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1、Working Group on Collections in StorageFranois Mairesse,with the collaboration of Marine Thbault May 2024Museum Museum Storage Storage around around the Worldthe World1 ICOM This publication is freely available under the Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 DEED license(https:/creativecommons.org/licenses/by-

2、sa/4.0/deed.en).This license applies exclusively to the contents of this publication.The use of content not clearly identified as belonging to ICOM must be requested from the copyright holder.Cover photo:Museums storage,Billie Grace Ward CC BY 2.0 Photo page 10:Museum of Transport and Technology(New

3、 Zealand)Photo page 52:CLE Reserva Contempornea,Brazil Acknowledgements:With special thanks to the staff of the ICOM Secretariat for their contribution,in particular:Coordination of the Working Group and survey:Jennifer Keane,Marta Cagnin and Valentina Giacchi Publications:Agns Roch and Antonia Ivo(

4、proofreading and layout)Communications:Anapaula Garca Soto and Laetitia Conort Proofreading of the English version:Belinda Nevin and Christen McAlpine,MOTAT,New Zealand;and Jennifer Keane,ICOM Secretariat.2 ICOM Working Group on Collections in Storage At the ICOM General Conference in Milan in July

5、2016,an initiative was launched to propose an ICOM recommendation on collections in storage.Representatives from the ICOM International Committees COMCOL,ICAMT,ICFA and ICOM-CC collaborated on a document.The draft was presented at the ICOM-CC Triennial Conference in Copenhagen in 2017 and developed

6、into a proposal for a resolution to be presented at the General Conference in Kyoto 2019.A recommendation by ICOM Italy on Deposits of museums for the Cultural Heritage was also proposed for consideration in Kyoto 2019.Two proposals were combined at the General Conference in Kyoto to form one resolu

7、tion on Storage.The joint resolution Measures to safeguard and enhance collections in storage throughout the world was presented.Many committees expressed their support for the resolution,including ICOM-CC,ICAMT,COMCOL,ICMS and endorsed by ICOM Azerbaijan,ICOM Belgium,ICOM Denmark,ICOM Estonia,ICOM

8、Finland,ICOM France,ICOM Greece,ICOM Latvia,ICOM Lebanon,ICOM Norway,ICOM Romania,ICOM Serbia,ICOM Slovenia,ICOM Sweden,ICOM SEE,ICFA,CIPEG,CAMOC,CECA,ICOFOM,COSTUME and UMAC.At the 158th Session of 2-3 December 2022,the Executive Board approved the mandate for the Working Group on Collections in St

9、orage.The purpose of this Working Group is to analyse the situation for storage collections in museums around the world,in cooperation with National and International Committees.The Working Group is composed of the following members:Franois Mairesse,as Chair of the Working Group on Collections in St

10、orage Sanfo Moctar,(ICOM Burkina Faso&CIMCIM)Ambika Patel(ICOM India&ASPAC)Alessandra Labate Rosso(ICOM Brazil&ICAMT)Alba Letts(ICOM New Zealand)Christoph Lind(ICOM Germany&ICFA)Maria Lucia Ferruzza(ICOM Italy)Gal de Guichen(ICOM France&ICOM-CC)Feng Zhao,Ex Officio(ICOM China and Executive Board)3 I

11、ntroduction.5 Context and objectives of the study.5 Method.8 1.Main characteristics of the museums surveyed.11 1.1.Geographical distribution of the survey.11 1.2.Museums location.12 1.3.Collection themes and museum age.12 1.4.Range of museums present in the sample.14 Tab.4.Distribution of visible co

12、llection by museum location(%).18 2.Types of storage space.21 2.1.On-site storage.22 2.2.Off-site storage.23 2.3.Collection documentation.26 3.Storage units.31 3.1.Physical condition of storages.31 3.2.Use of collections in storage.32 3.3.Storage development over the 10 last years.33 3.4.Contemporar

13、y issues:storage staff.34 3.5.Infrastructure and documentation.36 3.6.Preventive conservation and risk management.38 4.Funding,communication and the future of storage.41 4.1.Funding and storage management.41 4.2.Access and communication around storage.43 4.3.Storage development in the next 10 to 15

14、years.46 Conclusion.49 APPENDICES.53 1.Museum participation in the survey.54 2.Characteristics of the museums participating in the survey.57 2.1.Study of staff distribution.57 3.Type of storage space.59 3.1.On-site storage.59 3.2.Off-site storage.59 3.3.Collections documentation.60 4.Storage units.6

15、4 5.Contemporary Storage Management Issues.66 5.1.Funding and Management Issues.66 5.2.Access and Storage Interpretation Issues.68 5.3.Storage development within the next 10 to 15 years.69 5 Introduction Context and objectives of the study On September 7,2019,during its 34th General Assembly,ICOM ad

16、opted a resolution concerning Measures to safeguard and enhance collections in storage throughout the world1.The General Assembly called for measures to be taken to reduce risks for collections in storage throughout the world.This includes allocating funds and making use of all available tools and m

17、ethodologies at their disposal,ensuring museums mission for research,education,and enjoyment by present and future generations.It also reaffirmed the role of museums,libraries and archives as guardians of heritage,emphasising that preserving collections contributes to the development of knowledge an

18、d the advancement of human rights.ICOM then entrusted a Standing Committee to analyse the storage situation in museums around the world,in cooperation with National and International Committees.This recommendation,drawn up on the basis of two drafts submitted by several International Committees(Cons

19、ervation(ICOM-CC),Architecture and Museography(ICAMT),Collections(COMCOL),Security(ICMS),and approved by seven other International Committees,two Regional Alliances and seventeen National Committees,was however largely overshadowed by the debates about the proposed new museum definition,which seemed

20、 to be far removed from storage-related issues.The operational aspect of museums,as they have evolved since the 18th century,is largely based on collections of material objects.The principle of accumulation2,on which this logic is based,presupposes the creation of databases,both tangible and intangi

21、ble,to enable the knowledge development.For a long time,museum operations were based on the object as information bearer,and the associated functional model of preservation,research and communication3.This model,on which the vast majority of institutions throughout the world are based,presupposes th

22、e creation of storage to house collections that would never have been publicly exhibited and sometimes never will be,since a significant proportion has been assembled for the purpose of study.It is with this in mind,of course,that a considerable percentage sometimes as much as 99%4 of collections ar

23、e housed in dedicated spaces.Since the 1960s,changes in the museum world have led to rethinking the museum in terms of its social role,a key principle of museologist Duncan Camerons famous article,The museum:a temple or a forum,which was at the heart of discussions during ICOMs 25th General Conferen

24、ce in Kyoto 1 Available on the ICOM website:https:/icom.museum/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Resolutions_2019_EN.pdf 2 Mairesse Franois,Le principe daccumulation,in Le Marec Jolle,Schiele Bernard et Luckerhoff Jason,(dir.),Muses,Mutations,Dijon,OCIM,2019,pp.203-216.3 Mensch Peter van,Towards a Methodol

25、ogy of Museology,University of Zagreb,Faculty of Philosophy,Doctors Thesis,1992.4 Lord Barry,Lord Gail Dexter,Nicks John,The Cost of Collecting,London,HMSO,1989.6 when the new museum definition was debated5.Today,for many institutions,collections no longer appear to be the central or unifying elemen

26、t of the museum.A lot of museums no longer define themselves primarily by their collections,but as spaces for discussion and reflection on identity,heritage and memory,rather than as places for preserving objects,even if many are still exhibited(sometimes borrowed from other institutions)6.At the sa

27、me time in the mid-1970s spaces devoted to the management of certain collections,particularly larger ones,were already showing signs of congestion and overflow.Gal de Guichen,a leading figure in the world of preventive conservation and storage,emphasises the founding role of the 1977 International C

28、onference on Museums held at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington7.The problematic state of this institutions storage spaces prompted its Secretary General,Paul Perrot,to launch a new process of reflection,which led to the creation of the Museum Support Center at the Smithsonian Institution in

29、Washington.Gradually,new infrastructures were designed,sometimes physically quite distant from the museum,with greater autonomy and spaces that are more suitable for collection management.This latter trend has recently gained considerable momentum,with many institutions finding themselves obliged to

30、 find new spaces to accommodate their growing collections.Sometimes shared between several institutions,but also with other organisations(libraries or archive centres),or even with private collectors,these new spaces are gradually becoming more autonomous,as demonstrated by the Depot at the Boijmans

31、 van Beunigen Museum in Rotterdam,or the Conservation and Resource Centre at the MuCEM in Marseille.In 2021,ICOM devoted a special issue of its journal Museum International to these new storage spaces8.Already in 2011,an ICCROM survey highlighted the many problems associated with managing museum col

32、lections,in particular the lack of space and funding9.According to that international study,one in two museums had completely overcrowded storage spaces,and two in three museums reported a shortage of available space.It was in response to this study that the RE-ORG program was set up,aimed at reorga

33、nising museum storage spaces around the world,and reported on in several articles in the Museum Collection Storage issue published by Museum International.5 Cameron Duncan,Museum,a temple or a forum,Curator,1971,14,pp.11-24;Sandahl Jette(ed.),The museum Definition.The Backbone of Museums.Museum Inte

34、rnational,2019,71,281-282,pp.1-169.6 Mairesse Franois,La collection a-t-elle un avenir au sein du muse?,Culture et Muses,Daniel Jacobi dir.,2021,n37,p.31-52.7 Guichen G.de,Collection Storage:a Window into the Richness of Culotural Heritage,Museum international,73,pp.226-235.8 Kreplak Yal,Mairesse Fr

35、anois(dir.),Museum collection storage,Museum International,73,2021,289-290,237 p.9Voir:https:/www.iccrom.org/sites/default/files/ICCROM-UNESCO%20International%20Storage%20Survey%202011_en.pdf 7 As numerous books and articles attest10,the technology devoted to the development of storage and the prese

36、rvation of collections has continued to develop,both in terms of the architecture of these spaces and innovations in preventive conservation,particularly in terms of adapting to climate change.It is in this context that,following the resolution made at the 34th General Assembly,ICOM set up a Working

37、 Group on Collections in Storage,which was launched in March 2022,and is made up of members from various ICOM National and International Committees:Maria Lucia Ferruzza(NC,ITALY);Gal de Guichen(IC,ICOM-CC);Alessandra Labate Rosso(IC,ICAMT);Alba Letts(NC,NEW ZEALAND).Christoph Lind(IC,ICFA);Franois M

38、airesse,(Chair)(IC,ICOFOM);Sanfo Moctar(NC,BURKINA FASO&IC,CIMCIM)and Ambika Patel(RA,ICOM ASPAC).The working group also benefited from the ex officio participation of the ICOM President,Executive Board representative,Feng Zhao(China)and the Director General,while Jennifer Keane,Marta Cagnin and Val

39、entina Giacchi,from of the ICOM Secretariat,acted as contact persons between the Secretariat and the Working Group.The Working Group set itself three objectives:to draw up a preliminary report on the main issues relating to the development of storage;to launch an international survey in order to gai

40、n a better understanding of the situation of storage worldwide;and to organise an international conference on this issue,in order to debate the challenges associated with this field.The preliminary report,drawn up by the Working Group,was presented at a special session during the 26th ICOM General C

41、onference in Prague the same year.The main issues raised by the Working Group were structured in four parts:new types of storage built over the last ten years,storage that is open and accessible to visitors,storage shared by several institutions,and the reorganisation and updating of existing storag

42、e through the RE-ORG program.The international survey project was launched in 2023,and in this context the working group obtained the support of the UNESCO Chair for the study of museum diversity and its evolution at the Sorbonne Nouvelle University,and that of the ICCA(Cultural Industries&Artistic

43、Creation)a laboratory of excellence,which allowed us to hire a researcher,Marine Thbault,to monitor the survey,carry out a first basic analysis,cross-sort the data collected,and present a first report on these analyses.10 See also Brusius Mirjam et Singh Kavita ed.,Museum Storage and Meaning.Tales f

44、rom the Crypt,Abingdon,London,Routledge,2018;Jacobi Daniel(dir.),Les collections patrimoniales ont-elles un avenir?,Culture et Muses,2021,n37;Tiziana N.Beltrame et Yal Kreplak(dir.),Les Rserves des muses.cologies des collections,Dijon,les Presses du rel,collection Oeuvres en socit,to be published in

