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1、FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION IN THE WORLDTHE STATE OF FINANCING TO END HUNGER,FOOD INSECURITY AND MALNUTRITION IN ALL ITS FORMS2024INDIA.Winnowing wheat:scaling up financing flows will accelerate the vital transformation of agrifood systems.COVER PHOTOGRAPH iS flagship publication is part of The Stat

2、e of the World series of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.Required citation:FAO,IFAD,UNICEF,WFP and WHO.2024.The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2024 Financing to end hunger,food insecurity and malnutrition in all its forms.Rome.https:/doi.org/10.4060/cd1

3、254enThe designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations(FAO),the International Fund for Agricultural Development(IFAD),the United Natio

4、ns Childrens Fund(UNICEF),the World Food Programme(WFP)or the World Health Organization(WHO)concerning the legal or development status of any country,territory,city or area or of its authorities,or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.The mention of specific companies or produc

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15、ests solely with the user.Sales,rights and licensing.FAO information products are available on the FAO website (www.fao.org/publications)and can be purchased through publications-salesfao.org.Requests for commercial use should be submitted via:www.fao.org/contact-us/licence-request.Queries regarding

16、 rights and licensing should be submitted to:copyrightfao.org.FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION IN THE WORLDTHE STATE OF FINANCING TO END HUNGER,FOOD INSECURITY AND MALNUTRITION IN ALL ITS FORMSISSN 2663-8061Food and Agriculture Organization of the United NationsInternational Fund for Agricultural Develop

17、ment|United Nations Childrens FundWorld Food Programme|World Health OrganizationRome,20242024CONTENTSFOREWORD viiMETHODOLOGY ixACKNOWLEDGEMENTS xABBREVIATIONS xiiiKEY MESSAGES xviEXECUTIVE SUMMARY xviiiCHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION1CHAPTER 2FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION AROUND THE WORLD 32.1 Food security ind

18、icators latest updates and progress towards ending hunger and ensuring food security 32.2 Cost and affordability of a healthy diet 222.3 The state of nutrition:progress towards global nutrition targets 31CHAPTER 3A NEW DEFINITION OF FINANCING FOR FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION 453.1 Challenges in defin

19、ing and measuring financing for food security and nutrition 463.2 A new definition of financing for food security and nutrition 52CHAPTER 4CURRENT LEVELS OF AND GAPS IN FINANCING TOEND HUNGER,FOOD INSECURITY ANDMALNUTRITION714.1 Tracking current levels of financing for food security andnutrition 734

20、.2 The cost of policies and interventions to end hunger and malnutrition by 2030 914.3 The cost of inaction orslow action 97CHAPTER 5WHAT IS NEEDED TO CATALYSE SCALABLE FINANCING TO FILL THE GAP?1055.1 Scaling up financing flows to food security and nutrition 1065.2 Innovative financing approaches a

21、nd tools to bridge the financing gap for SDGTargets 2.1 and 2.2 1145.3 How to achieve better alignment with and synergies in different sources of financing 131CHAPTER 6THE WAY FORWARD 145ANNEXES 151ANNEX 1AStatistical tables to Chapter 2 152ANNEX 1BMethodological notes for the food security and nutr

22、ition indicators 198ANNEX 2Glossary219NOTES 227The supplementary material to The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2024 is available at:https:/doi.org/10.4060/cd1254en-supplementary|ii|TABLES 1 Prevalence of undernourishment,20052023 72 Number of undernourished people,2005202383 Prev

23、alence of food insecurity at severe level only,and at moderate or severe level,based on the Food Insecurity Experience Scale,20152023144 Number of people experiencing food insecurity at severe level only,and at moderate or severe level,based on the Food Insecurity Experience Scale,20152023155 The av

24、erage cost of a healthy diet,20172022 256 Proportion of the population and number of people unable to afford a healthy diet,20172022 297 Regional trends for the seven global nutrition targets358 Matrix of different financing flows by source 539 Composition of public spending on food security and nut

25、rition in Benin8010 Composition of public spending on food security and nutrition in Uganda8011 Composition of public spending on food security and nutrition in selected low-and middle-income countries8112 Global official development assistance and other official flows for all aid sectors and for fo

26、od security and nutrition8313 Destination of official development assistance and other official flows for food security and nutrition by recipient income group and region8614 Global official development assistance and other official flows for all aid sectors and for food security and nutrition8715 G

27、rowth and distribution of cross-border remittances that support food security and nutrition to low-and middle-income countries 8716 Foreign direct investment specific to food security and nutrition flowing to developing economies8917 Overview of studies with cost estimates for ending hunger,food ins

28、ecurity andmalnutrition9318 Low-and middle-income countries degree ofability to access financing,considering food security and nutrition indicators and the majordrivers109A1.1 Progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals and global nutrition targets:prevalence of undernourishment,moderate or s

29、evere food insecurity,selected forms of malnutrition,exclusivebreastfeeding and low birthweight152A1.2 Progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals and global nutrition targets:number of people who are affected by undernourishment,moderate or severe food insecurity and selected forms of malnut

30、rition;number of infants exclusively breastfed and number of babies born with low birthweight167A1.3 Prevalence of moderate or severe food insecurity,and severe food insecurity only,bydegree of urbanization in 2023182A1.4 Prevalence of moderate or severe food insecurity,and severe food insecurity on

31、ly,amongadult men and women in 2023183A1.5 The cost of a healthy diet by region,subregion,country and country income group,20172021 184A1.6 Unaffordability of a healthy diet by region,subregion,country and country income group,20172022 190|iii|CONTENTS FIGURES 1 Global hunger rose sharply from 2019

32、to 2021 and persisted at the same level to 202352 Progress was made towards reducing hunger in some subregions of Asia and in Latin America,buthunger is still on the rise in Western Asia,theCaribbean and most subregions of Africa93 Projected numbers of undernourished indicate that the world is far o

33、ff track to achieve Zero Hunger by 2030104 Food insecurity levels remained virtually unchanged globally from 2022 to 2023,with Latin America and the Caribbean being the only region showing notable reduction135 The concentration and distribution of food insecurity by severity in 2023 differed greatly

34、 across the regions of the world 176 Globally and in most regions,the prevalence of food insecurity is higher in rural areas than in urban areas187 The gender gap narrowed in most regions for two years in a row,but the prevalence of food insecurity has remained consistently higher among women than a

35、mong men,globally and in all regions198 The proportion of the population and number of people unable to afford a healthy diet in the world decreased from 2020 to 2022289 Three-quarters of the people who are unable to afford a healthy diet live in low-and lower-middle-income countries 3010 Global stu

36、nting and wasting prevalences have been declining and levels of exclusive breastfeeding rising over the past decade,but the world is not on track to achieve any of the seven global nutrition targets by 20303411 More countries are off track than on track for most of the seven global nutrition targets

37、3712 Compared to the global estimates,least developed countries have much higher levels of stunting in children under age five and of anaemia in women aged 15 to 49 years,and the same worrying rise in adult obesity3813 Globally,obesity rates have risen sharply and thinness and underweight have decli

38、ned among school-age children,adolescents,adults and theelderly4014 Total official development assistance grants for low-and middle-income countries associated with different definitions of financing for food security and nutrition,20214715 A conceptual diagram of the new definition of financing for

39、 food security and nutrition for ending hunger and food insecurity(SDG Target 2.1)and all forms of malnutrition(SDG Target 2.2)5716 The core definition of financing for food security and nutrition entails addressing the main determinants of food security and nutrition5817 The increasing frequency an

40、d intensity of major drivers and income inequality in low-and middle-income countries,200320226018 Hunger is higher and has increased the most in countries affected by the major drivers,and hunger increases are higher in poor countries affected by more than one major driver6319 The extended definiti

41、on of financing for food security and nutrition addresses the major drivers through policies and actions along six transformative pathways 6620 Application of the core and extended definitions of financing for food security andnutrition68|iv|BOXES 1 Updates in the series of prevalence of undernouris

42、hment estimates62 Deepening humanitarian crises increase acute food insecurity and threaten the right to adequate food in many places in the world113 Is food insecurity severity associated with the properties of a healthy diet?Preliminary evidence from 28 countries204 Ongoing improvements in the met

43、hod to assess the affordability of a healthy diet 265 Double-duty actions to address the double burden of malnutrition416 Brief definition of the financial terms used in thisreport547 The definition of financing for food security andnutrition568 Protracted major food crisis countries are severely af

44、fected by multiple major drivers and face among the highest levels of chronic foodinsecurity6421 General domestic government expenditure on agriculture per rural inhabitant is extremely low and not clearly increasing in low-and lower-middle-income countries where it is mostly needed to reduce food i

45、nsecurity and malnutrition7422 General domestic government expenditure on agriculture per capita is negatively correlated with food security and undernutrition indicators,average 201720197623 Public spending on food security and nutrition shows almost steady growth in Benin up to 20217824 Public spe

46、nding on food security and nutrition shows steady growth in Uganda,but this could not be sustained in 20227925 Official development assistance(ODA)and other official flows(OOF)for food security and nutrition represent less than a quarter of global ODA and OOF flows and are mostly allocated to food c

47、onsumption and health8426 The composition of official development assistance and other official flows for food security and nutrition is very stable over time8427 Food availability,health services and environmental health,and conflict and inequality take the majority of the official development assi

48、stance and other official flows for,respectively,food consumption,health,and the major drivers of food insecurity and malnutrition,annual average,201720218528 Net banking loans to agriculture,forestry and fishing show an almost continuous decline9029 Trillions of USD are estimated to be needed to fi

49、nance investments for ending hunger and some forms of malnutrition,and to increase the affordability of healthy diets by 2030 9530 Summary of the methodology for assessing countries ability to access financing10731 Risk gradient for financial stakeholders11032 Which are the most adequate financing t

50、ools and mechanisms depending on the country context?11133 Recommended innovative financing instruments for countries,considering their ability to access financing flows11634 Recommendations for addressing the fragmentation of the current food security and nutrition financing architecture for ending

51、 hunger,food insecurity andmalnutrition135|v|CONTENTS9 Six transformation pathways to address the major drivers of food insecurity andmalnutrition6710 Some private investments can have negative impacts on Sustainable Development Goal 28811 The opportunity cost of not repurposing budget allocations f

52、or the agriculture and livestock sectors in six sub-Saharan African countries10012 Debt swaps for climate and food security and nutrition objectives11713 Insurance and guarantees,essential tools for de-risking food security and nutrition investments11814 Closing the gender gap in accessing financing

