《埃森哲&ampampCTIA：2024全球頻譜協調分配案例研究報告-推動美國無線技術卓越發展（英文版）（77頁）.pdf》由會員分享，可在線閱讀，更多相關《埃森哲&ampampCTIA：2024全球頻譜協調分配案例研究報告-推動美國無線技術卓越發展（英文版）（77頁）.pdf（77頁珍藏版）》請在三個皮匠報告上搜索。

1、Commissioned by CTIAAdvancing US Wireless ExcellenceThe Case for Global Spectrum HarmonizationThe United States has a gap in the amount of mid-band spectrum available for commercial wireless use that must be addressed to keep up with rising demand for wireless connectivity.By prioritizing the alloca

2、tion of harmonized spectrum,the US can realize significant harmonization and leadership benefits that will maximize returns on clearing bands to meet growing demand.If the US ignores this opportunity however,it will leave significant value on the table and will risk limiting its influence and future

3、 leadership in the global wireless ecosystem.Executive Summary12345+The role of spectrum has evolved with each wireless generation,and the growing demand for it is expected to continue in the coming years.This is particularly true in the lower mid-band(3-8.5 GHz),where bands that have a strong mix o

4、f coverage and capacity are vital to realize use cases from 5G and future generations.*Meeting this rising demand requires making a substantial amount of mid-band available in a way that balances various interests with broader economic and societal benefit.Spectrum harmonization is one such strategi

5、c approach,which involves aligning spectrum regulation and commercial allocations with other countries.Allocating harmonized spectrum will not only ensure that the US avoids isolating itself from the international community,but it will enable it to maintain the wireless leadership it has demonstrate

6、d in 4G and early on in 5G.Harmonization and wireless leadership offer incremental benefits beyond those associated with simply releasing more mid-band spectrum.These include unlocking economies of scale across the wireless value chain as well as fueling new sources of growth and innovation through

7、wireless leadership,which are projected to generate approximately$23-$44B and$140B-$180B,respectively,in economic value over the next 10 years.These benefits will largely be felt by consumers and businesses in the form of cheaper devices and connectivity,improved service,and transformative new techn

8、ology and use cases.To realize and accelerate the benefits from spectrum harmonization,and ensure continued US wireless leadership,the US must license more spectrum,specifically in the 3.3-3.45 GHz,4.4-4.94 GHz,and 7.125-8.5 GHz ranges.The US should also collaborate internationally to drive technica

9、l standards,support device and network ecosystem innovation,and encourage the rapid deployment of critical network infrastructure.The US is developing implementation details for its National Spectrum Strategy,providing a key opportunity to catch up with other nations and lead the next wave of harmon

10、ization.Without swift action to license lower 3 GHz,4 GHz,and the 7/8 GHz bands,the US could miss out on up to$200B in benefits.Executive Summary Our previous paper,Spectrum Allocation in the United States,explored the shortfall of available mid-band spectrum for commercial wireless use.In this pape

11、r,we further examine the state of global spectrum harmonization in the lower mid-band,as well as the leadership opportunity this presents for the United States.*6G,for example,is expected to share many of the same spectrum needs as 5GWireless Leadership Benefit of$125B-$155B over 10 yearsWireless Te

12、chnology Production Benefit of$23B-$44B over 10 yearsUS Benefits from Spectrum HarmonizationSpectrum Harmonization could lead to economic benefits of$200Bover 10 yearsThese benefits consist of:Executive Summary12345+Executive Summary Global mobile data traffic is forecasted to grow at a 21%CAGR thro

13、ugh 2029,1 driven by both increasing consumer demand and advancements in enterprise applications for 5G(and beyond),such as industrial IoT and smart cities.Past wireless generations show that timely allocation of spectrum for exclusive commercial wireless use which is foundational to wireless networ

14、ks-is critical to meet demand,drive innovation,and establish wireless leadership.Some countries,such as China,South Korea and the US have established themselves as leaders in the 5G era due to their wireless operators access to critical spectrum early on.2 This enabled them to be first-movers in 5G

15、network deployments.Wireless dominance fluctuates over time,however,and sustained leadership depends on an ongoing commitment to proactively secure commercial spectrum in line with accelerating demand.Some nations are taking bold action to bolster their leadership for the remainder of 5G and beyond,

16、such as Chinas recent announcement of plans to designate most of the 6 GHz band for commercial use.3Other countries are making significant progress in allocating additional mid-band and are increasingly taking a harmonized approach to managing their spectrum.It is critical that the US takes stock of

17、 its current wireless leadership and spectrum strategy,identifying opportunities to harmonize and avoid falling behind as a wireless leader.The Global Need for SpectrumExecutive Summary12345+The US Mid-Band GapAs of September 2022,the US had 270 MHz of mid-band spectrum available for commercial wire

18、less use,with an additional 180 MHz of C-Band allocated since then,bringing the US total mid-band to 450 MHz.Comparing this figure to its global counterparts(based on a September 2022 Analysys Mason report),the US lagged several countries in licensed mid-band spectrum for mobile use,with a 282 MHz*g

19、ap relative to five leading nations that were identified in the report.This gap is projected to nearly double by 2027 due to the lack of mid-band in the pipeline.The US has been successful in driving 5G coverage and adoption in recent years,supported by early commitment from operators to rapidly dep

20、loy networks.4 However,the growing deficit in commercial mid-band spectrum puts the US future wireless leadership at risk.This gap in mid-band allocation is clear from two angles:Mobile data traffic in North America is forecast to grow at a CAGR of 18%over the next six years,7 absent any new allocat

21、ions in spectrum,the US will have a significant mid-band gap,with a forecasted deficit of 400 MHz by 2027,and up to a 1,400 MHz by 2032.*Relative both to global peers and demand forecasts,the US gap in mid-band spectrum availability is clear.Failure to address this gap can exclude the US from realiz

22、ing the full potential of 5G and may severely strain current networks that cannot meet the rising demand for connectivity,leaving US consumers and enterprises at a disadvantage.Furthermore,the USs reputation as a wireless leader is at risk,especially as other countries bolster their spectrum availab

23、ility and further harmonize.If the US does not allocate more mid-band in a harmonized way,it risks falling behind other leaders or becoming siloed in the wireless ecosystem.The stakes are high for the US to remediate its mid-band deficit and thus secure its ongoing prosperity.250%Forecasted US data

24、traffic growth through 20278550%Forecasted US data traffic growth through 20329*400 MHzForecasted deficit in US spectrum by 2027 absent any new allocations10*1,400 MHzForecasted US spectrum deficit by 2032 absent any new spectrum11*Based on Analysys Masons report issued in September 2022,several cou

25、ntries with more mid-band than the US included Japan(1100 MHz),the UK(790 MHz),France(510 MHz),China(460 MHz),and Saudi Arabia(400 MHz)*By 2027,several countries with more mid-band spectrum than the US are projected to be China(1660 MHz),Japan(1100 MHz),the UK(790 MHz),South Korea(700 MHz)and Saudi

26、Arabia(600 MHz),*Forecasted spectrum deficit is normalized to a lower mid-band equivalent(exclusive use,with no power restrictions)US mid-band gap relative to global counterpartsThe US mid-band gap relative to meeting future data demand Projected(2027)Today(2023)Projected(2032)Projected(2027)652 MHz

27、Average availability of mid-band spectrum between five leading countries as of 20235*202 MHzUS Mid-band spectrum deficit relative to five leading countries*970 MHzForecasted average mid-band spectrum available between five leading countries*520 MHzUS mid-band spectrum deficit relative to five leadin

28、g countries,absent any new spectrum6*Peer average:Future peer average:US deficit:Future US deficit:Executive Summary12345+Licensed UnlicensedPlanned future assignmentGlobal Spectrum Allocation and Harmonization TrendsWhile the US may appear harmonized at first glance,the fragmented approach and rest

29、rictions(e.g.,power limits)on parts of the 3 GHz band have limited the full benefits of harmonization,which is typically based on exclusive-use licensing.14 The global community is exploring new harmonization opportunities,some of which the US can participate in,and others,such as the consideration

30、of the upper 6 GHz band,that are more difficult for the US to pursue given recent decisions to allocate the 6 GHz band for unlicensed use.15 With limited available options,it is critical that the US identifies and prioritizes the harmonization opportunities available to it to keep pace and stay sync

31、hronized with global counterparts,or risk falling behind and becoming further disconnected from the global wireless community.Taking a harmonized approach to closing the US mid-band deficit requires assessing the global spectrum landscape and considering the trends around future spectrum allocations

32、.As shown below,the 3.3-3.8 GHz band is widely harmonized for commercial wireless use,and the 3.3-3.4 GHz,4.8-4.99 GHz,and 6.425-7.125 GHz ranges were under consideration for future harmonization as part of the World Radio Conference(WRC)2023 agenda.Additional mid-band studies,including an extension

33、 in the 7-15 GHz range will be studied as part of the WRC study cycle leading up to the WRC 2027 event.12 International spectrum allocation decisions from recent years show a trend of more harmonization in the mid-band,as countries align to allocation norms and follow the guidance of international f

34、orums such as ITU through its WRC conferences.This trend can be expected to continue and will be accelerated by the outcomes from WRC-23.Globally HarmonizedGrowing Global Interest(i.e.,WRC-27 agenda item)*The data source for spectrum allocation for these countries only indicated licensed 5G assignme

35、nts*The Citizens Broadband Radio Service is 150 MHz of spectrum in the 3.5 GHz band that is primarily used for private LTE and 5G networks USCanadaMexico*BrazilFranceGermanySaudi ArabiaSpainSwedenUKTaiwan*ChinaJapanS.KoreaIndia*GHz3.03.23.43.63.84.04.24.44.64.85.05.25.45.65.86.06.26.46.66.87.07.2Not

36、e:Note:Geographic restrictions in the 3.45-3.55 GHz range and power restrictions and share scheme issues in CBRS*means they are more challenging to harmonize for commercial wireless use globally.13 WRC-23 agenda itemCurrentlyassignedCurrentlyassignedPlanned future assignmentExecutive Summary12345+Id

37、entifying Candidate Bands for HarmonizationTo identify bands with harmonization and leadership potential,we considered the following criteria:Band characteristics,harmonization proximity,global traction,and domestic conditions.Based on these criteria,two types of harmonization opportunities emerge f

38、or the US.Both involve allocating spectrum where there is already significant harmonization,as well as leading by allocating bands that have significant potential but are not yet widely adopted.Opportunity 1:Allocate Currently Harmonized BandsOpportunity 2:Lead Harmonization on New BandsGlobal Alloc

39、ationUS Spectrum AllocationOpportunity 2 Opportunity 1 Bands with limited global allocation;allocated by the USInternationally harmonizedInternationally harmonized;not allocated by the USBands with limited global allocation;not allocated by the US 3.3-3.45 GHz Band4.8-4.94 GHz Band4.4-4.8 GHz Band7.