45、 2024.8 Method An online questionnaire11 was drawn up by the working group,tested with museum professionals and shared with the entire ICOM community12.The questionnaire was launched by ICOM President Emma Nardi on 4 April 2023 and closed on 18 July of the same year.It was structured along four main

46、 topics,which are reflected in the structure of this report:the first axis(point 1)describes the main characteristics of the participating museums(date of creation,location,surface area,attendance,types of collections,number of objects,percentage of collections on display,staff);a second axis(point

47、2)concerns the type of storage facilities available to the institution(on-site or off-site,number of rooms,surface area,location,accessibility,availability),as well as the system used for documenting objects in storage(manual and/or digital,percentage of objects in inventory,marking,time required to

48、 find an object in storage,date of last inventory).A third axis(point 3),seeks to identify the state of the storage spaces,their use and the development of the situation over the last ten years;the last axis(point 4)aims to understand contemporary management problems(personnel,infrastructure,risk,ev

49、olution)faced by institutions and the way in which museum professionals foresee the development of the operation of the storage in the coming years.A total of 1 132 responses to the questionnaire were received by July 18,2023.580,or 51%of respondents chose to remain anonymous.The museum professional

50、s who volunteered to answer the questionnaire were mainly collection managers(34%),directors(23%),conservators(17%)and curators(16%)(Fig 1).Fig.1.Occupation of the persons completing the survey13 11 The questionnaire was created with the Formstack software.12 Around 45,000 members,according to the m

51、embership report published by ICOM in 2022.13 The other category includes technical assistants,coordinators,educators,researchers,etc.Collections management,registration or storage34%Communication and public relations3%Conservator17%Curator16%Director23%Other7%9 12 semi-structured interviews were co

52、nducted with museum professionals who are familiar with storage issues some of whom had requested to be contacted following the survey.These included directors of institutions,storage managers,consultants and researchers from Italy,Greece,France,China,Japan,Singapore,Brazil,Ivory Coast and Burkina F

53、aso.Their comments,as well as the comments that respondents left on each section of the survey,helped to underpin the quantitative analysis of the questionnaire we would like to thank them for their contribution.11 1.Main characteristics of the museums surveyed The international nature of the survey

54、 enabled us to gather information on a wide variety of museums.While the sample obtained does not guarantee a completely accurate or perfectly representative portrait of the situation of the more than 100,000 museums worldwide,the survey nevertheless provides an overview of very different kinds of i

55、nstitutions,in terms of their geographical distribution,size,age and type of collections held.1.1.Geographical distribution of the survey Responses to the survey came from 98 countries.The distribution by region(according to UNESCOs regional classification14)of all museums responding to the survey f

56、airly closely reflects that of ICOMs membership(2021)(Table 1 and Appendix 1):the largest number of responses came from Western Europe(although this is less than the actual representation of ICOMs European members),with the most active countries in the survey being Italy,France and Spain.The North A

57、merican regions response rate to the survey reflects its participation in ICOM but differs from the regions actual museum density,which is one of the highest in the world according to UNESCO statistics.On the other hand,the proportion of responses from Eastern Europe,Latin America and the Caribbean,

58、and Asia and the Pacific reflects the proportion of museums worldwide.Tab.1.Geographical distribution of the museums participating in the survey UNESCO Region Number of responses Percentage of responses by region(%)Proportion of museums by region(List UNESCO,2021)(%)Proportion of ICOM members by reg

59、ion in 2021(%)I a.North America 68 6,01 34,03 5,91 I b.Western Europe and others 663 58,75 26,86 74,37 II.Eastern Europe 105 9,28 10,49 9,01 III.Latin America and the Caribbean 81 7,16 7,73 3,15 IV.Asia and Pacific 139 12,28 16,49 4,50 V a.Africa 55 4,86 0,50 0,62 V b.Arab States 21 1,86 0,29 0,41 T

60、OTAL 1132 14 However,here we have distinguished the countries of North America from Western Europe,which form only one region within the UNESCO Assembly of States.12 1.2.Museums location The museum phenomenon is largely city-based:a third of the institutions that responded are located in capitals th

61、is is particularly the case for all Arab,African and Latin American museums 54%are located in small or medium-sized cities particularly in North America,Europe and Asia.Only 16%are located in rural areas or on islands(Fig.2 and Appendix 1).This distribution largely reflects the findings of UNESCOs s

62、urveys,with the majority of institutions being managed at national(in the capital)or city level15.Fig.2.Location of the participating museums 1.3.Collection themes and museum age The distribution of institutions responding to the survey illustrates the diversity of museum collections around the worl

63、d(Fig.3).The type of collections held by museums(several answers were possible)also appears to be relatively consistent with the data listed by UNESCO16.Thus,the types of collections most frequently mentioned by museums are history(19%)and fine arts(22%),the largest percentages at the international

64、level.The other two main categories are ethnography(13%)and archaeology(14%);the share of science collections appears to be broadly similar to that of UNESCO statistics(8%),which does not,however,reflect the number of objects held in these collections,which are far greater than those of other types

65、of institutions17.15 Mairesse Franois,UNESCO,Report on the Implementation of the UNESCO 2015 Recommendation on Museums&Collections,Paris,UNESCO,2019.16 Ibid.17 See Johnson Kirk,Owens Ian,A global approach for natural history museum collections,Science,vol.379,Issue 6638,24 March 2023,p.1192-1194.13%

66、54%3%30%A rural areaA small or medium sized city,in relation to the capitalAn islandThe capital city/largest city of your country13 Fig.3.Typology of collections of the participating museums The museums that responded to the survey also show great diversity in terms of age(Fig.4).Overall,just under

67、20%of institutions have been in existence for less than twenty years;just under 30%are between twenty and fifty years old,a quarter between fifty and a century old,and a quarter are over a century old.This distribution differs somewhat from the development of museums worldwide,which appears to doubl

68、e every quarter of a century(globally:6,000 in 1937,22,000 in 1975,50,000 in 2004,100,000 today18).The number of older museums responding to the survey appears to be significantly higher,which seems fairly consistent,given the nature of the surveys theme.Indeed,it may be hypothesised that many more

69、recently established institutions consider the issue of storage to be of secondary importance,as they are not directly confronted with the problems associated with storage management(overcrowding,obsolescence,etc.),but also that the paradigm on which certain recently built museums are based only int

70、egrates the question of collections and storage to a more limited extent19.18 See the article muse of the Dictionnaire encyclopdique de musologie,Paris,Armand Colin,2011 and UNESCO,Museums around the World in the Face of Covid-19 April 2021,Paris,UNESCO(UNESCO Report),2021.19 Morishita Masaaki,The E

71、mpty Museum.Western Cultures and the Artistic Field in Modern Japan,Farnham,Ashgate,2010.8%14%1%13%22%19%7%8%8%Applied Arts(including musical instruments)ArcheologyCombination of various collectionsEthnographyFine ArtsHistoryMilitaryNatural HistoryScience and Technology14 Fig.4.Age of the participat

72、ing museums 1.4.Range of museums present in the sample Several museum-related characteristics are correlated,as earlier studies have shown:institutions with the highest visitor numbers are generally also the biggest,with the largest staff and budgets20.For this reason,the questions on the number of

73、staff and annual attendance were only asked in order to assess the size of the institution without making the questionnaire too complex(Fig.5 and 6).Fig.5.Annual number of visitors(%of the sample)It is hardly surprising to find that almost 45%of the museums in the sample welcome fewer than 20,000 vi

74、sitors per year(with almost 20%welcoming fewer than 5,000).The number of very small institutions remains the vast majority around the world.Conversely,just over 10%of the sample receive more than 500,000 visitors,with just over 5%welcoming more than a million.The latter 20 Ginsburgh Victor,Mairesse

75、Franois,Defining a museum:suggestions for an alternative approach,Museum Management and Curatorship,16,1,1997,pp.15-33.8%11%29%25%27%Less than 10 years oldBetween 11 and 20 years oldBetween 21 and 50 years oldBetween 51 and 100 years oldMore than 100 years old18,5513,5212,7215,1912,9016,525,125,480,

76、002,004,006,008,0010,0012,0014,0016,0018,0020,00Less than50005000-1000010000-2000020000-5000050000-100000100000-500000500000-1000000More than100000015 category,referred to as millionaire or superstar museums21(particularly represented in Europe,North America and Asia),appears somewhat over-represent

77、ed when compared with international statistics.We can assume that,as in the case of the oldest museums,larger museums felt more concerned by the issue of storage than many of the smaller ones.Fig.6.Number of full-time equivalent staff(%of the sample)Similarly,just over 40%of respondents have fewer t

78、han 10 full-time equivalent staff,while around 13%have more than 100 staff members.Cross-referencing data(attendance and number of staff)gives a fairly good idea of the correlations between the two series,although these are not always obvious:60%of very small institutions(less than 10,000 visits per

79、 year)have few staff(less than 5 full-time equivalents),while almost three-quarters(72%)of large institutions(more than 500,000 visits per year)employ more than 100 full-time employees or the equivalent;this does not differ greatly between regions or the types of collections in question22.The distri

80、bution of museums according to the number of objects in their collections is broadly similar(Fig.7 and Tab.2).21 Frey Bruno,Meier Stephan,The Economics of Museums,in Ginsburgh Victor,Throsby David,Handbook of the Economics of Art and Culture,Amsterdam,Elsevier,Vol.1,2006,pp.1017-1050.22 Spearmans co

81、efficient(rho)shows a significant relationship(greater than 0.5)for studying the correlation between the number of staff members and the number of employees for inventory,as well as the number of employees responsible for the storage,the number of staff and the number of objects in the collections.3

82、,5322,1715,9019,2614,4011,139,813,800,005,0010,0015,0020,0025,000Less than 55 to 1011 to 2526 to 5051 to 100100 to 300More than30016 Fig.7.Number of objects in the collection(%of the sample)Tab.2.Number of objects per region REGION Less than 1000 Less than 5000 5000-10000 10000-20000 20000-50000 500

83、00-100000 100000-500000 500000-1000000 More than 1000000 Total(%)Africa 12,73 41,82 10,91 10,91 10,91 1,82 5,45 1,82 3,64 100,00 Arab States 33,33 19,05 0,00 0,00 19,05 9,52 9,52 0,00 9,52 100,00 Asia and Pacific 7,64 10,42 12,50 16,67 11,11 13,89 18,06 1,39 8,33 100,00 Eastern Europe 5,71 9,52 13,3

84、3 15,24 11,43 16,19 19,05 5,71 3,81 100,00 Latin America and the Caribbean 9,88 29,63 20,99 11,11 12,35 11,11 3,70 0,00 1,23 100,00 North America 5,88 8,82 17,65 11,76 26,47 10,29 10,29 2,94 5,88 100,00 Western Europe and others 8,36 15,96 12,61 12,31 12,16 11,09 12,61 6,38 8,51 100,00 Around a quar

85、ter of museums have collections of less than 5,000 objects,and just under a tenth of the sample have collections of less than 1,000 objects.At the same time,just over 10%have collections of over 500,000 objects.This statistic is broadly similar if we look at the type of collections held(see Appendix

86、 2).Very small museums are proportionally more represented in Africa and Latin America,while the largest collections in the sample(over 500,000 objects)are found,again proportionally,in Western Europe(nearly 15%).8,6616,5213,2512,7212,9011,4012,724,687,160,002,004,006,008,0010,0012,0014,0016,0018,00

87、Less than1000Less than50005000-1000010000-2000020000-5000050000-100000100000-500000500000-1000000More than100000017 The size of collections is largely influenced by their subject matter:as Soichiro Tsuruta suggested,the number of specimens in a natural history museum is 200 times greater than the nu

88、mber of objects held by a fine arts museum23.A breakdown of the size of collections by type of museum,across all institutions,however,reveals relatively mixed results,as many institutions reported very heterogeneous collections.On the other hand,extraction from the database of only those museums tha

89、t indicated that they kept one type of collection(i.e.446 institutions),reveals notable differences in this respect(Tab.3).There are few fine arts or history collections with more than 100,000 objects.In contrast,more than one in ten museums in the fields of archaeology(11%),military history(12.5%)o

