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1、THE MALARIADIVIDENDWHY INVESTING IN MALARIA ELIMINATIONCREATES RETURNS FOR ALL23Key figures at a glanceExecutive SummaryEconomic case for investing in malaria reduction Summary methodology Reducing malaria boosts GDP in malaria endemic countries Case studies Reducing malaria boosts trade,benefiting

2、both endemic and G7/donor countriesConclusion and Recommendations AcknowledgmentsAppendix Methodology Data tables List of abbreviations4581416CONTENTSThis report was written and produced by Malaria No More UK,a partner to,and in support,of the RBM Partnership to End Malaria.It is based on analysis f

3、rom Oxford Economic Africa.The report is published as a contribution to Zero Malaria,a global movement born out of the grassroots pan-African campaign Zero Malaria Starts with Me,that is committed to ending malaria in a generation.ABOUT THIS REPORT45Analysis by Oxford Economics Africa shows that by

4、getting back on track for the Sustainable Development Goals Target 3.3 for malaria,between 2023 and 2030 we could see:A BOOST TO THE GDP OF ALL MALARIA-ENDEMIC COUNTRIES IN AFRICA OF$126.9billion A BOOST TO ALL MALARIA-ENDEMIC COUNTRIES GDP GLOBALLY OF$142.7billionA BOOST TO INTERNATIONAL TRADE OF$8

5、0.7billionA BOOST FOR G7 COUNTRY EXPORTS TO KEY MALARIA-ENDEMIC AFRICAN COUNTRIES OF$3.9billionMalaria remains a severe threat to human health,especially in sub-Saharan Africa where the burden of disease is centred.Millions of lives are at risk from this preventable illness,and most of the 600,000 d

6、eaths each year are of children under five years of age.While great progress was made in the first two decades of the century the global mortality rate for malaria halved between 2000 and 2015,1 and case incidence fell by 26%2 the fight is far from over.Since the latter half of the 2010s,overall glo

7、bal progress has stalled.A combination of factors including the disruptive impacts on malaria programming from climate change and conflict,growing drug and insecticide resistance,and the persistent impact on economies from the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic,have all contributed to a perfect storm

8、of conditions holding back progress.As a result,the progress needed for the Sustainable Development Goal(SDG)target on malaria,which requires a 90%reduction in case incidence and mortality rates by 2030,is now off-track.In response to this,Oxford Economics Africa(OEA)were commissioned to model and a

9、ssess the economic impact of meeting the SDG target for malaria.This work was commissioned by Malaria No More UK,a partner of the RBM Partnership to End Malaria.The analysis shows that investing in malaria control and elimination programmes doesnt just save lives;its also economically smart,for mala

10、ria-endemic countries and their international partners.This report shows that achieving the target through a 90%reduction in case incidence by 2030(set out as an indicator for the target)could significantly boost the Gross Domestic Product(GDP)of malaria-endemic countries by$142.7 billion(bn)over th

11、e 2023 2030 period analysed.This will also have global benefits by increasing international trade by$80.7 bn over the same timeline,including direct trade benefits for G7 countries of$3.9 bn in additional exports.This underscores the economic benefits of ending malaria,not just for affected endemic

12、countries but for the whole global economy.While great progress was made in the first two decades of the century the global mortality rate for malaria halved between 2000 and 2015,and case incidence fell by 26%the fight is far from over.These gains can only be realised by getting back on track to ac

13、hieving the target set for 2030.Staying on the current trajectory not only costs the lives and wellbeing of millions,it leaves billions of dollars of economic progress unrealised.Despite being off-track to meet the 2030 target on malaria,the global campaign to end the disease has much cause for opti

14、mism.Malaria is a vector-borne,preventable,and treatable infectious disease.As such it responds to increased use of effective tools,treatments,and programmes of management.Rapid decreases in case incidence can be achieved quickly.The huge achievement of eliminating the disease continues to occur KEY

15、 FIGURES AT A GLANCEEXECUTIVE SUMMARY67GEORGES STORY:MALARIAS HUMAN TOLLGeorge Otieno is a father,fisherman and community leader for sanitation and environmental health,from a vibrant fishing village on the shore of lake Victoria in Kisumu county,Kenya.George knows first-hand the impact of malaria t

16、hrough the devastating affect on his family and wider community and what we have to gain by ending this disease.George shares:“Malaria is a disease that is always affecting my family,year in year out.We have experienced very difficult times with my family,its like a cycle from one child to another c