40、125-8.5 GHz BandABCDACBDLower Mid-Band SpectrumThe entire 6 GHz band is currently allocated for unlicensed use in the United States.However,several other countries are harmonizing the upper portion of the band for licensed mobile use,potentially justifying reexamination of this band in the US.16Exec

41、utive Summary12345+The Target BandsBased on the key criteria for ideal harmonized spectrum(e.g.,harmonization proximity,availability,etc.),there are three spectrum ranges that are ideal for the US to align to that enables it to harmonize with existing spectrum as well as lead harmonization on future

42、 spectrum.The mid-4 GHz range is becoming increasingly harmonized,with parts of it allocated for IMT*use in Japan and South Korea and is being studied leading up to WRC-27.18 The mid-4 band is suitable for various applications due to its broad coverage and high capacity,supporting techniques like be

43、amforming and massive multiple-input,multiple-output(MIMO),which can reduce the need for large-scale fiber builds.19The mid-4 GHz range The lower 3 GHz band,which shares characteristics with the C-band,has significant potential for future harmonization.It is ideal for commercial use cases like FWA,i

44、ndustrial IoT,smart manufacturing,and precision agriculture,as well as improved consumer network connectivity.17The Lower 3 GHz BandThe 7.125-8.5 GHz band is currently being studied by the ITU leading up to WRC-27 for future harmonization.20 The bands propagation characteristics and higher capacity

45、make it ideal for emerging 5G(and potentially 6G)uses cases as well as for general consumer network connectivity(achieving similar coverage as C-Band)as antenna technology continues to evolve.The 7-8.5 GHz rangeLower Mid-Band SpectrumOpportunity 1:Allocate Currently Harmonized BandsOpportunity 2:Lea

46、d Harmonization on New Bands3.3-3.45 GHz4.4-4.94 GHz7.125-8.5 GHz*IMT stands for“International Mobile Telecommunications”and is used to designate broadband mobile systems globallyExecutive Summary12345+The Benefits of Harmonization and LeadershipBy taking action to allocate the three identified band

47、s for commercial wireless use and harmonize more of its spectrum,the US can unlock significant benefit for consumers and industry through cheaper wireless products and services,the acceleration of generational wireless use cases,and more economic growth.These benefits will be realized through the pr

48、oduction of more cost-effective and higher quality technology as well as innovation from harmonization that originates domestically due to US wireless leadership.Additionally,the US stands to benefit in terms of national security in the long run,as US harmonization will bolster the market position o

49、f its trusted network equipment vendors.Wireless Technology Cost and Performance BenefitsSpectrum harmonization can standardize network equipment and wireless device production,resulting in less market variation in radio requirements for these technologies.With more harmonization,fewer variations of

50、 network radios and wireless devices must be produced,and complex devices that support a wide range of frequencies can be simplified.These efficiencies result in cost savings for end users and drive additional downstream benefits(e.g.,accelerated network deployment,earlier adoption of industry use c

51、ases,etc.)unlocking approximately$23B$23B-$44B in value for$44B in value for industry and consumers over the next 10 years.industry and consumers over the next 10 years.Additionally,harmonization will improve network performance through minimized downtime,reduced interference,and better roaming.Grow

52、th,Innovation,and Wireless LeadershipSpectrum harmonization will lead to more growth and innovation globally,with leading wireless nations driving and capturing a large share of the value.Through diligent network investment and proactive spectrum policy,the US can be a first-mover in advanced 5G and

53、 6G,capturing the incremental economic benefit that results from wireless leadership in a more harmonized world.As was the case with 4G,a significant portion of the US economic growth was due to its first-mover advantage and rapid deployment of new networks,which unlocked economic expansion in the f

54、orm of job growth,cost savings,export competitiveness and net-new innovation(e.g.,leadership in device manufacturing,app ecosystems,etc.).The expected economic benefit attributable to leadership in 5G and beyond is estimated to reach up The expected economic benefit attributable to leadership in 5G

55、and beyond is estimated to reach up to$155B for the US over the next 10 years.to$155B for the US over the next 10 years.The expected economic benefit that is attributable to US wireless leadership in a more harmonized global wireless ecosystem,in the form of industry creation,job expansion,technolog

56、y export strength,and increased domestic innovation.$125B-$155B over 10 yearsThe expected cost savings in higher-quality wireless technologies for US consumers and businesses,driven by production standardization for network equipment and wireless devices resulting from harmonization.$23B-$44B over 1

57、0 yearsSpectrum Harmonization could lead to economic benefits of$200Bover 10 yearsThese benefits consist of:Executive Summary12345+The Path to Harmonization Realizing the potential for harmonization and leadership is only possible if the US takes calculated and decisive action both at home and abroa

58、d.Domestically,the US will need to license the three target bands for commercial wireless use,while also facilitating rapid network deployment to meet growing connectivity needs and ensuring widespread coverage of 5G and future wireless generations.On the international stage,the US must advocate for

59、 more harmonization on the proposed bands both through international forums and direct engagement with other countries.Finally,the US has an opportunity to facilitate the expansion of device ecosystems by investing in R&D and engaging international stakeholders to collaborate on future innovations.H

60、armonization and leadership represent a significant opportunity for the US and its economy.Swift action on each of these acceleration levers can position the US at the forefront of wireless innovation and lay the foundation for future growth.Spectrum LicensingGlobal Harmonization AdvocacyWireless In

61、novationNetwork DeploymentCopyright 2023 Accenture.All rights reserved.Accenture and its logo are registered trademarks of Accenture.10Spectrum Harmonization in the United StatesCopyright 2024 Accenture.All rights reserved.Accenture and its logo are registered trademarks of Accenture.1010Spectrum Ha

62、rmonization in the United States70Appendix69Conclusion61Path to Harmonization&Leadership 41The Benefits of Harmonization 27The Global Spectrum Landscape15IntroductionContent1.Introduction2345+IntroductionSection 011.Introduction2345+What is Radio Spectrum?The invisible raw natural resource known as

63、radio spectrum or spectrum supports wireless data transmission.It facilitates our contemporary way of life and connects our communities.Mobile internet,phone calls,email,and satellite communications would all be impossible without spectrum.21 The electromagnetic spectrum includes the radio spectrum,

64、which is made up of different frequencies(see Electromagnetic Spectrum and Radio Spectrum,right).These frequencies are divided into many bands and depending on the frequencys tendency for coverage and speed,each band has a distinct technical use.Three broad groupings are used to organize spectrum(se

65、e Low-,Mid-and High-Band Spectrum)in this paper we will further divide mid-band into two categories,lower and upper mid-band.For the purposes of this paper,we will primarily be focusing on lower mid-band spectrum,or the range between 3-8.5 GHz,because these bands offer the greatest potential for 5G(

66、and potentially 6G)and are in short supply.What is Spectrum?Why Does It Need to Be Allocated?Electromagnetic Spectrum22 Radio Spectrum23 High-Capacity5G in Arenas1.Introduction2345+5G is expanding the role that mobile connectivity plays in society,opening doors to new use cases across industries,and

67、 driving the demand for spectrum to new levels.Exclusive-use spectrum is fundamental to expanding mobile network capabilities and ensuring that the required coverage,capacity,and latency demands of future wireless use cases can be met.24As a result of the growing need for connectivity,the Global Sys

68、tem for Mobile Communications Association(GSMA)forecasts that countries will need approximately 2 GHz of mid-band spectrum on average to accommodate this increase in traffic and to enable future generation wireless use cases like holographic communications and wide-scale digital twinning.25A multi-l

69、ayered spectrum approach will be essential to sustaining wireless growth,as traffic and use cases evolve for 5G and beyond.Low-band spectrum propagates over longer distances but transports less data,while high-band spectrum has less coverage and higher data transfer rates.Mid-band spectrum is most c

70、ritical for future wireless growth,as it is the only spectrum range that provides a combination of capacity and coverage.*an Exabyte is equivalent to 1B GigabytesTo Support Upcoming Wireless Generations,More Spectrum Needs to Be Released for Commercial Wireless Use1.Introduction2345+Required for its

71、 range and ability to propagate through obstacles,low-band is critical for ensuring that the benefits of 5G and future generations are accessible to all.Low-band helps maximize network coverage.Lower mid-band balances coverage and capacity and is the band of choice globally for most 5G applications.

72、The dominance of mid-band is expected to persist through to upcoming wireless generations.Spectrum in the mmWave range(e.g.,26,28 or 40 GHz)supports high-capacity throughput in crowded environments as well as delivering the low latencies and high reliability required by many future enterprise use ca

73、ses.More CoverageIncreasing capacityLow-BandMid-BandHigh-BandLow-Band 0.3-3 GHzHigh-Band 24-50 GHzMid-Band 3-24 GHzLower Mid-BandUpper Mid-Band Higher CapacityUpper mid-band spectrum will be critical to meeting the network challenges associated with rapidly growing data traffic.It has higher capacit

74、y which can enable data-intense use cases and can help realize unfulfilled enterprise 5G applications.Additionally,bands closer to mid-band offer the greatest potential for synergies with existing wireless networks.27Illustration:Low-,Mid-and High-Band Spectrum26Note:While there is no set rule for d

75、ifferentiating between low-,mid-,and high-band spectrum weve chosen to do so based on recent assignment decisions made by policymakers in relation to upcoming 5G service deployments.1.Introduction2345+The Mid-band Gap and the Harmonization OpportunityMid-band spectrum,particularly in the lower mid-b

76、and(frequencies 3-8.5 GHz),serves as a pivotal intermediary between low-and high-frequency bands.It is characterized by its balanced trade-off between coverage and capacity,providing the long range and high data rates needed for many 5G use cases.Mid-band also benefits from lower spectrum interferen

77、ce and attenuation,alongside enhanced penetration capabilities compared to higher frequencies that are above 24 GHz.Mid-band spectrum must be allocated in a manner that maximizes efficiency and productivity,while also ensuring that wireless operators have exclusive access to spectrum to maximize the

78、 benefit from 5G network deployments.Approximately 65%of the projected global 5G GDP benefits expected by 2030 are dependent on mid-band spectrum,representing its criticality to sustaining 5G growth and value creation.28 Mid-band spectrum will help realize transformational 5G use cases,such as digit

79、al twins,autonomous driving,connected industry,etc.because of its suitability for three defining characteristics of 5G enhanced mobile broadband,ultra-reliable low-latency communications,and massive machine type communications.Mid-band spectrum for 5G will also be important for future generations li

