Figure 24.A Ford E-Transit and Motiv Epic step van were tracked at the Purolator depot in Richmond,BC,Canada Electric Truck Depots Are Evolving:How 10 Fleets Grew Their EV Populations May 7,2024 Page 44“Although its been a lot of work an

252、d it continues to be a lot of work,its been a very rewarding journey so far.As we see more and more of our electric vehicles on the roads,our customers are really recognizing the efforts that were making and are really pleased with the outcomes,”said Cindy Bailey,head of corporate sustainability at

253、Purolator.For more information on the Purolator depot check out the fleet profile and video.7.7 SCHNEIDER,SOUTH EL MONTE,CALIFORNIA,WITH FREIGHTLINER Schneider National Inc.is a premier multimodal provider of transportation,intermodal,and logistics services that has been in operation for 85 years,ea

254、rning$6.6 billion in annual revenue.Schnieder offers solutions in regional haul,truckload,warehousing,supply chain management,port logistics,and logistics counseling,among others 39.Schneiders participating site is in South El Monte,California and the company is moving to all BEVs at the site.Before

255、 adding the electric heavy-duty tractors,80 trucks were located at this site to support Schneiders intermodal customers of Southern California,but once electrification of the fleet is complete there will be a total of 92 battery electric trucks.At the time of the Run,50 trucks were introduced to thi

256、s site under the Joint Electric Truck Scaling Initiative(JETSI)project,that would see 100 Class 8 BEVs deployed 40.See Figure 25.Figure 25.The Schneider depot in South El Monte,CA The Freightliner eCascadias deployed by Schneider have a battery capacity of 475 kWh with an estimated range of 230 mile

257、s.These tractors are drop-and-hook multi-stop intermodal classics operating two shifts over five or six days a week and can carry up to 82,000 lbs.2041.See Figure 26.Electric Truck Depots Are Evolving:How 10 Fleets Grew Their EV Populations May 7,2024 Page 45 Figure 26.Two Freightliner eCascadias we

258、re tracked at the Schneider depot in South El Monte,CA The charging infrastructure receives power from SCE,who is committed to helping customers deploy charging infrastructure to reach Californias 2045 goal of carbon neutrality.SCE has recognized that this will require that two-thirds of medium-duty

259、 vehicles and one-third of heavy-duty vehicles transition to BEVs.Schneider also worked with Black&Veatch,a global company dedicated to aiding customers in on-site infrastructure construction.Black&Veatch then worked with SCE to show how power can be an asset and not an expense.This intermodal facil

260、ity uses a turnkey solution,allowing for simultaneous charging of up to 32 electric vehicles using 16 chargers.Each Power Electronics charger is capable of charging two BEVs at the same time because each dispenser has dual cables:one liquid-cooled cable capable of outputting 500 amps of power and on

261、e air-cooled cable capable of outputting 300 amps of power 344243.“The success of this project gives more momentum to the industry.This can be done.You know,the people that say it cant be done,it cant be done on time,it cant be done on budget.The technologys not ready,the vehicles arent available.We

262、re proving we can do this,”said Randal Kaufman,sales director for Black&Veatch.For more information on the Schneider depot check out the fleet profile and video.Electric Truck Depots Are Evolving:How 10 Fleets Grew Their EV Populations May 7,2024 Page 46 7.8 UPS,COMPTON,CALIFORNIA,WITH FREIGHTLINER

263、AND FREIGHTLINER CUSTOM CHASSIS CORPORATION UPS is the worlds largest package delivery company and a leading provider of supply chain solutions.Today UPS employs more than 500,000 people and operates in more than 220 countries and territories as a transportation and logistics leader offering innovat

264、ive solutions to a variety of customers 44.UPSs participating depot for the Run is in Compton,California and it deployed battery electric Class 6 package cars and Class 8 heavy-duty tractors at the site.Having begun plans for transition to an electric fleet five years prior to the Run,UPS has noted

265、that the greatest challenge has been implementing proper infrastructure to support the BEVs.InCharge Energy,an energy solutions company that offers resources and support for fleet electrification,sees long-term potential for a 100%electric operation at the Compton site 45.See Figure 27.Figure 27.The

266、 UPS depot in Compton,CA The Freightliner eCascadias that have been deployed at UPSs Compton location have a battery capacity of 475 kWh with an estimated range of 230 miles.The other OEM highlighted at this site is Freightliner Custom Chassis Corporations(FCCC).FCCC partnered with UPS to deploy mod

