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1、COMIT:Utiliser IMET pour valuer et amliorer lefficacit de gestion des aires protges1 Coaching manual for the IntegratedManagement Effectiveness ToolManual to assess and improve protected area managementeffectivenessCarlo Paolini and Domoina Rakotobe IUCN-CENTRAL AND WEST AFRICA PROGRAMME(PACO)iAbout

2、 BIOPAMAThe goal of the Biodiversity and Protected AreasManagement(BIOPAMA)programme is to improvethe long-term conservation and sustainable use ofnatural resources in African,Caribbean and Pacificcountries,in protected areas and surroundingcommunities.It is an initiative of the Organisation ofAfric

3、an,Caribbean and Pacific States(OACPS),funded by the 11th European Development Fund ofthe European Union,and jointly implemented by theInternational Union for Conservation of Nature(IUCN)and the European Commission JointResearch Centre.Building on the first five years ofactivities funded by the 10th

4、 EuropeanDevelopment Fund,the second phase of BIOPAMAoffers tools for data and information management,services for improving knowledge and capacity inorder to support the planning and decision-makingof protected areas,as well as funding opportunitiesfor specific local actions.www.biopama.org/frAbout

5、 the ACP Group of States The OACPS,formerly known as the ACP Group ofStates(Africa,the Caribbean and Pacific),is anorganisation established by the GeorgetownAgreement initially signed in 1975 and revised in2019.The main goals of the OACPS are thesustainable development of its Member States andtheir

6、gradual integration into the world economy,thecoordination of the Organisations activities inimplementing the partnership agreement with theEuropean Union,the strengthening of unity andsolidarity among its members,as well as theestablishment and consolidation of peace,securityand stability in free a

7、nd democratic societies.www.acp.int www.acp.int About the European UnionThe Member States of the European Union havedecided to pool their know-how,resources anddestinies.Together,they have built an area ofstability,democracy and sustainable developmentwhile preserving cultural diversity,tolerance an

8、dindividual freedoms.The European Union iscommitted to sharing its achievements and valueswith countries and peoples beyond its borders.www.europa.eu About IUCNIUCN is a union of Members made up ofgovernments and civil society organisations.It hasthe experience,resources and weight of over 1,400Memb

9、er organisations and the skills of over 15,000experts.Today,IUCN is the international authorityon the state of nature and natural resources in theworld and on measures to conserve them.https:/www.iucn.org/frhttps:/ the European Commission and the Joint Research CentreThe European Commission is the e

10、xecutive body ofthe European Union,which is the worlds largestdonor of official development assistance.As the in-house scientific service of the EC,the Joint ResearchCentre provides EU policies with independent,evidence-based scientific and technical support,including policies and programmes at glob

11、al scaleand specifically those focusing on OACPS.www.ec.europa.euii3Coaching manual for the IntegratedManagement Effectiveness ToolManual to assess and improve protected area managementeffectivenessCarlo Paolini and Domoina Rakotobe The designation of geographical entities in this book,and the prese

12、ntation of the material,do not imply theexpression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IUCN concerning the legal status of any country,territory,or area,or of its authorities,or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily

13、 reflect those of IUCN.IUCN is pleased to acknowledge the support of its Framework Partners who provide core funding:Ministryof Foreign Affairs,Denmark;Ministry for Foreign Affairs,Finland;Government of France and the FrenchDevelopment Agency(AFD);Ministry of Environment,Republic of Korea;Ministry o

14、f the Environment,Climateand Sustainable Development,Grand Duchy of Luxembourg;the Norwegian Agency for DevelopmentCooperation(Norad);the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency(Sida);the Swiss Agencyfor Development and Cooperation(SDC)and the United States Department of State.IUCN clai

15、ms no responsibility for errors or omissions that may occur in the translation into English of thisdocument whose original version is French.In the case of discrepancies,please refer to the original edition.Title of the original edition:Malette pdagogique pour loutil intgr sur lefficacit de gestion:

16、guide pourvaluer et amliorer lefficacit de gestion des aires protges.(2022).Published by:IUCN,Gland,Switzerland.https:/doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.CH.2022.03.fr This manual has been published thanks to financial support from the European Union.Published by:Produced by:Copyright:Citation:ISBN:DOI:Cover phot

17、o:Layout:Translated by:Printed by:IUCN,Gland,Switzerland IUCN West and Central Africa Regional Office(PACO)2022 IUCN,International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources 2023 IUCN,International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources,for the English translationReproduc

18、tion of this publication for non-commercial purposes,including educational purposes,is permitted without the prior written permission of the copyright holder(s)provided the source is fully acknowledged.Reproduction of this publication for commercial purposes,including sale,is prohibited without the

19、prior written permission of the copyright holder(s).Paolini,C.and Rakotobe,D.(2023).Coaching manual for the Integrated Management Effectiveness Tool.Manual to assess and improve protected area management effectiveness.Gland,Switzerland:IUCN(PDF)978-2-8317-2228-3 978-2-8317-2229-0(print)https:/doi.or

20、g/10.2305/IUCN.CH.2022.03.en African Parks&Frank WeitzerGraphi ImprimBenoit Sadio La Rochette COMPTOIR GRAPHIQUE,Dakar,SenegalThis book is printed on modern coated glossy paper,130 g/m LISt Of BOxES.ivLISt Of fIGURES.ivLISt Of tABLES.ivPREfACE.vExECUtIvE SUMMARy.viACkNOwLEdGEMENtS.viiLISt Of ACRONyM

21、S.viiiINtROdUCtION.1PARt I:COACHING ANd IMEt.3I.1The COMIT approach.3I.2Integrated Management Effectiveness Tool(IMET).3I.2.1What is IMET?.3I.2.2The organisation of IMET.5I.2.3Installing IMET 2.6I.3Coaching in protected area management.7I.3.1Being an IMET coach of protected areas.7I.3.2 Coaching mis

22、sion.11I.3.3 Preparing the assessment.16PARt II:IMEt 2 CONtENt.19II.1Intervention context.19II.1.1 List of indicators of the intervention context.19II.1.2 Elements of the intervention context.20II.2 Management effectiveness assessment.27II.2.1List of indicators to assess management effectiveness.27I

23、I.2.2 Assessment elements.28PARt III:RESULtS ANALySIS ANd fORMULAtION Of OPERAtIONAL RECOMMENdAtIONS.39III.1 Analysis protocols.40III.2 IMET analysis report.40III.3 Results analysis of the management effectiveness assessment.42III.3.1 Analysis of the management,planning and input context.42III.3.2 A

24、nalysis of the management process.42III.3.3 Analysis of results and effects/impacts.44III.4 How to interpret the summary indicators.45III.5 Formulating improvement proposals.48III.5.1 Proposals:where,for whom,how?.49III.5.2Using the Analysis report module provided by IMET.49III.5.3 Organising the re

25、stitution.49PARt Iv:AddItIONAL SUPPORt.51IV.1 Decision support system for the management and governance of protected areas.51IV.1.1 Connection between critical thinking,problem solving and decision-making.52IV.1.2 Critical thinking.53IV.1.3 Problem solving.54IV.1.4 Decision-making.55IV.2 Green List,

26、IMET and coaching.56IV.2.1 Introduction to the Green List.56IV.2.2 Green List and IMET.60Contents iiiCOMIT:Utiliser IMET pour valuer et amliorer lefficacit de gestion des aires protgesCOMIT:Utiliser IMET pour valuer et amliorer lefficacit de gestion des aires protgesivList of boxesBox 1-Proactive an

27、d adaptive management,a structured approach to decision-making.4Box 2-Important capacities.8Box 3-The IMET coach charter for protected areas(2015).9Box 4-The most effective coaching models.10Box 5-Criteria for membership in the IMET network of West and Central Africa coaches.10Box 6-Some principles

28、and techniques for making training effective.14Box 7-Types of IMET analysis carried out on the 14 protected areas in Burundi(2016).15Box 8-Constructive recommendations.50Box 9-Bodies,stakeholders and tools of the Green List.59Box 10-Theory of Change.60List of figuresFigure 1-Graphic representation o

29、f the COMIT process.3Figure 2-Link and complementarity between the interventions context and management effectiveness assessment modules.6Figure 3-Mission and roles of the IMET coach.12Figure 4-Overview of the IMET analysis report.41Figure 5-Simplified results chain.45Figure 6-An overview of a compr

30、ehensive IMET assessment.45Figure 7-Integration of the three DSS elements.47Figure 8-The four themes of global Green List standards.47Figure 9-Green List process.48Figure 10-Integration of Green List components into IMET.48Figure 11-An overview of a comprehensive IMET assessment.49Figure 12-Integrat

31、ion of the three DSS elements.52Figure 13-The four themes of the global Green List standards.56Figure 14-Green List Process.58Figure 15-Integration of Green List components into IMET.61List of tabLesTable 1-Methods and tools to enable critical thinking.61Table 2-Methods and tools to enable problem s

32、olving.61Table 3-Methods and tools to improve decision taking.61Table 4-Concordance des critres de la Liste verte et des lments dIMET.61vThe Coaching manual(COMIT)integrates globalstandards for improving management practices inprotected areas.It is mainly organised around theIntegrated Management Ef

33、fectiveness Tool(IMET),which allows an assessment of protected areamanagement effectiveness using an integratedapproach.Since its launch in 2015,IMET hasaroused considerable interest among protectedarea managers and administrations that use it,aswell as among certain financial partners whoencourage

34、its implementation.The feedback onIMET use from the coaches trained in 2015,coupledwith the growing interest in this tool,well beyondCentral Africa where it originated,have led toimproving the instrument by revising its content anddesign.Today,in 2020,IMET has become one ofthe most recognised tools

35、and is being adopted bya growing number of protected area managementauthorities around the world.The current version of IMET provides essentialinformation for the adoption of Green Liststandardsthrough a management context analysis,identification and prioritisation of key conservationelements.It als

36、o facilitates the exchange ofinformation between regional protected areaobservatories and local or national managementunits,by allowing the export,safeguarding andanalysis of the data collected.The target audience for this publication is thediversity of actors involved in protected areamanagement an

37、d nature conservation around theworld:IMET coaches(trainers of trainers),centralgovernment officials,managers and otherstakeholders,agents of non-governmentalorganisations(NGOs),technical and financialpartners,etc.COMITs added value comes from the fact that itsapproach,which aims to improve protecte

38、d areamanagement,combines:a broad analysis of the intervention context inorder to focus management on results;the connection with regional observatoriesequipped with digital information systems;the impetus for Green List standards;and capacity building for protected area managersthrough coaching.Thi

39、s document is a user guide for the secondversion of IMET which provides the information andsupport necessary to complete the tool,tounderstand the use of additional modules(the fightagainst poaching,governance of ecosystemservices,reporting and initial analyses)and totransfer data to the administrat