90、r natural sciences(16%)contain more than one million objects.Tab.3.Number of objects per collection type(for the 446 monothematic museums)Number of objects Archaeology Ethnography Fine Arts History Military Natural History Less than 1000 7,22 9,38 9,09 5,56 0,00 6,00 Less than 5000 19,59 21,88 20,32

91、 13,89 25,00 12,00 5000-10000 12,37 12,50 13,90 18,06 0,00 6,00 10000-20000 7,22 12,50 12,83 11,11 37,50 2,00 20000-50000 13,40 15,63 12,30 20,83 0,00 24,00 50000-100000 9,28 18,75 9,09 12,50 0,00 8,00 100000-500000 12,37 6,25 11,76 11,11 25,00 14,00 500000-1000000 7,22 0,00 4,81 1,39 0,00 12,00 Mor

92、e than 1000000 11,34 3,13 5,88 5,56 12,50 16,00 Total(%)100,00 100,00 100,00 100,00 100,00 100,00 Number of museums(total:446)97 32 187 72 8 50 23 Tsuruta Soichiro,“Proposal for the Museum Material-Environment system”,ICOFOM Study Series,6,1984,p.29-39.Tsuruta thus estimates a coefficient to establi

93、sh the importance of a museum based on its collections.Based on art museums as a unit(1):1/10 for a local general museum(whose collections are overall ten times larger),1/20 for a history museum,1/100 for a archeology museum,1/200 for a natural history museum,etc.18 The size of the collections inevi

94、tably influences the storage size and the proportion of collections presented in permanent exhibitions,a phenomenon that has been observed for many years24.In this respect,there are few notable differences between museums in different regions(Fig 8,Tab.4 and Appendix 2).Fig.8.Proportion of the colle

95、ction exhibited to the public(%of the sample)Tab.4.Distribution of visible collection by museum location(%)Less than 2%2%to 5%6%to 15%16%to 25%26%to 50%51%to 75%76%to 90%More than 90%Total(%)A rural area 14,97 23,81 20,41 16,33 8,84 5,44 5,44 4,76 100,00 A small or medium sized city,compared to the

96、capital 23,20 23,04 24,02 12,58 8,01 6,05 1,96 1,14 100,00 An island 21,43 10,71 21,43 0,00 17,86 17,86 3,57 7,14 100,00 The capital city/largest city of your country 24,93 25,51 23,17 10,26 6,74 5,28 2,64 1,47 100,00 Nearly 70%of the museums that responded to the survey exhibit less than 15%of thei

97、r collections,and only a very small percentage present almost their entire collection to the public,demonstrating the importance of storage within the museum system.It is mainly in Western Europe,North America and Asia-Pacific that a small percentage of collections are on display to the public,and c

98、onversely,in Africa an Arab countries most of the collection is presented(Cf.Appendix 2).The same differences can be observed if we take into account the distribution of museums according to their location:city museums,and a fortiori those in capital cities,have the largest collections and exhibit t

99、hem the least,24 Lord,Lord&Nicks,Op.cit.22,5323,5023,1412,017,956,012,651,860,005,0010,0015,0020,0025,00Less than 2%2%to 5%6%to 15%16%to 25%26%to 50%51%to 75%76%to 90%More than90%19 while we find more museums exhibiting almost all their objects to the public in rural areas or islands.This phenomenon

100、 differs relatively little according to collection type(remembering that that museums hold different types of collections).Although storage is an integral part of the museum system,the number of specifically dedicated staff remains relatively small(Figs.9,10 and Appendix 2).Fig.9.Number of staff ded

101、icated to registration(%)Fig.10.Number of staff officially responsible for storage(%)In two out of five museums(40%),regardless of region or collection type,only one person is in charge of collection inventory,while over 12%of institutions have not appointed anyone to this task.The situation is broa

102、dly similar for those assigned to the storage spaces.Barely 5%of institutions have more than ten members in charge of collections.We can assume that the same people are in charge of inventory and storage.For the majority of them(59%),this mission is part of their job description(Fig.11).Fig.11.Staff

103、 officially responsible for storage 12,5440,1932,778,753,622,120,005,0010,0015,0020,0025,0030,0035,0040,0045,00012 to 45 to 10 11 to 25 Morethan 2514,1336,4835,607,694,151,940,005,0010,0015,0020,0025,0030,0035,0040,00None12 to 4 5 to 10 11 to25Morethan252,5616,9621,3859,100,0010,0020,0030,0040,0050,

104、0060,0070,00I dont knowNoYes,but there is no jobdescriptionYes,their tasks are includedin their job description20 It is important to note,however,that almost 17%of museums have not designated anyone to be in charge of storage,and that this responsibility,when it exists,is not included in the job des

105、cription of the person in charge in over 20%of cases;so for almost four out of ten museums,the responsibility for storage management is not clearly established.21 2.Types of storage space Almost all the museums in the sample consider storage space as a real issue,especially as many of them were set

106、up in buildings that were only later converted into museums(castles,convents,temples,industrial buildings,dwellings,etc.).Fig.12.Storage specially designed to house the collection Fig.13.Storage spaces meet the needs of the museum collections Overall,55%of storage spaces have been specifically desig

107、ned to house collections(Fig 12).This ratio is even higher in Asia and North America.On the other hand,this ratio is much less favourable in Eastern Europe,Latin America,Africa and Arab States.Spaces fitted out as storage spaces,but not designed as such,do not seem to fulfil the needs of collections

108、 in all regions for 75%of museums responding to the survey(Fig.13).Comments made during the survey reveal the variety of spaces converted into storage spaces:offices,closets,corridors,hotels,hospitals,etc.Part of the collection may also be stored outside the building,in conservation conditions defin

109、ed as poor or non-existent.5536,3638,1071,5346,6737,0475,0055,624563,6461,9028,4753,3362,9625,0044,380%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%100%TotalAfricaArab StatesAsia and PacificEastern EuropeLatin America and the CaribbeanNorthern AmericaWestern Europe and otherYes(%)No(%)2522,8646,1529,2723,2119,6125,68

110、7577,1453,8570,7376,7980,39100,0074,320%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%100%TotalAfricaArab StatesAsia and PacificEastern EuropeLatin America and the CaribbeanNorthern AmericaWestern EuropeYes(%)No(%)22 Two types of storage spaces can be distinguished:those present on site,within the museum building itse

111、lf(which represents the majority of cases),and those outside the museum,that are not accessible directly from the museum.2.1.On-site storage Most of the participating museums(79%)have on-site storage facilities.Generally speaking,these can be located in different areas of the museum.Overall,just und

112、er half of the museums in the sample have fewer than 6 areas or rooms dedicated to collection storage.The space occupied by the collections differs significantly from region to region:it appears to be larger in Asia,and considerably smaller in Africa and in Arab countries(Fig.14-16 and Appendix 3.1)

113、.Fig.14.On-site storage Fig.15.Number of on-site rooms(%)Fig.16.Total on-site storage surface 79%21%We have specific on site storage forcollectionsWe do not have specific on site storagefor collections2,470,1812,5411,669,638,756,184,952,30 2,300,883,457,863,270,710,350,970,002,004,006,008,0010,0012,

114、0014,00I dont know01234567891011 to 2021 to 3031 to 4041 to 50Over 5113,51%18,4218,7513,7916,886,0624,1412,195,97%13,160,002,595,1912,123,456,009,68%21,0537,503,455,1919,703,459,4812,50%18,4218,756,9018,189,0915,5212,3817,79%15,796,2513,7914,2913,6410,3421,0811,94%5,266,256,0311,6918,1813,7912,9614,

115、19%2,636,2517,2411,6912,1213,7915,2814,41%5,266,2536,2116,889,0915,5210,640%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%100%TOTALAfricaArab StatesAsia and PacificEastern EuropeLatin America and the CaribbeanNorthern AmericaWestern Europe and other I dont know(in%)0-200 ft(0-19m)200-500 ft(20-49m)500-1000 ft(50-99m)1

116、000-2500 ft(100-249m)2500-5500 ft(250-499m)5500-10500 ft(500-1000m)More than 10500 ft(1000m)23 These storage spaces are located mostly on the ground floor(36%)and in basements(31%).However,there are also spaces on upper floors(21%)and in attics(12%).Overall,almost all museums report difficulties dev

117、eloping their storage facilities:almost a third say they have run out of space,while almost 45%believe they have a remaining capacity of around 15%of their space.Inevitably,only the most recent institutions(less than 10 years old)mention that they have significant storage capacities,and logically,th

118、e older the museum,the more problems with storage it seems to experience(all regions taken together)(Fig.17 and appendix 3.1).Fig.17.On-site storage capacity compared to the age of the museum 2.2.Off-site storage The issue of lack of space is a long-standing one and has led many museum managers,part

119、icularly those with the largest collections,to consider the construction of special buildings to compensate for the lack of space.As most major institutions are located in city centres,since the late 1970s many have opted to build specific structures in the suburbs,sometimes several dozen kilometres

120、 away from the museums25.This type of solution has become increasingly popular in recent years,as demonstrated by the various experiments described in the above-mentioned issue of Museum International.Nevertheless,the present survey reveals the extent of this phenomenon:44%of museums responding to t

121、he survey declared having a special building constructed off-site(Figs.18 and 19).This does not mean,however,that these buildings have been designed as storage spaces or benefit from all the latest technologies in collections management and preventive conservation.This situation can be observed thro

122、ughout the world,but is most common in Arab,Asian,European and North American countries.A significant proportion of these buildings are quite distant from the main institution:only 17%can be reached in less than 10 minutes on foot,a quarter can be reached in less than fifteen minutes by car(24%),whi

123、le others are considerably further away:30%are up to 25 Mairesse Franois,La collection a-t-elle un avenir au sein du muse?,Culture&Muses,2021,37,pp.31-52.https:/doi.org/10.4000/culturemusees.6124 19,6729,5933,9830,0932,3931,0824,5931,6340,6347,3553,0443,6921,3113,2713,6715,0410,1213,5114,7520,417,42

124、4,873,247,5519,675,104,302,651,214,170%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%100%Less than 10 years oldBetween 10 and 20 years oldBetween 21 and 50 years oldBetween 51 and 100 years oldMore than 100 years oldTotalStorage space is full Between 0 and 15%Between 15%and 25%Between 25%and 50%More than 50%24 30 minu

125、tes away,and almost a third are 30 minutes by car(29%),particularly for museums in large cities(almost 50%of this type of storage,see Appendix 3.2).Fig.18.Off-site storage Fig.19.Access time from the museum Overall,off-site storage facilities are considerably larger than on-site ones:almost a quarte

126、r of museums with such facilities reported they were over 10,500 ft or 1,000 m(Fig.20).Most of these buildings(for more than half of museums with such facilities)are reserved exclusively for the use of museums that responded to the survey.The remaining spaces are shared,almost equally,either with ot

127、her museums,or with other public institutions such as archives or libraries,or sometimes with private institutions or collectors(Appendix 3.2).Fig.20.Total surface of off-site storage(%)The relocation of some or all of the collections from the main museum building to allocated space in off-site stor

128、age is intended to free up space for other activities,such as enlarging exhibition galleries,44%56%We have specific off site storage for collectionsWe do not have specific off site storage forcollections17%24%30%29%Less than 10 minutes on footLess than 15 minutes by carBetween 15 and 30 minutes by c

129、arMore than 30 minutes by car14,5210,0044,4414,2930,3027,2726,6711,024,2940,0011,112,386,060,006,673,116,7520,0011,119,5212,120,0010,005,3713,9120,0011,1121,4315,1518,1810,0012,9913,290,0011,9012,129,0916,6714,1216,9722,2214,299,099,096,6719,4925,1510,0019,059,0936,3616,6728,810%10%20%30%40%50%60%70

130、%80%90%100%TotalAfricaArab StatesAsia and PacificEastern EuropeLatin America and the CaribbeanNorthern AmericaWestern Europe I dont know(in%)0-200 ft(0-19 m)(in%)200-500 ft(20-49 m)(in%)500-1000 ft(50-99 m)(in%)1000-2500 ft(100-249 m)(in%)2500-5500 ft(250-499 m)(in%)5500-10500 ft(500-1000 m)(in%)Mor