80、ke 6G,which is expected to leverage similar frequencies.29Applications of 5G and Spectrum Requirements30*Of the 450 MHz allocated to commercial wireless use,270 MHz are currently available,and an additional 180 MHz(indicated in striped green)are assumed to be made available by the end of 2023 pendin

81、g clearing of the second tranche of C-Band.,*This scenario reflects the inclusion of an additional 180 MHz planned to be made available by the end of 2023 pending the clearing of the second tranche of C-Band.Enhanced mobile broadband supports use cases requiring high bandwidth and fast download spee

82、ds,such as high-resolution bi-directional video,extended reality,and Fixed Wireless Access(FWA).This type of traffic will be most used by consumers,and will support growth in demand for,and improved experiences with,mobile data usage.31 eMBB networks will primarily require mid-band spectrum due to t

83、his ranges ability to balance speed,capacity,and coverage.Enhanced Mobile Broadband(eMBB)Massive machine type communications is defined by high connection density(more devices on the network)to support a vast quantity of low-data/low-energy devices across various industry and consumer uses cases(e.g

84、.,smart factories,smart cities,etc.).Supporting mMTC will require a mix of low-band and mid-band spectrum.33 The combination of these two frequency ranges offers wider coverage(through the low-band)and device density(through both the low-and mid-band)with the ability to support up to one million dev

85、ices per square kilometer.Massive Machine Type Communications(mMTC)Ultra-reliable low-latency communications will support mission-critical applications where reliable,real-time processing is required to avoid high-risk outcomes(e.g.,remote surgery,autonomous driving,etc.).Delivery of URLLC service w

86、ill require a mix of mid-band and high-band spectrum.32 The combination of these two ranges provides unparalleled speed(from the high-band)while ensuring reliability(with wider-coverage from the mid-band spectrum).Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communications(URLLC)The importance of mid-band spectrum fo

87、r 5G and beyond1.Introduction2345+The Mid-band Gap and the Harmonization OpportunityDespite the importance of mid-band,the US has a significant and widening gap in this part of the spectrum relative to global counterparts.According to an Analysys Mason report from September 2022,at least five countr

88、ies(studied in the report)have more mid-band spectrum assigned for commercial wireless use than the US,reflecting a gap between the US and the average of those nations of 202 MHz*.This gap is projected to widen to 520 MHz by 2027 unless the US makes more mid-band available*.Addressing this deficit i

89、s necessary to ensure that the US continues to be a wireless leader on the global stage,both for the remainder of the 5G era and for wireless generations to come.The mid-band gap will only increase as US demand for wireless network data accelerates,at a projected CAGR of 20%from 2022 to 2028.34 A la

90、ck of mid-band spectrum will result in network capacity issues and reduce service quality for end users.Absent any new spectrum,the gap between future needed and available mid-band will grow from 400 MHz in 2027 to more than 1,400 MHz by 2032.35 Such a significant deficit will hinder the US potentia

91、l to realize the full benefits from 5G and beyond.In attempting to address this mid-band gap,the US must look to allocate spectrum that is harmonized to that of its global peers,or risk falling behind as a wireless leader.Furthermore,as other nations increasingly harmonize their spectrum,the US must

92、 do the same to avoid becoming siloed in the wireless ecosystem and missing out on the economic benefits from harmonization.The mid-band gap relative to meeting future data demand 400 MHzForecasted deficit in US spectrum by 2027 absent any new allocations*1,400 MHzForecasted US spectrum deficit by 2

93、032 absent any new spectrum*The gap in mid-band availability and the opportunity for harmonizationUS mid-band gap relative to global counterpartsProjected(2027)Today(2023)*Based on Analysys Masons report issued in September 2022,several countries with more mid-band than the US included Japan(1100 MH

94、z),the UK(790 MHz),France(510 MHz),China(460 MHz),and Saudi Arabia(400 MHz)*By 2027,several countries with more mid-band spectrum than the US are projected to be China(1660 MHz),Japan(1100 MHz),the UK(790 MHz),South Korea(700 MHz)and Saudi Arabia(600 MHz),*Forecasted spectrum deficit is normalized t

95、o a lower mid-band equivalent(exclusive use,with no power restrictions)652 MHzAverage availability of mid-band spectrum between five leading countries*202 MHzGap between mid-band spectrum available in the US relative to five leading countries970 MHzForecasted average mid-band spectrum available betw

96、een five leading countries*520 MHzForecasted gap between mid-band spectrum available in the US relative to five leading countries,absent any new spectrum*Peer average:Future peer average:US deficit:Future US deficit:1.Introduction2345+How Spectrum Harmonization WorksScenario 1:Perfect HarmonizationC

97、ountry BCountry B allocates its spectrum in full alignment to Country As allocation.Scenario 2:Partial HarmonizationCountry B allocates a range of spectrum that partially overlaps with Country As allocation.Scenario 3:No HarmonizationCountry B allocates a completely different spectrum range than Cou

98、ntry A.Country A:Country B:Country A:Country B:Country A:Country B:Harmonization is not a binary concept.Rather,it is a continuum influenced by the spectrum management decisions of various countries.This concept is demonstrated by the following scenarios,where country B is looking to allocate more s

99、pectrum for commercial use.While the extent of harmonization varies between scenarios 1 and 2,both are preferable to scenario 3,where no harmonization occurs and therefore no harmonization benefits are realized.For the purposes of this paper,spectrum harmonization refers to the action taken by a nat

100、ional regulatory body to assign similar spectrum bands for similar use(e.g.,for exclusive commercial wireless use)as other countries.Although spectrum harmonization is an international phenomenon,allocation decisions are made on a national level,and thus policymakers must weigh domestic priorities i

101、n the context of the broader international spectrum landscape.36Furthermore,technical conditions(e.g.,3GPP*)associated with a spectrum band,such as its sharing system,out-of-band limits,etc.must be taken account to holistically consider bands to be harmonized.For example,the FCC had to work closely

102、with 3GPP to establish special standards to accommodate CBRS.Spectrum harmonization refers to the consistent distribution of radio frequency bands between countries,regionally and at a global level.Harmonized spectrum unlocks economies of scale and innovation and is a major factor when determining h

103、ow to allocate new spectrum.*The 3rd Generation Partnership Project(3GPP)is a technical standards-setting body for global wireless communications,which dictates the specifications for how new generations of wireless networks should be deployed and operated1.Introduction2345+International forums such

104、 as the International Telecommunication Union(ITU),a United Nations agency,and 3GPP,a wireless technical standards-setting body,all play a role in spectrum harmonization.Manufacturers and industry players also influence harmonization and help shape regulatory decisions and international agreements t

105、hat align with their interests and technology agendas.ITU WRC ITU WRC The ITUs World Radio communications Conference is hosted every four years to review and revise the Radio Regulations,the international treaty that governs the use of radio-frequency spectrum.The ITU Council determines an agenda th

106、at considers recommendations previously made at other WRCs.WRC-23 was hosted from November 20 to December 15,2023.Each ITU member state is represented at the WRC by a national delegation.At the conference,members discuss their national contributions and build consensus on ideas that could have an in

107、fluence on other regional members.There are six regional groupings,which include the Americas,the Middle East,Europe,Africa,Asia,and the former Soviet Union.Considering that the Radio Regulations include three ITU primary regions,reaching consensus at the regional(and cross-regional)level is crucial

108、.373GPP3GPP The 3rd Generation Partnership Project is the most relevant standard setting organization in the field of mobile telecommunications.Formed in 1988,its purpose is to develop a common wireless system for Europe,Asia,and North America.3GPP produces reports which aim to standardize cellular

109、technologies,allowing them to operate effectively in licensed spectrum.38Driving Global Harmonization through International CollaborationThe role of international forums in driving global spectrum harmonization1.Introduction2345+Illustration:ITU Regions39Illustration:ITU Study Cycle40 WRC-19Nov 2019

110、DeadlineMid 2021CPM23-2EARLY 2023WRC-23Nov 2023123Characteristics Spectrum Needs Propagation ModelSharing StudiesCPM TextFinal EngagementITU Regions:Region 1:Europe,Africa,the Commonwealth of Independent States,Mongolia,and the Middle East west of the Persian Gulf,including Iraq.Region 2:The America

111、s including Greenland,and some of the eastern Pacific Islands.Region 3:Most of non-FSU Asia east of and including Iran,and most of Oceania.Spectrum harmonization can happen on a global orregional level,and given theextensive studies and consensus-building process,ITU decisions take time,effort,and l

112、eadership.1.Introduction2345+Harmonization standardizes the use of spectrum globally,allowing network equipment and wireless device manufacturers to reduce duplication and streamline production across markets.These economies of scale provide consumers and industry with more affordable and higher-qua

113、lity products and services,as well as faster and more widespread access to improved connectivity and new wireless technology.These efficiencies will drive broad value throughout the economy through realization of transformative 5G use cases,reduction in the digital divide,and more.As spectrum harmon

114、ization delivers more growth and innovation globally,wireless leaders like the US stand to capture a larger share of the opportunity by establishing and maintaining a first-mover advantage.By making diligent investments in new generations of network infrastructure as well as proactively leading the

115、conversation on policy and standards,the US can ensure that it captures the economic,societal,and national security benefits that come with wireless leadership.A first-mover advantage in 5G and future generations can ensure that more innovation occurs domestically,through the creation of new industr

116、ies and jobs as well as more economic growth overall.Why Spectrum Harmonization is a Pressing ConcernSpectrum harmonization drives broad economic and societal valueSpectrum harmonization generates benefits in addition to those that simply result from allocating more spectrum for commercial wireless.