40、ive hierarchy fordecision-making.The manual also deals with aspects related tocoaching and support to IMET data analyses.Thispart is intended for a more informed user audience.The analyses developed concern two areas:direct support for management effectivenessassessment;and avenues to support decisi

41、on-making for bettergovernance of protected areas.This document is the product of a nice and fruitfulcollaboration between the European Union,theInternational Union for Conservation of Nature(IUCN),the Joint Research Centre of the EuropeanCommission and the national agencies responsiblefor protected

42、 area management.I hope you enjoy reading this document.Aliou fAyERegional DirectorIUCN,West and Central Africa Regional Office(PACO)PrefaCeThe Coaching manual(COMIT)is the manual of thesecond version of the Integrated ManagementEffectiveness Tool(IMET)and of coaching orprofessional support for prot

43、ected area managementteams.COMIT was developed under the programme forBiodiversity and Protected Areas Management(BIOPAMA),whose aim is to improve the long-termconservation and sustainable use of natural resources inprotected areas and surrounding communities in African,Caribbean and Pacific countri

44、es.IMET is a decision-support tool intended to develop theplanning-monitoring-evaluation process in order toimprove protected area management effectiveness.It issuitable for all protected areas,regardless of theirmanagement and governance category.IMET comes inthe form of a computer application that

45、 can bedownloaded for free,installed on a PC computer andused with or without an internet connection.IMET collects,organises and visualises data related toprotected areas in order to facilitate analysis and guidedecision-making for the planning,management andorganisation of operations.It includes se

46、veral forms to fillout that will ensure the organisation of data from manysources:digital observatories,raw data,information fromdocuments,and personal knowledge of stakeholderssuch as management teams,scientists and communitymembers bordering the protected area.IMET is divided into three large,func

47、tionally connectedmodules:the intervention context helps to collect basicinformation,gives an in-depth understanding of thesituation in which the protected area is evolving andallows the identification of elements that will be theobject of attention or priority for management.Completing this part co

48、rrectly can result in adetailed monograph of the protected area.the management assessment supports thechoice of key elements identified by expanding theintervention context and analysing the managementsteps according to the six elements of theassessment framework proposed by the WorldCommission on P

49、rotected Areas.the analysis report allows the compilation of astandardised report on the state and effectivenessof protected area management,with graphicrepresentations of maps,sentinel indicators fromdigital observatories1and the main results andinformation of the IMET analysis.To develop its full

50、potential,the use of IMET issupervised by coaches,who are experts trained in theuse and analysis of IMET results.The coach intervenesin three spheres:at site or protected area level,by strengtheningthe planning,monitoring and evaluation capacityof teams and institutions in protected areamanagement,b

51、ased on the IMET tool;at national level,by ensuring the link between theinterventions and the results in the protectedareas,and national recommendations;as a link with the protected area observatories orother regional initiatives in favour of protectedareas.For each level of intervention,this manual

52、 describes theessential steps to be taken by the coach.It also lists goodpractices.This publication embodies the improvements made tothe first version of IMET based on the experience inPhase 1 of BIOPAMA,comments from coaches and theIUCN Management Effectiveness Specialist review.This new version of

53、 COMIT includes a fourth part entitled“Additional support”,with chapters on decision supportsystems and on the link between the Green List ofProtected and Conserved Areas and the use of IMET andcoaching.COMIT illustrates how a coach can play therole of mentor in the preparation of the nomination of

54、aprotected area to the Green List by exploiting IMETinformation and analysis.COMIT presents an annex with exercises on the analysisbased on the lessons learned during phase 1 ofBIOPAMA.1See definition in section III.2 on the analysis report.exeCutive summary8 viCOMIT:Utiliser IMET pour valuer et aml

55、iorer lefficacit de gestion des aires protges9IUCN thanks its partners for their precious support and particularly the Joint Research Center of the EuropeanCommission.A special thanks to IMET coaches for their feedbacks on the use of the tool in the field.Thisedition benefitted from the cautious rea

56、ding,precious advice and contributions from Tanya Merceron(IUCN-PACO,Senegal);Donald Jomba Djossi(COMIFAC,Cameroon)and Paolo Roggeri(JRC,Italy).aCknowLedgementsviiCOMIT:Utiliser IMET pour valuer et amliorer lefficacit de gestion des aires protgesviiiACPAfrica,Caribbe and PacificBIOPAMABiodiversity a

57、nd Protected Areas Management ProgrammeCARPECentral Africa Regional Program for the EnvironmentCItESConvention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and FloraCOMItCoaching Manual for the IMET ToolCOMPASSCommunity of Protected Areas Sustainability StandardsdOPADigital Observatory

58、 of Protected AreasdSS Decision Support SystemEAGLExpert Assessment Group for the Green ListGISGeographic Information SystemGLPCAGreen List of Protected and Conserved AreasIBAImportant Bird Conservation Area IMEtIntegrated Management Effectiveness ToolIUCN International Union for Conservation of Nat

59、ureLMMA Locally Managed Marine AreaMABUNESCO Man and the Biosphere ProgrammeNGONon-governmental organisationOACPSOrganisation of African,Caribbean and Pacific StatesPACOCentral and West Africa Programme(Programme Afrique centrale et occidentale)PAMEttProtected Area Management Effectiveness Tracking

60、ToolRAPPAMRapid Assessment and Prioritisation of Protected Areas ManagementREddReduction of Emissions from Deforestation and forest DegradationSPAMISpecially Protected Areas of Mediterranean ImportanceSwOtStrengths Weaknesses Opportunities ThreatswdPAWorld Database on Protected AreasList of aCronyms

61、COMIT:Utiliser IMET pour valuer et amliorer lefficacit de gestion des aires protges1This document provides detailed instructions forimproving the management effectiveness of aprotected area through the Integrated ManagementEffectiveness Tool(IMET)and coaching.The firstedition of this manual,original

62、ly entitled COMIT2:Coach Observatory Mission Integration Toolkit,was published in 2016 for use by the first expertstrained in the IMET tool called IMET coaches3 andin the accompanying coaching process,as part ofthe BIOPAMA programme in West and Central Africa.With the evolution of IMET and the first

63、 coachingexperiences in protected area management,a reviewof the COMIT manual was required.This manual is akey resource for any institution or person(coach,protected area professional,trainer)wishing to use theIMET tool referring to the accompanying coaching.Itcan also serve as a reference for devel

64、oping the skillsof protected area management staff.This document is made up of four main parts:an explanation of the COMIT approach whichcombines IMET with coaching(I);a detailed presentation of the current versionof IMET(II);a results analysis(III);additional decision support as well as possibleint

65、egration into the Green List of Protected andConserved Areas approach(IV).In each part,boxes and references to theAppendices allow for a deeper understanding ofimportant concepts.Tips and directions forcompleting their missions are also given to coaches.The appendices contain nine in-depth worksheet

66、s onthemes and tools and 20 exercises from real casesthat allow coaches(and any reader)to strengthentheir analytical skills.Tips,with the icon or in theform of notes,provide guidance to coaches incarrying out the assessment.2Initially called Coach Observatory Mission Integration Toolkit3In this docu

67、ment,the term“coach”refers to both men and women.introduCtionA forest elephant in Odzala-Kokoua national park,Congo.-African Parks&Scott RamsayNotes for the coach,indicating the fundamentalprinciples on a precise themeTrick to accelerate,serve as landmark,draw attention incoaching2Odzala Congo-Afric

68、an Parks&Scott RamsayPart i:CoaCHing and imet4www.biopama.orgSeveral methodologies have been developed toassess protected area management effectiveness.Inthis document,we will present an approach thatcombines capacity building support for protected areamanagement in the form of coaching with the use

69、 ofIMET,a tool for assessing management effectiveness.The two elements coaching and IMET are referredto in this document as the“COMIT process”.This part will deal with the IMET tool and the relatedprotected area coaching.The following part of thedocument will explain how to use IMET.Throughout this

70、document,the COMIT approachprovides guidance to coaches and managers,tostimulate their thinking and encourage in-depthanalyses.The worksheets and exercises mentioned inthe text are available in the Appendices.I.1 The COMIT approachCoachingBetter managed,resilient,andsustainable protectedareasIMETfig

71、ure 1-Graphic representation of the COMIt process.Source:Compiled by the authors of this reportlMET was developed as part of the first phase of theBIOPAMA4programme for biodiversity and protectedarea management,in the West and Central Africaregion,in close collaboration with several agenciesand admi

72、nistrations in charge of protected areas.Itwas designed to directly support managers,both inthe field and at central level,in improving protectedarea management effectiveness and,more generally,the conservation of biodiversity.Its first version waslaunched in 2015,following several tests in protecte

73、dareas in West Africa,Central Africa and elsewhere.I.2.1 What is IMET?IMET is a decision support tool that providessystematic,robust and results-oriented analysisbased on information collected on site throughparticipatory methods.IMET is a tool that is used toassess a protected areas managementeffec

74、tiveness.It is suitable for all protected areas,regardless of the management and governancecategory,but does not concern the adjacent zoneor buffer zone,even if these zones have an impacton the protected area.As a tool for assessing protected area management,IMET combines an analysis of the interven

75、tion contextwith an assessment of management according to thecycle proposed by the World Commission onProtected Areas(Hockings et al.,2008).IMET is a downloadable computer application thatcan be used without an internet connection.IMETcollects,organises and analyses data related toprotected areas in

76、 order to facilitate analysis andinformed decision-making for the planning,management and organisation of protected areaoperations.It includes several sections that organisea range of data from many sources:raw data,information from documents,and personalknowledge of stakeholders such as managementt

77、eams,scientists and communities around theprotected area.I.2 Integrated Management Effectiveness Tool(IMET)3B Bo ox x 1 1 P Pr ro oa ac ct ti iv ve e a an nd d a ad da ap pt ti iv ve e m ma an na ag ge em me en nt t,a a s st tr ru uc ct tu ur re ed d a ap pp pr ro oa ac ch h t to o d de ec ci is si

78、io on n-m ma ak ki in ng gProactive and adaptive management is asystematic approach aimed at improving resourcemanagement by learning about the effects andimpacts of management.It is rarely implemented,although many resource planning documentsrecommend it and many resource managers referto it.Many b

79、elieve that by following activities andoccasionally making changes,they are carryingout adaptive management.Based on the currentstate of knowledge,a proactive and adaptiveapproach involves exploring and analysing othermeans of achieving management goals,predictingand implementing one or more of thes

80、ealternatives to achieve results(assessment),monitoring the impacts of management actions(monitoring),and using the results to update andadjust management actions(planning).Proactiveand adaptive management focuses on learningand adaptation,through partnerships withmanagers,scientists and other stake