131、e than 10500 ft(1000 m)(in%)25 educational services or visitor reception areas(welcome desk,bookshops,cafeteria,etc.).At the same time,the construction of off-site storage,particularly those built recently,has led some institutions to equip them with areas designed to be accessible to the general pu

132、blic(see below).Fig.21.Off-site storage capacity The capacity of these storage rooms/facilities,generally built to solve space shortage problems,has certainly improved the situation,but has not completely resolved it.A quarter of the museums that have opted for this solution(compared with almost 40%

133、of all institutions)still report a lack of space,while around 40%(compared with almost 50%)have less than 15%space to house new acquisitions.25,77%39,67%17,59%10,02%6,95%0,00%5,00%10,00%15,00%20,00%25,00%30,00%35,00%40,00%45,00%Storage space is full Between 0 and 15%Between 15%and25%Between 25%and50

134、%More than 50%26 2.3.Collection documentation Storage areas are,as such,only a more or less sophisticated part of the building:the quality of their operations depends on the quality of the inventory and documentation system put in place to manage the collections,and in particular to identify and loc

135、ate objects in storage.For a long time,this system remained strictly manual;developments in information technology in the 1960s led to the first experiments with databases and collection management26,and then to increasingly systematic development in the 1990s.Today,only a small number of institutio

136、ns have a purely manual documentation system(7%),mainly in Africa and in Arab countries(Fig.22 and Appendix 3.3).Fig.22.Type of documentation system(1123 answers)While more than half of museums claim to have both paper and digital inventories(53%),it is interesting to note a trend towards all-digita

137、l.While museums in Eastern Europe,Asia-Pacific and Arab States still maintain a dual system,more and more museums in North America and Western Europe seem to be going purely digital.The move to all-digital is also being considered for communication reasons,as mentioned by professionals during our in

138、terviews.Museums with larger collections are making slightly more use of digital documentation systems(Appendix 3.3).A.Museums with manual and computerised inventories In the case of museums equipped with both paper and digital documentation systems,the vast majority(87%)whatever the size of the col

139、lection have a physical register or inventory book,a copy that is kept in a safe place(64%)(Appendix 3.3).26 Metropolitan Museum of Art,Computers and their potential applications in museums,New York,Arno Press,1968.7,1234,5514,299,794,813,705,3640,2523,6414,2926,5724,0437,0457,5846,7152,6341,8271,43

140、63,6471,1559,2640,9147,930%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%100%TotalAfricaArab StatesAsia and PacificEastern EuropeLatin America and CarabeNorthern AmericaWestern EuropeManual Computerised/digital Both manual and computerised/digital27 Fig.23.Proportion of objects in the inventory(%)The percentage of inv

141、entoried objects includes almost all of the collection in over 40%of cases,and around 75%of objects in 30%of cases.This still means that just under 30%of museums worldwide have a largely incomplete inventory(Fig.23).Unsurprisingly,institutions with the largest collections(over 500,000 objects)rarely

142、 declare their collections as being fully documented,or at least much less than other museums(around 20 to 25%of the collection,compared with an average of 45%for the others).This percentage differs quite significantly according to the type of collection(as long as we only consider museums that have

143、 indicated holding only one type of collection):more than half of Fine Arts and History museums(but also Military History museums)have a complete inventory,compared to less than 30%of objects inventoried for Natural History collections,and 40%for Archaeology museums(Tab.5).The proportion of objects

144、benefiting from a specific marking(inventory number)largely follows that of inventoried objects;certain differences appear according to collection types,the digitisation of inventory of fine art museums appears to be significantly more advanced than that of natural history museums(Appendix 3.3).Gene

145、rally speaking,the computerised inventory shows similar differences in terms of proportion of inventoried objects as the manual inventory,but appears more incomplete:only 37%of museums have their inventory fully computerised,while more than 10%have 10%of their inventory computerised,10%of museums ha

146、ve around 25%of their inventory computerised and 14%of museums around 50%(Appendix 3.3).Here too,the size of the collection appears to be a determining factor:the most comprehensively inventoried collections are small(less than 5000 objects).5,925,084,2311,5130,1243,150,005,0010,0015,0020,0025,0030,

147、0035,0040,0045,0050,00NoneAround 10%Around 25%Around 50%Around 75%Almost 100%28 Tab.5.Proportion of the objects in the inventory by collection type Archeology Ethnography Fine Arts History Military Natural History None 3.33 4.76 8.75 8.70 0.00 7.14 Around 10%6.67 4.76 3.75 2.17 0.00 10.71 Around 25%

148、8.33 0.00 2.50 6.52 0.00 7.14 Around 50%11.67 19.05 6.25 6.52 16.67 7.14 Around 75%30.00 28.57 27.50 19.57 0.00 39.29 Almost 100%40.00 42.86 51.25 56.52 83.33 28.57 Total 100,00 100,00 100,00 100,00 100,00 100,00 Fig.24.Average time to retrieve an object in storage(%)The average time needed to find

149、an object depends,as several managers commented,on the nature of the request,the quality of the inventory(whether the card is fully documented and enables the object to be located),the person available to retrieve it,the size and weight of the object(small objects are more difficult to find),the con

150、dition of the object(packed or unpacked),etc.The average time it takes to find an object in a storage space is reported to be relatively short:a maximum of 30 minutes in 80%of cases,and less than five minutes in almost a quarter of cases.The question of the condition of the storage also requires an

151、assessment of how the inventory relates to the actual state of the objects in the storage.The resulting principle of collection survey can be considered through regular or random audits,and sometimes more systematically(particularly in France,where legislation requires an inventory every ten years).

152、Nearly 20%of institutions report that this type of assessment was carried out around two years ago,but over 10%admit that they have never conducted it:more than half of institutions note that this task is in progress,an answer that may be open to many interpretations(Fig.25).23,0120,4717,7718,449,48

153、6,604,230,005,0010,0015,0020,0025,00Less than 5minutes10 minutes15 minutes30 minutes1 hourMore than 1hourMore than 4hours29 Fig.25.Date of the last collection survey(%)B.Museums with computerised inventories As mentioned above,almost 40%of museums have taken the all-digital route,and now carry out t

154、heir inventories exclusively on a computer,despite the fragility of digital media and data conservation issues.Responses concerning the proportion of collections inventoried online are almost identical to those of museums using the dual system(Fig.26).Fig.26.Proportion of objects in the digital inve

155、ntory(%)According to the comments,some participants lament that the computer software used is not sufficiently maintained and updated,and state that the equipment is obsolete.While,overall,inventory levels appear identical for museums that have retained the dual system and those with a computerised

156、inventory,computer-only museums are slightly less likely to integrate an inventory number or a mark with the objects in their collection(Fig.27).Around 38%of the museums to have opted for this system have integrated physical marking into almost 100%of their collections,compared with just over 43%of

157、the collections inventoried using the dual procedure.On the other hand,in contrast to the latter,there are almost no museums that inventory only digitally and have not developed a marking policy.11,0019,979,146,9452,960,0010,0020,0030,0040,0050,0060,00Never2 years ago5 years ago10 years agoIs in pro

158、gress2,954,684,6811,7932,4143,500,0010,0020,0030,0040,0050,00NoneAround 10%Around 25%Around 50%Around 75%Almost 100%30 Fig.27.Proportion of marked objects(inventory number)(%)Despite the method of marking objects being seldom used by museums with computerised inventories,it does not hinder the searc

159、h for objects in storage spaces.According to the answers,they are more likely to find objects in their collections quickly(almost 27%in less than five minutes,compared to 23%for those who do not use markings),while lengthy searches are also less frequent(Fig.28).On the other hand,the answers given a

160、bout collection survey are relatively similar to those of institutions with a dual inventory system(see Appendix 3.3).Fig.28.Average time to retrieve an object in storage(%)1,599,718,9913,6228,5537,540,0010,0020,0030,0040,00NoneAround 10%Around 25%Around 50%Around 75%Almost 100%26,9922,5722,3512,838

161、,413,982,880,005,0010,0015,0020,0025,0030,00Less than 5minutes10 minutes15 minutes30 minutes1 hourMore than 1hourMore than 4hours31 3.Storage units 3.1.Physical condition of storages Overall,the condition of storage spaces is judged to be rather unfavourable by the majority of museums,particularly w

162、ith regard to the lack of equipment(Fig.29).Most types of furniture are widely considered to be in short supply.Nearly 60%of museums report a lack of mobile shelving,pallets,racks,cabinets and so on.Slightly more than 40%also admit that not all objects are kept in adequate storage furniture.This fin

163、ding echoes that of ICCROMs survey in 2011,which lamented that one museum in two suffered from a lack of storage units,two museums in three suffered from a lack of space,and two museums in five had storage units that were not suitable for that type of collection.This situation does not differ much b

164、etween regions,with the areas experiencing the most difficulties tending to be those where museums have been developing for the longest time:Europe and North America.With the exception of large museums(more than 500,000 visitors per year)that are over 20 years old,or those with the largest collectio

165、ns,objects are in fact,according to the responses,not sufficiently stored in purpose-built storage units (shelves or cupboards),with some of these being recycled storage units not designed for museums(Appendix 4).Fig.29.State of the storage space(%)Museums,especially those with small collections(les

166、s than 20,000 objects),seem to be the most affected in this respect,lacking adequate equipment to store specific collections.As mentioned again in the comments,many heavy and bulky objects occupy considerable floor space and are stored in unsuitable areas,putting them at risk of damage.57,3762,6540,

167、1341,3839,9545,4030,6542,6337,3559,8758,6260,0554,6069,350%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%100%All objects are stored in storage units such as shelving orcabinetsStorage units are specifically adapted for collectionsMuseums have enough shelving to store the collectionsMuseums have enough flat-file cabine

168、ts map drawersMuseums have enough racksMuseums have enough palletsMuseums have enough mobile shelvingYesNo32 3.2.Use of collections in storage The use of collections in storage,as reported by participating museums,remains largely reserved for specialists,for research purposes or loans for exhibition

169、s.Museums give priority to using collections for internal research purposes,then for loans to other institutions(mainly institutions,very rarely cultural groups),and finally for digitisation,to make unexhibited objects accessible(Fig.30).This last activity was probably reinforced following the Covid

170、-19 pandemic,demonstrating the importance of digitisation to enable visitors to access museums remotely.Each of these activities is organised by almost 50%of the museums in the sample.However,only over 10%of the institutions in the sample have gone further in communicating about their collections,se

171、tting up visible(if not visitable)storage spaces,while almost 20%organise tours for the general public.There is little disparity in these activities between regions of the globe.Fig.30.Use of collections in storage 2,30%4,51%13,69%11,93%19,17%24,47%1,68%49,82%53,45%22,08%23,32%50,71%45,85%97,70%95,4

172、9%86,31%88,07%80,83%75,53%98,32%50,18%46,55%77,92%76,68%49,29%54,15%0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%100%OtherSelf-guided storage tours for school groupsOnly use for in-house displayVisible Storage displayOpen storage tours for the general publicObject handling activitiesLoans to cultural groupsLoans to

173、 institutionsInternal research projectsFeatures on underused objects on social mediaFeatures on underused objects in special exhibitionsExternal researchersDigitization for accessYesNo33 3.3.Storage development over the 10 last years Over the last ten years,museum collections have,on average(58%),in

174、creased by between 5%and 10%,according to the professionals who responded to the survey.A few potentially more recent museums report greater increases:15%report increases of 50%,and almost 9%have even seen the number of objects more than double.Very few institutions reported a reduction in collectio

175、ns(Fig.31).Fig.31.Increase of the collection(%)Despite this steady increase,most of the professionals who responded to the survey rate the development of storage relatively positively,with the majority considering that the situation has improved over the last ten years(i.e.,probably partly during th

176、e time that they have been involved).Only a small number(less than 15%)think that the situation has deteriorated,to a greater or lesser extent(Fig.32).1,7332,2726,1815,093,098,8212,820,005,0010,0015,0020,0025,0030,0035,00No,thecollection hasdecreasedYes,by around5%Yes,by around10%Yes,by around50%Yes

177、,by around100%Yes,by morethan 100%No increase ordecrease34 Fig.32.Development over the last 10 years The observation that the situation of collection storages has improved is shared in all regions of the world.There are,however,some regional differences:while North America takes a more negative view