117、1.Introduction2345+The Burning Platform for HarmonizationWhile there has been incremental progress in driving alignment across countries to date,there are still significant gaps in harmonization,particularly for 5G and future wireless generations.With the increasing need for wireless connectivity ov

118、er the coming years and as more countries look to align their spectrum allocations with established wireless leaders,it is more critical than ever for the US to play an active role in driving spectrum harmonization.The US gap in commercial mid-band during an era of rapidly increasing wireless demand

119、 requires taking a harmonized approach to mid-band spectrum allocation.The opportunity for the US is to prioritize bands that offer clear harmonization benefits,thus maximizing the potential benefit from 5G and future generations of wireless.If the US ignores this opportunity however,it will be leav

120、ing significant value on the table and risk limiting its influence and future leadership in the global wireless ecosystem.Therefore,it is more critical than ever for the US to play an active role in driving harmonization and wireless leadership.1.Introduction2345+In this paper,we first look at globa

121、l approaches to spectrum allocation and lessons from historical wireless leadership across generations in order to identify the specific opportunity for the US.We then examine and quantify the potential benefits from harmonized allocation and leadership,and finally,identify the actions and accelerat

122、ion levers needed to realize these benefits.2.The Global Spectrum Landscape1345+The Global Spectrum LandscapeSection 022.The Global Spectrum Landscape1345+Spectrum Harmonization and Wireless Leadership Spectrum harmonization and wireless leadership demonstrate a persistent connection throughout the

123、history of mobile networks.First-mover advantages obtained through wireless leadership provide notable benefits,especially when it leads to more harmonized spectrum globally.Europe Sets the Stage for 2G with GSMThe establishment of the GSM standards positioned Europe as a leader in the 2G wireless e

124、ra.GSM accelerated the development and deployment of 2G technology across Europe,enabled spectrum harmonization,and helped set a global standard for mobile communication.41 Initially,GSM was built for the 900 MHz band,but soon expanded to various frequency bands to provide a base framework for cellu

125、lar and mobile use at a rapid rate.Germany,France,the UK,Italy,and Spain all reached 80%+2G adoption years before the US and other countries reached similar penetration levels.42GSM became the leading 2G standard globally with over 1.266B subscribers.Europes market dominance from its 2G leadership u

126、nlocked significant economic benefits and bolstered its wireless industry.Europe became a hub for wireless innovation,made European companies(e.g.,Nokia)household names in mobile technology,and set the course for global 2G with GSM standards.The US Leads 4G LTE as the EU Falls BehindOverall,4G was m

127、ore harmonized than the prior generation.The US shifted from being a follower to a leader in 4G and established global dominance through investment in innovation and intelligent wireless policy-making.46US regulatory bodies such as the FCC played a crucial role in driving US 4G leadership,auctioning

128、 spectrum assets(including 3000 PCS,AWS and 700 MHz)and implementing policies to expedite tower siting.47 From 2007 to 2011,US mobile operators invested more than$117B in their networks.48 This early availability and flexibility of spectrum allocation enabled a swift transition between technological

129、 generations,creating a conducive environment for 4G infrastructure development.This resulted in rapid adoption of 4G in the US,which had ripple effects throughout the wireless ecosystem(e.g.,widespread adoption of American handsets,the rise of the app economy,etc.).Conversely,many EU states were sl

130、ow to allocate key 4G harmonized spectrum,namely the 800 MHz band.49 These delays led to slower 4G rollouts,which contributed to a decline in EU OEM market dominance especially for handsets and reduced EU influence in the wireless ecosystem overall.Fragmented 3G LandscapeFragmentation and regulatory

131、 burdens in 3G derailed the EUs wireless leadership position.Regulatory restrictions limited leading EU operators from taking swift action on 3G.For example,one regulation prevented operators from repurposing 2G spectrum to deploy 3G in their respective countries driving up licensing cost and delayi

132、ng deployment timelines.43,44 The first-mover advantage experienced by Europe and its original equipment manufacturers(OEMs)due to the widespread adoption of GSM for 2G led to a more complicated 3G landscape.Individual regions put their own standards forward with different allocations outlined for s

133、pectrum,such as WIMAX,W-CDMA,and CDMA200.45 This resulted in international spectrum fragmentation,with some standards being more prominent in certain regions than others,with no clear leader or global spectrum standard to define the generation.The lack international alignment and collaboration led t

134、o uneven distribution of new wireless technologies,and a lack of global innovation overall.4G5G3G2GSpectrum harmonization and early allocation can empower leadership on standards development.Leading on standards creates a conducive environment for innovation and unlocks first-mover opportunities.Uns

135、ynchronized spectrum management and standards development leads to complexity and operating inefficiencies,limiting innovation in the global wireless ecosystem.Early spectrum allocation and investment-friendly policies lead to ample and timely investments by mobile operators to build networks,which

136、fosters innovation and enhances the nations global influence.2.The Global Spectrum Landscape1345+Key Lessons on LeadershipIn exploring the evolution of spectrum leadership and the actions that led to it,certain themes emerge that reflect the ties between a countrys spectrum management approach and t

137、heir wireless dominance.These include:1.Proactive allocation of strategic spectrum bands 2.Contribution toward a harmonized global spectrum landscape3.Strong investment in next-generation network infrastructureEach wireless generation had specific ranges of spectrum that were in demand,and establish

138、ing wireless leadership required countries to make that resource available in a timely,consistent,and predictable manner.For 5G,allocation in the mid-band range,alongside effective harmonization,will ultimately determine which countries are able to establish and maintain wireless leadership.2.The Gl

139、obal Spectrum Landscape1345+Spotlight:The 5G LeadersSouth Korea:Early allocation of strategic bands leading to exceptional 5G network performance South Korea licensed substantial C-band spectrum in contiguous blocks early in the 5G era,employing 280 MHz of spectrum fully harmonized with Europes emer

140、ging plans for 5G.This proactive recognition of the strategic importance of the C-band has contributed to South Koreas success in its 5G rollout.South Korea was one of the first countries to launch a 5G network back in 2019 and has consistently been a top performer in terms of network speed,with a 4

141、96 Mbps download speed as of Q4 2022,second only to the UAE.50,51 Additionally,South Korea was one of the first countries to achieve 90%population coverage within the first year of deploying 5G,partially due to its high population density.52 By taking early action in securing highly coveted C-band a

142、nd consequently being a leader on launching and scaling 5G networks,South Korea positioned its home-base network OEM to capture a first-mover advantage.On the back of this early domestic launch,Samsung was able to achieve significant global market share for network equipment,growing from 6.6%of 5G n

143、etwork equipment sales in 2018,to 36%in 2019.53 Innovation and diligent technology policies by the Korean government were catalysts for Samsungs success in the smartphone market.Samsung was the first major enterprise to apply a structured framework for innovation,investing heavily in research and de

144、velopment.South Korea has been able to leverage this advantage to innovate on important 5G use cases such as smart cities,embedding connectivity into urban management in alignment with its national development strategy.Based on its early domestic success,South Korea has built a reputation as a conne

145、cted industry leader and is partnering with other countries to help them revitalize their urban management practices.54,552.The Global Spectrum Landscape1345+China:Early and ample allocation of mid-band spectrum enabled Chinese network equipment leadership.Chinas proactive approach in making spectru

146、m available for 5G solidified its initial success in 5G network rollout and wireless technology innovation.This early prioritization,especially in allocating harmonized mid-band for commercial use,continues to solidify its leadership position.According to GSMA,China is forecasted to be the first cou

147、ntry to reach 1B 5G connections(by 2025).56 A significant driver behind this success is Chinas spectrum policy,specifically with respect to allocations in the 2.6 GHz and 3.4 GHz ranges.China was one of the first countries to begin auctioning spectrum for 5G,having licensed 360 MHz of mid-band to op

148、erators by the end of 2019 as part of its broader strategy to use its wireless leadership to drive spectrum harmonization and advance its network equipment market leadership.57,58 Chinese companies have also benefited from the countrys early investment in 5G,with Chinese OEMs leading global telecom

149、equipment revenues for the beginning of 2023,ahead in five out of six main network equipment categories.59 This market dominance can be tracked back to early investment into R&D and contributions to standards development for 5G,with Chinese OEMs spending more than$600M on 5G research and innovation

150、by 2013 prior to 5G technical specifications being established.60 This leadership is also demonstrated by Chinas growing relevance in the 5G patent sphere.The proportion of 5G patent family share captured by Chinese companies grew from 19%in 2018 to 32%in 2023,trailed by South Korea and the US with

151、shares of 24%and 19%respectively in 2023.As a result of prioritizing investment in innovation and R&D,Chinese companies have become global leaders in 5G relevant 3GPP contributions as well as 5G technology patent.61Spotlight:The 5G Leaders2.The Global Spectrum Landscape1345+The United StatesLimited

152、availability of spectrum necessitates wireless operator CAPEX to enable network excellence.The US took an early lead in 5G as a result of significant investment in building and deploying network infrastructure.The nation is a global leader in terms of 5G adoption with 54%availability*as of mid-2023

153、which is largely due to the commitment by operators to rapidly deploy 5G networks.62 This was demonstrated by the significant investments made in recent years,with approximately$186B invested in wireless networks between 2017 and 2022.63However,5G has yet to live up to its full economic potential in

154、 the US,which is limited by a lack of mid-band spectrum,and it risks not being able to realize the full future potential of 5G without allocating additional spectrum for commercial use.Spotlight:The 5G Leaders*“Availability”is measured as the number of 5G-enabled handsets that connect to a 5G networ

155、k the majority of the time2.The Global Spectrum Landscape1345+The 5G Mid-band LandscapeA Recent HistoryGlobally,countries have been making progress on allocating mid-band spectrum to support 5G networks.As of late 2022,five countries that lead the US in terms of mid-band availability have,on average

156、,allocated 652 MHz of lower mid-band spectrum.64 Furthermore,many countries are increasingly taking action to align their allocations with each other by focusing on distinctly harmonized bands as indicated by the 3.4-3.8 GHz band being almost universally harmonized.This trend of harmonized allocatio

157、n is expected to continue.In particular,the 3.3 GHz and 4.8 GHz bands were on the agenda for WRC-23 and have already gained momentum with some countries proactively allocating these bands.3.3-3.4 GHz Globally,attention is turning to find opportunities to expand harmonization of the lower 3 GHz,with

158、the WRC-23 agenda having included the 3.3-3.4 GHz band for IMT use in ITU regions 1 and 2,as well as 3GPP standardization of this band along with numerous deployments.653.4-3.8 GHz The 3.5 GHz band,broadly considered the 5G launch band,has largely been harmonized,with over 60 countries having alloca

159、ted at least some portion of the C-band.Furthermore,at least 20 countries have approximately 200 MHz of contiguous allocation exclusive for IMT use between the broader 3.3-4.0 GHz.664.8-4.99 GHz Several countries have recently allocated portions of the upper 4 GHz band,namely China,Japan and South K

160、orea.69 The 4.8-4.99 GHz portion was on the WRC-23 agenda for all ITU regions.704.5-4.8 GHz Japan has allocated this full block for commercial wireless use,whereas South Korea has allocated the upper portion of this segment.67 3GPP has also recognized the full 4.4-5.0 GHz band in its 5G NR band 79.6

161、8The 4 GHz BandThe 3 GHz BandUSCanadaMexico*BrazilFranceGermanySaudi ArabiaSpainSwedenUKTaiwan*ChinaJapanS.KoreaIndia*Licensed UnlicensedCurrentlyassignedPlanned future assignmentCurrentlyassignedPlanned future assignmentGlobally HarmonizedWRC-23 agenda itemWRC-27 Agenda Item*The data source for spe