81、holders wholearn together how to create and maintainsustainable resource systems.Source:DOI/AMWG(2012).wHat is tHe added vaLue of imet?IMET provides support for the planning,monitoringand assessment of protected areas on the basis of:the organisation of available information;the definition of refere

82、nce levels;and the self-assessment of a protected areasmanagement effectiveness.The resulting analyses can be used at differentscales:ecosystem,protected area,regional ornational.Thus,the tool promotes a proactive butalso adaptive approach,based on the results thatfacilitate planning,analysis of the

83、 state ofconservation and visualisation of parameters toassess management effectiveness in terms ofachieving conservation goals(see Box 1Proactive and adaptive management,astructured approach for decision making).Using internal statistical systems,IMET combinesinformation and automatically provides

84、estimatesof the degree and quality of management.Thevalues are associated with target results andindicators.Graphs show the relative contribution ofeach indicator to management effectiveness.IMET thus provides managers with the necessaryelements to collectively analyse the situation,identify strengt

85、hs and weaknesses,as well asthreats,while supporting development of theimprovements needed to achieve goals and reachtargets.The results of the IMET assessments not onlyinclude the assessment of protected areamanagement effectiveness,but also provide:a more in-depth and contextual understandingof ma

86、nagement;a list of goals and actions built in aparticipatory process that could be useful indefining a work plan,or even a managementplan;visualisation aids supporting a proactiveresults-based approach for the adaptivemanagement of protected areas;a complete decision support system foragencies and m

87、anagers of protected areas;and an analysis report with the main data,elements from DOPA Explorer5,a SWOT6exercise,operating recommendations,etc.5DOPA Explorer is an online tool that documents more than 40,000 protected areas around the world,covering over 95%of the worlds protected surfacearea.DOPA

88、stands for Digital Observatory of Protected Areas,https:/dopa-explorer.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dopa_explorer.6 SWOT:Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities Threats 4otHer featuresIn addition to being a tool forassessing a protected areasmanagement effectiveness and atool to support analysis andplanning,IMET has

89、 otherpeculiarities:I IMEt allows the transmission of informationto a database that is organised to secure theinformation and to facilitate the analysis of asystem or network of protected areas.IMEt is a checklist.It covers an exhaustive listof the management elements of any type andcategory of prot

90、ected area.Some elementsmay not relate to the protected area assessed(for example,the marine elements will not berelevant for a terrestrial area or some threats donot exist in the area studied).By methodicallyreviewing each section,IMET helps ensure thatan important element has not been overlooked.I

91、MEt has an alert role.It acts as a flashinglight or a warning to the management teamconcerning forgotten or neglected aspects,certain parameters of which deserve to bemonitored in the future.IMEt does not have a scientific goal,but theobjective of understanding and assessingmanagement processes.IMEt

92、 promotes change and evolution of thestarting conditions in order to achieve thedesired conditionsthrough improvedgovernance and management.It makes it possibleto analyse the potential of a protected areasapplication to the Green List.i.2.2 the organisation of imetIMET draws on several sources and i

93、nstrumentsused for management effectiveness assessment.Itis made up of three modules:Module 1:Intervention context Module 2:Management effectivenessassessment Module 3:Analysis reportModule 1:Intervention contextThis module collects basic information on theprotected area to:consolidate all the neces

94、sary elements for theanalysis of the protected areas managementeffectiveness;have and update a monograph of the site withimportant and essential information on theintervention context of the protected area.The headings are as follows:Ctx 1.general information on the protectedarea Ctx 2.surface area,

95、limits and shape index,level of control Ctx 3.Human,financial and materialresources Ctx 4.key elements Ctx 5.Pressures and threats Ctx 6.Climate change and conservation Ctx 7.ecosystem services and dependenceof communities/societyModule 2:Management effectiveness assessmentLike most management effec

96、tiveness assessmenttools,IMET organises the elements of the analysisbased on the protected area management cycle(Hockings et al.,2008).The managementeffectiveness assessment is divided into six elements:-1.management context-2.Planning-3.inputs-4.Process(imet sub-divides theprocess into six sub-elem

97、ents):internal management systems andprocesses;protection/management;relations with stakeholders;tourism management;monitoring and research;management of the effects of climatechange and ecosystem services 5.outputs 6.outcomesEach module offers a visualisation in the form ofgraphs that synthesise th

98、e results of the assessmentof the protected areas management effectiveness.The visualisation tools should be used to facilitatereflection around the decisions to be taken and not fora numerical assessment of the protected areasmanagement.differentiatebetween interventioncontext andmanagement context

99、managementcycle and protectedarea managementeffectiveness5COMIT:Utiliser IMET pour valuer et amliorer lefficacit de gestion des aires protgesManagementContextePlanningInputsProcessOutputsOutcomesGenerale InformationHuman,financial and material ressourcesKey elementsThreatsClimate changeecosystem Ser

100、vices Areas,boundaries and shape index,levelof controlIntervention ContextManagement Evaluation Contextfigure 2 Link and complementarity between the Intervention context and Managementeffectiveness assessment modules.source:Compiled by the authors of this reportModule 3:Analysis report This module s

101、ynthesises the main information and theresults of the IMET analysis.It combines the informationcommunicated by the protected area managementteams with the information from digital observatories(currently by DOPA Explorer and elements ofCopernicus6Land Services).The first part of theanalysis report p

102、resents:a map,as well as a representation of theconservation features and threats;all the key conservation elements;the values of the management effectivenessassessment;a SWOT analysis,recommendations andoperational priorities;and monitoring indicators from digital observatories.In a nutshell,the IM

103、ET exercise makes it possible toanalyse the effectiveness of the management cycleand to identify priority interventions in order toachieve the conservation goals of a protected area.Thus,the tool encourages reflection to move fromthe current state to the favourable or desired state.I.2.3 Installing

104、IMET 2IMET can be downloaded from the Internet.Onceinstalled,it does not require an internet connectionand can therefore be used anywhere.IMET is constantly updated to correct PC installationissues and bugs.The latest version allows users toprint an analysis report summarising the key elementsof the

105、 assessment.The report also providesframeworks for carrying out analyses and makingrecommendations.Link to download IMEthttps:/rris.biopama.org/pame/tools7European Union Earth Observatory,https:/www.copernicus.eu/en.6first instaLLation of imet onyour maCHineIf you are installing the IMET Offline Too

106、l for the firsttime:Before installation,read the installation manual on theIMET download site and check whether yourcomputer has the minimum configuration required forIMET installation(your computer should currentlyoperate in Windows 10,54 bits)1 RunIMETOfflineTool_setup.exeto install the tool in th

107、edefault folder/Documents/IMETOfflineTool.Make sureyou have permission to runexecutables from thisfolder.Otherwise,put it inanother folder for which you have the rights.2 When/Once installation is complete,theprogramme should start automatically.Installation of the version available on theInternetin

108、staLLation of tHe versionavaiLabLe on tHe internetIf you have an old version of IMET on your machine,below are the steps to follow:1 Back up the existing IMET data.2 Close the IMET Offline Tool correctly(usingthe“Close”button on the home page).3 Uninstall the old version of the IMET OfflineTool.4 De

109、lete any remaining IMET Offline Toolfolders.If you receive an error that preventsdeletion of some IMET folders,turn off thenrestart your PC and delete the folder(s)again,until you are sure that you have deleted allpre-existing IMET folders.5 Run IMET OfflineTool_setup.exe to install thenew version i

110、n the default/Documents/IMETOfflineTool folder.6 Make sure you have permission to runexecutables from this folder.Otherwise,put itin another folder for which you have rights.7 When installation is complete,the programmeshould start automatically.Before starting any version ofIMET Offline Tool,you mu

111、stproperly close any runningversion(using the“Close”buttonon the home page).If you areunsure whether an instance is running in thebackground,restart your PC.warning:installing multipleversions of the imetoffline tool on a singlePC is stronglydiscouraged.if you have a problem,consultthe page listing

112、the problemsencountered while loading imet andthe proposed solutions.it is updatedregularly.https:/rris.biopama.org/pame/toolsThe term“coaching”is used in several activityareas,including sports as well as personal andorganisational development.In the environmentalfield,this term is rarely used.By es

113、tablishing acoaching system in protected area management inWest and Central Africa,the BIOPAMA programmeis a pioneer in this area.Coaching makes itpossible to help managers of protected areas tostrengthen management effectiveness bydeveloping their potential,their know-how and theirapproaches and at

114、titudes.This section describesthe specifics of coaching in protected areamanagement,established under the BIOPAMAprogramme in West and Central Africa,inconnection with the use of the IMET tool.I.3.1 Being an IMET coach of protectedareaswhat is a coach and why an IMEtcoach?A coach is a protected area

115、 expert,trainedspecifically in the use and analysis of IMET results.He/she provides professional guidance and supportto protected area management teams.The term“coachee”refers to the people and teams who benefitfrom the coaching.It is primarily a team or amanagement unit at a protected area level.Th

116、e term“coachee”can also refer to teams that administer andmonitor one or more protected areas at central orregional level.I.3 Coaching in protected area management7COMIT:Utiliser IMET pour valuer et amliorer lefficacit de gestion des aires protgesB Bo ox x 2 2 -I Im mp po or rt ta an nt t c ca ap pa

117、 ac ci it ti ie es sLess obvious but important capacities fordeveloping Africas human potentialThe notable ones include the following:-the ability to provide visionary and strategicleadership;-the ability to learn,concentrate and developstrategies;-the ability to exploit and effectively useexisting

118、capabilities and forces;-the ability to retain,hire and effectively usecompetent and productive staff;-the ability to make use of underused potentialwithin an organisation;-the ability to foresee,adapt and respond to avolatile and constantly changing environment;-the ability to harness creativity an

119、d innovation;-the ability for managers to provide space forstaff and the ability for staff to freely andeffectively use that space(empowerment);-the ability to motivate and inspire teams;-the ability to instil among staff a greater senseof belonging to a group in order to achieveagreed organisationa

120、l goals;-the ability to ensure accountability and mutualresponsibility;-the ability to communicate effectively withinternal and external audiences;-the ability to learn and apply lessons learnedto improve performance for effective servicedelivery,and to adjust and take correctiveaction;-the ability

121、to monitor and assess the impact.Source:African Union and NEPAD(2009).The AU/NEPADCapacity Development Strategic Framework.Seeing AfricanPeople as the true Resource.NEPAD:Johannesburg.Coaching principlesCoaching involves close interaction with thecoachee.The coach is therefore bound by valueswhich g

122、overn his/her rules of conduct.Thesevalues may or may not be written.In the case ofprofessional coaching networks or companies,these values are often expressed in the form of acharter or a code of ethics developed andvalidated by the community of coaches in thesector.This charterformulates ethicalbe