267、el MT50es that have a battery capacity of 226 kWh with an estimated range of 150 to 170 miles using their Proterra battery system.The BEVs run either a middle mile package delivery to distribution centers route or final mile deliveries to home route 204647.See Figure 28.Electric Truck Depots Are Evo

268、lving:How 10 Fleets Grew Their EV Populations May 7,2024 Page 47 Figure 28.A Freightliner Custom Chassis Corp.model MT50e and a Freightliner eCascadia were tracked at the UPS depot in Compton,CA The charging infrastructure receives power from SCE.While electrifying the package cars went smoothly,tra

269、nsitioning the Class 8 trucks presented challenges with getting permits and easements.InCharges InControl Load Management software has been implemented at this site to aid in limiting the amount of power drawn from charging so that the facilitys total load is never exceeded 34.At the time of the Run

270、,15kW DC chargers were set up with plans for an additional 175 DC fast chargers to be installed to support.The eCascadias were being charged with a single temporary portable 120kW charger that will be replaced soon with three 175kW ones.“Its a journey,its a challenge.But when you see the vehicles dr

271、iving up and down the road and realize the impact that you can have on the people that are living in these towns that we deploy these vehicles in,its just an extremely rewarding feeling to know that youre helping better the planet and the lives of others,”said Dennis Elford,director of maintenance a

272、nd engineering at UPS.For more information on the UPS depot check out the fleet profile and video.7.9 US FOODS,LA MIRADA,CALIFORNIA,WITH FREIGHTLINER US Foods is a leader in food service distribution,partnering with approximately 250,000 restaurants and food service operators.Headquartered in Rosemo

273、nt,Illinois,US Foods has 70 broadline locations and more than 85 cash-and-carry stores,businesses that sell large quantities of product to other businesses at lower prices.US Foods and its 29,000 associates also offer a comprehensive suite of e-commerce,technology,and business solutions.The electrif

274、ication of US Foods fleet follows the companys goal of reducing its GHG emission by 32.5%by 2032 48.US Foods participating site is in La Mirada,California where it operates eCascadias.The eCascadias have a battery capacity of 475 kWh with an estimated range of 230 miles.The eCascadias run routes cov

275、ering local delivery to hotels,restaurants,and other customers.At the La Mirada location the fleet was able to go from having zero BEVs a year before the Run to having 29 BEVs by the start of RoL-E DEPOT deployed without permanent charging infrastructure 2041.See Figure 29.Electric Truck Depots Are

276、Evolving:How 10 Fleets Grew Their EV Populations May 7,2024 Page 48 Figure 29.The US Foods depot in La Mirada,CA The fleet used five portable chargers to support the eCascadias,which support three heavy-duty tractors per charger.The power level for the portable chargers ranges from 60 to 75 kW,capab

277、le of charging the BEVs from 0%to 80%state of charge in 90 minutes.Once permanent chargers are installed,they will produce approximately 90 kW.Working with SCE to install some of the necessary power cabinets to support fleet electrification,US Foods also has partnered with NextEra to install the add

278、itional power cabinets.Once the La Mirada location has permanent charging infrastructure built,the portable chargers can be used in other US Foods locations 3449.See Figure 30.Electric Truck Depots Are Evolving:How 10 Fleets Grew Their EV Populations May 7,2024 Page 49 Figure 30.Two Freightliner eCa

279、scadias were tracked at the US Foods depot in La Mirada,CA“Dont be afraid to start a project just to get the experience because every fleet is different.Every application has its own unique characteristics.Dont be afraid to fail.There are some challenges with the electric vehicles,but weve had great

280、 success.Our drivers love them.Technicians like them and they are operating and successfully performing the task that weve asked them to do,”said Ken Marko,fleet sustainability senior manager at US Foods.For more information on the US Foods depot check out the fleet profile and video.7.10 WATTEV,LON

281、G BEACH,CALIFORNIA,WITH BYD AND NIKOLA WattEV delivers infrastructure and software to fleets with the goal of accelerating electrifying the US heavy-duty trucking industry.WattEV does this by creating charging infrastructure along with a data-driven workflow that provides fleet operators the lowest

282、total cost of ownership.Their goal is to put 12,000 heavy-duty electric trucks on California roads by the end of 2030.In July,prior to the start of RoL-E DEPOT,WattEV opened the nations largest charging depot at the Port of Long Beach.At the time of the Run,WattEV had control of 50 other sites from

283、Northern California to the Mexican border and plans to expand across the nation 5051.See Figure 31.Electric Truck Depots Are Evolving:How 10 Fleets Grew Their EV Populations May 7,2024 Page 50 Figure 31.The WattEV depot in Long Beach,CA WattEV is pioneering a Trucking-as-a-Service(TaaS)model,where i