162、ctrum allocation for these countries only indicated licensed 5G assignments3.03.23.43.63.84.04.24.44.64.85.0Note:Note:Geographic restrictions in the 3.45-3.55 GHz range and power restrictions and share scheme issues in CBRS*means they are more challenging to harmonize for commercial wireless use glo

163、bally.712.The Global Spectrum Landscape1345+Upper 6 GHz:6.425-7.125 GHz The upper 6 GHz band was identified for IMT in Region 1 and several countries in Regions 2 and 3 at WRC-23,with the option for other countries to opt into the IMT footnote at WRC-27.In addition,all of Region 3 identified the top

164、 portion of the upper 6 GHz band for IMT at WRC-23.74Lower 6 GHz:5.925-6.425 GHzChinas recent decision to allocate most of the 6 GHz band for IMT use,contrasted with the US decision to allocate it for unlicensed use to accelerate the growth of Wi-Fi 6,has sparked global debate on the intended use fo

165、r this band moving forward.72,737.125-15 GHzAs focus shifts to future wireless generations,the global community is beginning to investigate the 7-15 GHz band and its potential commercial application.This band is being considered for study as part of the study cycle leading to WRC-27.The WRC-27 agend

166、a will be pivotal in determining which bands will be harmonized beyond 5G,with a considerable amount likely to fall in this range.75The 5G Mid-band LandscapeThe 7-15 GHz BandThe 6 GHz BandUSCanadaBrazilFranceGermanyItalySaudi ArabiaSpainSwedenUKAustraliaChinaJapanS.KoreaMany countries are expected t

167、o act in the coming years to increase their mid-band availability and do so in a harmonized way.Future planned assignments show that the average amount of mid-band spectrum available in five leading countries could grow to more than 970 MHz largely in bands that are increasingly harmonized.These all

168、ocations,however,are not going to be sufficient to meet rising demand.Wireless leaders can be expected to take action to reinforce spectrum availability,as has already been seen with Chinas announcement of plans to make the full 6 GHz band available for commercial wireless use.765.25.45.65.86.06.26.

169、46.66.87.07.2Licensed UnlicensedPlanned future assignmentGrowing Global Interest(i.e.,WRC-27 agenda item)WRC-23 agenda itemCurrentlyassignedCurrentlyassignedPlanned future assignment2.The Global Spectrum Landscape1345+The US Mid-band LandscapeThe US lacks available harmonized mid-band spectrum,riski

170、ng significant economic benefit The US has aimed to increasingly harmonize its spectrum in recent years,with allocations in the mid-3 GHz range through auctions across the 3.45 GHz band,the C-band,and the CBRS bands.However,such a fragmented approach has limited mobile operators ability to capture t

171、he full benefits of the mid-3 GHz range.Specifically,the area and coordination restrictions over some of the 3.45 GHz band alongside the sharing scheme and associated low-power limits in place on the CBRS band constrains the utility of these bands.77 Moreover,the CBRS technical rules were not aligne

172、d with the existing 3GPP standards,requiring costly changes to the specification for the new band class,custom software for equipment for the US market,and development of interworking requirements at standards bodies versus other countries operating 3 GHz networks.While the US has been a leader in t

173、erms of 5G coverage and availability on the back of its early investment with 4G LTE,growing demand and limited/restricted access to mid-band spectrum have left the US with capacity challenges that have hindered 5G speeds domestically,with the US having a median 5G download speed of 133.47 Mbps as o

174、f the end of 2022,compared to the 496.63 Mbps and 280.85 Mbps speeds demonstrated by 5G leaders South Korea and China respectively.78The US mid-band gap is apparent and is expected to only grow given the lack of planned future mid-band assignments combined with forecasted data traffic growth in the

175、US.With the US deficit in spectrum relative to demand expected to reach 400 MHz by 2027,and over 1,400 MHz by 2032,wireless operators will be ill-equipped to realize the full value of 5G and estimates have indicated that$400B-$500B of economic value remains to be captured by the US from 5G,with appr

176、oximately$250B-$330B of that value unlocked by mid-band spectrum.*79,80,81The widening gap between the US and its global counterparts in terms of harmonized mid-band availability is putting the US ability to sustain its wireless leadership at risk.As other countries continue to seek opportunities to

177、 harmonize their allocations,it is critical that the US takes advantage of opportunities to allocate more harmonized mid-band spectrum and avoid becoming siloed in the global wireless ecosystem.*Based on applying the proportion of economic value attributable to mid-band spectrum(65%per GSMA)to the e

178、stimated remaining economic benefit in the US from 5G(Ericsson)2.The Global Spectrum Landscape1345+The US Mid-band LandscapeThe US can allocate more harmonized mid-band spectrum to ensure its future wireless leadership The Fork in the Road for the US The Risk of Falling BehindThe Opportunity for Har

179、monizationFortunately,the gap in mid-band availability gives rise to opportunity.There are several bands that offer clear harmonization and leadership benefits that would maximize the return on investment from having to clear bands.However,if the US ignores this opportunity,it will leave significant

180、 value on the table and will risk limiting its influence and future leadership in the global wireless ecosystem.As other countries continue to harmonize and allocate more mid-band,the lack of a clear spectrum pipeline puts the US at risk of falling further behind.The lack of utility of US allocation

181、s in the 3.5 GHz band,alongside the decision to allocate the full 6 GHz band for Wi-Fi use leaves fewer options for addressing the existing mid-band deficit.82 Closing this gap is imperative for the US to keep pace with competing wireless nations and bolster its 5G network performance.As the US cons

182、iders its options for closing this gap and looks to build a pipeline in the mid-band,its important to consider the global spectrum landscape and stay ahead of harmonization trends.2.The Global Spectrum Landscape1345+Spectrum Harmonization OpportunitiesSeizing the Harmonization Opportunity:Identifyin

183、g and Selecting Optimal BandsThere are two opportunities for the US to address its mid-band gap while becoming more harmonized:Allocating bands that are already widely harmonized and playing a leadership role to allocate bands that are not currently harmonized but are strong candidates for future-ge

184、neration use cases.We can apply the following criteria to identify the specific,high-priority spectrum bands that best position the US to realize harmonization benefits for both opportunities above:Opportunity 1:Allocate Currently Harmonized SpectrumOpportunity 2:Lead Harmonization on New BandsGloba

185、l AllocationUS Spectrum AllocationOpportunity 2 Opportunity 1 Bands with limited global allocation;allocated by the USInternationally HarmonizedInternationally harmonized;not allocated by the USBands with limited global allocation;not allocated by the US Considers bands that are currently harmonized

186、,or are gaining global traction for harmonization,both of which the US lacks.By allocating these bands,the US can capture immediate harmonization benefits.Bands with high potential to be harmonized due to their favorable characteristics and proximity to existing harmonized bands.By allocating these

187、bands domestically while advocating for other countries to follow suit,the US can capture the immediate benefits from harmonization and strengthen its wireless leadership position.Global TractionThe extent of current or planned allocation by other countries,acknowledgement by ITU for WRC,inclusion i

188、n 3GPP specifications,etc.Domestic ConditionsThe extent to which the US has already made the band available or if it can be made readily available.Performance CharacteristicsThe utility of a band for specific wireless use cases,such as its propagation qualities,coverage,throughput,etc.Proximity to H

189、armonized BandsThe extent to which a band is adjacent or near ranges that are already globally harmonized(i.e.a bands potential for harmonization expansion).2.The Global Spectrum Landscape1345+Prioritized Spectrum BandsIn evaluating bands for US allocation based on performance characteristics,proxim

190、ity to harmonized spectrum,global traction,and domestic availability,there are several that are ideal candidates for closing the mid-band gap in a way that drives more spectrum harmonization between the US and its international counterparts.The US Spectrum Harmonization Opportunities3.3-3.45 GHz Ban

191、d(Globally harmonized bands that the US has not yet allocated for commercial wireless use)These bands have been identified due to their widespread international adoption as indicated by their status on the WRC-23 agenda.Additionally,these bands are ideal for 5G use cases due to their high coverage a

192、nd capacity characteristics.(High-potential bands that meet harmonization criteria,but are not widely licensed for commercial use in other countries)These bands have been identified based on their capability to support higher throughputs while maintaining broad coverage,making them ideal for 5G(and

193、potentially 6G)uses cases.They are also contiguous with current and potential harmonized bands and thus are attractive expansion opportunities,especially as it pertains to US wireless leadership.Because 6G is likely to leverage similar or adjacent spectrum to that of 5G,allocating these bands is cri

194、tical for the US future wireless leadership.4.8-4.94 GHz Band4.4-4.8 GHz Band7.125-8.5 GHz BandABCDOpportunity 1:Allocate Currently Harmonized BandsOpportunity 2:Lead Harmonization on New BandsACBDLower Mid-Band SpectrumOpportunity 1 Align to Existing Harmonized BandsOpportunity 2Lead Harmonization

195、on New Bands The entire 6 GHz band is currently allocated for unlicensed use in the United States.However,several other countries are harmonizing the upper portion of the band for licensed mobile use,potentially justifying reexamination of this band in the US.832.The Global Spectrum Landscape1345+Op

196、portunity 1Align to Currently Harmonized BandsThe 3.3-3.45 GHzThe 3.3-3.45 GHz band is growing in global relevance;and was on the WRC-23 agenda for ITU Regions 1 and 2 and is already part of the 3GPPs 5G NR specifications,namely the n77 and n78 bands.84 Many countries have already made this band ava

197、ilable for commercial use,including but not limited to Brazil,China,Chile,India,Mexico,the Philippines and the UAE.85 The bands proximity to the C-band and favorable performance qualities have contributed to its global adoption,especially as countries seek to bolster 5G adoption through 2030.The 4.8

198、-4.94 GHz The upper 4 GHz band is adjacent to the upper portion of the C-band and boasts similar properties,making it ideal for 5G use.Some countries have allocated portions of this range for IMT use,such as China,Japan and South Korea,and many other countries are considering harmonizing to this ban

199、d.86 The 4.8-4.99 GHz range was on the WRC-23 agenda across all three ITU regions and 3GPP has recognized the full band in its 5G NR specifications,with the n79 band covering the 4.4-5.0 GHz range.87,88Two high-potential bands have widespread global adoption and have been identified for broader harm

200、onization by standard-setting bodies,such as the ITU and 3GPP.The US has an opportunity to follow suit and allocate these bands for commercial wireless use in alignment with the global community.In doing so,the US would unlock the near-term benefits from harmonization,such as the potential for econo

201、mies of scale and process efficiencies for network OEMs and device manufacturers,faster deployment of wireless networks,and improvements in network performance.Lower Mid-Band Spectrum2.The Global Spectrum Landscape1345+Another opportunity for harmonization arises from frequency ranges that have not