123、nchmarks andconstitutes a cohesivetool for the community of coaches.A first version of an IMET coach charter waspresented during the training of coaches in Niger in2015.It has actually become a reality with theformalisation of the network of coaches in Central andWest Africa.The introduction of IMET

124、 coaches took place in 2015and follows the paradigm shift in capacity building inprotected area management.Indeed,faced with thecomplexity of their work,protected area staff needdiverse learning frameworks and formats to ensure thecontinuous development of their knowledge,skills andattitudes not jus

125、t one-off trainings(Mller et al.,2015).Is the coach a trainer?To some extent,yes.The coach participates in thecapacity building of the coachee,which can bedone in a training workshop.However,the coach isnot just a trainer,who generally imparts knowledgeand techniques to trainees during a specific ti

126、meperiod.Compared to a trainer,a coach offerssupport over time and stimulates new supportiverelationships with the coachee.Furthermore,thecoachee will be called upon to work more on himselfthan the learner would be.Instead of“receiving”,thecoachee will“produce”.In protected areamanagement,the coach

127、will help the coachee toproduce the necessary data,organise information,analyse conservation states and efforts,as well aspropose interventions.The coach will not want thecoachee to simply fill out the IMET forms,limitinghimself to outputting data or information.He willstimulate the coachee to discu

128、ss and analyse thedata,even when the information available is notcomplete.The coaching process seeks to developother intangible capacities such as critical analysis,problem solving,advocacy,communication and theability to make informed and analysis-baseddecisions(see Box 2 Important capacities).Le c

129、oaching est lart de poser les questions et de remettre encause les hypothses,et non de dire lautre ce quil doit faire.8Coaching is the art ofasking questions andchallenging assumptions,nottelling others what to do.COMIT:Utiliser IMET pour valuer et amliorer lefficacit de gestion des aires protgesB B

130、o ox x 3 3 T Th he e I IM ME ET T c co oa ac ch h c ch ha ar rt te er r f fo or r p pr ro ot te ec ct te ed d a ar re ea as s (2 20 01 15 5)1.Coaching exercise:The coach has beenmandated by his/her institution to exercisethis function based on his training andexperience.2.Confidentiality:The coach i

131、s bound byprofessional secrecy.He agrees not todisclose to third parties confidentialinformation to which he may have accessduring his mission.3.Respect for people:Aware of his position,thecoach refrains from exercising any undueinfluence and adopts the principle ofrecognition and respect for others

132、.4.Responsibility for decisions:The coachrelinquishes all responsibility for decisions tothe coachee:namely the curator,his team,hismanagement partners as well as the parentinstitution.5.Protection of people and the organisation:The coach adapts his intervention whilerespecting the development stage

133、s of thecoachee.The coach is attentive to theprofession,practices,culture,context andconstraints of the organisation to which he isassigned.In particular,the coach maintains aposition outside the organisation,does nottake a stand,and does not interfere in internalmatters.6.Balance of the whole syste

134、m:Coaching isexercised in the synthesis of the interests ofthe coachee and his organisation.values and assumptions underlyingcoachingCoaching is based on the principle that people arecompetent to find solutions to their own problems.Thus,the coach plays the role of a catalyst byreactivating the reso

135、urces which the coacheesalready have.The aim of coaching is to promote theautonomy of the coachees so that they can continuea sort of auto-coaching after the coaching instructionsessions.There is no single model of coaching.Each caseinvolves a different goal,a specific role for the coachas well as a

136、 type of relationship between the coachand the coachee.Technical coaches help master anew technique or process.Some coaches help find asolution to a specific problem.Others will implementself-reflexive practices so that the coachees reflect ontheir own practices to improve their professionalperforma

137、nce.Finally,other coaches can strengthen ateam.These forms of coaching are sometimes foundtogether,to varying degrees.They involve the use ofa range of techniques,which vary according to theculture and the means available.Coaching opens up many opportunities,among them to:receive support and encoura

138、gement from a peeror an expert while assessing experiences,discussing feelings,describing frustrations,checking perceptions;refine strategies or techniques throughinformation feedback,or technical assistance;analyse practices and bring decision-making toa conscious level;adapt or generalise skills o

139、r strategies taking intoaccount what is necessary to improve results;reflect on perceptions and/or the way in whichdecisions are made,which improves knowledgeand understanding of professional practices.In the COMIT approach,the implementation ofcoaching has three goals:to make the coachee autonomous

140、 when usingIMET;to integrate IMET into his planning andmonitoring-evaluation system;to stimulate adaptive protected areamanagement.The coach must trust the judgment and intuition of thecurator and his team.However,this should be basedon existing documents,including the managementand development plan

141、 or other objective referencesto the information provided.The“Comments”fieldsare used to provide additional information thatcontributes to a better understanding of the situationin question.9COMIT:Utiliser IMET pour valuer et amliorer lefficacit de gestion des aires protges10B Bo ox x 4 4 T Th he e

142、m mo os st t e ef ff fe ec ct ti iv ve e c co oa ac ch hi in ng g m mo od de el ls sOn site:the coachee wants to see the coach do thepractice himself,in his workplace,and beconvinced that a technique is not only feasible,butwell done.well balanced:in terms of interventions.Thecoachee should not feel

143、 oppressed or neglected.Good coaches dont dictate:they make it easy forothers to think and take responsibility.They knowwhen to encourage the coachee and when to keepa low profile.Effective information feedback,in other wordsinformation that:-is descriptive(evaluative);-is specific(general);-describ

144、es observable events or behaviours,ratherthan personal opinions;-focuses on behaviour(the person);-shares information rather than gives advice;-explores alternatives instead of gives a solution(orthe solution);-starts with a positive point;-describes observable relationships betweenbehaviours or eve

145、nts so that the coachee canhimself make the link between cause and effect;-offers information and gives examples that theinterlocutor can use.fostering professional reflection by encouraginganalyses,self-assessment and discussions withpeers or a community of practitioners on issues butnot on a parti

146、cular fact.Coaches must be well trained:in interpersonalcommunication techniques,mastery of the subjectmatter(here protected area management)andcoaching techniques.Collaborative:by allowing collaboration with thecoachee,between coaches and with otherpartners.There is no obligation for the coach to d

147、oeverything,nor to know everything.Source:Koh,S.and Neuman,S.B.(2006).Exemplary elements of coaching.University ofMichigan Research Program on Ready to Read:Ann Arbor(United States).who can be an IMEt coach?Within the framework of the BIOPAMA programme,there are two basic prerequisites to become a c

148、oach:-has an extensive experience in protected areamanagement;-has been trained as a coach.For the first requirement,it is a question of havingproven professional experience,as an actor in directon-site protected area management(as curator orsite manager for example)or in support management(for exam

149、ple within a central administration,an NGOmanaging a protected area,or as a technical,scientific and/or financial partner,etc.).The IMET coach training has until now beenorganised by the BIOPAMA programme in Centraland West Africa.Candidates officially selected by thenational administrations in char

150、ge of protected areashave priority.Successful candidates undergo afortnights training which includes the use of IMET,theprinciples of coaching,and the tools for criticalanalysis,problem solving and decision-making.Sofar,two trainings have been carried out in West Africaand in Central Africa.However,

151、there are some cases where a coach hasnot had any training courses but,thanks to his/herexperience,has mastered this process perfectly.B Bo ox x 5 5 C Cr ri it te er ri ia a f fo or r m me em mb be er rs sh hi ip p i in n t th he e I IM ME ET T n ne et tw wo or rk k o of f W We es st t a an nd d C C

152、e en nt tr ra al l A Af fr ri ic ca a c co oa ac ch he es s-Be in a wildlife conservation institution.-Work or have worked in West and/or CentralAfrica.-Work or have worked in wildlife reserves orprotected areas.-Have an email address and consult it at leastonce a week.Source:Status of the IMET netw

153、ork of coaches(2016).COMIT:Utiliser IMET pour valuer et amliorer lefficacit de gestion des aires protges11IMET coaches trained in West and Central Africahave quite varied backgrounds.More than halfcome from national protected area managementadministrations.Around 40%are attached to aprivate sector o

154、r civil society organisation orcooperation agencies.In all cases,they must havereceived authorisation from their institution to fill therole of coach.In some cases,they must beapproved by the administration in charge ofprotected areas in view of the sensitive issues thatarise during the IMET exercis

155、e.the national pair systemEven if a coach must be autonomous and have agood command of the IMET tool and the resultingsupport processes,a pair system per country hasbeen established to ensure maximum quality of theinterventions.Indeed,the presence of two coachesmakes it possible to share the importa

156、nt tasks ofpreparation,on-site assessment and feedback.I.3.2 Coaching mission The coach is called upon to carry out anassessment of one or more protected areas.Therequest can come from the BIOPAMA programme,in partnership with the protected area networks in aregion and the institutions that manage p

157、rotectedareas in a country,or the regional protected areaobservatories,an institution managing protectedareas,or a technical and financial partner of aprotected area.The coach will help generate thenecessary data,organise information,analyseconditions and conservation efforts and formulateproposals

158、and intervention priorities.Spheres of intervention and rolesThe coach intervenes in three spheres:the site(orthe protected area),the central administration(national level)and the regional observatory(regional level).At site level,the coachs main mission is tostrengthen the planning,monitoring and e

159、valuationcapacities of protected area management teams andinstitutions using the IMET tool.Concretely,thisentails:training the site management team and fieldworkers on assessment issues;using IMET,carrying out the managementeffectiveness assessment of the protectedarea and the results analysis.This

160、part oftentakes the form of a workshop generally lastingthree days,including data and informationcollection with IMET,results analysis,development of proposals to improvemanagement,monitoring and planning in themanagement plan and operationalrecommendations for the work plan;guiding the development

161、of recommendationsto improve the internal or local planning-monitoring-evaluation system;providing additional support and advice asrequested.In addition to the elements mentioned above,a coachcan also:analyse the potential of the Green List approachbased on the results of the IMET analysis;act as a

162、mentor to support a protected areasapplication to the Green List(see chapter IV.2).At national level,with the institution or institutionsin charge of managing a protected area network orsystem,the coachs mission is to:introduce the IMET tool to the authorities incharge of protected area management,e

163、specially when they are not familiar with IMET;train the selected protected area managementteams in the use of IMET and the analysis ofresults for the improvement of management andgovernance as well as the development of theinternal planning-monitoring-evaluation system,when possible;participate in

164、the coordination of assessmentsessions(or campaigns)at the various sites;support the development of management,monitoring and planning improvement proposals(management plan,work plan)for a protectedarea network or system.Further analysis of theresults may be necessary at this stage;be available to o

165、ffer support and advice for theimplementation of recommendations at nationalplanning level;and participate with the designated resourcepersons in the preparation of national reportsbased on management effectiveness analyses.At regional level,the coachs mission is to:contribute to the establishment o