53、 flows and services12715 The Indigenous Peoples Assistance Facility12816 Innovative social impact investment fund inUganda12917 Leveraging tools to track progress in financing for food security and nutrition and agrifood systems141|vi|FOREWORDAchieving the Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs)is the r

54、esponsibility of all countries.Ourfive organizations support transformative efforts to progress towards a world free from hunger,food insecurity and malnutrition in all its forms by 2030.We are encouraged by the commitment of national governments,partners all over the world and the global community

55、towards this common goal.While we have made some progress,improvements have been uneven and insufficient.We have seen improvement in more populous countries with growing economies,but hunger,food insecurity and malnutrition continue to increase in many countries around the world.This is affecting mi

56、llions of people especially in rural areas,where extreme poverty and food insecurity remain deeply entrenched.Vulnerable populations,particularly women,youth and Indigenous Peoples,are disproportionately affected.A continuation of the past trends means that by 2030,millions of people will still be u

57、ndernourished,millions of children will still be affected by malnutrition in its different forms,and the world will still be falling short of reaching the global nutrition targets.Conflict,climate variability and extremes,economic slowdowns and downturns,lack of access to and unaffordability of heal

58、thy diets,unhealthy food environments,and high and persistent inequality continue to drive food insecurity and malnutrition all over the world.The policies and investments needed to transform agrifood systems and address these drivers along the ruralurban continuum have been identified in previous e

59、ditions of The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World.In preparing for this years report,we wanted to address the reasons why such policies and investments have not been implemented at scale.A central reason is finance and financial inclusion,which are among the means of implementation of

60、 the SDGs and need more consistent political commitment.The countries with the highest levels of food insecurity and multiple forms of malnutrition,and affected by the major drivers of these problems,are the countries with the least access to financing.Our five organizations are committed to taking

61、comprehensive stock of how much financing for food security and nutrition is available globally,and how much more is needed to support the policies and investments necessary to address all the causes and the major drivers of food insecurity and malnutrition along the ruralurban continuum.This report

62、 provides a definition of financing for food security and nutrition and the guidance to implement it.To support such implementation,our five organizations commit to advocate for,and support,data development for a better global accounting system of financing for food security and nutrition.Estimating

63、 the gap in financing for food security and nutrition and mobilizing innovative ways of financing to bridge it must be among our top priorities.Policies,legislation and interventions to end hunger and ensure all people have access to safe,nutritious and sufficient food(SDG Target2.1),and to end all

64、forms of malnutrition(SDG Target2.2)need significant resource mobilization.They are not only an investment in the future,but our obligation.We strive to guarantee the right to adequate food and nutrition of current and future generations.|vii|FOREWORDQu DongyuFAO Director-GeneralAlvaro LarioIFAD Pre

65、sidentTedros Adhanom GhebreyesusWHO Director-GeneralCatherine RussellUNICEF Executive DirectorIn the run-up to the Summit of the Future 2024,and the Fourth International Conference on Financing for Development in 2025,the theme of this years report is particularly timely.We hope that governments,par

66、tners and stakeholders will be inspired by,and act upon,the reports concrete recommendations on how to source,and make better use of,financing to achieve Zero Hunger.We also hope that the calls made in this report are noted and discussed in the relevant intergovernmental processes supporting the imp

67、lementation of the 2030 Agenda in the High-Level Political Forum on Sustainable Development,including the Financing for Development Forum.Cindy Hensley McCainWFP Executive Director|viii|METHODOLOGYThe State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2024 has been prepared by the FAO Agrifood Econom

68、ics and Policy Division in collaboration with the Statistics Division of the Economic and Social Development stream and a team of technical experts from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations(FAO),the International Fund for Agricultural Development(IFAD),the United Nations Child

69、rens Fund(UNICEF),the World Food Programme(WFP)and the World Health Organization(WHO).A senior advisory team consisting of designated senior managers of the five United Nations publishing partners guided the production of the report.Led by FAO,this team decided on the outline of the report and defin

70、ed its thematic focus.Further,it gave oversight to the technical writing team composed of experts from each of the five co-publishing agencies.Background technical papers were prepared to support the research and data analysis undertaken by the members of the writing team.The writing team produced a

71、 number of interim outputs,including an annotated outline,first draft and final draft of the report.These were reviewed,validated and cleared by the senior advisory team at each stage in the preparation process.A Financial Technical Advisory Committee,formed by a group of external financial experts

72、coordinated by the Shamba Centre for Food&Climate,provided overall guidance and reviewed the interim products.The final report underwent a rigorous technical review by senior management and technical experts from different divisions and departments within each of the five United Nations agencies,bot

73、h at headquarters and in Decentralized Offices.Finally,the report underwent executive review and clearance by the heads of agency of the five co-publishing partners.|ix|ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2024 was jointly prepared by the Food and Agriculture Organiz

74、ation of the United Nations(FAO),the International Fund for Agricultural Development(IFAD),the United Nations Childrens Fund(UNICEF),the World Food Programme(WFP)and the World Health Organization(WHO).The publication was carried out under the direction of David Laborde,Marco V.Snchez Cantillo and Jo

75、s Rosero Moncayo,with the overall coordination of Cindy Holleman,Editor of the report,and the overall guidance of Mximo Torero Cullen,all of whom are from the FAO Economic and Social Development stream.The development of the report was guided by a Steering Committee consisting of agency representati

76、ves from the five co-publishing partners:Marco V.Snchez Cantillo(Chair),SaraSavastano(IFAD),Victor Aguayo(UNICEF),Arif Husain(WFP)and Francesco Branca(WHO).TisornSongsermsawas(IFAD),Mauro Brero and Chika Hayashi(UNICEF),Eric Branckaert(WFP),and Luz Maria De Regil and Katrina Lundberg(WHO)contributed

77、 to the coordination and provided technical support.Valuable comments and final approval of the report were provided by the executive heads and senior staff of the five co-authoring agencies.Chapter 1 of the report was written by Cindy Holleman(FAO),with inputs from Anne Kepple,Jos Rosero Moncayo an

78、d Marco V.Snchez Cantillo(FAO).Chapter 2 of the report was coordinated by Anne Kepple(FAO).Section 2.1 was written by Carlo Cafiero,Anne Kepple,Jos Rosero Moncayo and Sara Viviani,with key inputs from Giles Hanley Cook,Simone Gie,Bridget Holmes,Adeeba Ishaq,Lynnette Neufeld and Firas Yassin(FAO).Sec

79、tion2.2 was written by Valentina Conti,with inputs from Carlo Cafiero and Anne Kepple(FAO),and Yan Bai(World Bank).Olivier Lavagne dOrtigue(FAO)provided data visualization and editorial support for Sections2.1 and2.2.Section2.3 was written by Richard Kumapley,Ann Mizumoto and Elaine Borghi(WHO),with

80、 inputs from Monica Flores Urrutia,Lisa Rogers,Gretchen Stevens,Katrina Lundberg and Leanne Riley(WHO),Chika Hayashi and Mauro Brero(UNICEF),Saskia de Pee(WFP),and Trudy Wijnhoven and Anne Kepple(FAO).Olivier Lavagne dOrtigue(FAO)provided data visualization for Section2.3.JosRosero Moncayo provided

81、technical guidance and editorial support to the sections of this chapter.Chapter 3 of the report was written by Cindy Holleman(FAO),with inputs from Mali Eber-Rose,KamalEl Harty and Carin Smaller(Shamba Centre for Food&Climate);with further inputs from GiovanniCarrasco Azzini,Jrme Camier,Lucia Latin

82、o,Yuan-Ting Meng,Valentina Pernechele,Clara Picanyol,Carine Tuyishime and Trudy Wijnhoven(FAO),Sarah Lowder,Jyotsna Puri and Alessandro Rosi(IFAD),MauroBrero(UNICEF),Friederike Greb,Divya Mehra,Stefan Meyer and Trula Rael(WFP),KaiaEngesveen,Katrina Lundberg and Luz Maria De Regil(WHO),and Lysiane Le

83、febvre(Shamba Centre for Food&Climate).Marco V.Snchez Cantillo provided technical guidance and editorial support to the sections of this chapter.Chapter 4 of the report was written by Marco V.Snchez Cantillo(FAO).Section4.1 was written with inputs from Jrme Camier,Brian Carisma,Hannah Gerits,Gary Jo

84、nes,Atang Moletsane,Valentina Pernechele,Clara Picanyol,Carine Tuyishime and Trudy Wijnhoven(FAO),Mauro Brero(UNICEF),Jean-Sbastien Kouassi(WFP),Sarah Lowder,Mauro Martini,Tharani Mediwaka and Liliana Miro Quesada(IFAD),and Richard Kumapley and Katrina Lundberg(WHO).Section4.2 was written with input

85、s from Jrme Camier,Brian Carisma,Carola Fabi,Hannah Gerits,Eun-Jeong Lee,Christian Mongeau,Luis Silva e Silva and Pan Xueyao(FAO).Section 4.3 was written with inputs from Jrme Camier and Trudy Wijnhoven(FAO),Mauro Brero(UNICEF),Jean-Sbastien Kouassi,Friederike Greb and Stefan Meyer(WFP),and Richard

86、Kumapley and Katrina Lundberg(WHO).|x|Chapter 5 of the report was coordinated by Giovanni Carrasco Azzini(FAO).Section5.1 was written by Giovanni Carrasco Azzini(FAO),with inputs from Cindy Holleman,Lucia Latino and Yuan-Ting Meng(FAO),Rahul Antao,Daniel Higgins,Martina Improta,Mariatu Kamara,Athur

87、Mabiso,Emime Ndihokubwayo,Tamara Nicodeme,Robinson H.Toguem and Natalia Toschi(IFAD),Friederike Greb,Divya Mehra,Stefan Meyer and Trula Rael(WFP),Mauro Brero(UNICEF),Luz Maria De Regil and Katrina Lundberg(WHO),Asma Lateef(SDG2 Advocacy Hub/Alliance to End Hunger),Sarah Zoubek(FoodFutureZ/North Caro

88、lina State University),and Kamal El Harty,Lysiane Lefebvre,Oshani Perera and Carin Smaller(Shamba Centre for Food&Climate).Section5.2 was written by Giovanni Carrasco Azzini and Yuan-Ting Meng(FAO),with inputs from Niclas Benni,Azeta Cungu and Ilaria Sisto(FAO),Frew Behabtu,Roshan Cooke,Ilaria Firmi