202、been widely adopted for commercial wireless use globally.These are valuable as they create potential first-mover advantages,including for next-generation wireless technology.The full extent of potential benefits from these opportunities are contingent on the US ability to successfully advocate for t

203、he widespread adoption of these bands,which can be done both through direct engagement and via standard-setting bodies.4.4-4.8 GHzThe mid-4 GHz range is becoming increasingly harmonized,with both Japan and South Korea allocating parts of the 4.4-4.8 GHz band for IMT use.89 With further harmonization

204、 of the adjacent 4.8-4.99 GHz frequency band at WRC-23,and the full 4.4-5.0 GHz range recognized in 3GPPs 5G NR specifications as band n79,it is reasonable to expect that the mid-4 GHz band could be more widely harmonized.90,91,92 This band is suitable for a variety of applications due to its broad

205、coverage and high capacity.It can support techniques like beamforming and massive multiple-input,multiple-output(MIMO).It is also critical for filling the mid-band capacity gap needed to address increasing mobile traffic,which is particularly impactful in regions with cost or geographical barriers t

206、o laying fiber.937.125-8.5 GHzFuture wireless generations are expected to be launched on the 7-15 GHz range,with manufacturers stating that there are benefits to prioritizing the lower end,such as the 7.125-8.5 GHz range,that are adjacent to the lower mid-band.94 WRC-23 agreed to focus studies on gl

207、obal harmonization of IMT in this range for WRC-27 decision.95The 7 GHz bands blend of coverage and capacity also make it suitable for future generations of mobile broadband as well as transformational use cases like smart cities,connected factories,etc.96Opportunity 2Lead Harmonization on New Bands

208、Lower Mid-Band Spectrum3.The Benefits of Harmonization1245+The Benefits of Harmonization Section 033.The Benefits of Harmonization1245+The Benefits of Spectrum HarmonizationWIP subject to changeSpectrum harmonization and wireless leadership offer broad benefits globally and for the United States,suc

209、h as reducing the cost of wireless devices for end users,accelerating the realization of transformational 5G uses,and powering economic growth.Spectrum harmonization will make network equipment and wireless devices more affordable for consumers and industry,due to the resulting standardization and e

210、conomies of scale in production.These cost savings will come in the form of cheaper devices(e.g.,smartphones,IoT sensors,wearables,etc.)and more accessible and scalable network equipment.Consumer savings on smartphones is critical in an era when US smartphone prices have steadily increased over the

211、last decade.97 Also,more cost-effective equipment and devices will provide more scale and velocity for network deployments,which,in turn,can unlock new industry use cases,help keep up with the rapid growth of wireless demand,and reduce the digital divide.Harmonization will also improve the quality a

212、nd reliability of network infrastructure by reducing interference between neighboring regions and improving global roaming for end-users.As was the case from 3G to 4G,more harmonized spectrum can unlock incremental growth and innovation globally.A more cohesive global wireless market generates more

213、economic activity in terms of new industries,jobs,and dominant domestic technology companies.Countries that lead the charge on 5G and beyond stand to capture a disproportionate amount of these long-term benefits.Cost-Savings for Consumers and IndustryAcceleration of Use Cases from 5G and Beyond Econ

214、omic Expansion(e.g.,new industries,job creation,etc.)3.The Benefits of Harmonization1245+The Benefits of Spectrum HarmonizationWIP subject to changeWireless technology production efficiencies and global growth and innovation will drive most of the benefits from spectrum harmonization.Although all ha

215、rmonized nations will benefit,wireless leaders can capture a larger share of the overall value.Cost efficiencies from spectrum harmonization are primarily driven by standardization of network equipment and mobile device production across geographies.Consistency in spectrum allocation across markets

216、drives economies of scale in manufacturing processes and simplifies needed radio capabilities.These efficiencies flow through the entire wireless value chain,which includes original equipment manufacturers(OEMs),device manufacturers,and mobile network operators(MNOs).Network OEMs and device manufact

217、urers can consolidate overhead(e.g.,R&D)and simplify their technology,enabling MNOs to deploy network infrastructure more quickly due to improved investment economics.Harmonization also allows operators in different countries to collaborate more easily and provide better service to end users.Additio

218、nally,spectrum harmonization unlocks growth and innovation globally,as countries can work together to develop new wireless standards and collaborate on new technology that has global appeal.In addition to the global advantages of spectrum harmonization,countries that establish early leadership(parti

219、cularly on new generations of wireless technology)can benefit disproportionately both from an economic and national security perspective.This first-mover advantage accelerates the growth and innovation that comes with having robust and widely adopted wireless infrastructure and technical standards,a

220、s was the case with 4G and the resulting mobile app ecosystems that originated in the US.Taking a leadership position in 5G and beyond will allow the US to capture more of the global value that spectrum harmonization can generate.It will also ensure that the US ecosystem of trusted technology vendor

221、s can benefit from economies of scale,which,in turn,will bolster US national security in the face of global technological and geo-political threats.How Spectrum Harmonization Drives ValueWireless Technology Cost and Performance1Growth,Innovation,and US Leadership2Network Equipment EfficienciesEconom

222、ies of Scale Network Deployment EfficienciesOperational Performance and Reliability(e.g.,equipment maintenance,interference,roaming)1.1Wireless Device EfficienciesEconomies of Scale Radio Component SimplificationGrowth and Innovation Global Growth and Innovation(i.e.,new technology,more use cases)US

223、 LeadershipIncremental Economic BenefitNational Security 1.22.12.23.The Benefits of Harmonization1245+The Mobile Wireless Technology Value ChainThe Wireless Value ChainEach stakeholder in the wireless technology value chain is impacted by how spectrum is allocated,as it is the fundamental mechanism

224、that facilitates connectivity for all wireless technology.Chipset and network OEMs produce the components(e.g.,chipsets,antennas,batteries,etc.)that are inputs into connected devices(IoT sensors,smartphones,etc.)and wireless network infrastructure(e.g.,base stations).Device manufacturers Device manu

225、facturers produce end user wireless devices used by consumers and industry,such as smartphones,IoT sensors,wearables,and more.MNOs deploy and operate the cellular networks that connect wireless devices.Device Manufacturers develop the final products used by MNOs,consumers,and industry such as networ

226、k equipment,smartphones,and IoT sensors,respectively.Spectrum harmonization benefits each of these entities,and ultimately consumers and businesses in the form of cheaper products,better connectivity,and new applications.Spectrum is a critical resource for connected technology,and global alignment o

227、n how that resource is deployed is imperative for realizing the full economic value from 5G and future generations.3.The Benefits of Harmonization1245+Original Equipment Manufacturers(OEMs)Device ManufacturersMobile Network Operators(MNOs)Consumers and BusinessesDescriptionOEMs produce the component

228、s that are used in devices and within cellular network infrastructure.Chipset OEMs produce a variety of mobile,network processing,and radio equipment(e.g.,CPUs,GPUs,etc.).Network OEMs develop the computing and radio components that are built into network infrastructure such as radio units,antennas,a

229、nd core networking hardware.Device Manufacturers produce consumer devices such as smartphones,VR headsets,wearable devices,and smart thermostats,as well as industry technologies,like IoT sensors,drones,and Point-of-Sale systems.Many of these devices are built with radio functionality to enable conne

230、ctivity and are rapidly becoming more intelligent as they capture increasing amounts of data and are processing that data in real time(i.e.edge computing).MNOs serve as the primary channel for wireless communications for consumers and businesses.They deploy and run networks using the equipment devel

231、oped by OEMs.Consumers and businesses then utilize these networks for wireless communications via the technologies developed by device manufacturers.Consumers are the true demand drivers for spectrum.Through everyday activities such as using their smartphones,streaming media,and working,they transmi

232、t data over networks underpinned by spectrum.Enterprises rely on a wide range of wireless technologies to operate,from private wireless networks for secure and functional connectivity to Machine-to-Machine IoT for data exchange and automation.Potential Benefits of Harmonization Economies of scale in

233、 the production of network equipment and wireless devices due to a reduction in frequency variants across global markets Reduced cost and overall need for complex multi-band capability,allowing for resources and device functionality to be allocated to developing additional computing capabilities and

234、 new form factors Improved capital efficiency and accelerated deployment of network infrastructure Operational efficiencies from reduced network downtime and interference,and improved roaming Cost savings on wireless technologies Improved quality,coverage,security,and capacity of networks Realizatio

235、n of additional 5G(and potentially 6G)use casesThe Wireless Technology Value Chain3.The Benefits of Harmonization1245+How Radio Networking Equipment Interacts with SpectrumThe Radio Access Network(RAN)is a critical component of telecommunications network infrastructure that connects end-user devices

236、 to the core network,relying on spectrum to facilitate that connectivity.The Remote Radio Head or Radio Unit(RU)is responsible for transmitting and receiving radio signals,and its design and functionality are dependent on the frequencies it supports.Despite innovations in digitizing some of the RANs

237、 functionalities*,the RU remains tightly coupled to hardware and typically operates on a limited number of frequency ranges.The RU is equipped with specific hardware components(e.g.,amplifiers,filters,etc.)that are subject to various modifications based on the frequency bands they are intended to su

238、pport.For example,antennas that are designed for lower frequency bands tend to be larger in size,which has implications on equipment performance and form factor.Therefore,the variation in commercially licensed spectrum across geographies creates inefficiencies in radio equipment production and leads

239、 to higher costs.Network Benefits1.1RAN architecture is comprised of three main components:The Centralized Unit(CU),Distributed Unit(DU),and Radio Unit(RU).Base stations are the towers that house many of these components,in addition to the backhaul cables,antennas,etc.The Centralized Unit(CU)is resp

240、onsible for the overall management and coordination of multiple base stations,such as handling network capacity,computing,etc.The Distributed Unit(DU)handles radio-related functions specific to a cell site,enabling communication between the three main RAN components.The Radio Unit(RU)is responsible

241、for receiving and transmitting wireless signals,which uses spectrum to communicate and operate.The RU manages the process of converting electrical signals into radio waves for transmission,and radio waves into electrical signals for further processing by the CU.*Innovation in Software-Defined Networ

242、king(SDN)such as Cloud-RAN,has enabled RAN components like the Centralized Unit(CU),which is responsible for core network management,to become more software definedRadio Access NetworksIllustration:Network Architecture3.The Benefits of Harmonization1245+Challenges in Network Equipment ProductionSpec

243、trum harmonization drives economies of scale in equipment production(specifically for radio units)primarily by standardizing hardware across geographies,allowing products to get to market faster and cheaper.Because network radios are modified substantially based on the spectrum they are intended to