17、hild.And even to the fishing community,there are many economic activities with fishing,and when you work is when you get your pay.So,when you are sick with malaria it means you are not going to work,you are not going to fish.Its a disease thats very dangerous to the fishing community.Its important t

18、o advocate to end malaria,so it can give us the energy so we can build our economy.If you are a sick person,it means the economy will go down,but if you are healthy,it means the revenue we collect it will go up,because the fisherman and crews are working,the mothers are working and those doing relat

19、ed trading activities are also working,so if there is a way of stopping malaria,we would prefer if it could be stopped.With zero malaria it means we can do a lot of things,our children will go to school,our fisherman will go to work,our farmers will go to the farm and those who are trading can do th

20、eir business.”George Otieno Fisherman,Kenya Credit:Malaria No More UKwithin countries across the world,most recently by Cabo Verde in 2024.3 Thanks to sustained,prudent investments,malaria has a strong research and development pipeline,with new vaccines and tools now being deployed and many more pot

21、entially game-changing innovations on their way.With a concerted and urgent effort,it is still possible to get back on track to the 2030 target.This urgency was well recognised in the Yaound declaration,launched in March 20244 following the Ministerial conference on malaria.This ministerial level de

22、claration acknowledges the vital role that domestic resource mobilisation and political will must play in driving down the malaria burden,and calls for both endemic countries and donors to step up their commitments.With a concerted and urgent effort,it is still possible to get back on track to the 2

23、030 target.Doing so will save millions of lives,deliver significant economic benefits,and allow for reinvestment of these dividends to other vital sectors.This can help malaria-endemic countries strengthen their health systems and develop better pandemic preparedness,in addition to climate change mi

24、tigation and adaptation which is beneficial to all.2024 sees not one but two malaria vaccines become part of the routine immunisation programmes across 20 countries in sub-Saharan Africa.The successful roll-out of malaria vaccines could take us one step closer to getting back on track to 2030.Howeve

25、r,to do so they must be rolled-out in close coordination with other malaria control measures to maximise their impact and save as many lives as possible.This can only be achieved if two global health multilaterals,The Global Fund to Fight AIDS,Tuberculosis and Malaria(Global Fund)and Gavi,The Vaccin

26、e Alliance(Gavi)are fully replenished financially by the end of 2025,to support malaria control and elimination efforts in the years remaining to 2030.The next 18 months offer a golden opportunity to realign efforts towards achieving the global malaria target by 2030.With the strengthened domestic r

27、esource mobilisation committed to by ministers in Yaound,a renewed commitment to the Global Fund and Gavi replenishments from G7 governments and other donors,and continued investment and support to the malaria research and development pipeline,it is not just possible to save the lives of millions,bu

28、t also to strengthen the worlds resilience against future pandemics and boost economic growth.Its time to prioritise the dividends that eliminating malaria can provide,and pave the way for a healthier,more secure future.89SUMMARY METHODOLOGYFunding malaria control and elimination efforts is the righ

29、t thing to do to save and improve lives,especially those most affected children under five and pregnant women.Its also a smart economic investment.To quantify the potential impact of achieving the 2030 malaria target,which includes the success indicator of a 90%reduction in case incidence,Malaria No

30、 More UK commissioned Oxford Economics Africa(OEA).The methodology,detailed in the appendix,illustrates how each step contributes to the estimation of economic benefits at different levelscountry,regional,and global.Analysis by Sarma et al.(2019)found that a 10%decrease in malaria case incidence is

31、associated with a 0.11 percentage point increase in annual GDP per capita growth.5 This analysis combines these findings from Sarma et al.(2019)with case incidence projections over the 2023-2030 period using the latest World Health Organization data from the World Malaria Report.The research uses tw

32、o scenarios-a baseline scenario where case incidence remains on the same historic trend and a SDG achievement scenario where case incidence steadily declines toward the SDG target 3.3 on malaria,which is measured by the achievement of a 90%reduction in both case incidence and mortality rates.The dif

33、ference in case incidence between the baseline and SDG achievement scenarios when combined with the Sarma et al.(2019)findings provide an illustrative analysis of the potential boost to GDP by meeting the 2030 target for malaria-the results of which are detailed in the following sections.To estimate

34、 the impact on trade,OEA extrapolated the impact on GDP to international trade,considering the economic outlooks of countries over the time frame.This process involved estimating how the boost to GDP translates into trade benefits,including both bilateral trade with select nations and trade with 13