284、t provides the BEV,the charging,maintenance,and insurance to carriers wishing to transition to BEVs.While the site does serve as a charging hub,WattEV is moving further by operating its own trucks as well.While WattEV begins deployment of its own fleet,for RoL-E DEPOT it partnered with Nikola and BY

285、D,operating Nikola Tre BEVs and BYD 8TTs to serve the Port of Long Beach.The Nikola Tre BEV has a battery capacity of 422 kWh with an estimated range of 124 miles and the BYD 8TT has a battery capacity of 733 kWh with an estimated range of 330 miles.Both models travel various routes across Southern

286、California with the ability to carry up to 82,000 lbs.5253.See Figure 32.Figure 32.A Nikola Tre and a BYD 8TT were tracked at the WattEV depot in Long Beach,CA WattEV has deployed its own Combined Charging System(CCS)and has begun installing megawatt charging system(MCS)hardware at this location.It

287、received power from SCE and worked with Cleantek Electric Truck Depots Are Evolving:How 10 Fleets Grew Their EV Populations May 7,2024 Page 51 in designing the charging infrastructure.Cleantek and WattEV highlight the importance of futureproofing charging infrastructure to make later installation an

288、d fleet electrification an easier process.WattEV with the help of SCE and Cleantek created CCS pull-in chargers for quick and easy charging and MCS drive-through chargers that will power its heavy-duty tractors 3454.“With the equipment that we have designed,we are providing that flexibility to the c

289、ustomer,that we satisfy the requirements today and tomorrow,”said Bahram Javahari,CEO of Charge America.For more information on the Watt EV depot check out the fleet profile and video.8 WHAT WAS MEASURED?All NACFEs Run on Less events track and present data,and RoL-E DEPOT was no different.The homepa

290、ge of the Run on Less website has a link to the RoL-E DEPOT dashboard,which was developed to capture and present data on the vehicles and depots that participated in the Run.The metrics captured for each participating fleet are shown in Figure 33.Figure 33.These metrics were captured for each partic

291、ipating fleet During RoL-E DEPOT,NACFE had planned to capture data on chargers and charging infrastructure along with metrics on the vehicles themselves.However,it ended up not being possible to track charger data.Transferring power from the grid to the vehicle incurs some loss due to heating and ot

292、her inefficiencies.In addition,there has been great progress with charging infrastructure,such as the versatility in the use of portable chargers and the variety of configurations of permanent chargers that can suit many different vehicles in a fleet.The sampling rate of data is important in analyzi

293、ng vehicle performance.Geotabs systems tries to minimize the massive amounts of data collected where possible so that the cost and complexity of handling this data is reduced.For example,if a vehicle is traveling at a constant speed on a straight stretch of highway,every second of data may not be al

294、l that important.Sampling data less frequently does not significantly introduce errors for typical telematics applications.Reducing the rate that samples are collected allows for smaller data storage and less demanding data transfer between the vehicle and the database.This also will reduce the cost

295、s of collecting and analyzing the data.The challenge with working with third party data aggregators like Geotab is that the way the data is collected,simplified,and reported is part of the proprietary knowledge of the company.For most fleet data users,these details are not significant,and companies

296、like Geotab have made significant Electric Truck Depots Are Evolving:How 10 Fleets Grew Their EV Populations May 7,2024 Page 52 investments to assure the accuracy of the data they are reporting.However,engineers and scientists may find this level of data insufficient to properly analyze duty cycles.

297、NACFE determined that for RoL-E DEPOT,Geotabs data was sufficiently accurate for the objectives of the event.8.1 ESTIMATING TOTAL DEPOT BEV ENERGY An important consideration when planning for depot electrification is the amount of electrical energy a depot may require.For gasoline or diesel trucks,t

298、he amount of fuel trucks at a depot consume is typically not a concern since they are usually fueled either on-site,or outside of the depot and the infrastructure to fill those trucks is mature and fuel is readily available.However,there currently is not a widespread public charging network for elec

299、tric trucks.Additionally,since the time needed to recharge the batteries can be longer than a typical fuel stop,fleets may choose to charge at the depot to take advantage of periods when the vehicle is not being used,such as overnight for a daytime operation.Therefore,planning for an electrified dep

300、ot requires an understanding of how much energy is going to be needed.Estimating the electrical energy need is relatively simple when there are only a few electric trucks at a facility.In early deployments such as those in the 2021 Run on Less Electric(ROL-E),just a few trucks were being tracked in