89、an,Marup Hossain,Nirajan Khadka,Margherita Loddoni,Laura Mattioli,Vibhuti Mendiratta,Stella Okot,Claus Reiner,Pinreak Sous and Rick van der Kamp(IFAD),Friederike Greb,Divya Mehra,Stefan Meyer,Jean-Sbastien Kouassi and Trula Rael(WFP),Mauro Brero(UNICEF),Fahdi Dkhimi,Kaia Engesveen,Katrin Engelhardt,

90、Luz Maria De Regil,Katrina Lundberg,Lina Mahy,Robyn Melville Landais and Angeli Rayner(WHO),Asma Lateef(SDG2 Advocacy Hub/Alliance to End Hunger),Sarah Zoubek(Food FutureZ/North Carolina State University),and Kamal El Harty,Lysiane Lefebvre,Oshani Perera and Carin Smaller(Shamba Centre for Food&Clim

91、ate).Section5.3 was written by Giovanni Carrasco Azzini(FAO),with inputs from Cindy Holleman and Yuan-Ting Meng(FAO),Nadine Gbossa,Francisco Gimbitzki Marques,Joo Manoel Dos Santos,Stefania Lenoci,Lucas Lindfors and Ricardo Rendon Cepeda(IFAD),Friederike Greb,Divya Mehra,Stefan Meyer and Trula Rael(

92、WFP),Mauro Brero(UNICEF),Luz Maria De Regil,Katrina Lundberg and Lina Mahy(WHO),AsmaLateef(SDG2Advocacy Hub/Alliance to End Hunger),Sarah Zoubek(Food FutureZ/North Carolina State University),and Kamal El Harty,Lysiane Lefebvre,Oshani Perera and Carin Smaller(Shamba Centre for Food&Climate).Marco V.S

93、nchez Cantillo provided technical guidance and editorial support to the sections of this chapter.Chapter 6 of the report was written by Cindy Holleman and Marco V.Snchez Cantillo(FAO),with inputs from Anne Kepple and Jos Rosero Moncayo(FAO).Numerous colleagues from different technical units and depa

94、rtments across the five co-publishing agencies provided valuable technical comments and input to the report.An agency-wide technical clearance process facilitated a comprehensive review by many technical experts from the five co-authoring agencies.Listing each of the contributions would be challengi

95、ng and furthermore increase the risk of important omissions.Data inputsFiras Yassin(FAO)was responsible for preparing undernourishment data in Section2.1 and Annex1A,with inputs from Amadou Ba,Filippo Gheri,Adeeba Ishaq,Talent Manyani,Ana Moltedo,Abdul Sattar and Sara Zakaryan,and under the supervis

96、ion of Carlo Cafiero(FAO).The contribution of Vaishali Bansal(FAO)in the analysis of food consumption data to revise key parameters for prevalence of undernourishment estimation is especially acknowledged.Supporting data were provided by the Crops,Livestock and Food Statistics team,led by Piero Conf

97、orti,of the FAO Statistics Division.David Laborde prepared the 2030 projections of undernourishment(FAO).Sara Viviani(FAO)was responsible for preparing the food security data in Section2.1 and Annex1A,with inputs from Vaishali Bansal,Filippo Gheri,Adeeba Ishaq,Mara Rodrguez,Abdul Sattar,Firas Yassin

98、 and Sara Zakaryan(FAO).Adeeba Ishaq and Sara Viviani(FAO)were responsible for the analyses in Box3,with inputs from Giles Hanley Cook,Simone Gie and Bridget Holmes(FAO)and inputs and data provided by Ty Beal(Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition),Anna Herforth(Harvard T.Chan School of Public Healt

99、h)and Zacc Ritter(Gallup).Valentina Conti(FAO)was responsible for preparing the estimates of the cost and of the unaffordability|xi|ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSof a healthy diet in Section2.2 and Annex1A,with inputs from Carlo Cafiero,David Laborde and Jos Rosero Moncayo(FAO),Yan Bai and Marko Olavi Rissanen(Wo

100、rld Bank),Anna Herforth(Food Prices for Nutrition),and William A.Masters(Tufts University).Inputs provided by Amadou Ba,Adeeba Ishaq,Talent Manyani,Ana Moltedo,Abdul Sattar and Sara Zakaryan(FAO)for the analysis of household survey data are also acknowledged.Richard Kumapley,Gretchen Stevens and Ann

101、 Mizumoto(WHO)were responsible for the analyses in Section2.3.Richard Kumapley(WHO)and Vrinda Mehra(UNICEF)were responsible for consolidating nutrition data in Annex1A,with inputs from the UNICEF-WHO-WB Joint Child Malnutrition(JME)Group,Monica Flores Lisa Rogers,Gretchen Stevens and Leanne Riley(WH

102、O),and Joel Conkle(UNICEF).Lucia Latino was responsible for conducting the data analysis of the countries affected by major drivers in Section 3.2.Updated agroclimate analyses were provided by Felix Rembold and Andrea Toreti(European Commission Joint Research Centre),Michele Meroni(Seidor Consulting

103、 and under contract with the European Commission,Joint Research Centre)and Vojnovi Petar(Fincons and under contract with the European Commission,Joint Research Centre),while updates to climatology indicators were provided by Pierre Kloppers,with inputs from Olivier Crespo,Christopher Jack andMark Ta

104、dross(University of Cape Town).For Chapter 4,Jrme Camier,Brian Carisma,Hannah Gerits,Gary Jones,Atang Moletsane,Valentina Pernechele,Clara Picanyol and Carine Tuyishime(FAO)contributed several data inputs,particularly on international development finance flows and public spending presented and analy

105、sed in Section4.1.Mali Eber-Rose and Kamal El Harty and(Shamba Centre for Food&Climate)contributed to the comparison of modelling studies on the financing gap in Section4.2,and Marco V.Snchez Cantillo,Lucia Battaglia,Martin Cicowiez and Valentina Pernechele(FAO)contributed to the background paper on

106、 repurposing budget allocations which was used to develop Box11 of Section4.3.For Chapter5,Asma Lateef(SDG2 Advocacy Hub/Alliance to End Hunger)and Sarah Zoubek(Food FutureZ/North Carolina State University)provided inputs based on rapid evidence assessment and qualitative data coming from the system

107、atization of interviews with financial experts.In addition,the chapter received overall guidance and inputs from a Financial Technical Steering Committee,coordinated by the Shamba Centre for Food&Climate and composed of Danny Bradlow(University of Pretoria),Paul Clements Hunt(Mischon de Reya and Ble

108、nded Capital Group),Sylvain Coutu(AXA Insurance),MaryDAlimonte(Results for Development R4D),Greg S.Garrett(Access to Nutrition Initiative),HamidHamirani(EHA Advisory and Food Systems for the Future),Daniel Hulls(AgDevCo),AgnesJohan(Rabobank),Oluwatoyin Oyekenu(Climate Bonds Initiative),Michael Khn(W

109、elthungerhilfe),JohnMundy(One Acre Fund),Maurizio Navarra(Global Donor Platform for Rural Development),Tom Osborne(SkylinePartners),Liliana Rojas(IFPRI),Niraj Shah(International Finance Corporation),Meera Shekar(World Bank)and Jerry Skees(Global Parametrics).Support for report production came from C

110、hristin Campbell(consulting editor)and Daniela Verona in the FAO Economic and Social Development stream.The Language Branch of the FAO Governing Bodies Servicing Division carried out the translations,in addition to the contributors mentioned above.The translations of the report benefited from a tech

111、nical review by Firas Yassin(Arabic),Juan Feng and Lan Li(Chinese),Olivier Lavagne dOrtigue,Thibault Meilland and Aurelien Mellin(French),Evgeniya Koroleva(Russian),and Vernica Boero,Giovanni Carrasco Azzini and Eduardo Nakasone Uechi(Spanish),all of whom are from FAO.The Publications and Library Br

112、anch of the FAO Office of Communications provided editorial support,design and layout,as well as production coordination,for editions in all six official languages.|xii|ABBREVIATIONS3FSFinancial Flows to Food SystemsAARRaverage annual rate of reductionADERaverage dietary energy requirementAfDBAfrica

113、n Development BankAFSILAquila Food Security InitiativeAGRAAlliance for a Green Revolution in AfricaAIartificial intelligenceARCAFIMAfrica Rural Climate Adaptation Finance MechanismARIMAXAutoregressive Integrated Moving Average with External Explanatory VariableASAPAnomaly hot Spots of Agriculture Pr

114、oductionASFanimal source foodASISAgriculture Stress Index SystemAYIIArea Yield Index InsuranceBMIbody mass indexBRDDevelopment Bank of RwandaCGEcomputable general equilibriumCITcorporate income taxCNFChild Nutrition FundCoAHDcost and affordability of a healthy dietCOFOGClassification of the Function

115、s of GovernmentCoHDcost of a healthy dietCOPConference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate ChangeCPIconsumer price indexCRSCreditor Reporting SystemCV coefficient of variationCV|rCV due to energy requirementsCV|yCV due to incomeDACDevelopment Assistance CommitteeDAID

116、igital Adoption IndexDBMdouble burden of malnutritionDECdietary energy consumptionDEGURBADegree of UrbanizationDESdietary energy supplyDFIdevelopment finance institutionDHSDemographic and Health SurveyDQQDiet Quality QuestionnaireDSFDebt Sustainability FrameworkDSSIDebt Service Suspension Initiative

117、ENEestimates of national expenditureESGenvironmental,social and governance practicesEUROSTATStatistical Office of the European UnionFAOFood and Agriculture Organization of the United NationsFBDGsfood-based dietary guidelinesFBSFood Balance SheetFDIforeign direct investmentFIESFood Insecurity Experie

118、nce ScaleFIES-SMFood Insecurity Experience Scale Survey ModuleFImod+sevprevalence of moderate or severe food insecurityFIsevprevalence of severe food insecurityFPOfarmer producer organizationGDPgross domestic productGEAgovernment expenditure onagricultureGFSGovernment Finance StatisticsGHGgreenhouse

119、 gas|xiii|ABBREVIATIONSGSSSgreen,social,sustainability and sustainability-linked bondsGWPGallup World PollHDBHealthy Diet BasketHIChigh-income countryICPInternational Comparison ProgramIDAInternational Development AssociationIDBInter-American Development BankIFAiron and folic acidIFADInternational F