244、support,having more of the same hardware applicable to more markets enables consolidation of R&D,Testing&Certification,and Production,which can drive approximately$2B-$3.5B in annual savings(to industry and end users)in the US over the next 10 years.To handle different spectrum bands,network OEMs de

245、sign and produce different stock-keeping units(SKUs)of the same type of radio units for different geographic markets,inflating costs and go-to-market timelines.Modified radios(or“frequency variants”)require separate technical configurations,performance specifications,and testing requirements,which p

246、resent unique engineering challenges and significant duplication of costly development activities.98Network Equipment Efficiencies1.1Economies of Scale from Spectrum Harmonization3.The Benefits of Harmonization1245+Challenges in Network Equipment ProductionNetwork Equipment Efficiencies1.1Economies

247、of Scale in Production RAN component production requires sourcing and assembling hundreds of unique inputs and parts.Producing radios for smaller markets as well as markets with many MNOs can be even more complicated and costly for network users.For example,smaller markets can experience anywhere fr

248、om 15%-30%in additional costs due to radio modifications,and experience additional lag time of up to 12 months for equipment to be deployed.With harmonization,the time spent on these modifications can be reduced by almost half.103,104 While the US does not face this challenge to the same extent as s

249、maller markets,it is still impacted by the widespread production and supply chain inefficiencies due to a lack of harmonized spectrum.With more harmonization and a reduction in required frequency variants,RAN components can be standardized,streamlining equipment costs and time-to-market for all geog

250、raphies.R&D New frequency variants are expensive to develop and require an entire end-to-end R&D cycle that can cost close to$1M per variant.99 With each new variant and its supported bands,engineers must understand what type of filtering is required,whether antennas need to be added,reduced,or modi

251、fied,and what power amplification levels are permitted on that slice of spectrum100.For example,they must assess which other frequencies are fielded around a given band to manage potential interference issues associated with other uses of that spectrum.101 Furthermore,requiring different types of ra

252、dio components for different variants results in more time spent identifying and working with a broader supplier base to source components.With more harmonization,many aspects of these activities can be consolidated across fewer radio SKUs,significantly reducing the cost to bring new generations of

253、equipment to market.Testing and CertificationBecause RAN components rely on spectrum,they are highly regulated by government bodies.Certifying a radio unit that is modified for a specific market can take months and sometimes years,costing tens of thousands of dollars.102 In the US,the Federal Commun

254、ications Commission(FCC)must approve all devices that transmit radio signals down to the component level.Every country has its own certification processes,in large part because they vary in terms of the bands that are licensed for commercial use.Regulations also dictate performance parameters for ea

255、ch band,such as ensuring that power levels do not interfere with other nearby technologies that operate on similar or adjacent bands(e.g.,in 2021 the FAA expressed concern with C-band allocation due to potential interference with aircraft safety equipment).When multiple regions use harmonized commer

256、cial bands as well as align on band plans(such as the capacity,coverage,and power levels of those bands)network OEMs can streamline many of the testing and certification processes that are redundant across markets.For example,the FCC accepts some testing requirements that are conducted outside of th

257、e US if there is alignment with the international governing body on the standards and practices that apply to those tests.Harmonizing spectrum would create opportunities to scale up this shared testing infrastructure across other governing bodies as more bands are harmonized internationally.0102033.

258、The Benefits of Harmonization1245+Building out network infrastructure is capital intensive,with global spend expected to total$137.7B in 2023 and expected to grow at a 6.10%CAGR through 2028.105A large portion of that investment occurs in the US,where operators consistently invest anywhere from$30B-

259、$40B per year to build their networks with increasing focus on deploying 5G base stations.106 There is significant complexity in deploying and operating wireless networks:Infrastructure investment thresholds are high and service operations are complex.Equipment failures,interference,and roaming issu

260、es all affect the quality and reliability of service and are impacted by fragmented commercial spectrum allocation.Network Deployment EfficienciesWireless Network Capital IntensityNetwork Equipment Efficiencies1.13.The Benefits of Harmonization1245+Of US operators overall investment in building out

261、network infrastructure,as much as$12B is dedicated annually to expanding capacity to meet the accelerating demand for connectivity.107 A significant part of this network infrastructure cost is from the RAN components.Operators purchase radios,antennas,and other components from network OEMs.In additi

262、on to the cost of procuring radio equipment,which can cost tens of thousands of dollars per macro cell*,deploying these base stations is a capital and time-intensive process.108 For example,deploying a new macro cell site in the form of a new cell tower costs$250K on average in the US.109 The proces

263、s typically involves upfront research to decide where to position the site,and whether to build,buy,or rent the tower.MNOs must then purchase,install,and set up the hardware,which includes mounting the radio units and antennas on the tower.Backhaul is then connected to link the base station to the c

264、ore network,either through fiber-optic cables or micro-wave links depending on the spectrum needed,rights of way,etc.The high upfront investment required to deploy wireless networks acts as a rate limiter,slowing down the breadth and deployment speed for new generations of network infrastructure.Thi

265、s contributes to overall lack of wireless capacity and leaves underserved populations with reduced access to high-performing connectivity.Network Deployment ChallengesWith capital investment and implementation time being major hurdles for 5G network deployment,MNOs must ensure that their returns sub

266、stantiate their investments.This is particularly a challenge in the face of increasing demand for wireless connectivity.Therefore,equipment cost savings from economies of scale in production will improve network investment returns for MNOs,and in turn accelerate network deployments.Earlier network a

267、ctivation accelerates the broad set of economic benefits that are linked to 5G.For example,even a 2%-3%reduction in network deployment time would contribute approximately$660M-$1B in economic benefit which is largely due to the earlier realization of use cases from 5G and future generations.110Faste

268、r deployment of new network infrastructure will help meet the rising demand for data capacity and enable 5G use cases that will give way to new industries,job growth,and innovation.Furthermore,with more cost-effective network deployment,more favorable return profiles for building networks in remote

269、areas will help to reduce the digital divide.As of 2021,only 72%of American rural communities had broadband connections at home,compared with over 80%for urban centers.111 Improved economics to deploy network infrastructure as well as innovations like Fixed Wireless Access(FWA)will contribute to imp

270、roving broadband access for all Americans.Standardized Network Equipment Accelerates Deployments*A macro cell is a base stations(usually in the form of a large cell tower)that provides connectivity over longer distances3.The Benefits of Harmonization1245+Harmonization Benefits Throughout the Network

271、 Equipment Value-ChainNetwork Equipment Standardization due to Spectrum HarmonizationReduction in Network Equipment CostReduction in Network Deployment CostFaster Network DeploymentEconomies of Scale in Equipment Production(i.e.less frequency variants)More Data Capacity and Wireless Coverage for Con

272、sumers and Businesses3.The Benefits of Harmonization1245+Network Performance and Operational Efficiencies Fragmented spectrum has significant performance and user experience implications.In the US,operators spend tens of billions of dollars annually in OPEX,which includes site leases,energy,equipmen

273、t maintenance,interference management,transportation,etc.112 Efficiencies or improvements in these areas not only translate into downstream cost savings for consumers,but also more consistent and reliable coverage and roaming experiences.Equipment Maintenance Maintenance costs constitute up to 15%of

274、 network OPEX,and a significant portion involves replacing equipment.With reduced equipment costs due to the production efficiencies that spectrum harmonization enables,maintenance costs can be optimized as well.Furthermore,as network OEMs increasingly standardize their equipment,MNOs will be able t

275、o maintain their networks more easily through faster access to standardized replacement parts.For example,radio units that are more standardized across markets and geographies allow OEMs to get replacement parts to operators soon,reducing total network downtime in the event of equipment failure.Netw

276、ork InterferenceRadio interference occurs when a signal from an unwanted source disrupts the communication of another on a portion of spectrum.This problem is amplified when base stations(or devices)are in proximity and operating on similar frequency bands at varying power levels,band plans,etc.For

277、example,both the US and Mexico use similar portions of the 700 MHz band in different ways,with Mexico using it for uplink and the US using it for downlink.US base stations close to the border have a high chance of experiencing interference,which can amount to 5%-10%in network overhead cost for the i

278、mpacted area.113 This was a significant problem in Europe as 4G was being deployed.Border countries had varying allocations for similar bands,which resulted in constant interference on bands critical for 4G deployment.This ultimately limited the rollout of 4G for affected regions and the availabilit

279、y of next-generation devices.114With more alignment on how bands are used in adjacent regions,end-users stand to benefit from improved network quality at more affordable pricing.For example,if operators can maximize power amplification on their spectrum without worrying about interference,they can m

280、aximize the average coverage per cell and avoid having additional base stations at lower power levels for the same amount of coverage.These efficiencies would drive more reliable and affordable coverage for consumers over time.Roaming Quality Harmonization results in significant roaming efficiencies

281、.Consumers benefit from having more coverage and consistent connectivity as they travel across regions while industries can benefit from applications that require devices to remain connected when moving across regions(e.g.,IoT trackers on shipping containers).MNOs also benefit from the revenue gaine

282、d in providing the improved roaming service(i.e.,better coverage,service quality,etc.)and through more equitable bilateral agreements with each other due to more comparable service which results in less complexity when negotiating roaming terms.Network Equipment Efficiencies1.1Network Operations Bac

283、kground3.The Benefits of Harmonization1245+Challenges in Device ManufacturingLike network equipment,wireless devices,such as smartphones,wearables,and IoT sensors,are dependent on spectrum,and thus are impacted by harmonization.Similar to RAN components,the radio components in mobile devices are des

284、igned to operate on specific frequency bands.For example,many devices are intended to support a limited set of frequencies,and like radio units,must be modified to operate in different geographies.Higher-end devices such as newer iPhones can support a wide range of bands,enabling operability across

285、regions.However,producing these devices comes at a higher cost and can limit performance in other areas as well as restrict form factors.For example,millimeter wave capabilities added approximately$30 in Bill of Material(BoM)costs to the iPhone 12,and additional 5G radio requirements have continued

286、to add complexity and cost to more recent iPhone models.115Both types of devices lead to additional costs for end users and limit potential capabilities and performance in other aspects of the device.As is the case with network equipment,spectrum harmonization can drive economies of scale in wireles

287、s device production,due to standardization across global markets and the reduced need for multiple frequency variants.Harmonization can also decrease the cost of multi-band devices,since more of the advanced radio functionality can be simplified.Wireless Device Efficiencies1.2Multiple Frequency Vari

288、antsComplex Multi-Band Devices12Inefficiencies in Wireless Device Production3.The Benefits of Harmonization1245+Device Frequency VariantsA lack of spectrum harmonization drives significant incremental costs in device manufacturing due to the duplication of R&D,testing/certification,and production to