166、f functionallinks between the national institution and anyprotected area observatories8;be at the disposal of regional bodies(such asthe West African Economic and MonetaryUnion9and the Central African ForestryCommission10)in the implementation of theiractivities;8The BIOPAMA programme has set up or

167、supports observatories in its intervention regions.More information is available at https:/www.biopama.org/en/what-we-offer.9www.uemoa.int/10https:/ifac.org/COMIT:Utiliser IMET pour valuer et amliorer lefficacit de gestion des aires protgesparticipate in the exchange network on the use andimprovemen

168、t of IMET and on the implementation ofcoaching missions.In more specific terms,in all his/her interventions,coaches will:answer the coachees questions and provideguidance on the use of IMET and thedevelopment of their skills;familiarise and encourage the coachee in theprocess of management assessmen

169、t andanalysis,search for solutions and;stimulate an analytical mind in the coacheeusing factual evidence;strengthen team spirit,a culture ofaccountability and a results-oriented approachwhen filling out IMET forms and analysingmanagement and governance results;ensure equitable interventions between

170、thevarious stakeholders participating in the IMETassessment and the reporting of results;develop the ability of the coachee to makedecisions based on solid analyses and to reactto specific problems of protected areamanagement;and promote in the coachee an approach orientedtowards research and identi

171、fication of practical and operational solutions.Mission and roles of an IMET coachRegionallevelCountrylevelSitelevelcoachesRlesSTEP 1:ShareInformationSTEP 2:NationalTrainingSTEP 3:PAassessmentSTEP 5:RaportingSTEP 4:NationalpresentationsCompilationAdditional AnalysesNationalRecommendationsSupport the

172、organization ofthe campaign:logisticd,partnership,identification ofthe PAs to beevaluedLogistic preparationPre-filingLink withobservatoriesRegionalTrainingRegional resultspresentationAdvisorCatalystTrainerAuditorAnalysteOrganizerFacilitatorFilingEvaluationPreliminary analysisRecommendationsLocal fee

173、dbackfigure 3 Mission and roles of the IMEt coach.Source:Compiled by the authors of this reportA coaching mission typically includes five steps:-presentation and information on IMET,on therole of coaches and on coaching;-training of protected area managers on IMET;-assessment of protected area manag

174、ementeffectiveness using IMET;-restitution of the missions;-report.12COMIT:Utiliser IMET pour valuer et amliorer lefficacit de gestion des aires protges1.Presentation and information on IMET,onthe role of coaches and on coachingThe coach begins this step,within hiscountry/administration,upon returni

175、ng from histraining as a coach.With his/her partner,he/sheorganises participative meetings and discussionson the COMIT approach.At the end of this step,theadministrators and managers of the protected areasconcerned should have understood the usefulnessand functioning of IMET,as well as the coachingp

176、rocess,and decided together to pursue(or not)aspecific action plan.One of the most importantdecisions to be made in this step is which protectedareas to support11.2.Training of protected area managerson IMETThis step involves training managers of selectedprotected areas or central government in the

177、use oflMET.The training should cover software,contentand interpretation of results.The pair of coaches willprovide the training.In addition to mastering the IMET tool,this trainingaims to develop a method of acquiring importantattitudes(willingness to change,acceptance,results-oriented approach,enco

178、uragement to beopen to critical analyses,to transparency and to aculture of accountability,etc.),necessary to achievemanagement improvement goals.For this purpose,it is essential that coaches useadult learner-centred training techniques(see Box6 Some principles and techniques for makingtraining effe

179、ctive).These so-called“active”techniques promote the involvement of learnersbeyond mere listening.Learners participate and areengaged in the activities.They are called upon incomplex reflections(analysis,synthesis,evaluation)and considered as full actors in their learning.The coach is invited to dra

180、w on the numerousresources available on adult training techniques.Hewill choose the most appropriate for the situation(number of learners,profile of participants,availablespace and time,desired objectives,case studies).11 In order to initiate the process within the different countries,support of a t

181、echnical and possibly financial nature can be provided bythe BIOPAMA programme or by other programmes funded by the European Union or by other donors.Elephants in Pendjari National Park,Benin.-African Parks&Marcus 13COMIT:Utiliser IMET pour valuer et amliorer lefficacit de gestion des aires protgesB

182、 Bo ox x 6 6 -S So om me e p pr ri in nc ci ip pl le es s a an nd d t te ec ch hn ni iq qu ue es s f fo or r m ma ak ki in ng g t tr ra ai in ni in ng g e ef ff fe ec ct ti iv ve eTraining is most effective when it takes into accountthe characteristics of adult learning,or“andragogy”.First,it is imp

183、ortant to create a positive climate withinthe group which will promote better assimilation ofthe information.The learning environment is anessential component for effective training.Some important principlesMake sure the training matches the participantsneeds.Adults are aware of their needs and want

184、 toshare responsibility for their learning.If a trainingneeds assessment exists,it is important to take itinto account.However,some needs are not alwaysexpressed,although they nevertheless remainimportant,for example“self-actualisation”(the needfor continuous personal development and theimplementati

185、on of ones own ideas and skills),themotivation to learn and get ahead,the desire to beaccepted in a group,etc.Techniques:Introduce the training programme inadvance.Discuss it at the start of the training.Make sure you meet immediate needs.Participants will be more motivated if the trainingseeks to m

186、eet their immediate needs.Techniques:Ask them about their expectations,either before the training or on the first day of thetraining.Adapt the programme and activitiesaccordingly(staying within the objectives of theworkshop).Encourage the active participation of allparticipants.Training that is base

187、d on experienceand action is more sustainable and effective.Techniques:Diversify the training techniques:roleplays,debates,practical exercises,pair work,groupwork,mini-projects,etc.Be creative,but clear!Base training on experience.The most effectivelearning relies on the exchange of personal experie

188、nce.Techniques:Allow time for participants to share or usetheir experiences,to serve as examples or casestudies.Support reflection by giving participants theopportunity to reflect on and learn from the past andalso during the course of the training.Techniques:Plan activities that will allowparticipa

189、nts to review what they have done.Encourage reflection on the problems and thestrategies used to solve them.Create a healthy atmosphere by making sureeveryone is comfortable.A healthy,collaborativeand cheerful atmosphere promotes learning andparticipation.Techniques:Provide sufficient time and works

190、hopinformation,including logistical arrangements.Break the ice and relax the atmosphere at the startand during the workshop.Be nice!Make sure the environment is pleasant byensuring that participants are well fed,well restedand in good health in order to learn with maximumefficiency.It is strongly re

191、commended to make thetraining pleasant and friendly with moments of breakand relaxation.Techniques:Carefully select the training location.Plan a snack during breaks.Take complaints intoaccount.Encourage feedback by allowing participants tomake comments,whether they are positive ornegative.Techniques

192、:Encourage participants to expresstheir views,do not pass judgment on comments.Sources:Kopylova,S.L.and Danilina,N.R.(2011).Protected Area Staff Training:Guidelines for Planning andManagement.Gland(Switzerland):IUCN.xiv+102 pages.Stone R.(1998).What is your part?Training and its impacton the organis

193、ation.Guide for those responsible for trainingin the management of protected areas.African Biodiversity”Series n 5.Washington,DC,USA:Biodiversity SupportProgram.https:/portals.iucn.org/library/node/26144 3.Assessing protected area managementeffectiveness using IMETThis step consists of organising an

194、 assessmentsession for the protected area using the IMET tool;the session should take the form of a three-dayparticipatory workshop.It is the coachs duty toensure that the dates,logistical arrangements andparticipants are clearly identified,and thatparticipants are informed before the session.Coache

195、s should receive in advance the basicdocuments for the protected area,such as thedevelopment and management plan,along with amap of the protected area and its region.Filling inthe forms,or even a site visit,can be carried outbefore this workshop.14COMIT:Utiliser IMET pour valuer et amliorer lefficac

196、it de gestion des aires protgesSome conditions to be checked by the coach does the list of participants correspond to the management and governance category of the protected area?is the basic equipment available and functional(in particular,a video projector and two data entrycomputers)?does imet fu

197、nction correctly on the computers that will be used?is it clear how participants will be managed during the workshop?to what extent were the stakeholders in the assessment(such as local communities,traditional authorities,etc.)sufficiently informed about the assessment session?are there courtesy vis

198、its to be made,especially if the assessment is being done on site?The second part of this document explains how toconduct the assessment using IMET.The session istypically divided into three parts:data encoding and discussions oncomprehension of,notably,the Interventioncontext part;assessment of man

199、agement effectiveness,ledby the two coaches;analysis of the results using visualisationelements and other support tools(data fromobservatories,other reports,etc.),review of therelevance of the solutions proposed andformulation or adaptation of operationalrecommendations.In a number of cases,addition

200、al analyses werecarried out well after the assessment workshop hadtaken place.These analyses concern different levels:at site level,specific themes(ecosystemservices for example)or,on the basis ofanalyses,the formulation of planning documentsand work plans based on objectives andreference levels;at

201、the protected area systems level(levelequivalent to ecosystems,conservationlandscapes,national or regional protected areanetworks),using the database underlying theIMET system,a compilation,comparison,cross-referencing,and analysis of the assessments ofdifferent sites including identification of wea

202、kpoints and strong points of the system/network,identification of common characteristics andpossible response typologies by groups ofprotected areas.B Bo ox x 7 7 T Ty yp pe es s o of f I IM ME ET T a an na al ly ys si is s c ca ar rr ri ie ed d o ou ut t o on n t th he e 1 14 4 p pr ro ot te ec ct

203、te ed d a ar re ea as s i in n B Bu ur ru un nd di i (2 20 01 16 6)1.“Clustering”of protected areas withhomogeneous scores for the six elements ofthe management cycle.2.“Ranking”to identify targeted benchmarks forspecific indicators that should be met orexceeded by protected areas.3.“IMEt Index”as t

204、he average efficiency acrossthe six elements of the management cycle.4.“Average”,to define for each protected areasystem the“average”of the IMET scores for thesystem.5.“Non-response indicators”to determine thedifference for each domain between the rawscore and the score based on imputed data.6.“Spec

205、ific technical analysis”for the conservationof biodiversity and natural resources based on thevalue indicators of the IMET tool.7.“visualisation”,presentation and understandingof the system.8.“Cross-analysis”to establish consistencyacross values of the associated indicators.Source:Compiled by the au

206、thors of this reportDuring an assessment session,the two coaches regularly switch roles between investigator and reviewer.The investigator coach:asks the different questions in imet.explains the different imet elements.fills out the imet forms.encourages exchanges and analyses.The reviewer coach:che

207、cks the quality and logic of the exercise,aswell as the consistency of the answers providedby the participants;helps refocus discussions;provides additional information or explanations;supports participants in difficulty;takes notes if necessary.15COMIT:Utiliser IMET pour valuer et amliorer lefficac