120、und for Agricultural DevelopmentIFIinternational financial institutionIFPRIInternational Food Policy Research InstituteIMFInternational Monetary FundIPAFIndigenous Peoples Assistance FacilityIPC/CHIntegrated Food Security Phase Classification/Cadre HarmonisJMEJoint Child Malnutrition EstimatesKNOMAD

121、Global Knowledge Partnership on Migration and DevelopmentLDCleast developed countryLIClow-income countryLIC DSFDebt Sustainability Framework for Low-Income CountriesLMIClower-middle-income countryLSMSLiving Standards Measurement StudyM&Amergers and acquisitionsMACCmarginal abasement cost curveMAC-SR

122、DSFSovereign Risk and Debt Sustainability Framework for Market Access CountriesMAFAPMonitoring and Analysing Food and Agricultural PoliciesMCMCMarkov Chain Monte CarloMDAsministries,departments and agenciesMDBmultilateral development bankMDD-WMinimum Dietary Diversity for WomenMDERminimum dietary en

123、ergy requirementMFIMultilateral Financial InstitutionMICmiddle-income countryMNEmultinational enterpriseN3FNutritious Foods Financing FacilityNCDnon-communicable diseaseNoUnumber of undernourished NUAnumber of people unable to afford a healthy dietODAofficial development assistanceOECDOrganisation f

124、or Economic Co-operation and DevelopmentOOFother official flowsPALphysical activity levelPIPPoverty and Inequality PlatformPoUprevalence of undernourishmentPPPpurchasing power parityPPPspublicprivate partnershipsPRGTPoverty Reduction and Growth TrustPUAprevalence of unaffordabilityR&Dresearch and de

125、velopmentRBFresults-based financingRSTResilience and Sustainability TrustSALWsmall arms and light weaponsSDstandard deviationSDIsociodemographic indexSDGsSustainable Development Goals|xiv|SDRspecial drawing rightSMARTStandardized Monitoring and Assessment of Relief and TransitionSMEsmall and medium

126、enterpriseSSBsugar-sweetened beverageSTDsexually transmitted diseaseSUASUnified Social Assistance SystemTOSSDTotal Official Support for Sustainable DevelopmentUIDunique identifierUMICupper-middle-income countryUNCTADUnited Nations Trade and DevelopmentUN DESAUnited Nations Department of Economic and

127、 Social AffairsUNGAUnited Nations General AssemblyUN-HabitatUnited Nations Human Settlements ProgrammeUNICEFUnited Nations Childrens FundVMNISVitamin and Mineral Nutrition Information SystemWDIworld development indicatorsWFPWorld Food ProgrammeWGIWorldwide Governance IndicatorsWHAWorld Health Assemb

128、lyWHOWorld Health OrganizationZEFCenter for Development Research of the University of BonnZVFzero vegetable or fruit|xv|KEY MESSAGES The world is still far off track to achieve Sustainable Development Goal(SDG)2,Zero Hunger,with the global prevalence of undernourishment persisting at nearly the same

129、 level for three consecutive years after having risen sharply in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic.Between 713 and 757 million people may have faced hunger in 2023 one out of 11 people in the world,and one out of every five in Africa.Hunger is still on the rise in Africa,but it has remained relative

130、ly unchanged in Asia,while notable progress has been made in the LatinAmerican and Caribbean region.Progress towards the broader goal of ensuring regular access to adequate food for all has also stalled;the prevalence of moderate or severe food insecurity has remained unchanged for three consecutive

131、 years at the global level,although it is important to highlight progress in Latin America.In 2023,an estimated 28.9percent of the global population 2.33 billion people were moderately or severely food insecure.Focusing on economic access to nutritious foods,updated and improved estimates show that

132、more than one-third of people in the world about 2.8 billion could not afford a healthy diet in 2022.Inequalities are evident,with low-income countries having the largest percentage of the population that is unable to afford a healthy diet(71.5 percent)compared with lower-middle-income countries(52.

133、6 percent),upper-middle-income countries(21.5 percent)and high-income countries(6.3percent).The lack of improvement in food security and the uneven progress in the economic access to healthy diets cast a shadow over the possibility of achieving Zero Hunger in the world,six years away from the 2030 d

134、eadline.It is projected that 582 million people will be chronically undernourished at the end of the decade,more than half of them in Africa.There is the need to accelerate the transformation of our agrifood systems to strengthen their resilience to the major drivers and address inequalities to ensu

135、re that healthy diets are affordable for and available to all.There has been some progress towards the goal of ending all forms of malnutrition,with improvements in the global prevalence of stunting and wasting among children under five years of age and of exclusive breastfeeding among infants under

136、 six months of age.The global prevalence of low birthweight and that of childhood overweight have been stagnant,while anaemia in women aged 15 to 49 years has increased.The world is not on track to reach any of the seven global nutrition targets by2030.Improvements in stunting,wasting and exclusive

137、breastfeeding lay the groundwork for children to achieve their full potential for growth and development,but rising rates of obesity exacerbating the double burden of malnutrition foreshadow major challenges for the health and well-being of all age groups.Double-duty actions are needed which simulta

138、neously tackle undernutrition,micronutrient deficiencies,overweight and obesity by leveraging the common drivers shared by all forms of malnutrition.Meeting SDG Targets 2.1 and 2.2 to end hunger,food insecurity and malnutrition requires increased and more cost-effective financing,but there is curren

139、tly no clear picture of the financing for food security and nutrition neither that available nor that additionally needed for meeting these targets.The wide range of definitions of financing for food security and nutrition,and the differences among them,lead to inconsistent estimates,causing issues

140、in identifying underfinanced areas,ensuring accountability,and tracking intervention impacts.Therefore,both a common definition and mapping of financing for food security and nutrition are urgently needed,as current efforts lack adequate attention andclarity.This report defines financing for food se

141、curity and nutrition as the public and private financial resources,both domestic and foreign,that are directed towards eradicating hunger,food insecurity and all forms of malnutrition.They are targeted to ensure the availability,access,utilization and stability of nutritious and safe foods,and pract

142、ices that favour healthy diets,as well as health,education and social protection services that enable these,and they include the financial resources that are directed towards strengthening the resilience of agrifood systems to the major drivers and underlying structural factors of hunger,food insecu

143、rity and malnutrition.|xvi|The universal adoption of a new definition and a standardized approach to mapping financing flows oriented to meet SDG Targets 2.1 and 2.2 as provided in this report must capture the multidimensional nature of food security and nutrition,shifting away from the typical sect

144、or-defined boundaries that are common to these definitions.A robust number for the total financing available and additionally needed to support all the efforts towards meeting SDG Targets 2.1 and 2.2 is not yet quantifiable.Financing for food security and nutrition is mostly trackable for public and

145、 official flows,but not for several privateflows.Public spending on food security and nutrition mostly targets food consumption,especially to support food availability and access,based on data for ten low-and middle-income countries.Governments in low-income countries appear to have low spending cap

146、acity to address the major drivers of food insecurity and malnutrition.Food security and nutrition take less than a quarter of total official development assistance and other official flows.In the period from 2017 to 2021,these flows amounted to USD 76 billion per year,of which only 34 percent helpe

147、d address the major drivers of food insecurity and malnutrition.These flows overwhelmingly grew more for Africa(across regions)and for lower-middle-income countries(across income groups).Private financing from philanthropy,cross-border remittances from migrants invested in agrifood systems,and forei

148、gn direct investment may reach a combined total of USD 95 billion per year over the period from 2017 to 2022.Blended finance accounts for modest amounts,and net banking loans to agriculture,forestry and fishing show an almost continuous decline.Irrespective of what the exact amount of financing need

149、ed might be to make the necessary progress towards SDG Targets2.1 and 2.2,the financing gap could amount to several trillion USD.Not bridging this gap will result in social,economic and environmental consequences requiring solutions that will also cost several trillion USD.More effective use of exis

150、ting financing will help reduce the financinggap.Innovative,inclusive and equitable solutions are needed to scale up financing for food security and nutrition in countries with high levels of hunger and malnutrition.However,many low-and middle-income countries face significant constraints in accessi

151、ng affordable financing flows.Countries with limited or moderate ability to access financing flows show,on average,a higher prevalence of undernourishment and stunting in children below five years of age,whereas a higher average of childhood overweight is observed in countries with high ability to a

152、ccess financing flows.Most of these countries are affected by one or more major drivers of food insecurity and malnutrition,with climate extremes the most common at all levels of ability to access financing flows.For countries with limited ability to access financing flows,grants and concessional lo

153、ans are the most suitable options,while countries with moderate ability can increase domestic tax revenues,linking taxation to food security and nutrition outcomes.Fostering of collaborative financing partnerships following a blended finance approach is essential,as the level of financial risk can m

154、ake other sources of financing too expensive.Countries with a high ability to access financing can embed food security and nutrition objectives in instruments such as green,social,sustainable and sustainability-linked bonds.The current food security and nutrition financing architecture is highly fra

155、gmented and needs a shift from a siloed approach to a more holistic perspective.Enhanced coordination among actors is needed on what is essential considering national and local policy priorities.To that aim,transparency and harmonizing data collection are crucial for improving coordination and targe

156、ting financing effectively.Donors and other international actors need to increase their risk tolerance and be more involved in de-risking activities,while governments must fill the gaps not addressed by private commercial actors by investing in public goods,reducing corruption and tax evasion,increa

157、sing food security and nutrition expenditure and considering repurposing policysupport.|xvii|EXECUTIVE SUMMARYThe reverse in progress and the persistently high levels of hunger,food insecurity and malnutrition in recent years have put the world off track to meet Sustainable Development Goal(SDG)Targ

158、ets2.1 and 2.2 to end hunger,foodinsecurity and all forms of malnutrition by 2030.Previous editions of this report have repeatedly highlighted the intensification of several major drivers of food insecurity and malnutrition,specifically conflict,climate variability and extremes,and economic slowdown

159、s and downturns,combined with the well-established underlying factors that contribute to food insecurity and malnutrition,such as lack of access to and unaffordability of healthy diets,unhealthy food environments,and high and persistent inequality.Not only are these major drivers increasing in frequ

160、ency and intensity,they are occurring concurrently more often,and in combination with the underlying factors,resulting in increasing numbers of hungry and food-insecure people.Depending on the major driver or combination of drivers affecting food security and nutrition in a country,addressing them w