35、focus countries identified by their current malaria burden.These 13 focus countries refer to the ten countries most affected by malaria:Nigeria,the Democratic Republic of Congo(DRC),Uganda,Mozambique,Angola,Burkina Faso,Mali,Tanzania,Niger,and Cte dIvoire;as well as three other large African economi

36、es where malaria is persistent-Ghana,Zambia,and Kenya.Detailed assumptions regarding trade can be found in the appendix,further explaining the methodology used to estimate economic gains by 2030.REDUCING MALARIA BOOSTS GDP IN MALARIA-ENDEMIC COUNTRIES Malaria places a heavy economic toll on affected

37、 countries,stunting socioeconomic progress and perpetuating cycles of poverty.People who fall sick from malaria,particularly young children,require rapid treatment and care.This is often paid for through out-of-pocket expenditure and increases the burden of unpaid care on families(primarily mothers)

38、,which THE ECONOMIC CASE FOR INVESTING IN MALARIA CONTROL AND ELIMINATIONholds back their potential for economic engagement.Families who face catastrophic expenditure on treatment cannot invest in education or other methods of breaking the poverty cycle.The economic costs to each family are signific

39、ant and,when scaled up to national levels,even more so.Through extrapolating the potential economic benefits of reducing malaria incidence,OEAs analysis reveals the transformative impact of curbing malaria cases on GDP for endemic countries in Africa and globally.The economic gains from malaria redu

40、ction efforts are substantial,particularly in Africa,where the projected GDP increase would be$126.9 billion over the 2023-2030 period.This represents a significant proportion of the potential gain from all malaria-endemic countries,comprising 88.9%of the total GDP boost.Across all malaria-endemic c

41、ountries,the collective GDP increase is estimated at$142.7 bn,underscoring the widespread economic advantages of eliminating malaria.This data is illustrated in Figure 1.FIGURE 1-ESTIMATE INCREASE IN GDP FOR MALARIA-ENDEMIC COUNTRIES BETWEEN 2023-2030aFOCUS COUNTRIESMALARIA-ENDEMICCOUNTRIES IN AFRIC

42、AALL MALARIA-ENDEMICCOUNTRIES GLOBALLY160140120100806040200INCREASE IN GDP,US$BNa Source:Oxford Economics Africa&Malaria No More UK(2024)10112022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030454035302520151050INCREASE STEMMING FROM ALL OTHER MALARIA-ENDEMIC COUNTRIES GLOBALLYINCREASE STEMMING FROM MALARIA

43、-ENDEMIC COUNTRIES IN AFRICAINCREASE IN GDP,US$BNFIGURE 2-ESTIMATE CUMULATIVE INCREASE IN GDP FOR MALARIA-ENDEMIC COUNTRIES,2023-2030bFIGURE 3 ESTIMATE INCREASE IN GDP FOR SELECTED“FOCUS”COUNTRIES,2023-2030cNIGERIAKENYAANGOLACTE DIVOIRETANZANIAGHANADEMOCRATICREPUBLIC OF CONGOUGANDAZAMBIAMOZAMBIQUEMA

44、LIBURKINA FASONIGER4035302520151050INCREASE IN GDP,US$BNSELECTED FOCUS COUNTRIESFigure 2 shows how this boost to GDP occurs over the period 2023-2030,with substantial gains made towards the end of the decade.The analysis also shows the potential economic benefits at a country-level for the focus cou

45、ntries.Figure 3 below shows that Nigeria alone,which has by far the largest burden of malaria cases and deaths,could benefit from a GDP boost of nearly$34 bn by 2030.Nigeria is followed by Kenya and Angola,with each country experiencing GDP gains of$9.4 bn and$8.5 bn,respectively.Tanzania could rece

46、ive a boost to GDP of approximately$7.5 bn and DRC could see a substantial GDP increase of$4.9 bn over the 2023 to 2030 period.The economic benefit of reducing malaria will be felt by individuals and businesses alike.Where businesses are multinational in scope,these benefits spread across borders an

47、d can contribute to the citizens of other countries.Zambia Sugar and Fever-Tree are two businesses that understand the importance of ending malaria for the health of their employees and the productivity of their operations(see Case Studies below).ZAMBIA SUGARZambia Sugar,a leading cane sugar produce

48、r in Africa under Associated British Foods,is dedicated to eradicating malaria.Operating from Mazabuka,Zambia,the companys commitment to eliminating malaria not only ensures a healthy workforce but also sets a precedent for successful business operations intertwined with community health initiatives