208、it de gestion des aires protges4.Restitution of the mission This step consists in organising and conducting anational or local workshop to present the IMETassessment results to representatives of nationaladministrations and the main partner institutions.Thisworkshop offers the opportunity to generat

209、erecommendations for improving protected areamanagement at national level,based on reliable dataand information.In this phase,coaches can also provide institutionalsupport by ensuring that the use of IMET is integratedinto the planning-monitoring-evaluation unit of thenational institution.Additional

210、 indications on this stage,in particular theformulation of proposals,are given in part III.4.5.The report This last step consists of submitting the reports ofyour interventions to the party mandating the workand the entities concerned,according to the termsof reference for the coachs intervention.Re

211、portsmay include those of the national training workshop,of the assessment and support missions to theprotected area,and of the restitution mission.Thisstep also involves transferring data and informationfrom assessments to a central system(national orregional),if one exists,which can then carry out

212、analyses at different scales.i.3.3 Preparing the assessment tHe resPonse sCaLe systemIMET is organised into a series of questions.Foreach question,IMET provides a scale that allowsassessment participants to respond as objectivelyas possible.Responses should be provided using simplifiedscales with va

213、lues 0-1-2-3 in most cases.Values0 and 1 relate to negative ratings and 2 and 3 topositive ratings.NEGATIVE POSITIVE 1:Negative 2:Positive RatingScale 0:Extremely/very Negative3:Extremely/verypositiveIn the case of trend analysis,the scales can rangefrom values of 3/2/1 for negative trends,to 0for s

214、table situations,and+1/+2/+3 for positiveevolution.The first step is to determine whether theestimate is negative or positive.For the former,it isnecessary to determine whether the estimate ishighly negative(0)or just negative(1).In the lattercase,it is necessary to specify whether the estimateis po

215、sitive(2)or highly positive(3).The coach is notthe decision maker,but he supports if necessary the protected area team in its reflection in order toreach a response that is as consensual andobjective as possible.It is important to specify that the values displayed arenot absolute estimates,but rathe

216、r they arerepresentative of the assessment.They make itpossible to facilitate the representation of theanalyses and the considerations formulated,andshould be used as a decision tool(see the nextpoint).Elements that should not be taken into account inthe protected area management under assessment Wh

217、en an IMET element is not linked to themanagement of a specific protected area,andtherefore should not be taken into account in theanalyses,the option“not applicable”(N/A)shouldbe used.Indeed,the value 0 is already used in theanalysis and should therefore not be used again toindicate that an element

218、 is not relevant for themanagement of this protected area.Leaving a blankcould be misleading,and cause review readers tothink that this was an oversight.PLan for a Pre-fiLLing out imetIn the event that IMET is being used as a firstexercise in constituting a baseline for theprotected area,it is impor

219、tant to prepare thesources of information in advance:creation texts;the current management plan,but also previousmanagement plans;16COMIT:Utiliser IMET pour valuer et amliorer lefficacit de gestion des aires protges the financial plan and the annual work plan usedfor the year to be assessed;other pl

220、anning and organisational documents forprotected area management at local andnational levels;the results of studies,research and monitoring;reports already drawn up by the nationalinstitution,e.g.activity report,research report;data from protectedarea digitalobservatories such asDOPA,regionalobserva

221、tories,the IUCNglobal database onprotected areas.12Pre-filling out the Intervention context module canreduce the assessment time.During the assessmentworkshop,it will suffice to review these sections quicklywith the protected area team to validate them orcomplete the missing information.For the foll

222、owingyears,only an update will be needed,which willprovide significant time savings in the filling-out phase(up to one or two days less)in favour of more in-depthanalysis and formulation of operationalrecommendations and initial planning elements.setting uP imet ParametersSetting up IMET parameters

223、consists of establishingcertain common and specific criteria correspondingto a countrys conservationsystem or a particular region(for example a cross-borderarea).These may beprovisions,names ormechanisms specific to acountry,which should thenbe included as elements tobe considered whenassessing othe

224、r protectedareas in that country.This parameterisation is done during theassessment of the first protected area,ideally duringthe pre-filling out phase,but it is also possible to doit as the IMET exercise progresses.IMETs“country”configuration will avoid having toresearch certain variables again,fac

225、ilitate theassessment and harmonise the analysis criteria ofall the other protected areas in the country.Thisparameterisation exercise will remain associatedwith the protected area considered and will not berepeated in the future.When conducting a new IMETexercise in this protected area,the settings

226、 willalready be available.It will then be possible to limitoneself to refining it,if necessary,depending on theevolution of the management process.The parameterisation exercise makes it possible toconsider the specificity of each protected area,while facilitating the use of the results of theanalyse

227、s for decision-making at a higher level(national and regional),as the information collectedis structured in the same way.In addition,it ispossible to set common results and effects/impactsat national and regional levels,and thus also to setthe indicators and reference values(benchmarks)to be attaine

228、d for the conservation networks.Analysis and assessment of the progress ofconservation efforts can be monitored using IMET.However,it is always possible to insert additionalelements specific to the protected area assessed.The spaces allotted to comments allow for providingmore details on the protect

229、ed area or the analysis inprogress.steP-by-steP metHodoLogy IMET has 28 sections for the intervention contextand 43 in the assessment part.Each sectioncontains questions,the number depending on theparameters set by the protected area team incollaboration with the coaches.Participants may betempted t

230、o skip some of them.It is indeed possiblethat certain sections do not concern the protectedarea assessed(for example,specific sectionsrelating to a marine protected area).However,theyshould be read one by one,in a systematic way,asif it were a checklist.Likewise,if a problem to besolved(or a negativ

231、e point)is identified,it is better so as not to get distracted to complete theanalysis of the entire table before formulating thesolutions to be adopted.management assessmentThis second step concerns the review andcompletion of the section on of the interventioncontext following the pre-filling out

232、exercise ifnecessary and that of the managementassessment module.IMET implementation takesplace during a workshop with those responsible formanaging the protected area and,ideally,arepresentative of the central administration.Normally,the protected area is represented by itscurator and its managemen

233、t team.Representativesof the local populations and partners mustparticipate.However,their degree of participationwill take into account the governance typology of theprotected area.when should an IMEtassessment be done?imet evaluates a completedyear.the frequency ofassessments depends on theneeds of

234、 the manager and hisadministration.How long does it take todo an IMEt assessment?usually,it takes three daysto complete an imetassessment,including ananalysis of the results.adequate pre-filling out canreduce this time to two days.in a few rare cases,theassessment has taken fourdays.12 IMET pour val

235、uer et amliorer lefficacit de gestion des aires protgesBelow are the prerequisites for successfullyconducting the assessment session:the coaches have made use of the informationand data available on the protected area;the pre-filling out exercise has been carriedout;the pair of coaches have visited

236、the site tobetter understand the realities;the protected area management team hasbeen informed beforehand and is prepared todevote three working days to this session;a suitable workplace(quiet,air-conditionedor ventilated ifnecessary)has beenidentified;and the other participantshave been informedand

237、 are ready toparticipate in theassessment.dAy 1 General overview:missionobjectives,completed steps,IMET,filling-out methodology,scoring Intervention context:verification ofdata and addition of missinginformationdAy 2 Management context Planning Inputs Process OutputsdAy 3 Outcomes Analysis of the ou

238、tputs andoutcomes of conservation efforts Formulation of proposals to improvemanagement Next steps in coaching support18Wildebeest in Liuwa Plain national park,Zambia-African Parks&Will Burrard LucasGeneral schedule for the first filling-out sessionSuggested steps for theexercisesSuggested steps for

239、 theexercises1.Carefully read the casestudies and exercises2.Discuss each question oneby one with your pair3.Note behaviors andquestions to ask if a similarcase occurs during yourmissionCOMIT:Utiliser IMET pour valuer et amliorer lefficacit de gestion des aires protges19Part ii:imet 2 ContentII.1 In

240、tervention contextII.1.1List of indicators of the intervention contextThe different sections of IMET are presented in code form.This part details the content of the IMET tool version 2020.CTX 1.General information about the protected area CTX 1.0.1 Persons responsible for compiling the file:Manageme

241、nt team and partners CTX 1.0.2 Persons responsible for compiling the form:External support for analysis and assessment CTX 1.1 Basic data CTX 1.2 Governance and partnership CTX 1.3 Special designations of the protected area(World Heritage,MAB,Ramsar site,IBA,SPAMI,LMMA,etc.)CTX 1.4 Belonging to a lo

242、cal(buffer zones with a particular status,wildlife reserves,etc.),national,landscape,cross-border,regional or international management network CTX 1.5 Vision,mission,objectives CTX 1.6 References from historical,political,legal,institutional and socio-economic contexts as well as other specific elem

243、ents of the protected area CTX 1.7 Setting of objectives CTX 2.Surface areas,limits and shape index,level of control CTX 2.1 Localisation CTX 2.2 Surface areas of the protected area and the conservation context CTX 2.3 Level of control of the protected area(or by sectors of the protected area)CTX 2.

244、4 Reference territorial context of the protected area CTX 2.5 Setting of objectives CTX 3.Human,financial and material resources CTX 3.1.1 Staff size and composition:Protected area staff CTX 3.1.2 Staff size and composition:Partner staff CTX 3.1.3 Staff size and composition:Community staff CTX 3.2.1

245、 Financial resources:Budget and management costs CTX 3.2.2 Financial resources:Budget available CTX 3.2.3 Financial resources:Budget lines of the operational plan/work plan budgeted annually CTX 3.2.4 Contribution of partners to support the protected area CTX 3.3 Availability of infrastructure,equip

246、ment and facilities CTX 3.4 Setting of objectives CTX 4.Key elements CTX 4.1 Animal species(mammals,birds,amphibians,reptiles,fish):flagship,threatened,endemic,exploited,invasive species,etc.used as indicators of the state of the protected area and requiring monitoring over time II.1.2Elements of th

247、e intervention context The first module“Intervention context”provides anin-depth understanding of the situation in which theprotected area operates.Completing this partcorrectly can result in a detailed monograph of theprotected area.At the end of each tab,a section entitled“Setting ofobjectives”ide

248、ntifies theimportant elements to beconsidered in protected areamanagement.Any problemidentified or lack of informationcan be reported in this section,so that it is taken into account.The table ofobjectives is organised to insert:the elements/indicators related to the aspectscovered by the current ta

249、b;the baseline or current state revealed bycompleting the tab;and the objectives or conditions desired or to beachieved:this can be a long-term objective aswell as a desired state.The elements defined in the table can be used for themanagement and monitoring of protected areaactivities,more specific