161、ill require a portfolio of policies across six transformative pathways,as outlined in detail in The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2021.To attain the scale of actions needed,sufficient levels of and equal access to financing to address food security and nutrition challenges are es

162、sential.The theme of this years report focuses on the financing to meet SDG Targets2.1 and2.2 financing to end hunger,food insecurity and malnutrition in all its forms.FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION AROUND THE WORLDFood security indicators:latest updates and progress towards ending hunger and ensuring

163、food securityThe assessment of global hunger in 2023,measured by the prevalence of undernourishment(PoU)(SDG Indicator2.1.1)reveals a continuing lack of progress towards the goal of Zero Hunger.After rising sharply from 2019 to 2021,the proportion of the world population facing hunger persisted at v

164、irtually the same level for three consecutive years,withthe latest estimates indicating a global PoU of 9.1percent in 2023.In terms of population,between 713 and 757million people(8.9 and 9.4percent of the global population,respectively)were estimated to be undernourished in 2023.Considering the mid

165、-range estimate(733million),about 152 million more people may have faced hunger in 2023 compared to2019.Africa is the region with the largest percentage of the population facing hunger 20.4 percent,compared with 8.1 percent in Asia,6.2percent in Latin America and the Caribbean,and 7.3 percent in Oce

166、ania.However,Asia is still home to the largest number:384.5million,ormore than half of all those facing hunger in the world.In Africa,298.4million people may have faced hunger in 2023,compared with 41.0million in Latin America and the Caribbean,and 3.3million in Oceania.There is a clear trend of ris

167、ing PoU in Africa,whereas progress is being made in Latin America and the Caribbean,and it is relatively unchanged in Asia.In all regions,the PoU is still above pre-COVID-19 pandemic levels.Updated projections show that 582million people will be chronically undernourished in 2030,pointing to the imm

168、ense challenge of achieving SDG 2(Zero Hunger).This is about 130million more undernourished people than in a scenario that reflected the world economy before the COVID-19 pandemic.By2030,53percent of the global population facing hunger will be concentrated in Africa.Going beyond hunger,the global pr

169、evalence of moderate or severe food insecurity(SDG Indicator2.1.2)also remains far above pre-pandemic levels,with little change in four years,after the sharp increase from 2019 to 2020 during the pandemic.In2023,an estimated|xviii|28.9percent of the global population 2.33billion people were moderate

170、ly or severely food insecure,meaning they did not have regular access to adequate food.Theseestimates include 10.7 percent of the population or more than 864 million people who were severely food insecure,meaning they had run out of food at times during the year and,at worst,gone an entire day or mo

171、re without eating.Theprevalence of severe food insecurity at the global level rose from 9.1 percent in 2019 to 10.6 percent in 2020 and has remained stubbornly unchanged since then.The prevalence of moderate or severe food insecurity in Africa(58.0 percent)is nearly double the global average,whereas

172、 in Latin America and the Caribbean,Asia and Oceania,it is closer to the global estimate 28.2,24.8 and 26.8 percent,respectively.One guiding principle of the vision put forth by the 2030 Agenda is to ensure that no one will be left behind.More detailed information about the food insecurity of differ

173、ent population groups helps monitor progress towards the realization of this vision.Results for 2023 show a pattern of decreasing food insecurity with an increasing degree of urbanization at the global level.The prevalence of moderate or severe food insecurity was 31.9 percent in rural areas compare

174、d with 29.9 percent in peri-urban areas and 25.5 percent in urban areas.A comparison of the food-insecurity status of men and women shows that the prevalence of food insecurity has remained consistently higher among women than among men,globally and in all regions,since data first became available i

175、n 2015,although the gender gap has narrowed in most regions in the last two years.Cost and affordability of a healthy dietThe cost of a healthy diet(CoHD)indicator provides national-level estimates of the cost of acquiring the cheapest possible healthy diet in a country,defined as a diet comprising

176、a variety of locally available foods that meet energy and nutritional requirements.The CoHD is then compared with national income distributions to estimate the prevalence of unaffordability and the number of people unable to afford a healthy diet.In this years edition of the report,the indicators ar

177、e updated to 2022.a New food price data and methodological improvements have resulted in updated estimates of the cost and more accurate estimates of the affordability of a healthy diet,leading to a revision of the entire series of both sets of indicators.The CoHD has risen worldwide since 2017(thef

178、irst year for which FAO disseminates estimates)and continued to rise in 2022,peaking at an average of 3.96 PPP dollars per person per day in 2022.This represents a surge in the global average CoHD,from a 6percent increase between 2020 and 2021 to an 11 percent increase the following year.When compar

179、ed across regions in 2022,the CoHD was highest in Latin America and the Caribbean(4.56PPP dollars)followed by Asia(4.20 PPP dollars),Africa(3.74 PPP dollars),Northern America and Europe(3.57 PPP dollars),and Oceania(3.46 PPP dollars).Despite the increase in the CoHD,the number of people in the world

180、 unable to afford a healthy diet fell for two consecutive years,from 2020 to 2022.Worldwide,an estimated 35.5 percent of people in the world(2.83 billion)were unable to afford a healthy diet in 2022,compared with 36.5 percent(2.88 billion)in 2021.a Estimates for 2023 are not provided due to the lack

181、 of updated income distribution data,detailed food prices,and purchasing power parity(PPP)conversion factors at the country level.|xix|EXECUTIVE SUMMARYHowever,the recovery has been uneven across regions.The number of people unable to afford a healthy diet dropped below pre-pandemic levels in Asia,a

182、nd Northern America and Europe,whileincreasing substantially in Africa,where it rose to 924.8million in 2022,up by 24.6million from 2021,and by 73.4million from 2019.Acomparison across country income groups shows that the recovery path has been slower for low-income countries,where a healthy diet wa

183、s out of reach for 503.2million people in 2022 the highest number since 2017.The lack of improvement in food security and the uneven progress in the economic access to healthy diets cast a shadow over the possibility of achieving Zero Hunger in the world,sixyears away from the 2030 deadline.There is

184、 the need to accelerate the transformation of our agrifood systems to strengthen their resilience to the major drivers and address inequalities to ensure that healthy diets are affordable for and available to all.The state of nutrition:progress towards global nutrition targetsTurning to the trends f

185、or the seven global nutrition targets,virtually no progress has been made for low birthweight among newborns,with a prevalence of 15percent in 2012 and 14.7 percent in 2020.It is projected that 14.2 percent of newborns will have low birthweight in 2030,falling short of the 2030 global target of a re

186、duction of 30 percent.Progress has been made in increasing the global exclusive breastfeeding rate among infants under six months of age,rising from 37.1percent in 2012 to 48percent in 2022.However,the world is off track to achieve the 2030 target rate of 70percent.Among children under five years of

187、 age,theglobal stunting prevalence declined from 26.3percent in 2012 to 22.3percent in 2022.Itis projected that 19.5percent of all children under five will be stunted in 2030.The global wasting prevalence declined from 7.5percent in 2012 to 6.8percent in 2022.With 6.2percent of children under five p

188、rojected to be wasted in 2030 morethan double the 3 percent global target theworld remains off track for this indicator.Theglobal prevalence of overweight has stagnated and stood at 5.6percent in 2022.By 2030,5.7percent of children under five are projected to be overweight almost double the 2030 glo

189、bal target of 3percent.Globally,the prevalence of anaemia in women aged 15 to 49 years increased from 28.5 percent in 2012 to 29.9percent in 2019 and is projected to reach 32.3percent by 2030 far from the 2030 target of a 50percent reduction.New estimates of adult obesity show a steady increase over

190、 the last decade,from 12.1percent in 2012 to 15.8percent in 2022.The world is off track to achieve the 2030 global target to halt the rise,with more than 1.2billion obese adults projected for 2030.More countries are off track than on track for most of the seven 2030 global nutrition targets.Compared

191、 with the global estimates,least developed countries have much higher levels of stunting in children under age five and of anaemia in women aged 15 to 49years,and the same worrying rise in adult obesity.The double burden of malnutrition the co-existence of undernutrition together with overweight and

192、 obesity has surged globally across all age groups.Thinness and underweight have declined in the last two decades,while obesity has risen sharply.Double-duty actions will simultaneously tackle undernutrition,overweight and obesity by leveraging the common drivers shared by all forms of malnutrition.

193、|xx|A NEW DEFINITION OF FINANCING FOR FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITIONA wide range of estimates of the cost of meeting SDG Targets2.1 and2.2 exist.However,there is no coherent picture of the total amount of financial resources being spent on food security and nutrition and its decomposition,nor of the co

194、st of meeting SDG Targets2.1 and2.2,in part due to the absence of an agreed upon definition of financing for food security and nutrition.Without a standardized definition,it will not be possible to assess adequately the existing levels and gaps in financing for food security and nutrition.Challenges

195、 in defining and measuring financing for food security and nutritionCurrently,several definitions of financing for food security and nutrition are applied,leading to stark differences in estimations of the current levels of financing.For example,even in the case of official development assistance(OD

196、A),which is the most advanced in terms of having a global tracking system and a standardized common aid database,there is no standard definition of,nor gauge for,the measurement of financing going to support food security and nutrition.Thisvoid results in vastly divergent estimates of how much money

197、 is being spent,and where and with what efficiency it is spent,on food security and nutrition,negatively impacting the subsequent analysis of trends and outcomes needed to assess the path towards meeting SDG Targets2.1 and2.2.Disentangling what constitutes financing for food security and nutrition r

198、emains a non-trivial and challenging exercise.This predicament poses a multitude of challenges,not only in tracking the current levels of financing going to food security and nutrition,but also in identifying under-financed areas,ensuring accountability of institutions,and tracking the impact of int

199、erventions financed.Food security and nutrition are complex multidimensional concepts that do not neatly fit into sector-defined frameworks.Interventions to achieve food security and nutrition span various sectors and dimensions of economic,health,social and environmental development,among others.Ho

200、wever,financing flows and budgets are normally defined and classified by sector and,within each sector,by purpose.Inshifting from a sector-based classification system to an outcome-based measure,complex issues arise regarding the contribution of sector-based resources to food security and positive n

201、utrition outcomes.There is now a broadened understanding of food security and nutrition and how they are critically linked,despite the limited consensus on the scope of interventions that contribute to food security and nutrition.Healthy diets and health status are main determinants of nutritional s