49、.Recognising the impact of malaria on productivity and sustainability,Zambia Sugar proactively addressed the challenge by implementing comprehensive control measures.Collaborating with local health authorities and NGOs,the company deployed sustainable interventions including biological control measu

50、res and malaria surveillance.Surveillance approaches range from malaria test and treat,delivered through community health workers and health facilities to active surveillance in the community targeting groups such as migrant workers and farm workers.These measures have resulted in improved productiv

51、ity,reduced absenteeism,and lower healthcare costs for its workforce.Additionally,surrounding communities benefited from enhanced health outcomes,leading to improved economic opportunities and social well-being.Zambia Sugars malaria elimination programme demonstrates the transformative power of corp

52、orate social responsibility,emphasising the importance of integrating health initiatives into business strategies for sustainable development and shared prosperity.FEVER-TREEThe fight against malaria has been foundational to Fever-Tree,spanning eleven years of partnership with Malaria No More UK.The

53、 quinine-producing cinchona tree,known colloquially as“the fever tree”,has been hugely important in humanitys fight against malaria and is closely aligned to Fever-Trees roots,given quinines role as a key ingredient in tonic water.In addition,the quinine used in Fever-Trees tonic water is sourced fr

54、om the Democratic Republic of Congo(DRC),which is severely impacted by malaria and is one of this reports focus countries.The companys unwavering commitment to malaria eradication has been underscored over the years through a range of activities,from providing support to key events like the 2018 Mal

55、aria Summit London,to building consumer awareness through on-pack and social media campaigns as well as employees taking part in fundraising challenges.Since 2023 Fever-Tree have been funding a campaign designed to support behaviour change efforts to inform,inspire,and protect communities living at

56、risk from malaria in three target counties in Kenya.As a responsible business Fever-Tree is committed to supporting the communities within their supply chain.They believe that by helping the goal to reduce the global threat of malaria and one day achieve a world free from this preventable treatable

57、disease,they can play an important part in positively impacting the health and wellbeing of the communities that they touch.b,c Source:Oxford Economics Africa&Malaria No More UK(2024)1213FIGURE 4 ESTIMATE INCREASE IN VALUE OF EXPORTS FROM SELECTED DONOR COUNTRIES TO“FOCUS”COUNTRIES OVER 2023-2030 PE

58、RIODdFIGURE 5 ESTIMATE INCREASE IN VALUE OF EXPORTS FROM ITALY TO“FOCUS”COUNTRIES,2023-2030eFIGURE 6 ESTIMATE INCREASE IN EXPORTS VALUE FROM SELECTED“FOCUS”COUNTRIES TO THE REST OF THE WORLD OVER 2023-2030 PERIODfUSUAEFRANCEGERMANYUKJAPANREPUBLIC OF KOREAITALYCANADA16001400120010008006004002000INCRE

59、ASE IN EXPORTS VALUE,US$MN120100806040200INCREASE IN EXPORTS VALUE,US$BNFOCUS COUNTRIESNIGERIADEMOCRATICREPUBLIC OF CONGOUGANDAMOZAMBIQUEANGOLABURKINA FASONIGERTANZANIAMALICTE DIVOIREGHANAZAMBIAKENYA6543210INCREASE IN EXPORTS VALUE,US$MNNIGERIADEMOCRATICREPUBLIC OF CONGOUGANDAMOZAMBIQUEANGOLABURKINA

60、 FASONIGERTANZANIAMALICTE DIVOIREGHANAZAMBIAKENYAThe economic advantages of ending malaria reach far beyond malaria-endemic regions,offering tangible opportunities for trade and investment for G7 countries,and other nations,who are supporting gains in global health through their funding.OEAs analysi

61、s shows that in addition to boosting GDP for malaria-endemic countries,international trade stands to receive a substantial lift,with an estimated increase of$80.7 bn between 2023 and 2030.Over a third(39.3%)of this uplift in trade is due to increased exports from African countries due to increased e

62、conomic demand.Notably,exports from the G7,UAE,Republic of Korea(ROK),and the rest of the European Union(EU)to the focus countries are projected to increase by$8.5 bn.Again,this surge in economic output not only fosters growth but also enhances living standards and unlocks human potential.OEAs analy

63、sis reveals that over the period 2023-2030,exports from the G7 to the focus countries examined could rise by$3.9 bn if malaria control and elimination efforts are ramped up and the 2030 target is achieved.This upsurge in trade reflects the potential for expanded market access,increased consumer purc