250、ally for the following phases:planning,search for resources(inputs),process,determination of results and impact objectives.GEnEraL InforMaTIon aBouT ThEproTECTEd arEaCTX 1.0.1 1.0.2 persons responsible forcompiling the file Persons responsible for compiling the file:Management team and partnersPerso

251、ns responsible for compiling the form:External support for analysis and evaluationQuestions CTX 1.0.1 and 1.0.2 make it possible toidentify the representatives of the parties and theinternal and external protected area managers whohave compiled or provided the information,recorded the date of comple

252、tion of the filling-outexercise,as well as the duration of the IMETexercise.See the link with CTX 1.2.Depending upon thetypology of governance,it would be normal forIMET to be completed with the partnersinvolved in the decision-making processes ofthe protected area.Ctx 1.1-basic dataThe CTX 1.1 ques

253、tions allow one to identify andreport the essential data of the protected area aswell as its attachment to higher-scale ecologicalunits(biome and ecoregion).The information alsoenables the necessary corrections to be made todatabases at national,regional and global levels.Ctx 1.2-governance and part

254、nershipThe CTX 1.2 questions aim to:specify the governance typology according tothe reference classification provided by IUCNand,possibly,to underline its specificities;andworksheet 1-differentiate betweenintervention context andmanagement context20CTX 4.1 Animal species(mammals,birds,amphibians,rep

255、tiles,fish):flagship,threatened,endemic,exploited,invasive species,etc.used as indicators of the state of the protected area and requiring monitoring over time CTX 4.2 Plant species:flagship,threatened,endemic,exploited,invasive species,etc.selected as indicators for the protected area and that shou

256、ld be monitored over time CTX 4.3.1 The ecosystem and habitats chosen as indicators for the protected area and that should be monitored over time CTX 4.3.2 Presence,extent and distribution of key habitats and marine stratus CTX 4.4 Management of land cover,its use and occupation(forest,soil,water,ro

257、ads,etc.)for global values,see point 2.2 chosen as indicators for the protected area and that should be monitored over time CTX 4.5 Setting of objectives CTX 5.Pressures and threats CTX 5.1 Pressures and threats CTX 5.2 Setting of objectives CTX 6.Climate change and conservation CTX 6.1 Key elements

258、 most vulnerable to climate change CTX 6.2 Setting of objectives CTX 7 Ecosystem services and dependence of communities/society CTX 7.1 Ecosystem services and dependence of communities/society CTX 7.2 Setting of objectives COMIT:Utiliser IMET pour valuer et amliorer lefficacit de gestion des aires p

259、rotges21COMIT:Utiliser IMET pour valuer et amliorer lefficacit de gestion des aires protges indicate partnerships in support of themanagement and governance of the protectedarea.For information:the term“governance”in IMETshould be understood as the decision-makingprocess in protected area management

260、.The term“partnership”refers only to aspects of collaborationin management activities,a very important aspect inconservation interventions.Ctx 1.3 special designations of the protected area(world Heritage,mab,ramsar site,iba,sPami,Lmma,etc.)Section CTX 1.3 allows one to specify theclassifications an

261、d status as well as the designationcriteria for the protected area.Certain elementsrequested are pre-filled in on the basis of dataavailable from the international institutionsconcerned.The pre-filled information should beverified and modified by the managers of theprotected area in case of error.It

262、 will be necessary to verifythe international sourcesduring the pre-filling outexercise.It may occur thatsome members of the management team are notaware of all the statuses of their protected area.Ctx 1.4 belonging to a local(buffer zones with aparticular status,wildlife reserves,etc.),national,lan

263、dscape,cross-border,regional or internationalmanagement networkSection CTX 1.4 makes it possible to specify thetechnical/administrative membership of the protectedarea in a conservation network.In addition to possiblybelonging to official networks(cross-border parks forexample)or to a landscape(of t

264、he Regional Programfor the Environment in Central Africa or CARPE forexample),it is important to note here that the protectedarea belongs to special conservation networks atnational and international levels.When the protectedarea belongs to a conservation network or system,theassociated protected ar

265、eas should be specified.Ctx 1.5-vision,mission,objectivesSection CTX 1.5 highlights the vision,mission andlong-term objectives of the protected area,whichare normally defined in the management plan.Theobjectives of the protected area can be defined atlocal level(for example,maintenance of ecosystems

266、ervices for the benefit of neighbouringpopulations),at national level(for example,protection of a species,particular habitats or culturalvalues),or at international level(for example,protection of an endemic species,contribution to themaintenance of a shared heritage).If the vision,mission or object

267、ives are not clearlydefined or if they are outdated,make a link withCTX 1.7.Section CTX 1.5 is not the time or placeto define the vision,but it should be noted in CTX1.7 that changes in conservation efforts will needto be considered.Nevertheless,it is possible todraft initial hypotheses concerning t

268、he review ofthe vision,mission or objectives of the protectedarea,which will be integrated into themanagement tools.Another way to define the vision:How do you seethe park in 1020 years?Ctx 1.6-references from historical,political,legal,institutional and socio-economic contexts as well asother speci

269、fic elements of the protected areaSection CTX 1.6 highlights the most importantaspects of the historical,socio-economic,political(atcountry level),legal and institutional contexts,whichhave(or have had)a significant influence(negativeor positive)on the current intervention context,andhave therefore

270、influenced or are influencingconservation interventions in the protected area.It isimportant to include the negative(weak points)andpositive(strong points)aspects together with anyobservations concerning the influence of historical,social and socio-economic,political,legal andinstitutional elements,

271、etc.Ctx 1.7-setting of objectivesAt the end of the“General information on theprotected area”tab,the table of objectives isorganised to insert:elements/indicators related to aspects ofgovernance and partnership,status,network ofmembership,mission,historical,socio-economic,political,legal and institut

272、ionalcontexts,etc.;the baselines;and the objectives or conditions desired or to beachieved.surfaCe areas,Limits and sHaPeindex,LeveL of ControLCtx 2.1-LocationSection CTX 2.1 allows one to specify the existenceof official georeferenced boundaries,thegeographical and administrative location(province,

273、region,etc.)of the protected area.This informationis important to accurately define the georeferencedboundaries for potential conflicts with neighbouringcommunities and to validate/modify the referencesof the World Database on Protected Areas(WDPA)13(see next point).exercise 1 Change inclassificatio

274、n degreeCtx 2.2-surface areas of the protected area andthe conservation contextSection CTX 2.2 provides a series of elements on thesurface and shape of the protected area.Morespecifically,the surface values are analysedaccording to the typology and the networks to whichthe protected area belongs.The

275、 information shouldallow one to identify the differences if they exist between the values of the protected area reported bythe different sources of information.Differences in thesurface area of the classified domain may be due totransmission errors,or historical estimates comparedto those of today w

276、hich are more precise,etc.Thissection should also allow the relationships betweenthe surface area of the protected area and the moregeneral conservation context at national andtransboundary levels to be determined.Finally,thenote should allow the transfer of information related tothe existence of ge

277、oreferenced boundaries(thereforecertain and unambiguous)and official GIS14 data tothe WDPA.Ctx 2.3-Level of control of the protected area(orby sectors of the protected area)Section CTX 2.3 allows for a reflection on the currentlevel of control of the protected area.Several methodsof measuring the co

278、ntrolled area can be used:hectares,km,patrol man-days,percentage of thearea or others if necessary.IMET also makes itpossible to estimate the level of control by sector if thisapproach can help in determining the total value or ismore useful in terms of organising the managementof the protected area

279、.To better specify the level ofcontrol,which may vary depending on the specificitiesof the park,IMET introduces information concerningthe surface area subject to ecological monitoring andthe values of the legal/illegal use of the protected area(human land use in the case of protected areas withnatur

280、al resource management15).The available valuesare entered beforehand to allow those responsible forthe protected area to confirm them.Section CTX 2.3 also allows one to report essentialinformation on zoning and the main aspects of thevarious management and conservation sectors of theprotected area.T

281、he information related to zoning canbe used in the intervention context as well as themanagement effectiveness assessment.Ctx 2.4-reference territorial context of theprotected areaSection CTX 2.4 allows the protected areas territorialcontext of interaction to be determined.Knowledge ofthis context h

282、elps to better understand the relationshipsin terms of governance and intersectoral approach.Likewise,knowledge of the reference territorial contextenables a better estimate of the threats and pressuresweighing on the protected area in order to betterassess the aspects related to managementeffective

283、ness.The available values are enteredbeforehand to facilitate analysis and allow thoseresponsible for the protected area to verify them.Ctx 2.5-setting of objectivesAt the end of the“Surface areas,limits and shapeindex,level of control”tab,the table of objectives isorganised to insert:elements/indic

284、ators related to surface areas,limitsand shape index,level of control of the protectedarea,etc.;the baselines;and the objectives or conditions desired or to beachieved.Human,finanCiaL and materiaLresourCesCtx 3.1.1 3.1.2 3.1.3-staff size andcomposition Staff size and composition:Protected area staff

285、Staff size and composition:Partner staffStaff size and composition:Community staffSections CTX 3.1.1,3.1.2 and 3.1.3 identify the humanresources employed directly in protected areamanagement.The list of staff should include state staffas well as all other human resources employed in thevarious activ

286、ities of the park by partners andneighbouring communities.The organisation andclassification of park staff positions are normally takenfrom the protected area planning documents andshould be set to match the organisation andsupervision of staff by the public administration.The answer to the question

287、“Is there an idealworkforce?”varies according to severalcriteria:the size of the area,the threats,theissues(status/threats),the funding,etc.Staff who do not work full-time may becumulatively included in the number of full-time employees.For example,eight part-timeemployees correspond to four full-ti

288、meemployees.The adaptation should be enteredin the comments columnCtx 3.2.1-financial resources:budget andmanagement costsSection CTX 3.2.1 allows the financial estimatesderived from the management plan/financial plan tobe reported,as well as the operating cost estimatesfrom the operational plan/ann

289、ual work plan againstthe available annual budget.Values are reportedaccording to area in order to determine cost persquare kilometre per year.14Geographic Information System.15 UICN,catgorie 6.22COMIT:Utiliser IMET pour valuer et amliorer lefficacit de gestion des aires protges23Ctx 3.2.2-financial

290、resources:budget available Section CTX 3.2.2 analyses the resources actuallymade available to managers by the variousstakeholders and any revenue resulting from theenhancement of biodiversity conservation.Thisbudget is divided into operating and investmentbudget.Ctx 3.2.3-financial resources:budget

291、lines of theoperational plan/work plan budgeted annuallySection CTX 3.2.3 makes it possible to see thebudgeted lines and to make a comparison betweenthe prioritised interventions and the financial resourcesdevoted to them,between interventions,and to assessthe use of the different budget lines,etc.I