202、tatus,but multiple factors related to food security(e.g.availability and affordability of nutritious foods),practices(e.g.related to food and feeding,care,and health seeking)and services(e.g.clean water,health,education and social protection)all influence the ability and mechanisms through which ind

203、ividuals can achieve healthy diets and adequate health.However,to date there have been limited efforts to include this range of interventions in comprehensive measures of financing for food security andnutrition.Importantly,the current definitions do not include the financing of interventions more s

204、pecifically designed to address the major drivers behind the trends in hunger,food insecurity and malnutrition that have been identified in past editions of this report conflict,climate variability and extremes,and economic slowdowns and downturns,combined with structural underlying factors:lack of

205、access to and unaffordability of nutritious foods,unhealthy food environments,and high and persistent inequality.|xxi|EXECUTIVE SUMMARYA new definition of financing for food security and nutrition Financing is the process of providing funds for the public and private sector to engage in economic act

206、ivities,make purchases or carry out investments.Financial resources may be provided by one or a combination of four sources:i)public domestic,ii)public foreign,iii)private domestic,and iv)private foreign.Eachsource may provide financing through a range of financial instruments to finance short-term

207、and long-term interventions on commercial or concessional terms(e.g.grants orloans below market rates).The new definition of financing for food security and nutrition presented in this report comprises core and extended definitions.Thecore definition includes the financing flows that support efforts

208、 addressing the main determinants of food security and nutrition.The extended definition builds on this,to include financing flows that contribute to addressing the major drivers and underlying structural factors behind recent increases in food insecurity and malnutrition.Financing for food security

209、 and nutrition refers to the process of providing or obtaining financial resources to ensure that all people,at all times,have stable,physical,social and economic access to sufficient,safe and nutritious foods that meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life,and suit

210、able food preparation and handling,feeding,caring,and health-seeking practices,and access to health,water and sanitation services to ensure a continued adequate nutritional status.Additionally,itcovers expenditures and investments that aim to ensure that all individuals are protected against short-t

211、erm or long-term instability in food security and nutrition,caused by various climatic,economic,social,commercial and political factors.Financing therefore encompasses all the interventions aligned with the six transformative policy pathways designed to strengthen the resilience of agrifood systems

212、to the major drivers behind hunger,food insecurity and malnutrition namely conflict,climate variability and extremes,and economic slowdowns and downturns and address the underlying structural factors:lack of access to and unaffordability of nutritious foods,unhealthy food environments,and high and p

213、ersistent inequality.To generate a framework for increased financing and improved finance targeting,it is imperative to gain an understanding of the major drivers of food insecurity and malnutrition,and of the countries affected by these major drivers.In the last ten years,the frequency and intensit

214、y of conflict,climate extremes and economic downturns have increased,undermining food security and nutrition around the world.Furthermore,high levels of income inequality exacerbate the effects of these drivers.While each of these major drivers is unique,theyoften interact to create multiple compoun

215、ding impacts transmitted through agrifood systems to the detriment of food security and nutrition.As a result,all dimensions of food security are likely to be affected,including food availability,access,utilization and stability,as well as the other determinants of nutrition,specifically practices(e

216、.g.caring,feeding,health-seeking and intra-household resource allocations),and health services and environmental health(e.g.immunization,water and sanitation,and availability and affordability of,and access to health services).This is corroborated by the association found between the occurrence of t

217、hese drivers and the food security and nutrition indicators.Alarmingly,the majority of low-and middle-income countries are affected by at least one of the major drivers,and where there are multiple drivers occurring,the compounding impacts lead to the highest increases in hunger and food insecurity.

218、|xxii|To move from the definition of financing for food security and nutrition to an application of this definition to measure levels of financing for food security and nutrition requires an understanding of how financing flows are categorized and reported,and then the development of guidelines for

219、mapping these flows to the definition.Forthis report,initial mapping and guidance have been developed and applied to arrive at partial estimates of financing for food security and nutrition and their patterns.Data to apply the new definition of financing for food security and nutrition exist only fo

220、r some of the financing flows;hence,it is not possible to take a realistic stock of how much financing is available,let alone calculate the financing gap to support efforts to meet SDGTargets2.1 and2.2.Therefore,data sources and methodologies must be advanced to ensure there are better data for evid

221、ence-based decisions on financing for food security and nutrition.This report thus also calls for universal adoption and transparency in the use of a standardized approach for operationalizing the new definition in its mapping and application to financial data.CURRENT LEVELS OF AND GAPS INFINANCING

222、TO END HUNGER,FOODINSECURITY AND MALNUTRITION Available data mostly allow for tracking only public spending flows,official development assistance(ODA)and other official flows(OOF).Private financing flows are generally more difficult to track.Irrespective of exactly how much financing is needed to me

223、et SDG Targets2.1 and2.2,thecost of not mobilizing it can be significant and detrimental.Tracking current levels of funding for foodsecurity and nutrition General domestic government expenditure on agriculture per rural inhabitant at the global level barely changed between 2010 and 2021 in low-incom

224、e countries(LICs)and only saw a very slight increase in lower-middle-income countries(LMICs)towards the last years of the period.In these two country income groups,public spending on agriculture was only USD8 and USD37,respectively,per rural inhabitant,on average,in the period from 2010 to 2019.It w

225、as much higher in upper-middle income countries(UMICs)and high-income countries(HICs)and it increased systematically only in UMICs.Public spending data are not readily available for all countries to enable application of the core and extended definitions of financing for food security and nutrition.

226、In two LICs,Benin and Uganda,public spending on food security and nutrition seems to have been growing.On average over the periods of analysis,65percent of the total public spending on food security and nutrition in Benin and 73percent in Uganda was allocated to food consumption and health status;th

227、e remaining share addressed the major drivers behind recent increases in hunger,food insecurity and malnutrition.Eight MICs also show an absolute increase in their public spending on food security and nutrition.The share of public spending on food security and nutrition that goes to the major driver

228、s of food insecurity and malnutrition tends to be on average higher for these MICs.Global ODA and OOF flows for food security and nutrition amounted to USD77billion in 2021,of which the majority corresponds to ODA.Noteven a quarter of these flows for all aid sectors were allocated to food security a

229、nd nutrition between 2017 and 2021.|xxiii|EXECUTIVE SUMMARYThe composition of ODA and OOF flows for food security and nutrition is,by and large,very stable over time and,by 2021,most resources were flowing to food consumption(USD35billion out of USD77billion),and fewer were allocated to addressing t

230、he major drivers of food insecurity and malnutrition(USD27billion),and even fewer to health status(USD15billion).On a per capita basis,on average,over the period from 2017 to 2021,ODA and OOF flows amounted to USD30 in LICs,compared with USD10 in LMICs and USD8 in UMICs.Official development assistan

231、ce and other official flows for food security and nutrition,from 2017 to 2021,overwhelmingly grew more for Africa across regions and for LMICs across income groups.Under“private sector”,non-commercial private financing and commercial private financing are lumped together.Philanthropic flows to food

232、security and nutrition amounted to only USD4 billion per year on average between 2017 and 2021,mostlyto support food consumption and health.Cross-border remittances are estimated at USD735 billion on average over the period from 2017 to 2022(at current prices).Of these flows,nearly half were allocat

233、ed to uses that likely contributed to food security and nutrition.Mostof this sum was used for food consumption,rather than investments in agriculture and other food systems activities.According to United Nations Trade and Development,between 2017 and 2022,foreign direct investment amounted to an av

234、erage of USD19 billon for“food and agriculture”.The2023 edition of State of Blended Finance estimates that,on average over the period from 2020 to 2022,26 percent of blended finance transactions,amounting to USD1.2 billion per year,were“aligned”with SDG2.Net banking loans amounted to an average of U

235、SD10 billion between 2017 and 2021,and exhibit an almost continuous decline.The cost of policies and interventions to end hunger and malnutrition by 2030Due to existing data gaps,economic models are often used to estimate the necessary additional investments,mostly to reduce hunger,but also to addre

236、ss nutrition concerns.Studies provide different cost estimates.Thefindings are that policies and interventions to get on track towards meeting SDG Targets2.1 and2.2 would require additional resources from now until 2030 ranging from USD176billion to USD3975billion to eradicate undernourishment,plus

237、an additional USD90billion to meet selected global undernutrition targets.Estimates jump sharply to USD15.4trillion when adding the types of transformational policies that would require financing in order to increase the affordability of healthy diets for millions while still reducing undernourishme

238、nt.The cost of inaction or slow action The cost of not bridging the financing gap is that millions of people,by 2030 and beyond,will still be hungry,food insecure,malnourished and unable to afford a healthy diet,with medium-to long-term socioeconomic and health repercussions.Acute and chronic food i

239、nsecurity are affecting the people in most need of food assistance.Failing to fund this assistance will have negative consequences for individuals,local communities and donor countries.Furthermore,failing to finance the actions that will address the structural drivers of food insecurity and malnutri

240、tion will result in higher social,economicand environmental costs.The double burden of malnutrition confers a serious and negative economic impact on individuals and populations.Severe levels of this double burden are shifting towards the poorest countries.|xxiv|Although transformative policies may

241、cost billions of USD,the cost of not financing them would easily be in the trillions of USD.The Food and Land Use Coalitions Global Consultation Report estimated that current food and land-use systems generate worldwide health,nutrition and environmental costs amounting to USD12trillion a year in 20

242、18 prices.The 2020 edition of this report provided evidence that under current food consumption patterns,diet-related health costs linked to mortality and non-communicable diseases are projected to exceed USD1.3trillion per year by 2030.The State of Food and Agriculture 2023 found that the global qu

243、antified hidden costs of agrifood systems amount to USD10trillion or more,with the dominant quantified hidden costs arising from dietary patterns that increase the risk of diseases and may lead to lower labour productivity.Governments in many countries find it difficult to execute the budgets they h

244、ave funded.Some of the financing available may not be utilized in the most cost-effective,equitable and environmentally sustainable manner.The 2022 edition of this report showed that repurposing some of the worldwide support to food and agriculture,which accounted for almost USD 630 billion per year

245、,on average over the period from 2013 to 2018,can result in making a healthy diet less costly and more affordable,globally and particularly in MICs.A study developed for six sub-Saharan African countries shows that the opportunity of achieving higher agrifood output,creating thousands of off-farm jo