301、predictable duty cycles at each site.As was documented in the final report on Electric Trucks Have Arrived:Documenting A Real-World Trucking Demonstration all 13 trucks could have been charged at relatively low speeds,making total energy and power demand fairly easy to understand.For depots that are

302、 scaling to 15 or more trucks,estimating daily energy demand can be much more complicated.The combination of duty cycles and applications add complexity well beyond just the increase in the number of electric trucks.As an example,if a depot operates a parcel delivery fleet and all the vehicles charg

303、e overnight every day,then scaling to more trucks likely means increasing energy in proportion to the increasing size of the battery electric fleet.However,if a depot operates a mix of duty cycles with the same vehicles,this could mean that some trucks charge multiple times in a 24-hour period while

304、 others go several days before being recharged,making the job of predicting energy demand much more complicated.In order to get a complete picture of the energy demand at a depot,the ideal scenario is to collect data from every vehicle and charger at that location.For a number of reasons,this was no

305、t possible during RoL-E DEPOT.Collecting vehicle data using Geotab continues to be a reliable method for NACFE and most vehicles in RoL-E DEPOT were compatible with the devices,making vehicle data collection fairly straightforward.Unfortunately,there is not an analogous single platform for charger d

306、ata.During the planning stages for RoL-E DEPOT,NACFE had discussions with several parties to establish a method for collecting charger data.Unfortunately,none of these came to fruition,leaving NACFE with vehicle data only.Some depots gave NACFE access to data from the majority of the electric vehicl

307、es at their depot and others provided access to a smaller number,often two or three trucks.However,for the vehicles NACFE was not accessing,all depots provided information on the duty cycles and the type of trucks being used.For the RoL-E DEPOT dashboard,NACFE used a mix of actual vehicle data with

308、modeling of the rest of Electric Truck Depots Are Evolving:How 10 Fleets Grew Their EV Populations May 7,2024 Page 53 the vehicles at the location to estimate the energy demand at each depot during the event.The model was then extended to estimate total energy at the depot if all trucks domiciled at

309、 that location were converted to battery electric trucks.For the depot energy model,NACFE collected information on the total number of trucks at each depot by application.The applications were:1.Vans and step vans 2.Medium-duty box trucks 3.Terminal tractors 4.Class 8 tractors Fleets provided an inv

310、entory of the total number of units by application and the average number of miles per truck in a 24-hour cycle.An example of an inventory is shown in Figure 34.Figure 34.An example of vehicle count by depot for BEV and ICE vehicles An energy consumption rate was estimated by vehicle,application,and

311、 depot using telematics data or by estimating the energy consumption in kWh per mile or MPG.Some depots gave NACFE information for the estimates,particularly for the gasoline or diesel vehicles,and NACFE also was able to reference data collected in prior Run on Less events and other work.As the leve

312、l of activity at each depot was expected to vary day to day,NACFE used total miles of the tracked vehicles along with a number of ratio factors and the energy consumption estimate to calculate total battery electric vehicle energy and gallons of fuel consumed each day.Since each depot had more BEVs

313、than NACFE was tracking,NACFE asked the depots to allow the tracking of trucks which were representative of the BEV fleet in terms of duty cycle and miles driven.Calculating total depot energy Electric Truck Depots Are Evolving:How 10 Fleets Grew Their EV Populations May 7,2024 Page 54 then became a

314、 matter of applying appropriate factors to scale up the observed energy consumption to estimate the energy consumed by the untracked vehicles.A good example of the depot level calculation is Schneiders South El Monte,California depot which only domiciles Class 8 regional tractors for drayage work.Du

315、ring the September period of RoL-E DEPOT,there were a total of 92 trucks,of which 82 were BEV and an additional 10 were diesel powered.NACFE was given access to data from five of the BEVs(two of which were shown on the dashboard).Since the tracked BEVs were in the same duty cycles as the remaining B

316、EVs,total BEV energy consumption at the depot was estimated by multiplying the tracked vehicles energy consumption by a factor of 16.4(82 total BEVs/5 tracked BEVs).If on a given day the tracked BEVs totaled 850 miles and consumed 1,666 kWh,the total BEV energy for the day was calculated to be 27.3

317、MWh(1,666 kWh x 16.4).Since the energy value represents energy consumption rather than energy charged,this total was increased by 15%to account for charger-to-battery and battery-to-powertrain efficiencies,making the total BEV energy for the day 31.4 MWh(27.3 MWh x 1.15).To account for the fuel cons