289、 develop SKUs that would otherwise be identical outside of the frequency ranges they support.Historically,devices were designed to be used on a limited number of bands,localized to a specific country or portion of spectrum.Despite the increase in multi-band devices,which can support hundreds of band

290、s across several regions,most connected devices have several frequency variants to accommodate different markets.This is particularly the case for IoT devices and wearables,for which form factors are highly constrained and are developed to work on specific frequencies that best support their intende

291、d use cases(e.g.,NB-IoT,CAT-M,etc.).Spectrum harmonization can standardize wireless device production,enabling economies of scale,thus reducing the cost of devices for end users.Having fewer frequency variants can also accelerate the development of connected industry and consumer uses cases,as wirel

292、ess device producers can allocate more of their resources toward innovation.Wireless Device Efficiencies1.23.The Benefits of Harmonization1245+Device Frequency VariantsThe standardization of devices allows manufacturers to use similar radio components(e.g.,antennas,transceivers,power amps,etc.)acros

293、s more production units.The type,amount,and quality of a given radio component can vary based on the frequency band the device must support.For example,different frequency bands have different power amplification requirements,and different amplifiers have different costs and configurations,which inc

294、rease overall costs and can alter the performance and form factor of the device.The consolidation of radio components provides economies of scale in production,driving lower device unit costs and improving device performance.Wireless Device Efficiencies1.2Streamlined R&D and Testing&CertificationBec

295、ause of how intricate and interconnected the components and functions within a wireless device are,modifying radio components impacts the entire development process,much like it does for network equipment.Each frequency variant has its own end-to-end R&D cycle,including sourcing for different compon

296、ents,unique software and hardware configurations,and testing/certification criteria.Like network equipment,with more harmonized spectrum,similar duplicative R&D activities can be rationalized across more SKUs,bringing device costs down,and allowing R&D resources to be spent on innovation.The testing

297、 and certification process for a new smartphone can take anywhere from one to three months before getting to market and require up to 30 different certifications depending on the region.116 These tests evaluate a range of specifications,including power consumption,material toxicity,radio transmissio

298、n,etc.With five common radio frequency(RF)standards(WFA,PTCRP,3GPP,Bluetooth,and IEEE),significant time and resources are spent on ensuring that radio capabilities are compliant,which can cost anywhere from$40K-$100K per frequency variant.117 Harmonized spectrum can streamline radio testing across r

299、egions,as requirements in one country could be more easily applied to other harmonized regions,thus minimizing the need for additional cycles.Such efficiencies could reduce the pre-release testing/certification cycle by up to 30%and allow new devices to reach end users faster.118Production Efficienc

300、y3.The Benefits of Harmonization1245+As is the case for network equipment,spectrum harmonization unlocks significant economies of scale and innovation benefits in wireless device production.Streamlining R&D,Testing/Certification,and Production translates into more affordable devices,ranging from app

301、roximately$1.5B-$3B in potential annual savings for end users in the US.For handsets specifically,US consumers account for approximately 10%of global consumption and thus stand to capture an estimated$500M-$1B in savings per year,which amounts to$5-$10 off the cost of each unit.119The US also accoun

302、ts for approximately 20%of the worlds connected devices with an estimated 2.6B IoT connections in 2022.120 Because connectivity and radio components make up a larger portion of IoT device functionality and cost,savings for IoT devices and sensors can be significant,reaching up to 20%per unit.121 The

303、se cost efficiencies can reduce the barriers to transforming industry with IoT and unlock more connected use cases across industries(e.g.,agriculture,mining,retail,etc.).1223.The Benefits of Harmonization1245+Simplification of Multi-Band DevicesHigher Ongoing Production Costs for Multi-Band DevicesI

304、n recent years,manufacturers have developed devices that can support increasingly more spectrum bands,providing reliable connectivity across regions and networks.For example,higher-end devices like iPhones are designed to operate on multiple bands and can work across many networks.Over several gener

305、ations of the iPhone,engineers have built multi-band operability into the device,with versions of the iPhone 15 Pro supporting frequencies in up to 192 countries.123Packing such robust and complex radio capabilities into devices comes at an expense,however;the components and engineering constraints

306、required can drive up device cost,and limit potential functionality and form factor.As RF requirements for 5G and future generations continue to evolve and more countries allocate additional commercial spectrum,supporting an increasing number of bands within a device will only become more complex an

307、d expensive.124Wireless Device Efficiencies1.23.The Benefits of Harmonization1245+Simplification of Multi-Band DevicesEnhanced PerformanceNext-generation RF requirements have also started to increase the amount of physical space that RF capabilities need to have on device circuit boards which will l

308、imit the potential for other features and restrict form factors that are critical for the advanced use cases supported by 5G and future generations.Spectrum harmonization,however,can reverse this trend.With less space and functionality dedicated to RF components,other aspects of the device can be en

309、hanced,such as battery life,processing power,and form factor.This is especially beneficial for many industrial IoT sensors and edge computing applications,where a large portion of the device space and functionality is dedicated to RF capabilities.For example,IoT sensors are often used for tracking a

310、nd monitoring assets that are in hard-to-reach places and must operate on a battery without needing to be recharged for several years.126 With more available space in a device,a larger and denser battery can be used.For agricultural use cases like crop monitoring,miniature sensors are used to contin

311、uously capture and process soil quality data(e.g.,moisture levels)at the edge and are buried in the ground at different depths and spread across large areas.With less radio functionality required in these types of sensors,more resources and space can be dedicated to improving processing power for an

312、alyzing data at the edge and in real time.Reduced CostsDue to 5G,the cost and complexity involved in developing RF capabilities are growing at a faster rate than the innovation being made around those components.125 As more commercial spectrum is deployed globally,more advanced components will be re

313、quired(e.g.,more capable RFFEs*,longer-lasting batteries),higher quantities of certain components needed(e.g.,more RF filters needed to attenuate more unwanted frequencies)and added complexity will be involved in device assembly.Spectrum harmonization will be increasingly critical to solve this prob

314、lem.As more countries align on bands for IMT use,future devices wont need to support as many bands,and will be able to achieve the same coverage and reliability across regions without having as much complex RF capability.This simplification has the potential to reduce device costs through a reductio

315、n in the concentration of radio components(e.g.,less RF filters and antennas)as well as in radio complexity and alleviating engineering constraints.These benefits will translate into more affordable devices over time for end users.RF filters are an example of a type of component that can be reduced

316、as the number of bands a device must support decreases.As the name suggests,RF filters are responsible for filtering out unwanted signals to devices.Each filter is designed to allow or attenuate(i.e.,weaken)certain frequency ranges.The number of filters that must be built into a devices RFFE*is dire

317、ctly proportional to the number of frequency bands that the device is intended to support.The iPhone 11 had approximately 100 filters,in line with each frequency band it supported.127Example:Radio Component Simplification4 GHz3 GHz2 GHz*The Radio Frequency Front-End(RFFE)consists of all the circuitr

318、y and hardware that receives,transmits,and manages radio signals(it includes components like RF filters,signal amplifiers,etc.)Wireless Device Efficiencies1.23.The Benefits of Harmonization1245+Growth and Innovation from Spectrum HarmonizationSpectrum harmonization will accelerate innovation on a gl

319、obal scaleSpectrum harmonization and international coordination on spectrum policy can accelerate the innovation driven by the global wireless ecosystem.According to the GSMA,innovations in wireless technology contributed$4.5T total global economic value in 2021.128 Furthermore,harmonization is crit

320、ical to ensuring that the future benefits promised in 5G and beyond are realized.More harmonized spectrum provides wireless technology companies with enhanced access to global markets and more revenue potential.Because the cost to deploy new generations of wireless technology are so high,the increas

321、e in scale allows innovators to deploy in more cost-effective ways,which improves the business case for making high-risk investments in generational technologies.International alignment on wireless standards also simplifies global collaboration for innovation and creates opportunities for cross-bord

322、er digital ecosystems and partnership.In contrast,countries that do not harmonize run the risk of falling behind in terms of growth and innovation.Lessons learned from the lack of harmonization for 4G in the EU prove that countries that dont align to how critical commercial bands are used risk delay

323、ing or deterring innovations from being introduced to and developed in their markets.Global Innovation and GrowthGrowth&Innovation2.1How spectrum harmonization accelerates technical standards developmentThe 3GPP plays a pivotal role in setting spectrum usage standards for mobile telecommunications.S

324、pectrum harmonization is a crucial catalyst in the efficient and timely development of these standards.As more countries align on the commercial use of similar bands,the development of technical specifications for those bands can be achieved more rapidly.Widespread adoption of specific spectrum band

325、s helps incentivize these standards bodies to define requirements and focuses more stakeholders on driving a cohesive agenda forward.The speed and applicability of these specifications promotes interoperability and paves the path for standardization in technology development worldwide,accelerating i

326、nnovation and encouraging new product development.With a lack of harmonized spectrum in the US,there is a risk that future wireless standards will not be optimized for the US market.This could inflate the cost for end users in the US to acquire new technology,as there would be more customization inv

327、olved due to the countrys unique standards.These higher costs would make it less attractive for equipment and device OEMs to invest in developing and improving technologies specifically for the US market.3.The Benefits of Harmonization1245+Beyond the shared global benefits for harmonized nations,bei

328、ng a wireless leader can provide additional technological growth and favorable economic positioning for decades to come.As the US demonstrated with 4G,early action and investment can allow more innovation and downstream benefits to emerge domestically.For example,an entire ecosystem of mobile applic

329、ations valued in the hundreds of billions of dollars,from Uber to Airbnb,was built in the US,in large part because of a first-mover advantage in 4G.Capturing a first-mover advantage for new generations of wireless drives hardware and software ecosystems to gear their initial R&D for new technologies

330、 toward domestic markets.As a result,more of the follow-on economic growth,in terms of job creation,export dominance and competitiveness,etc.will occur domestically.This is critical for the US due to its market scale,as innovators would prefer to bring new technologies to the US first,tapping into l

331、arge markets.Subsequently,as new wireless generations are tested and deployed in the US first,the conversation on technical standards begins to shape in favorable ways for use cases that disproportionately benefit American consumers.The upside of leadership is further amplified as other countries lo

332、ok to harmonize their spectrum to that of wireless leaders.For example,for past generations of wireless,Sub-Saharan Africa looked to license more commercial spectrum that was already harmonized internationally to provide more connectivity to its population.129 As smaller and developing nations look

333、to license widely harmonized bands for their commercial use,leading nations stand to benefit even further.Falling behind as a wireless leader can mean that these smaller countries will harmonize their spectrum more closely with other nations competing to lead,like China,allowing them to shape technical standards and regulations instead.Through diligent investment in wireless infrastructure and pro