246、bs in rural areas and allowing millions of people to get out of poverty and afford a healthy diet will be lost unless these countries governments optimize the way in which they allocate their budget across the agriculture and livestock sectors.WHAT IS NEEDED TO CATALYSE SCALABLE FINANCING TO FILL TH

247、E GAP?Scaling up financing flows to food security and nutrition Sixty-three percent of the low-and middle-income countries analysed(119 in total)have limited or moderate ability to access financing,while the minority(37 percent)have high ability to access financing.The prevalence of undernourishment

248、(PoU)is,on average,much higher in countries with limited ability to access financing(23.1 percent)compared to countries with moderate(10.4 percent)and high(6.9percent)ability to access financing.A similar trend is observed for stunting in children below five years of age,although the stunting averag

249、e of countries with limited and moderate access to financing is much closer(23.9 and 20.9 percent,respectively).On the other hand,74percent of all countries analysed are affected by one or multiple major drivers,and 66percent of these countries have limited or moderate ability to access financing(mo

250、st of them limited,42percent).The high proportion of countries affected by at least one major driver builds the case for mainstreaming food security and nutrition objectives across other sector financing where the priorities do not always include meeting SDG Targets2.1 and2.2.However,in most cases,c

251、ountries that are the most in need,in terms of both hunger and food insecurity levels,as well as in terms of how they are affected by the major drivers,are facing structural limitations to increase financing for food security and nutrition options.Even if,formally speaking,all countries have access

252、to most of the existing options for financing,their ability to access financing is driven by levels of perceived financial risk and the associated costs.The obvious risk aversion of all financial stakeholders,especially private,commerce-oriented ones,renders their engagement practically impossible i

253、n the most financially risky countries.|xxv|EXECUTIVE SUMMARYTherefore,countries with limited ability to access financing may rely only on grants or low-to no-interest loans from international development flows(e.g.ODA),as other financial instruments may not be available or,more precisely,financial

254、stakeholders may not be interested due to the countrys high financial risk profile.Mobilizing domestic tax revenues is more feasible in countries with moderate ability to access financing.The potential expansion of tax revenues has income as a strong determinant(the higher the GDP per capita,the hig

255、her the tax potential),in addition to other factors such as the composition and formalization of national economies,and institutional and governance mechanisms.As financial risk decreases,more financing flows are available for countries.Countries with a high ability to access financing will tap into

256、 equity investments,commercial rate loans and bonds from private financing flows such as company investments,banking systems and capital markets,with many fewer de-risking activities needed from donors or the public sector.Innovative financing approaches and tools to bridge the financing gap for SDG

257、Targets 2.1 and 2.2While grants and low-or no-interest loans are certainly among the most traditional concessional finance instruments,they can be designed in more innovative ways to collaborate with de-risking initiatives to increase private financing flows,as part of blended finance strategies.Gra

258、ntsand/or loans,jointly implemented with technical assistance,can be leveraged to address the main limitations for accessing private financing flows poor bankability and lack of operational readiness to access finance often faced by food security and nutrition initiatives.Blended finance is a de-ris

259、king tool for private investors,used when there is a high perception of risk by private investors,thereby channelling financial resources that can take on more risk and a longer horizon on return for their investment.Especially when there is a substantial development benefit,actors such as governmen

260、ts and donors can use blended finance as a vehicle to channel the needed financing flows to achieve that outcome.The objective is that,over time,the risk perception will diminish due to the initial support of the more risk-tolerant capital,and that commercial finance can then replace the grants or c

261、oncessional financing which played a crucial and catalytic role in the initial stage.Green,social,sustainability and sustainability-linked bonds are debt instruments that can be issued by governments,multilateral development banks(MDBs),commercial banks and local corporates;they are linked with deve

262、lopment goals,and can be especially relevant for targeting financing for countries that are affected by some of the major drivers of food insecurity and malnutrition,such as climate extremes and/or economic downturns.Even if,through the innovative instruments described above,financing for food secur

263、ity and nutrition could be scaled up,within countries there are population groups that have historically faced important constraints in accessing financial services.Increasing womens access to financial services would contribute not only to womens social and economic empowerment,but also to improvin

264、g the overall livelihoods of their households and communities,including food security and nutrition outcomes.From a macro perspective,womens inclusion would bring overall positive economic growth effects,which could increase the countrys resilience to economic slowdowns and downturns.Despite the wid

265、e recognition that Indigenous Peoples are indispensable partners for reaching the targets of the Paris Agreement,the Global Biodiversity Framework and the 2030 Agenda,the corresponding funding strategies do not|xxvi|necessarily reflect their crucial role.The lack of access to financial services can

266、also diminish the potential contribution of smallholder farmers and small and medium agrifood enterprises to achieving food security and improving nutrition,forinstance,by limiting their capacities to offer safe and nutritious foods.Despite their vital role in agrifood systems,they are often underse

267、rved,as investors are hesitant to finance local market producers in local currencies,preferring to avoid the risks associated with exchange rates and serve more export-oriented producers instead.How to achieve better alignment withand synergies in different sourcesof financing The current financing

268、architecture for food security and nutrition is highly fragmented:Thelack of consensus about what should be financed and the different objectives among stakeholders have led to a proliferation of actors that often step outside their mandates instead of collaborating with each other.This results in m

269、any small,uncoordinated aid activities,driven principally by bilateral donors.Increased coordination between large,medium and small stakeholders should be encouraged,as sometimes large donors do not coordinate with or co-finance activities led by other minor actors,since there are no incentives to d

270、o so.Inaddition,there is a crucial need for donors and philanthropic foundations to align their spending priorities with countries priorities:Since the current architecture is extremely dominated by HICs and large development agencies,the priorities of recipient countries and communities are not alw

271、ays considered.Certainly,this increased coordination would require stronger and more solid national governments,which,however,face several challenges.Political economy issues and unpredictable government decision-making can affect the capacity of alignment between the sources of financing flows and

272、a countrys priorities and create a perception of higher risk for private investors.The absorptive capacity and technical efficiency of expenditure are important,but good governance and strong national institutions are also necessary.Finally,lack of data,transparency and accountability is another key

273、 characteristic of the current financial landscape,and it actually increases the perception of financial risk.Making financial data more reliable and widely available can reinforce the“investment case”for food security and nutrition interventions,as is already happening in areas such as regenerative

274、 agriculture.Even before making structural changes in the financing architecture for food security and nutrition,one essential initial step for scaling up financing for food security and nutrition is to make the objective of meeting SDGTargets2.1 and2.2 a priority in the international policy agenda.

275、Adopting a food security and nutrition lens,considering its intersectoral nature and highlighting the short-and long-term returns of investing in areas such as nutrition are essential conditions for a successful reform of the financing architecture for food security and nutrition.The term“food secur

276、ity and nutrition”has been used to emphasize the achievement of the four dimensions of food security and its tight link with the achievement of nutrition security,as well as the need to adopt complementary actions to achieve food security and nutrition.Nevertheless,it might be the case to recognize

277、the overall objective of achieving“food and nutrition security”as a single indivisible policy goal.One essential step for effective coordination is putting national and local actors and their priorities in the“drivers seat”.However,this is not always a straightforward task,considering power and capa

278、bility imbalances among actors,lack of donor coordination at the global level that does not adequately support coordination efforts|xxvii|EXECUTIVE SUMMARYat national levels,and the data gap that might make it difficult to build the case for shifting donors priorities,among other challenges.In addit

279、ion to enhancing coordination,financial stakeholders should take steps towards improving their role for scaling up financing for food security and nutrition.Development partners such as donors,including international financial institutions,multilateral development banks and development finance insti

280、tutions,should take the lead in de-risking activities,for instance,increasing the allocation of ODA oriented to mobilizing private investments,through blended finance or other financial instruments.An open question is the inclusion of the private sector in improved food security and nutrition financ

281、ing architecture.Private actors must incorporate health,environmental and social risks into their financial decision-making,to shift financing flows from potentially harmful investments to others that work towards the achievement of health,environmental and social outcomes.National governments can f

282、urther mobilize domestic tax revenues,increase priority sector expenditures on food security and nutrition and consider repurposing policy support.Countries that already have a higher ability to access financing must enact stronger controls on tax havens and money laundering,which often allow tax ev

283、asion from countries with limited access to financing.Finally,filling the information gap will require bold steps from the international community;otherwise,the likelihood of achieving development goals cannot be realistically estimated and projected.THE WAY FORWARD While global levels of hunger and

284、 food insecurity have essentially not changed for two years,there has been encouraging progress in many subregions of the world.With respect to nutrition,the rising trends in adult obesity and anaemia among women aged 15 to 49 years are worrying,yet in many countries,fewer children are affected by s

285、tunting and wasting,increasing their chances of achieving their full potential for growth and development.This is the potential we need to harness:the potential for positive change and the full realization of the right to adequate food and a standard of living that guarantees the dignity,health and

286、well-being of all people,especially future generations.A serious problem is the lack of a common definition or standard for measuring financing for food security and nutrition.It is hard ifnot impossible to manage what cannot be adequately measured.In the case of financing for food security and nutr

287、ition,it is not possible to adequately assess the existing levels and gaps,letalone monitor progress or setbacks in financing efforts to meet SDGTargets2.1 and2.2.This report has taken an important step forward by advancing a definition of financing for food security and nutrition together with deta

288、iled guidance to implement it.This is a very important step;yet,the report has starkly shown that the current structure and availability of financial data impede the application of the newly proposed definition and its protocols to the public and private financing flows globally available for food s

289、ecurity and nutrition.In other words,due to serious data constraints,it is not possible to arrive at the global measurement of the financing for food security and nutrition that is currently available and of the financing gap that must be bridged to support efforts towards meeting SDG Targets 2.1 an

290、d 2.2.Addressing this gap must be a top priority,and this report sends a strong and urgent call for global and national actions to address this problem as part of the SDG global agenda for action.|xxviii|Ending hunger,food insecurity and all forms of malnutrition is also unnecessarily in competition

291、 with many other development objectives.Considering the complex and multisectoral nature of food security and nutrition,thefinancing landscape must shift from a siloed approach towards a more holistic perspective,inwhich financial stakeholders can streamline food security and nutrition objectives in

292、to broader financing flows and investments.It is hoped that this reports calls to action will inform the sustainable development and financing discussions at the Summit of the Future in September 2024 and all the upcoming SDG global discussions,including the political processes of the Fourth Interna