292、f faced with a reluctance to communicate financialresources,or even an inability to transparently showthe level of management,fill in what is possible.Note the actions to be taken to improve the financialand budget situation in the“Objectives”.Ctx 3.2.4-Contribution of partners to support theprotect

293、ed area Section CTX 3.2.4 allows one to ascertain in termsof commitment(period and amount)the resourcesmade available to managers by the variousbiodiversity conservation stakeholders.As with the previous question,there may bereluctance or inability to communicate financialresources.Fill in what is p

294、ossible.Note the actionsto be taken to improve the financial and budgetsituation in the“Objectives”.Ctx 3.3-availability of infrastructure,equipmentand facilitiesSection CTX 3.3,thanks to a long and very detailedtable,makes it possible to analyse the relationshipbetween the need for and the availabi

295、lity ofinfrastructure,equipment and other means in orderto manage the protected area.Protected areamanagers can use the table as an inventory of themost important material resources and to schedulethe construction of the necessary infrastructure.Theevaluation grid reports the percentage of what exis

296、tsand the needs in order to facilitate analysis.Forexample,value 1 indicates that the means aresomewhat inadequate and that the availabilitycovers between 31%and 60%of the needs.Ctx 3.4-setting of objectivesAt the end of the“Human,financial and materialresources”tab,the table of objectives is organi

297、sedto insert:elements/indicators related to human and financialresources/partnership support and in means inprotected area management;the baselines for the state of human,financial andmaterial resources;and the objectives or conditions desired or to beachieved.key eLements For this part,the IUCN Red

298、 Listof Threatened SpeciesTMandthe Convention on InternationalTrade in Endangered Speciesof Wild Fauna and Flora(CITES)list of protectedspecies can help determine the biological values ofthe protected area.See www.iucnredlist.org etwww.cites.org.The parameters related to the key elements are tobe us

299、ed for terrestrial,marine and mixed protectedareas.For marine habitats,there is a specific table(CTX 4.3.2).Ctx 4.1-animal species(mammals,birds,amphibians,reptiles,fish):flagship,threatened,endemic,exploited,invasive species,etc.used asindicators of the state of the protected area andrequiring moni

300、toring over timesection Ctx 4.1 seeks both to better targetconservationSection CTX 4.1 seeks both to better targetconservation intervention and improve theorganisation of the information related to theprotected areas key and emblematic animals.Protected area management can achieve betterresults if c

301、onservation intervention can be identifiedand targeted for the benefit of key animals.Theprotected area staff should specify in this table themost important species,namely flagship,threatened,endemic,invasive,exploited,etc.It isalso possible to characterise the emblematicanimals as charismatic,umbre

302、lla,conflict andarchitect species(see below):tflagship or charismatic species:used togenerate interest and financial support for theconservation of all wild species that share theirhabitats;tumbrella species:their protection guaranteessafety for biodiversity in general and for thetourism industry;ts

303、pecies with human-wildlife conflict and whichconstitutes an acute problem:to be minimised inorder to reduce conflict between parties in thesame intervention context;tarchitect species:capable of modifying habitatsto the advantage or detriment of plant and animalspecies on a local or larger scale,dep

304、ending onthe nature and extent of the impact.Exercice 2 Values:important aspectsAfter identifying the most important animal species,the table proposes to introduce:tpopulation estimates in relation to a baselineconservation state or baseline level;tthe desired state of conservation in the future.In

305、some cases,this information is not readily availableand is characterised by a low level of reliability.However,analysis is nevertheless important forassessing protected area management effectiveness.Ctx 4.2 Plant species:flagship,threatened,endemic,exploited,invasive species,etc.selectedas indicator

306、s for the protected area and that shouldbe monitored over timeThe determination of these parameters,relating toplant species,can follow the instructions of theprevious section(CTX 4.1),even if the concepts ofumbrella,conflict and architect species aregenerally not used for plant species.Ctx 4.3.1 th

307、e ecosystem and habitats chosen asindicators for the protected area and that should bemonitored over timeSection CTX 4.3.1,related to ecosystems andhabitats,may follow the indications of the previoussections(CTX 4.1 and CTX 4.2).Managers,on thebasis of parameters related to their specificity,theiren

308、demism or their unique or irreplaceable16character,must determine the most importantterrestrial and freshwater habitats in the protectedarea.The identification of emblematic orendangered habitats will serve to better targetinterventions.Ctx 4.3.2-Presence,extent and distribution of keyhabitats and m

309、arine status Section CTX 4.3.2 is used to determine thepresence,extent and distribution of key marinehabitats.Information on habitats should allow theorganisation and assessment of marine protectedarea management.Ctx 4.4-management of land cover,its use andoccupation(forest,soil,water,roads,etc.)for

310、 globalvalues,see point 2.2 chosen as indicators for theprotected area and that should be monitored over timeSection CTX 4.4 aims to determine the condition andevolution of soil cover according to the Land CoverClassification System17.This section may contain thelist and the surface area or the perc

311、entage of thecategories identified for the protected area,thisinformation coming from international institutions.Inaddition,the protected area team is asked tomention the soil cover according to the classificationused for the site.The elements and trends displayedshould contribute to determining the

312、 protected areamanagement valuesCtx 4.5-setting of objectivesAt the end of the“Key elements”tab,the table of objectives isorganised to insert:elements/indicators related tokey elements:i)flagship,threatened,endemic,exploited and invasive animal and plant species;ii)habitats;iii)changes in land cover

313、;and iv)management of the protected areas naturalresources;the baselines for the condition of key conservationelements;the objectives or conditions desired or to be achieved.Pressures and tHreats Ctx 5.1-Pressures andthreatsSection CTX 5.1 consists of along table analysing thepressures,threats andvu

314、lnerabilities of the protectedarea.This table is referred toas the Threats Calculator18(adapted for the IMET Analysisand Assessment System).The aim is to formulate adetailed threat analysis(this term will be used torepresent the pressures,threats and vulnerabilitiesfacing the protected area).In this

315、 table,eachrelevant pressure for the protected area should benoted based on information about:the impact/severity;the magnitude/extent;the duration/irreversibility;the trend(estimate based on the number ofyears);the likelihood of the threat in the future.The results of this analysis will be used to

316、improve themanagement process which aims to cancel or reducethe impacts of threats on biodiversity.The analysis ofthreats to the protected area is facilitated by thevisualisation of the values using a bar on eachcategory of threat.worksheet 3-external threats,pressures and support 16 An item of grea

317、t value,rare or unique,which cannot be replaced.17 Di Gregario A.and Jansen L.M.(2005).Land Cover Classification System:Classification Concept and User Manual.FAO:Rome,available atwww.fao.org/3/x0596e/x0596e00.htm.18 The calculator was developed by a working group set up by NatureServe in 2004(www.n

318、atureserve.org/conservation-tools/conservation-rank-calculator).The threatclassification was adopted by the World Commission on Protected Areas according to the categorisation of Salafsky et al.(2008).A Standard Lexicon for BiodiversityConservation:Unified Classifications of Threats and Actions.Cons

319、ervation Biology,volume 22,n 4,pp.897911.https:/www.iucnredlist.org/resources/classification-schemes.https:/www.iucnredlist.org/resources/classification-schemes.24exercise 3 identifying pressures,threats andvulnerabilitiesexercise 4 schematic structuringof threats25Ctx 5.2-setting of objectivesAt th

320、e end of the“Pressuresand threats”tab,the table ofobjectives is organised toinsert:elements/indicators related to the pressuresand threats weighing on the protected area;the baselines for the state of the pressures andthreats weighing on the protected area;the objectives or conditions desired or to

321、beachieved.CLimate CHange and ConservationCtx 6.1-key elements most vulnerable to climatechangeSection CTX 6.1 identifies the elements of theprotected area that are currently affected or likely tobe affected in the future by climate change,namely:designation,importance and mission of theconservation

322、 area,key species,habitats,ecosystemservices,etc.This analysis should identify andassess the importance of integrating efforts to adaptto the effects of climate change on the key elementsmost vulnerable to them into protected areamanagement systems.The approach should alsotake into account specific

323、analyses,relevantstudies,current interventions(e.g.REDD+20).Ctx 6.2-setting of objectivesAt the end of the“Climate change and conservation”tab,the table of objectives is organised to insert:elements/indicators related to the effects ofclimate change on the conservation of theprotected area;the basel

324、ines for the status of the effects ofclimate change on the conservation of theprotected area;the objectives or conditions desired or to beachieved.Coaches and stakeholders involved in filling in theinformation can refer to the different models ofclimate change in their protected area,or in theregion

325、,from the various existing national orinternational websites.The objectives set may relateto the landscape or other neighbouring protectedareas.eCosystem serviCes andCommunity dePendenCeCtx 7.1-ecosystem services and dependence ofcommunities/societySection CTX 7.1 guides protected area managers inid

326、entifying the ecosystem services provided by theprotected area.It classifies the ecosystem servicesidentified into four main categories specific to theprotected area:supply;regulatory;cultural;support.The ecosystem services taken into account by thequestionnaire correspond to services provided andth

327、eir potential to provide these services in the future.For example,a spiritual aspect existing in aprotected area constitutes a value;its protection andpossibly its enhancement represent an ecosystemservice to be protected.For ecosystem services related to the“supply”category,such as food and water p

328、roduction,it isimportant to note that the legal or illegal nature ofthe supply depends on the current legislation inforce in the country.Generally,this legislation stemsfrom the national classification category of protectedareas in the country and any customary usestolerated within the classified ar

329、ea.Regulatory services are the benefits derived fromregulating air quality,flood control and diseasecontrol20.The cultural category should take into account thehistorical,cultural and recreational(including touristvalue),spiritual and religious values existing withinthe protected area.Support servic

330、es include nutrient cycles,croppollination or habitats that provide everything a plantor animal needs to survive:food,water and shelter20.Section CTX 7.1 proposes to identify the existing,valued or potential ecosystem services of theprotected area.IMET facilitates the identification ofkey ecosystem

331、services and the dependence of thelocal populations/society on these services.IMETalso analyses trends in ecosystem servicesprovided by the protected area(quantity or quality).The analysis is facilitated by a table with the mostcommon ecosystem services,although assessorscan insert other elements.19

332、 Reduction of emissions from deforestation and forest degradation.20 Detailed information on ecosystem contributions to human well-being is presented in the document“Millennium Ecosystem Assessment”,availableat https:/www.millenniumassessment.org/fr/About.html#1 worksheet 4-ecosystem servicesCOMIT:U

333、tiliser IMET pour valuer et amliorer lefficacit de gestion des aires protgesThe analysis should make it possible to promote theintegration of these values into the managementsystems of the protected area in order to ensure themaintenance and enhancement of ecosystemservices.Ctx 7.2-setting of objectives At the end of the“Ecosystem services andcommunity dependence”tab,the objectives tableis organis