318、umed by the 10 diesel trucks,NACFE estimated that they averaged 6.9 MPG.Additionally,since the diesel trucks are deployed on longer routes than the BEVs,for every one mile the BEV trucks traveled,it was estimated the diesel trucks covered 1.8 miles.Therefore,total fuel for the remaining 10 trucks wa

319、s estimated by multiplying total BEV miles by the ratio of tracked BEVs to the number of diesels multiplied by 1.8 to account for the longer duty cycles divided by the MPG.850 miles x 10 diesel/5 tracked BEV x 1.8(mileage ratio)/6.9(MPG)=443 gallons diesel Finally,to estimate total depot electrical

320、energy in a future state when all trucks at the depot are battery electric,the current electrical energy(31.4 MWh)was multiplied by the ratio of diesel to total BEV trucks factored by the mileage differential.(10 x 1.8+82)/82 x 31.4=38.3 MWh In this example,the depots total electrical energy need wo

321、uld increase by 6.9 MWh per day.The calculation assumes that in this future state the total miles traveled by trucks at the depot remains consistent and is handled by BEVs with longer range or more BEVs to divide the workload and that all BEVs continue to charge exclusively at the depot.The increase

322、 in electrical energy to offset 443 gallons of diesel is 6.9 MWh in the example.NACFE performed a back-of-the-envelope check on whether this is reasonable.A gallon of diesel contains 37.95 kWh of energy,making the total energy in 443 gallons of diesel 16.5 MWh.Assuming an average thermal efficiency

323、over the duty cycle of between 30%to 35%(using the mid-point of 32.5%)and an average powertrain efficiency for BEVs of 90%means 6.0 MWh of electrical energy should be needed by the BEVs to do the same work.See Figure 35.16.5 MWh x 32.5%/90%=6.0 MWh Electric Truck Depots Are Evolving:How 10 Fleets Gr

324、ew Their EV Populations May 7,2024 Page 55 Figure 35.The projected power needed for a 100%BEV fleet was calculated through a series of formulas Using the same charger-to-battery and battery-to-powertrain efficiency as above(15%)means the total energy increase for the depot is 6.9 MWh(6 MWh x 1.15)wh

325、ich is the same value as was arrived at using the ratio method.The actual efficiencies of the trucks are not known but since the estimates appear reasonable,this validated the ratio method used for the dashboard.Additional factors were used to account for other situations specific to several depots.

326、There were depots where the BEVs being tracked by NACFE were known not to be representative of the remaining BEVs in the fleet.For example,the PepsiCo depot deployed a total of 21 Tesla Semis during RoL-E DEPOT.Three of those were in longer duty cycles which include the Sacramento to Reno roundtrip

327、in addition to other Pepsi and Frito-Lay locations in California.The remaining 18 are deployed in urban duty cycles,with those trucks averaging less than 100 miles per day.Since NACFE was only tracking the three trucks in the longer duty cycles,when estimating the energy needs of all Tesla trucks,th

328、e miles per truck was scaled down for the 18 additional trucks.See Figure 36.Electric Truck Depots Are Evolving:How 10 Fleets Grew Their EV Populations May 7,2024 Page 56 Figure 36.Since NACFE only tracked the three trucks in the longer duty cycles,when estimating the energy needs of all Tesla truck

329、s,the miles per truck was scaled down NACFE estimated that if all trucks at all 10 depots were electric,they would consume 214 MWh/day.8.2 WEATHER DATA Vehicle performance always is in the context of its operational environment.The three-week nature of RoL-E DEPOT and the majority of participants co

330、ming from California limits the ability to observe a broad range of weather conditions.However,the participants continue to use their BEVs year-round and have been able to report about operating during different weather conditions throughout the year.The local weather data for each day and fleet loc

331、ation were obtained via an application programming interface(API)from OpenWeather 55.For simplicity,NACFE collected weather information for the base location,not the trucks rolling location.The metric dashboard updated information on high and low temperatures,average wind speed,and cumulative precip

332、itation 56.Figure 37shows an example of the weather data reported for one day of an RoL-E DEPOT vehicle.Figure 37.An example of the weather data reported for one day of RoL-E DEPOT for one vehicle Electric Truck Depots Are Evolving:How 10 Fleets Grew Their EV Populations May 7,2024 Page 57 8.3 CONTI

333、NUOUS TRUCK DATA Collecting data from the RoL-E DEPOT vehicles has produced a large amount of data.NACFE and Geotab engineers worked together with each of the BEV manufacturers to establish a connection with their vehicles to obtain the continuous data needed during the Run.Data was supplied using either a GO device,which connects via a single harness to the vehicles data bus and samples the data