293、tional Conference on Financing for Development in 2025.A world without hunger,food insecurity and malnutrition is a world worth saving,and a world worth financing and investing in.n|xxix|COUNTRY NOT SPECIFIEDFruits and vegetables ona farmers market:improved access to nutritious foods is vital for fo

294、od security and nutrition.Adisa/S CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTIONThe reverse in progress and the persistently high levels of hunger,food insecurity and malnutrition in recent years have taken the world off track to achieve Sustainable Development Goal(SDG)Targets2.1 and 2.2 end hunger,food insecurity and all

295、 forms of malnutrition by 2030.Progress to address many drivers has been slow,and the increasing occurrence and intensity of several of these drivers will keep us on a worsening trajectory unless the risks are firmly addressed.Previous editions of this report have repeatedly highlighted the intensif

296、ication of several major drivers of food insecurity and malnutrition,specifically conflict,climate variability and extremes,and economic slowdowns and downturns,combined with the well-established underlying factors that contribute to food insecurity and malnutrition,such as lack of access to and una

297、ffordability of nutritious foods,unhealthy food environments,and high and persistent inequality.14 Not only are the major drivers increasing in frequency and intensity,they are occurring concurrently more often,and in combination with the underlying factors,resulting in increasing numbers of hungry

298、and food-insecure people(see Chapter3).5 Inthis report,these known and intensifying factors,and the complex combinations of them that are behind persistently high levels of hunger,food insecurity and malnutrition,are referred to as“major drivers”,unless specified otherwise in the text.Drivers extern

299、al to agrifood systems(e.g.conflict,climate extremes)and internal(e.g.low productivity and inadequate supply of nutritious foods,notably fruits and vegetables,and excessive offer of cheap,highly processed energy-dense foods,high in fats,sugars and/or salt)are driving up the cost of nutritious foods,

300、increasing the unaffordability of healthy diets.5,6 This cost increase is challenging food security and nutrition not only in rural areas,but also across the ruralurban continuum,as is shown in last years edition of this report.6 Depending on the major driver or combination of drivers affecting food

301、 security and nutrition in a country,addressing them will require a portfolio of policies across six transformative pathways,as outlined in detail in The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2021.5To attain the scale of actions needed,sufficient levels of and equal access to financing t

302、o address food security and nutrition challenges are essential.As highlighted in the 2022 edition of this report,repurposing current food and agricultural policy support is essential to be more cost effective and efficient and to align with the goal of ending hunger,food insecurity and all forms of

303、malnutrition.7 Much of the food and agriculture support is not always aligned to this goal and sometimes inadvertently undermines food security and nutrition and related health outcomes.Repurposing current public budgets alone is not enough to reach SDG2 Targets2.1 and2.2.Mobilizing,allocating and s

304、afeguarding finance to address the main determinants of food security and nutrition and the major drivers behind recent trends is critical.The theme of this years report focuses on the financing to achieve SDG Targets2.1 and2.2 financing to end hunger,food insecurity and malnutrition in all its form

305、s.After providing the latest estimates of food security and various nutrition indicators around the world in Chapter2,the report tries to answer urgent questions related to the current state of financing to achieve food security and address all forms of malnutrition.Despite having a commonly agreed

306、upon definition of food security and nutrition,there are stark differences in the estimates of its current levels of financing.In Chapter3,the report explores the reasons for these discrepancies and proposes a new definition and methodology for measuring financing for food security and nutrition.Thi

307、s new definition and methodology address the main determinants and major drivers of hunger,food insecurity and malnutrition in all its forms.Applying this new definition and methodology,Chapter4 provides estimates of the current levels of financing for food security and nutrition and outlines the fi

308、nancing gap to achieve SDG Targets2.1 and 2.2.Closing this sizeable financing gap will require innovative,inclusive and scalable financing options targeting the main determinants and major drivers of hunger,food insecurity and malnutrition in all its forms.Chapter5 takes a deep dive into the options

309、 for innovative and synergetic scalable financing based on a typology of countries defined by their food security and nutrition situation and ability to obtain financing.It also looks at how to achieve better alignment and synergies between different sources of financing to achieve SDGTargets2.1 and

310、2.2,including climate finances,emergency funding and development finances,and the changes needed in the current financing architecture to achieve the scalable and innovative financing needed to achieve food security and address all forms of malnutrition.n|1|VIET NAMFarmers working on rice terraces:r

311、educing climate-related risks.saravutpics/SCHAPTER 2 FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION AROUND THE WORLDT his chapter presents an updated global assessment of food security and nutrition up to the year 2023 and a report on progress towards meeting SDG Targets2.1 and 2.2 ending hunger and ensuring access to

312、 safe,nutritious and sufficient food for all people all year round and eradicating all forms of malnutrition by 2030.Section 2.1 presents an updated assessment of the state of food security and progress towards achieving the hunger and food insecurity target(SDG Target 2.1).It includes global,region

313、al and subregional estimates of the two SDG Target2.1 indicators updated to 2023:the prevalence of undernourishment(PoU)and the prevalence of moderate or severe food insecurity based on the Food Insecurity Experience Scale(FIES).Updated global and regional estimates of the prevalence of food insecur

314、ity by sex and by degree of urbanization are also provided.Section 2.2 presents improved estimates of the cost and of the affordability of a healthy diet,covering 2017 to 2022,contributing information about economic access to diverse,nutritious foods globally.This years assessment reflects the lates

315、t food price data released by the International Comparison Program(ICP)and the methodological refinements to improve the estimates of affordability.Section 2.3 presents analyses of the state of nutrition in the world and progress towards the global nutrition targets that were defined by the World He

316、alth Assembly(WHA)in 2012 and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development(SDG Target 2.2).Updates are provided this year for exclusive breastfeeding and adult obesity.The section also includes spotlights on progress in the least developed countries and on the double burden of malnutrition.2.1FOOD SE

317、CURITY INDICATORS LATEST UPDATES AND PROGRESS TOWARDS ENDING HUNGER AND ENSURING FOOD SECURITY KEY MESSAGES After rising sharply from 2019 to 2021,global hunger,measured by the prevalence of undernourishment(PoU),has persisted at nearly the same level for three consecutive years,still affecting 9.1p

318、ercent of the population in 2023 compared with 7.5percent in 2019.It is estimated that between 713 and 757million people,corresponding to 8.9 and 9.4percent of the global population,respectively,may have faced hunger in 2023.Considering the mid-range(733million),this is about 152million more people

319、than in 2019.|3|CHAPTER 2 FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION AROUND THE WORLD2022 and continued to grow smaller in 2023.Globally,thepercentage-point difference in the prevalence of moderate or severe food insecurity between men and women fell from 3.6 in 2021 to 2.3 in 2022 and narrowed further to 1.3 in 2

320、023.Globally and in all regions except NorthernAmerica and Europe,the prevalence of food insecurity is consistently higher in rural areas than in urban areas,while the prevalence in peri-urban areas compared to rural areas differs among regions.SDG Indicator 2.1.1 Prevalence of undernourishmentThe a

321、ssessment of global hunger in 2023,measured by the prevalence of undernourishment(PoU)(SDG Indicator2.1.1),reveals a continuing lack of progress towards the goal of Zero Hunger.Inflationary pressures,in particular increases in the relative prices of food,continue to erode economic gains for many peo

322、ples access to food in many countries,as the world is still struggling to recover from the global pandemic,hampered by a growing number of conflicts and extreme weather events.After rising sharply from 2019 to 2021,the proportion of the world population facing hunger persisted at virtually the same

323、level for three consecutive years,with the latest estimates indicating a global PoU of 9.1 percent in 2023(Figure 1)(see Box 1).In terms of population,between about 713 and 757 million people(8.9 and 9.4 percent of the global population,respectively)were estimated to be undernourished in 2023.Consid

324、ering the mid-range estimate(733 million),about 152 million more people may have faced hunger in 2023 compared to 2019.Africa is the region with the largest PoU 20.4 percent,compared with 8.1 percent in Asia,6.2 percent in Latin America and the Caribbean,and 7.3 percent in Oceania(Table1).However,As

325、ia is still home to the largest number:384.5 million,or more than half of all those facing hunger in the world.In Africa,298.4 million people may have faced hunger in 2023,compared with 41.0 million in Latin America and the Caribbean and 3.3 million in Oceania(Table 2).Trends at the regional level d

326、iffer considerably.While hunger is still on the rise in Africa,it has remained relatively unchanged in Asia,and there is notable progress in Latin America.From 2022 to 2023,hunger increased in Western Asia,theCaribbean and in most subregions of Africa.Africa remains the region with the largest estim

327、ated proportion of the population facing hunger 20.4 percent,compared with 8.1 percent in Asia,6.2 percent in Latin America and the Caribbean,and7.3 percent in Oceania.However,Asia is still home to more than half of all those facing hunger in the world,about 385 million people.Hunger also affected a

328、lmost 300 million people in Africa,over 40million in Latin America and the Caribbean,and more than 3million in Oceania in 2023.It is projected that 582 million people will be chronically undernourished at the end of the decade and that more than half of them will be in Africa.This is about 130 milli

329、on more undernourished people than in a scenario reflecting the world economy before the COVID-19 pandemic.Going beyond hunger,the prevalence of moderate or severe food insecurity remains above pre-pandemic levels,with little change in four years.In 2023,anestimated 28.9percent of the global populat

330、ion 2.33 billion people were moderately or severely food insecure,meaning they did not have regular access to adequate food.These estimates include 10.7 percent of the population 864 million people who were food insecure at severe levels,posing grave risks to their health and well-being.In 2023,the

331、prevalence of moderate or severe food insecurity in Africa(58.0 percent)was nearly double the global average,whereas in Asia,Latin America and the Caribbean,and Oceania,the prevalence is closer to the global estimate 24.8,28.2 and 26.8 percent,respectively.The prevalence of moderate or severe food i

332、nsecurity remained virtually unchanged in Africa,Asia,and Northern America and Europe from 2022 to 2023,and it worsened in Oceania.In contrast,notable progress occurred in Latin America.Food insecurity affects women more than men,although the gender gap,which widened sharply from 2019 to 2021,began

333、to narrow in|4|THE STATE OF FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION IN THE WORLD 2024While there was no change in the prevalence of hunger at the global level,the trends across and within regions varied.The PoU for Africa increased continuously from 2015 to 2023,whereas hunger has been on the decline in Latin America and the Caribbean since 2021 and remained relatively unchanged in Asia in the same period(Tab