178、,museums in Asia and the Pacific,which have benefited from a great deal of investment in recent years,appear to be much more optimistic.The length of time a museum has been in operation seems to have a fairly strong influence on its attitude:the most recent museums are the most optimistic,while the

179、oldest institutions consider the situation to have changed for the worse.This is also the case for museums with the highest visitor numbers,which paradoxically have both the most optimistic and the most negative views.3.4.Contemporary issues:storage staff The management of human resources is at the

180、heart of the problem facing storage,both in terms of the traceability of collections via tools and databases,and the availability of sufficiently trained staff 28,8120,2517,8614,0819,1921,6617,199,2423,417,5214,2918,7515,5628,671514,8118,5242,3743,2532,7938,5940,436,824042,0230,8538,2944,444536,2742

181、,662029,6338,7511,0223,0134,7433,2421,8926,7129,3834,4541,4928,8417,4623,7536,2720,285038,8928,2711,0210,4310,7110,4213,4711,199,699,244,2611,1620,637,58,825,591012,9610,570%20%40%60%80%100%500000 vis per year50-500000 vis per year10-50000 vis per yearLess than 10000 vis per yearMore than 100 years5

182、1-100 years21-50 years11-20 yearsLess than 10 yearsWestern EuropeNorthern AmericaLatin America and the CaribbeanEastern EuropeAsia and PacificArab StatesAfricaTOTALThe situation has improved significantlyThs situation has improvedThe situation has not changedThe situation has deterioratedThe situati

183、on has deteriorated significantly35 for this purpose27.In ICCROMs 2011 survey,nearly two in five museums noted that their staff were insufficiently trained to manage collections,and pointed to the absence of full-time managers,while one in three admitted that they could not identify the person in ch

184、arge of storage in their museum,and that there were unclear collection management procedures.Fig.33.Storage staff The responses to the present survey point to the same direction(Fig.33).While the situation seems more consistent in terms of identifying the person responsible for the storage(just unde

185、r 15%admit to difficulties),we find the same concerns in terms of training(almost 30%),the level of staff accessibility to the storage(25%report that anyone can enter the storage)and procedures concerning storage management(almost 40%underline shortcomings in this area).Overall,small museums have fa

186、r more difficulties in this respect(between a third to half of responses mention difficulties)than larger museums which receive the most visitors(usually less than 10%).On the other hand,it is not always the oldest institutions,but rather those between 20 and 50 years old(i.e.designed more than a ge

187、neration ago),that report the greatest difficulties(Appendix 4).In their comments,participants stressed the need to implement rules concerning the use of storage spaces to avoid clutter.For example,it was felt that too many museum staff,and even unauthorised external people,could access the storage

188、spaces,since access is not restricted to those in charge,or subject to reporting procedures.27 One museum in four reports the absence of an object movement register in the ICCROM-UNESCO international survey on storage(2011).25,0039,3128,0914,1375,0060,6971,9185,870%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%100%All

189、 museum staff are allowed to access storage spacesLack of written storage management procedures(circulation inside storage,security,maintenance,etc.)Staff have not received adequate trainingThere are difficulties identifying the staff in charge ofstorage managementYesNo36 3.5.Infrastructure and docu

190、mentation Professionals observations on storage infrastructure largely confirm those of the ICCROM survey carried out a few years ago.According to the latter,two in three museums lamented a lack of space,and one in two complained of a lack of storage units.One in three museums felt that their storag

191、e spaces were inadequately cleaned,as was the maintenance of their buildings.Finally,for one museum in four,objects remained on the floor in the storage spaces,and the location of collections remained problematic.Current results confirm this trend(Fig.34).Fig.34.Infrastructure and Documentation(%)La

192、ck of space is mentioned by over 53%of all institutions,and lack of storage units by 48%.Insufficient cleaning was mentioned by almost 40%of museums,while lack of maintenance was highlighted by almost 23%.Although almost all museums have a system for documenting their collections,this is reported as

193、 incomplete in over 40%of cases,while location problems are mentioned in one in four cases.However,there are significant regional differences in these results(Tab.6).22,9750,0930,1225,0939,8453,2719,7940,9948,234,4277,0349,9169,8874,9160,1646,7380,2159,0151,7795,580%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%100%No

194、 storage building maintenance for 10 years or moreNo temporary storage places for quarantineObjects are left on the floor of the storage areaObjects in storage have no precise locations on thedatabaseStorage is not cleaned at least once a monthStorage space is fullStorage spaces are disorderedThe do

195、cumentation system is incompleteThere is a lack of storage equipment(shelves,racking,cabinets etc.)There is no documentation systemYesNo37 Tab.6.Conservation issues by region No storage building maintenance for 10 years or more No temporary storage places for quarantine Objects are left on the floor

196、 of the storage space Objects have no precise locations on the database Storage is not cleaned at least once a month Storage space is full Storage spaces are disordered The doc.system is incomplete Lack of storage equipment There is no doc.system Africa 45,45%65,45%36,36%34,55%25,45%50,91%16,36%58,1

197、8%69,09%7,27%Arab States 38,10%52,38%42,86%57,14%47,62%61,90%33,33%57,14%57,14%19,05%Asia and Pacific 21,58%39,57%30,22%23,02%31,65%45,32%18,71%35,25%38,13%6,47%Eastern Europe 25,71%57,14%40,00%22,86%25,71%54,29%14,29%26,67%56,19%4,76%Latin America and the Caribbean 32,10%56,79%29,63%32,10%22,22%54,

198、32%23,46%51,85%62,96%9,88%North America 10,29%51,47%30,88%22,06%52,94%42,65%20,59%33,82%33,82%1,47%Western Europe and others 20,66%48,87%27,60%23,53%45,55%55,66%20,21%41,93%46,76%2,87%Objects Less than 1000 24,49 56,12 25,51 33,67 47,96 50,00 20,41 38,78 52,04 11,22 Less than 5000 25,67 58,29 32,62

199、30,48 32,62 54,55 19,79 43,32 52,41 6,42 5000-10000 18,67 49,33 24,00 18,00 32,67 47,33 14,00 44,00 46,00 2,67 10000-20000 29,86 56,25 32,64 26,39 45,14 51,39 21,53 44,44 48,61 6,94 20000-50000 19,86 47,95 34,93 25,34 40,41 58,22 17,81 41,10 47,95 1,37 50000-100000 25,58 52,71 34,88 27,91 42,64 55,8

200、1 24,03 37,21 49,61 3,88 100000-500000 18,75 44,44 25,00 20,14 32,64 47,92 20,83 38,89 43,75 2,78 500000-1000000 15,09 30,19 24,53 18,87 50,94 71,70 22,64 39,62 52,83 1,89 More than 1000000 24,69 37,04 33,33 20,99 50,62 53,09 19,75 37,04 40,74 1,23 While the issue of collection documentation does no

201、t appear to be a problem for North American and European museums,those in Latin America,Africa and Arab States still regard it as relatively important.Overall,similarities can be observed when it comes to the lack of equipment,the location of objects,maintenance issues and the lack of quarantine fac

202、ilities.On the other hand,there are fewer differences when it comes to disorder in storage spaces or the presence of objects on the floor.These regional differences are,however,relatively limited,as are those relating more generally to the size of the institutions(categorised on the basis of the num

203、ber of objects in the collection).In their responses,the larger institutions sometimes report a much more positive situation with regard to certain aspects(notably the presence of a documentation system or the existence of a quarantine area),but in a large number of cases,their situation is quite si

204、milar to that of museums with smaller collections.38 3.6.Preventive conservation and risk management The ICCROM survey reported a number of difficulties related to security and preventive conservation,noting that one museum in five had experienced infestation problems(rodents,insects,etc.),and one m

205、useum in ten mentioned object theft.The findings of the present survey reveal similar,though potentially more limited,difficulties(Fig.35).Fig.35.Preventive conservation and risk management(%)Overall,museums are still highlighting major difficulties in terms of preventive conservation,in particular

206、the maintenance of a stable hygrometric climate,highlighted by more than one museum in four(27%).Infestation issues are present in just under 10%of institutions(insects:8.5%,mould:10%,rodents,0.2%).The problem of theft,on the other hand,is virtually non-existent(less than 1%),but security issues to

207、prevent intrusion remain a problem for around 10%of institutions.The regional breakdown of museums reveals some significant disparities between responses(Tab.7 and 8).Museums are not all equal when it comes to climate-related problems,and certain regions of 15,7213,3413,969,0119,5227,126,011,949,983

208、,188,4816,7023,5911,0410,5184,2886,6686,0490,9980,4872,8893,9998,0690,0296,8291,5283,3076,4188,9689,490%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%100%Objects have been damaged due to climate problems(temperature,hygrometry)Protection against earthquakes is not at an adequatelevelProtection against flooding is not

209、at an adequate levelSecurity protection systems against intrusion are not atan adequate levelStaff have not been trained to apply the planThere are difficulties maintaining a stable hygrometriclevel in storage spacesThere are no fire detection devicesThere is a theft problemThere is currently a moul

210、d problemThere is currently a rodent infestationThere is currently an insect infestationThere is no automatic fire suppression systemThere is no emergency plan for collectionsThere is no emergency plan for staffThere is no monitoring for pests(rodents,insects etc.)YesNo39 the globe are clearly more

211、affected than others in this respect.For example,responses concerning difficulties in maintaining a stable hygrometric system are almost three times higher,depending on whether the museum is located in Eastern Europe(over 60%)or in Western Europe(around 20%of museums have problems)while almost four

212、in ten museums located in Asia-Pacific,the Arab countries or Africa mention difficulties.Infestation issues show similar disparities,while security problems are also reported to be four times greater in some regions than in others.Tab.7.Preventive conservation and risk management by regions Objects

213、damaged due to climate problems Protection against earthquakes not at an adequate level Protection against flooding not at an adequate level Security protection systems not at an adequate level Staff have not been trained to apply the plan Difficulties maintaining a stable hygrometric level No fire

214、detection devices Theft problem Africa 27,27%27,27%40,00%23,64%36,36%38,18%27,27%3,64%Arab States 33,33%28,57%14,29%23,81%38,10%42,86%28,57%19,05%Asia and Pacific 26,62%23,74%17,99%12,23%31,65%38,13%4,32%2,88%Eastern Europe 26,67%30,48%24,76%12,38%27,62%62,86%9,52%2,86%Latin America and the Caribbea

215、n 4,94%4,94%9,88%8,64%9,88%11,11%6,17%1,23%North America 19,12%7,35%13,24%11,76%20,59%25,00%2,94%0,00%Western Europe and others 11,16%8,45%9,80%5,88%14,78%19,91%3,62%1,21%Global 15,72%13,34%13,96%9,01%19,52%27,12%6,01%1,94%Tab.8.Preventive conservation and risk management by region(following)Mould p

216、roblem Rodent infestation Insect infestation No automatic fire suppression system No emergency plan for collections No emergency plan for staff No monitoring for pests Africa 12,73%7,27%12,73%43,64%52,73%27,27%14,55%Arab States 19,05%19,05%23,81%28,57%57,14%38,10%28,57%Asia and Pacific 17,99%5,76%17

217、,99%12,23%26,62%15,11%22,30%Eastern Europe 20,00%3,81%11,43%36,19%20,95%10,48%16,19%Latin America and the Caribbean 4,94%0,00%1,23%9,88%11,11%9,88%0,00%North America 4,41%1,47%2,94%11,76%19,12%8,82%8,82%Western Europe and others 7,39%2,26%6,64%13,27%21,87%8,45%7,69%Global 9,98%3,18%8,48%16,70%23,59%

218、11,04%10,51%40 Once again,the size of the institution seems to influence a number of responses,but not all:the museums that most often mention problems in terms of protection against earthquakes,floods or security(theft or fire)are generally smaller in size(with few visitors),but preventive conserva

219、tion risks seem to affect both large and small institutions in most cases,for example when it comes to questions of infestation(insects,mould,etc.).Similarly,collection size does not appear to be a significant factor in relation to responses(Appendix 4).41 4.Funding,communication and the future of s

220、torage The final part of the survey focused on managers position with regard to storage financing,management and development.They were asked to position themselves about several statements linked to this theme(Fig.36 to 38).They were then asked to make statements about the future of the storage(Fig.

221、39).Here,the question of the financing and organisation of the storage,their value and their potential evolution in the coming years will be addressed in turn.Fig.36.Professionalsattitude towards storage funding 4.1.Funding and storage management The majority of museums responding to our survey regr

222、et report they do not receive adequate funding for storage management.Overall,only 24%,or one in four institutions,consider that they receive sufficient funding for storage operations.The regions in which museums disagree most strongly to this statement are Africa(almost 70%object more or less stron

223、gly)and Latin America(71%)(Fig.37).It is generally the largest institutions(which receive the most visitors)that consider themselves the best funded(Appendix 5).The situation is slightly better when it comes to staffing:one museum in three considers that it has enough staff to manage its storage.Whi

224、le the situation remains problematic for a majority of museums,storage is considered a high priority by museum management by almost 65%of institutions,or two in three museums.This represents a slight improvement compared to the situation described in the 2011 ICCROM survey,where two in five museums

225、complained of lack of support from their management.5,349,1419,0023,8917,8310,9511,7616,9228,7834,3028,6920,5418,1924,1634,5718,2819,7322,5335,4832,3110,6816,5623,6231,4929,2317,476,976,9710,1414,480%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%100%Storage management is a high priority for our museummanagement teamWh

226、en we acquire new objects,we consider the long-term costs associated with the acquisition energy costs,conservation costs,collection management costs,Collections storage is more important than the visitor-focused activities exhibitions,educationStorage management receives adequate fundingStorage man

227、agement receives adequate staffFuture investment is scheduled for storage areasStrongly disagreeDisagreeNeutralAgreeStrongly agree42 Fig.37.Storage management receives adequate funding Perhaps this assertion needs to be put into perspective,since almost a quarter of managers who completed the questi

228、onnaire are museum directors(Fig.1);therefore,there is significantly higher agreement(almost 80%)for the responses from directors.Storage managers are less clear-cut in their opinion,but more than two-thirds of them agree with this statement(Appendix 5.1).The same is generally true of the work that

229、could be carried out in the storage spaces:just over 45%of facilities agree that future investment is planned,to solve the problems mentioned above.This statement received a similar response across all regions,although it was more widely accepted(over 60%)in the museums with the highest visitor numb

230、ers.In terms of management,almost half of the museums that responded cited the consideration of acquisitions in terms of the related costs for energy,conservation,collection management or space,as part of the procedures in place.Once again,it is the directors and heads of communications and public r

231、elations who favour this statement,while storage professionals are much more reserved in this respect(12%disagree with this statement,compared with 4%the directors).The same distribution is found between small and large institutions,with the latter clearly having further integrated this evaluation p

232、ractice(see appendix 5.1).Overall,at museum level,collection management issues are seen as less important than visitor-focused issues(exhibition and education),although the situation is somewhat unclear in this respect:almost half of all institutions(48%)consider visitors to be the main focus,while

233、fewer than one in five(17%)prioritise storage,and more than one in three(35%)take a neutral stance.This neutral attitude,favoured by the directors and communications managers(46%)who responded to the survey,implies that the two activities are equally prioritised,something that collection managers an

234、d conservators seem to share to a lesser extent.29,3024,3520,3116,2434,5530,0017,4822,3332,5022,9523,4836,9034,4234,1526,5034,5515,0030,0733,0138,7544,2634,5314,9318,5122,7715,3818,185,0016,0820,3912,5019,6719,4412,6817,2117,2324,795,4510,0020,9819,4212,509,8417,426,205,525,5417,097,2740,0015,384,85

235、3,753,285,130%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%100%Less than 10000 visitors a year10000-50000 visitors50000-500000 visitorsMore than 500000 visitorsAfricaArab StatesAsia and PacificEastern EuropeLatin America and the CaribbeanNorthern AmericaWestern EuropeStrongly disagreeDisagreeNeutralAgreeStrongly agre

236、e43 4.2.Access and communication around storage According to the museums that responded,more than half(55%)have made their storage spaces accessible to researchers and the public provided they follow a written procedure.Nearly 30%,however,i.e.almost a third of institutions(especially the larger ones

237、),do not guarantee access(Fig.38).Accessibility for the general public remains much more limited:more than 87%of institutions all regions and sizes combined consider that public access during museum opening hours is not possible,while barely 5%of museums state that they can offer this service.Some m

238、useums have resolved the question of access to storage by integrating part of it into permanent exhibitions.This type of solution,which is much talked about today,is still rarely used by museums:just over 12%of them have partly opted for this solution including 2%to a greater extent.This option is m

239、ore regularly found in the newest museums(the oldest ones are the least likely to opt for these solutions),particularly in Asia-Pacific countries(see appendix 5.2).Fig.38.Professionals attitude towards storage communication During the Covid-19 pandemic,when museums were closed,the question of commun

240、ication about storage was the subject of numerous experiments28.A third of the museums that responded said they regularly communicated about their storages through conferences or social media.The museums that were the most active on this topic,regionally speaking,tend to be located in Asia-Pacific a

241、nd Latin America;the most enthusiastic are the newest,but above all the largest a view 28 UNESCO,Museums around the World in the Face of Covid-19 May 2020,Paris,UNESCO(UNESCO Report).21,0965,5257,9210,5034,5732,6722,9922,1721,9018,3721,9927,9622,175,797,2415,2911,8619,9124,074,6210,5936,3821,7214,93

242、9,681,902,3519,469,864,520%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%100%We regularly communicate about storage through visitsconferences or via the internet social mediaStorage areas are fully accessible to the public duringmuseum hoursSome storage areas are included in the permanentexhibitions circuitStorage are

243、as are fully accessible for museum professionals,researchers or the public,if they follow a written procedureWe organize some events and specific visits to storage areasfor the general publicWe have some specific programs which relate to theinterpretation of storage areasStrongly disagreeDisagreeNeu

244、tralAgreeStrongly agree44 particularly supported by the communications and public relations managers who completed the questionnaire.(Tab.9 and Appendix 5.2).Tab.9 We regularly communicate about storage through visits,conferences or via the internet social media Strongly disagree Disagree Neutral Ag

245、ree Strongly agree Total Africa 21,82 27,22 23,64 16,36 10,91 100,00 Arab States 35,00 15,00 10,00 15,00 25,00 100,00 Asia and Pacific 11,19 15,38 27,27 28,67 17,48 100,00 Eastern Europe 13,59 29,13 28,16 22,33 6,80 100,00 Latin America and the Caribbean 13,75 21,25 25,00 22,50 17,50 100,00 North Am

246、erica 21,31 31,15 21,31 19,67 6,56 100,00 Western Europe and other 24,88 23,02 20,06 24,88 7,15 100,00 Less than 10 years old 22,34 12,77 22,34 26,60 15,96 100,00 Between 11 and 20 years old 21,85 24,37 24,37 19,33 10,08 100,00 Between 21 and 50 years old 19,12 23,20 24,45 22,88 10,34 100,00 Between

247、 51 and 100 years old 18,84 25,00 22,46 23,91 9,78 100,00 More than 100 years old 24,58 23,57 18,52 26,60 6,73 100,00 Less than 10000 visitors per year 25,07 19,44 25,35 21,41 8,73 100,00 10000-50000 visitors per year 20,13 27,27 21,43 22,40 8,77 100,00 50000-500000 visitors per year 18,46 24,92 20,

248、00 26,46 10,15 100,00 More than 500000 visitors per year 18,80 17,09 20,51 29,91 13,68 100,00 Following the same logic,it is the largest and newest museums that tend to organise special events and tours of their storage spaces for the public(Fig.39),as well as offering specific interpretation progra

249、ms(on average,almost one museum in five offers such programs,and one in three of those with more than 500,000 visitors).45 Fig.39.We organise some events and specific visits to storage areas for the general public(%)27,6635,2931,6635,5138,7224,4726,8925,7120,2916,8413,839,2414,7310,8710,1022,3422,69

250、18,8122,8323,2311,705,889,0910,5111,110%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%100%Less than 10 years oldBetween 11 and 20 years oldBetween 21 and 50 years oldBetween 51 and 100 years oldMore than 100 years oldStrongly disagreeDisagreeNeutralAgreeStrongly agree46 4.3.Storage development in the next 10 to 15 yea

251、rs Finally,some final statements were presented to museum professionals concerning the possible development of storage in the coming years.These focused on two types of subject:how the general situation might evolve and how climate change might affect it,on one hand;the development of storage space

252、infrastructure within museums(or externally)on the other(Fig.40).Fig.40.Storage development within the next 10 to 15 years On the whole,museums seem fairly optimistic about the place and importance of storage:almost three in four consider that storage will remain a central concern for their institut

253、ion(even if the curators and conservator-restorers who completed the questionnaire are a little more sceptical in this respect)(Appendix 5.3).On a more practical level,museums seem more hesitant about the financial resources that will be invested in this area:while a third think that there will be j

254、ust as much investment in the coming years(the most optimistic seem to be the oldest museums),around a quarter assume that activities geared towards the public will be given priority over storage.The vast majority of institutions(62%),on the other hand,assume that climate change will affect storage

255、management.Museums in Asian and Arab countries are the most engaged in this respect(Fig.41).3,8918,2118,758,6123,102,816,7028,8026,7229,8926,727,7026,6330,9830,9837,8624,5514,4039,9517,0317,0317,6616,9440,8522,834,986,525,988,7034,240%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%100%Climate change will affect the cos

256、t of storagemanagementStorage management will evolve as an independentactivity,integrating museums and other institutionsNew types of independently managed facilities will beconstructed to store museum collectionsThere will be less and less investment in storage inrelation to the museum public activ

257、itiesCollections storage will progressively leave the museumbuilding for off-site facilitiesCollection and storage areas will remain a centralconcern priority for our museumStrongly disagreeDisagreeNeutralAgreeStrongly agree47 Fig.41.Climate change will affect the cost of storage management However,

258、most institutions do not plan on major changes in storage management such as the ones mentioned in Museum International(autonomous storage,shared storage,public-private partnerships,etc.).One museum in two does not think that storage spaces will gradually be moved from main buildings to off-site fac

259、ilities,despite the current situation in which 44%of institutions already have space outside their main buildings(Fig.18).Nearly half of all museums(46%)do not believe that new types of independent infrastructure can be created in the coming years either,but another quarter do think that this could

260、be the case.This situation differs significantly between regions(Fig.42).Fig.42.New types of independently managed facilities will be constructed to store museum collections 6,254,981,8211,6512,503,286,8529,0910,0011,8930,1021,2532,7929,7541,8255,0048,2544,6635,0044,2636,9223,6435,0035,6612,6225,001

261、6,3921,500%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%100%AfricaArab StatesAsia and PacificEastern EuropeLatin America and the CaribbeanNothern AmericaWestern Europe and otherStrongly disagreeDisagreeNeutralAgreeStrongly agree12,7320,007,6910,6821,2524,5922,1225,4515,0025,8729,1320,0036,0726,9534,5520,0026,5733,013

262、6,2526,2331,4616,3635,0027,9718,4512,5011,4814,9510,9110,0011,898,7410,004,520%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%100%AfricaArab StatesAsia and PacificEastern EuropeLatin America and the CaribbeanNothern AmericaWestern Europe and otherStrongly disagreeDisagreeNeutralAgreeStrongly agree48 The museums expecti

263、ng such changes are located in Asia-Pacific and Arab countries,i.e.in regions that have seen significant museum development in recent years(Appendix 5.3).In the same way,the idea that collections management could evolve independently,integrating not only museums but also the management of other type

264、s of collections(archives,libraries,private collections)is subject to similar scepticism.49 Conclusion The panorama of museum collections in storage shown by this report raises questions about their place within the institution.The resulting picture,sketched out by museum professionals,appears ambig

265、uous:while storage still occupies an important place in museum infrastructure,and most museums(nearly 80%)have on-site facilities,the lack of space and resources is reported by the majority of responses.More than half of museums(55%)have spaces specifically designed to house collections(those not de

266、signed as such do not seem to meet needs in 75%of cases),and 44%also claim to have off-site storage spaces(sometimes quite far from the museum).However,almost all institutions mention difficulties in terms of capacity:almost two museums in five report that they no longer have enough space,while almo

267、st one museum in two believes that they have a storage capacity of approximately 15%of their space.The proportion of inventoried objects covers almost all of the collection in over 40%of cases,and around 75%in 30%of cases.Slightly less than one museum in three worldwide would therefore have a largel

268、y incomplete inventory,and even fewer mention the absence of documentation systems.Over the last ten years,museum collections have grown by an average of 5-10%,according to the estimates of the professionals who responded to the survey.A number of probably newer institutions report even greater incr

269、eases:15%report increases of 50%,and almost 9%have even seen their collections more than double.Despite this steady increase,most of the professionals who responded to the survey are relatively positive about the development of storage,with the majority considering that the situation has improved ov

270、er the last ten years;only a small number(less than 15%)consider that the situation has deteriorated.The use of collections in storage,as reported by museums,remains largely reserved for research purposes or for exhibition loans.Just over 10%of the institutions in the sample seek to showcase more wi

271、dely their collections to the general public,setting up visible(if not visitable)storage spaces,while almost 20%organize tours or events.More than half(55%)guarantee access to their storage for researchers and the public provided they follow a written procedure.However,almost one museum in three(par

272、ticularly the larger ones)cannot guarantee such access.Overall,the condition of storage facilities around the world is assessed rather unfavourably by a majority of museums,particularly with regard to the lack of equipment.This observation echoes that made by ICCROM in 2011,which highlighted the fac

273、t that one museum in two does not have sufficient storage units,that two museums in three lack space,and that two museums out of five had storage units that were not suitable for their collections.With regard to the management of storage spaces,the responses to the present survey are in line with th

274、ose of the previous one,mentioning the same problems of staff training(almost 30%),the fact that storage spaces are accessible to all staff(one museum in four reports that anyone can enter the storage spaces)and storage 50 management procedures(almost 40%underline inadequacies in this respect).On th

275、e whole,small museums have far more difficulties in this respect(between a third and half of responses)than larger museums(usually less than 10%),which receive the most visitors.The lack of storage space is noted by more than half of all institutions,as is the lack of storage units.The issue of inad

276、equate cleaning was raised by almost 40%of respondents,while infrastructure maintenance problems were highlighted by almost one museum in four.In terms of security,museums overall note major difficulties in terms of preventive conservation,and in particular the maintenance of a stable hygrometric cl

277、imate,highlighted by more than one museum in four(27%).Infestation issues(rodents,mould,etc.)are present in just under 10%of institutions.The problem of theft appears to be limited,but security issues to prevent intrusions remain a problem for around 10%of institutions.In this respect,the size of th

278、e facilities seems to influence some of the findings.With regard to the management and funding of storage,the majority of the museums that responded complain that they do not have sufficient resources for storage management.Overall,only one museum in four considers that it receives sufficient fundin

279、g to run its storage spaces.Museums seem to be fairly optimistic about the importance of storage within museums:almost three in four consider that collections and storage will remain a central concern for their institution,but around a quarter think that activities aimed at the public will be given

280、priority over storage.The vast majority of institutions(62%),on the other hand,assume that climate change will affect storage management.The vision that emerges from this survey reflects a fairly classic view of the museum,upheld by the vast majority of institutions(although it is possible to specul

281、ate that it was precisely those types of museums that responded to the questionnaire).It is interesting to note the extent to which the problems raised in this report appear to be shared even if there are differences by all types of museums,whatever their collections and size,and in all regions of t

282、he world.The objectives of the professionals in charge of them remain first and foremost focused on heritage preservation,still present in ICOMs new museum definition,and it is in this context that they consider the development of the museum,certainly influenced by the move towards more environmenta

283、lly friendly practices,but still centred on museum collections.The particularly lively debates surrounding the museum definition at the ICOM General Conference in Kyoto in 2019 revealed other visions of the museum,more or less entirely devoted to its role within society and towards communities.The r

284、esulting social actions linked to inclusion and accessibility,shared by a large number of professionals,were not mentioned often in the responses gathered through this survey.In that sense,while the report provides a more objective overview of the current state of affairs,and some of the main charac

285、teristics of the current museum storage landscape,it does not constitute the entire museum landscape as it exists and is shared through ICOM and its national or international committees.In this sense,it requires a reading that takes into account the diversity of the institutions functions,and their

286、development over the decades.51 In this first quarter of the 21st century,the future we are building appears uncertain,to say the least,both politically and in terms of our environment.However,it is clear from this report that a considerable number of museum professionals will devote themselves body

287、 and soul to ensuring the best possible preservation of the tangible and intangible heritage on which our humanity is founded.53 APPENDICES 54 1.Museum participation in the survey Distribution of responses Total of answers Percentage by country(%)Distribution of museums by country(UNESCO list of 202

288、1)(%)Distribution of ICOM Membership (%)North America 68 6,01 34,03 5,91 Canada 27 2,39 2,16 1,00 United States 41 3,62 31,86 4,91 Western Europe and other 663 58,75 26,86 74,37 Austria 9 0,80 0,75 4,51 Belgium 44 3,89 0,88 3,67 Denmark 15 1,33 0,35 3,90 Finland 8 0,71 0,31 2,05 France 119 10,69 4,6

289、3 9,83 Germany 44 3,89 6,49 13,58 Greece 5 0,44 0,47 0,61 Iceland 3 0,27 0,05 0,30 Ireland 4 0,35 0,31 0,13 Israel29 3 0,27 0,22 1,69 Italy 158 13,96 3,08 5,09 Luxembourg 6 0,53 0,04 0,38 Netherlands 26 2,30 0,66 14,07 Norway 4 0,35 0,59 1,29 Portugal 15 1,33 0,64 0,68 Spain 114 10,07 1,67 3,03 Swit

290、zerland 39 3,45 1,09 3,94 United Kingdom 27 2,39 3,07 3,78 Sweden 17 1,50 1,09 1,53 Turkey 3 0,27 0,50 0,30 Eastern Europe 105 9,28 10,49 9,01 Azerbaijan 0 0,00 0,21 0,43 Bulgaria 1 0,09 0,22 0,22 Croatia 5 0,44 0,16 0,30 29 UNESCO includes Israel,the United States and Canada in the Western Europe g

291、roup.For the purposes of this survey,a separation has been made between Europe and North America.Czech Republic 3 0,27 0,46 1,01 Estonia 7 0,62 0,17 0,51 Georgia 2 0,18 0,31 0,92 Hungary 1 0,09 0,78 0,62 Latvia 21 1,86 0,15 0,25 Lithuania 5 0,44 0,10 0,22 Montenegro 1 0,09 0,02 0,04 Poland 12 1,06 1

292、,19 0,91 Russian Federation 4 0,35 5,22 2,03 Romania 3 0,27 0,42 N/A Serbia 9 0,80 0,14 0,48 Slovakia 28 2,47 0,21 0,41 Slovenia 2 0,18 0,09 0,34 Ukraine 1 0,09 0,62 0,31 Latin America 81 7,16 7,73 3,15 Antigua and Barbuda 0 0,00 0,00 N/A Argentina 8 0,71 1,14 0,33 Brazil 25 2,21 3,76 1,48 Chile 7 0

293、,62 0,31 0,18 Colombia 6 0,53 0,45 0,16 Ecuador 5 0,44 0,18 0,11 El Salvador 2 0,18 0,01 0,03 Guatemala 2 0,18 0,02 0,06 Mexico 13 1,15 1,27 0,49 Panama 4 0,35 0,02 0,06 Paraguay 6 0,53 0,14 0,03 Peru 1 0,09 0,22 0,12 Uruguay 2 0,18 0,21 0,10 Asia and Pacific 139 12,28 16,49 4,50 Australia 17 1,50 0

294、,89 1,20 Bangladesh 3 0,27 0,02 0,07 Bhutan 1 0,09 0,00 N/A China 63 5,57 5,33 0,40 India 3 0,27 0,48 0,24 Indonesia 1 0,09 0,16 N/A Iran,Islamic Republic of 2 0,18 0,60 0,25 Japan 16 1,41 5,53 1,42 Korea,Republic of 2 0,18 1,06 0,19 55 Kyrgyzstan 1 0,09 0,06 N/A Macao,China 1 0,09 N/A N/A Malaysia

295、1 0,09 0,23 0,04 Myanmar 1 0,09 0,10 0,05 Nepal 1 0,09 0,03 0,11 New Zealand 14 1,24 0,23 0,11 Pakistan 2 0,18 0,04 0,05 Philippines 5 0,44 0,18 0,14 Singapore 2 0,18 0,06 0,11 Taiwan,China 2 0,18 N/A 0,12 Thailand 1 0,09 1,47 N/A Africa 55 4,86 0,50 0,62 Benin 3 0,27 0,01 0,02 Burkina Faso 3 0,27 0

296、,03 0,10 Cameroon 1 0,09 0,06 0,03 Cte dIvoire 3 0,27 0,01 0,09 Ghana 2 0,18 0,01 0,04 Guinea 1 0,09 0,01 N/A Madagascar 1 0,09 0,03 0,03 Mozambique 1 0,09 0,02 0,00 Nigeria 3 0,27 0,05 0,02 Senegal 4 0,35 0,03 0,06 Seychelles 1 0,09 0,00 0,02 South Africa 25 2,21 0,22 0,10 Tanzania,United Republic

297、of 2 0,18 0,01 N/A Togo 2 0,18 0,01 N/A Uganda 1 0,09 0,01 0,01 Zambia 2 0,18 0,00 0,11 Arab States 21 1,86 0,29 0,41 Egypt 5 0,44 0,08 0,06 Iraq 2 0,18 0,02 0,01 Kuwait 1 0,09 0,00 0,00 Lebanon 2 0,18 0,02 0,11 Morocco 1 0,09 0,04 0,07 Oman 1 0,09 0,01 0,02 Sudan 2 0,18 0,02 N/A Tunisia 3 0,27 0,08

298、 N/A United Arab Emirates 2 0,18 0,01 0,14 Yemen 2 0,18 0,01 0,01 TOTAL 1132 56 Location of the participating museums by region Region The capital city/largest city of your country%An island%A small or medium sized city,in relation to the capital%A rural area%Total%Africa 22 40,00 3 5,45 22 40,00 8

299、14,55 55 100,00 Arab States 11 52,38 0 0,00 7 33,33 3 14,29 21 100,00 Asia and Pacific 58 40,28 2 1,39 71 49,31 13 9,03 144 100,00 Eastern Europe 42 40,00 0 0,00 53 50,48 10 9,52 105 100,00 Latin America and the Caribbean 42 51,85 1 1,23 36 44,44 2 2,47 81 100,00 North America 14 20,59 1 1,47 41 60,

300、29 12 17,65 68 100,00 Western Europe and others 153 23,25 21 3,19 385 58,51 99 15,05 658 100,00 Total 342 28 615 147 1132 Distribution of responses by region and museum size(Nb of visitors)Region Less than 10000 visitors per year%10000-50000 visitors per year%50000-500000 visitors per year%More than

301、 500000 visitors per year%Total%Africa 30 54,55 17 30,91 8 14,55 0 0,00 55 100,00 Arab States 13 61,90 5 23,81 1 4,76 2 9,52 21 100,00 Asia and Pacific 29 20,14 25 17,36 45 31,25 45 31,25 144 100,00 Eastern Europe 35 33,33 35 33,33 27 25,71 8 7,62 105 100,00 Latin America and the Caribbean 37 45,68

302、22 27,16 19 23,46 3 3,70 81 100,00 North America 22 32,35 10 14,71 23 33,82 13 19,12 68 100,00 Western Europe and others 197 29,94 202 30,70 210 31,91 49 7,45 658 100,00 Total 363 316 333 120 1132 Distribution of responses by region and number of objects Region Less than 1000 Less than 5000 5000-100

303、00 10000-20000 20000-50000 50000-100000 100000-500000 500000-1000000 More than 1000000 Total Africa 7 23 6 6 6 1 3 1 2 55 Arab States 7 4 0 0 4 2 2 0 2 21 Asia and Pacific 11 15 18 24 16 20 26 2 12 144 Eastern Europe 6 10 14 16 12 17 20 6 4 105 Latin America and the Caribbean 8 24 17 9 10 9 3 0 1 81

304、 North America 4 6 12 8 18 7 7 2 4 68 Western Europe and others 55 105 83 81 80 73 83 42 56 658 Total 98 187 150 144 146 129 144 53 81 1132 57 2.Characteristics of the museums participating in the survey 2.1.Study of staff distribution Number of staff Full-time Equivalent per annual number of visito

305、rs(1132 responses)0 Less than 5 5 to 10 11 to 25 26 to 50 51 to 100 100 to 300 More than 300 Total(%)Less than 10000 visitors per year 10,47 49,04 21,49 12,40 3,58 1,65 0,83 0,55 100,00 10000-50000 visitors per year 0,63 18,35 24,05 31,96 15,51 6,96 1,90 0,63 100,00 50000-500000 visitors per year 0,

306、00 3,90 7,21 20,12 28,83 23,72 15,02 1,20 100,00 More than 500000 visitors per year 0,00 1,67 1,67 4,17 4,17 15,83 43,33 29,17 100,00 Number of staff full-time equivalent per region(1132 responses)Region 0 Less than 5 5 to 10 11 to 25 26 to 50 51 to 100 100 to 300 More than 300 Total(%)Africa 1,82 2

307、9,09 41,82 7,27 10,91 3,64 3,64 1,82 100,00 Arab States 4,76 19,05 14,29 19,05 28,57 4,76 4,76 4,76 100,00 Asia and Pacific 2,78 12,50 11,11 16,67 8,33 19,44 23,61 5,56 100,00 Eastern Europe 0,95 13,33 19,05 19,05 18,10 15,24 8,57 5,71 100,00 Latin America and the Caribbean 3,70 28,40 7,41 24,69 16,

308、05 12,35 7,41 0,00 100,00 North America 1,47 23,53 17,65 11,76 14,71 10,29 16,18 4,41 100,00 Western Europe and others 4,41 24,32 15,20 20,97 14,74 9,42 7,29 3,65 100,00 Number of staff full-time equivalent per type of collection(2717 answers)Nb of staff FTE Applied Arts(including musical instrument

309、s)Archaeology Combination of various collections Ethno-graphy Fine Arts History Military Natural History Science and Technology 0 4,31 3,15 5,26 3,04 3,23 3,60 3,66 3,48 4,31 Less than 5 19,62 23,10 31,58 22,38 18,71 21,02 19,37 28,70 19,62 5 to 10 13,88 15,49 31,58 13,26 17,52 15,53 15,18 13,48 13,

310、88 11 to 25 22,01 21,78 10,53 20,17 21,94 19,70 21,47 22,17 22,01 26 to 50 14,35 13,39 10,53 14,64 12,93 14,39 14,66 9,57 14,35 51 to 100 11,96 11,81 0,00 13,81 10,20 12,12 15,18 10,43 11,96 100 to 300 9,09 7,87 5,26 8,56 10,54 9,47 5,24 8,26 9,09 More than 300 4,78 3,41 5,26 4,14 4,93 4,17 5,24 3,9

311、1 4,78 Total(%)100,00 100,00 100,00 100,00 100,00 100,00 100,00 100,00 100,00 Number of objects per type of collection(multiples responses 2717)Nb of objects Applied Arts(including musical instruments)Archaeology Combination of various collections Ethnography Fine Arts History Military Natural Histo

312、ry Science and Technology Less than 1000 10,05 8,40 5,26 7,73 8,50 9,47 9,42 11,74 10,05 58 Less than 5000 14,83 16,54 26,32 16,30 16,16 17,05 14,66 15,22 14,83 5000-10000 11,00 15,49 10,53 14,36 12,07 12,69 13,09 14,78 11,00 10000-20000 12,92 13,39 10,53 10,77 11,56 11,74 12,04 13,04 12,92 20000-50

313、000 15,79 12,07 26,32 14,64 12,76 12,69 14,14 17,39 15,79 50000-100000 10,05 8,66 10,53 11,88 10,88 11,17 12,04 6,09 10,05 100000-500000 15,31 14,17 0,00 13,81 16,33 12,69 14,66 13,04 15,31 500000-1000000 3,35 4,99 0,00 4,14 4,76 5,87 4,71 4,35 3,35 More than 1000000 6,70 6,30 10,53 6,35 6,97 6,63 5

314、,24 4,35 6,70 Total (%)100,00 100,00 100,00 100,00 100,00 100,00 100,00 100,00 100,00 Percentage of the collection displayed to the public per region(1128 answers)Region Less than 2%2%to 5%6%to 15%16%to 25%26%to 50%51%to 75%76%to 90%More than 90%Total(%)Africa 10,91 25,45 10,91 20,00 10,91 10,91 5,4

315、5 5,45 100,00 Arab States 14,29 4,76 38,10 0,00 23,81 0,00 14,29 4,76 100,00 Asia and Pacific 27,08 25,69 19,44 8,33 9,03 4,86 3,47 2,08 100,00 Eastern Europe 15,24 27,62 26,67 16,19 8,57 4,76 0,00 0,95 100,00 Latin America and the Caribbean 20,25 26,58 24,05 13,92 5,06 7,59 1,27 1,27 100,00 North A

316、merica 26,47 42,65 19,12 7,35 2,94 1,47 0,00 0,00 100,00 Western Europe and others 23,93 20,58 24,39 12,20 7,77 6,55 2,74 1,83 100,00 Number of staff dedicated to registration per region(1132 responses)Region 0 1 2 to 4 5 to 10 11 to 25 More than 25 Total(%)Africa 12,73 34,55 38,18 7,27 3,64 3,64 10

317、0,00 Arab States 9,52 28,57 38,10 4,76 19,05 0,00 100,00 Asia and Pacific 10,42 32,64 31,25 13,19 6,25 6,25 100,00 Eastern Europe 4,76 30,48 32,38 18,10 9,52 4,76 100,00 Latin America and the Caribbean 9,88 39,51 44,44 6,17 0,00 0,00 100,00 North America 17,65 39,71 25,00 14,71 1,47 1,47 100,00 West

318、ern Europe and others 14,13 44,38 31,91 6,23 2,28 1,06 100,00 Number of staff officially responsible for storage per region(1132 responses)Region None 1 2 to 4 5 to 10 11 to 25 More than 25 Total(%)Africa 12,73 34,55 43,64 3,64 3,64 1,82 100,00 Arab States 19,05 38,10 14,29 14,29 9,52 4,76 100,00 As

319、ia and Pacific 12,50 20,83 32,64 19,44 11,81 2,78 100,00 Eastern Europe 4,76 30,48 40,00 12,38 7,62 4,76 100,00 Latin America and the Caribbean 9,88 34,57 50,62 3,70 0,00 1,23 100,00 North America 13,24 39,71 32,35 7,35 5,88 1,47 100,00 Western Europe and others 16,57 40,88 34,04 5,02 2,13 1,37 100,

320、00 59 3.Type of storage space 3.1.On-site storage On-site storage total surface area per region(888 responses)Region I dont know 0-200 ft(0-19m)200-500 ft(20-49m)500-1000 ft(50-99m)1000-2500 ft(100-249m)2500-5500 ft(250-499m)5500-10500 ft(500-1000m)More than 10500 ft(1000m)Total Africa 7 5 8 7 6 2 1

321、 2 38 Arab States 3 0 6 3 1 1 1 1 16 Asia and Pacific 16 3 4 8 16 7 20 42 116 Eastern Europe 13 4 4 14 11 9 9 13 77 Latin America and the Caribbean 4 8 13 6 9 12 8 6 66 North America 14 2 2 9 6 8 8 9 58 Western Europe and others 63 31 49 64 109 67 79 55 517 Total 120 53 86 111 158 106 126 128 888 Ca

322、pacity of on-site storage spaces per region(1027 responses)Region Our storage space is full Between 0 and 15%Between 15%and 25%Between 25%and 50%More than 50%Total(%)Africa 39,22 33,33 7,84 9,80 9,80 100,00 Arab States 36,84 21,05 31,58 10,53 0,00 100,00 Asia and Pacific 21,43 42,14 13,57 14,29 8,57

323、 100,00 Eastern Europe 29,81 45,19 12,50 7,69 4,81 100,00 Latin America and the Caribbean 47,14 32,86 10,00 5,71 4,29 100,00 North America 23,44 54,69 18,75 3,13 0,00 100,00 Western Europe and others 37,82 42,49 11,92 5,18 2,59 100,00 3.2.Off-site storage Specific off-site storage for collections pe

324、r region(1123 responses)Region We have specific off-site storage for collections We do not have specific off-site storage for collections Total(%)Africa 18,18 81,82 100,00 Arab States 42,86 57,14 100,00 Asia and Pacific 29,37 70,63 100,00 Eastern Europe 31,73 68,27 100,00 Latin America and the Carib

325、bean 13,58 86,42 100,00 North America 45,45 54,55 100,00 Western Europe and other 54,21 45,79 100,00 60 Off-site storage spaces access time from the museum per location(449 responses)Less than 10 minutes on foot Less than 15 minutes by car Between 15 and 30 minutes by car More than 30 minutes by car

326、 Total A rural area 34,78 28,26 19,57 17,39 100,00 A small or medium sized city,in relation to the capital 20,68 32,33 28,95 18,05 100,00 An island 50,00 25,00 25,00 0,00 100,00 The capital city/largest city of your country 5,78 9,83 35,26 49,13 100,00 Off-site storage spaces access authorisation pe

327、r region(489 responses)Region Exclusively for our museum Shared with other museums Shared with other public institutions Shared with public and private institutions or collectors Total%)Africa 90,00 0,00 10,00 0,00 100,00 Arab States 66,67 11,11 22,22 0,00 100,00 Asia and Pacific 78,57 4,76 2,38 14,

328、29 100,00 Eastern Europe 81,82 9,09 9,09 0,00 100,00 Latin America and the Caribbean 72,73 9,09 9,09 9,09 100,00 North America 43,33 23,33 13,33 20,00 100,00 Western Europe and others 57,34 17,23 15,82 9,60 100,00 Total 61.14 15.33 11.45 9.60 100.00 3.3.Collections documentation Type of documentatio

329、n system per number of objects Manual Computerised/digital Both manual and computerised/digital Total(%)Less than 1000 14,29 35,71 50,00 100,00 Less than 5000 16,04 37,97 45,99 100,00 5000-10000 4,79 39,04 56,16 100,00 10000-20000 11,19 36,36 52,45 100,00 100000-500000 3,52 38,73 57,75 100,00 20000-

330、50000 2,08 44,44 53,47 100,00 50000-100000 2,33 44,19 53,49 100,00 500000-1000000 1,89 52,83 45,28 100,00 More than 1000000 1,23 40,74 58,02 100,00 61 A.Museums with a manual and computerised documentation system Does the museum have a physical registry or inventory book?(591 responses)A copy of the

331、 physical registry or inventory book is kept in a safe place(499 responses)Region Yes No Total(%)Yes No Total(%)Africa 86,96 13,04 100,00 65,22 34,78 100,00 Arab States 80,00 20,00 100,00 33,33 66,67 100,00 Asia and Pacific 95,60 4,40 100,00 78,02 21,98 100,00 Eastern Europe 97,30 2,70 100,00 70,27

332、29,73 100,00 Latin America and the Caribbean 77,08 22,92 100,00 42,86 57,14 100,00 North America 51,85 48,15 100,00 48,15 51,85 100,00 Western Europe and others 86,26 13,74 100,00 61,07 38,93 100,00 Global 87,00 13,00 100.00 64,00 36,00 100,00 Percentage of registered objects included in the invento

333、ry book region(591 responses)None Around 10%Around 25%Around 50%Around 75%Almost 100%Total(%)Africa 8,70 4,35 4,35 17,39 47,83 17,39 100,00 Arab States 20,00 20,00 6,67 6,67 13,33 33,33 100,00 Asia and Pacific 1,10 2,20 1,10 7,69 21,98 65,93 100,00 Eastern Europe 1,35 0,00 4,05 4,05 21,62 68,92 100,00 Latin America and the Caribbean 4,17 8,33 6,25 14,58 35,42 31,25 100,00 North America 29,63 0,00