64、hasing power,and enhanced business prospects in malaria-endemic regions.Figure 4 shows that the US could receive the highest export boost with an increase of$1.5 bn.Other G7 countries including France,Germany and the UK could all gain more than$450 million each.As Figure 5 shows,Italy,the President

65、of the G7 in 2024,could receive a boost of over$280 mn,with over a third of that coming from exports to Nigeria alone.African countries will also benefit from increased exports to the rest of the world.Figure 6 shows this breakdown for the 13 focus countries.Over half of the focus countries in this

66、report will receive export boosts that are worth more than a billion dollars.In the cases of Nigeria and Angola,these figures are equivalent to$4.8 bn and$3.6 bn,respectively.d,e,f Source:Oxford Economics Africa&Malaria No More UK(2024)REDUCING MALARIA BOOSTS TRADE,BENEFITING BOTH ENDEMIC AND G7/DON

67、OR COUNTRIES1415CONCLUSIONRECOMMENDATIONSThe years to 2030 represent a golden opportunity for the malaria fight.The analysis by Oxford Economics Africa shows that by getting back on track to the 2030 target,we have the opportunity to not only save lives,but also boost economic output to the benefit

68、of all.To get back on track,enhanced domestic resource mobilisation and increased support by donor countries for the control,and elimination of malaria,must be prioritised.In the near term of the next 18 months,the necessity of adequately funding both the Global Fund and Gavi at their upcoming reple

69、nishments cannot be overstated.This must be done in tandem,and with close coordination.Their complementary roles in advancing malaria control strategies,particularly with the recent introduction of malaria vaccines,exemplifies the urgent need for joint investment.The successful rollout of the new ma

70、laria vaccines in Africa relies on the full funding and effective coordination mechanisms of both organisations.To maximise their impact,these vaccines must be coordinated closely with complementary malaria control and elimination programmes that encompass various interventions such as bed nets and

71、preventive chemotherapy.This united approach,facilitated by Gavis procurement of vaccine doses and the Global Funds support for malaria prevention and control measures,is essential to accelerate progress towards elimination and ultimately save lives.In the medium and longer term,continued and increa

72、sed funding will be required to maintain and strengthen the research and development pipeline for malaria tools and treatment.Enhancing malaria-endemic countries economic growth through ending the disease not only uplifts the communities affected by malaria,but also creates increased trade prospects

73、 for the countries that support them.By investing in the fight against malaria,donor countries are not only supporting malaria control and elimination efforts,they can also enhance their own economic potential.The urgency embedded in the Yaound declaration provides a call to action for malaria-endem

74、ic countries and global partners alike,to restore momentum in tackling this preventable disease.OEAs analysis backs up this call for urgency by showing that the benefits of driving down malaria are widespread,and would make the world a safer and more prosperous place for everyone.1.Fully fund The Gl

75、obal Fund To Fight AIDS,Tuberculosis and Malaria and Gavi,The Vaccine Alliance:All donors,and particularly the G7 governments,should commit to fully financing both the Global Fund and Gavi at their upcoming replenishments in 2024/25,supporting and enhancing the investments made by malaria-endemic co

76、untries themselves.These organisations play indispensable roles in the fight against malaria,and their work must be fully supported to ensure effective malaria control and immunisation efforts reach those who need them most.2.Support and deliver on the promise of the Yaound declaration.Malaria-endem

77、ic countries,supported by donors and global partners,should ensure that the necessary domestic resource mobilisation and political will to drive down malaria are prioritised.3.Recognise the link between economic development,global health security and malaria elimination:G7 countries can use this yea

78、rs G7 leaders summit,as well as meetings of health,trade and development ministers,to recognise that malaria elimination is core to both social and economic progress.we have the opportunity to not only save lives,but also boost economic output to the benefit of all.1617Malaria No More UK commissione

79、d Oxford Economics Africa(OEA)to estimate the potential economic gains if the 2030 global malaria target are met.Economic impact analysisOEAs economic impact analysis relies on the research conducted by Sarma et al.(2019),which examined the historical economic effects of changes in malaria case inci

80、dence from 2000 to 2017.Their findings indicate that a 10%decrease in malaria case incidence is associated with a 0.11 percentage point increase in annual GDP per capita growth.6OEAs analysis combines these findings from Sarma et al.(2019)with case incidence projections over the 2023-2030 period usi

81、ng the latest World Health Organization data on case incidence.The analysis uses this period as 2022 is the most up to date case incidence data available at the time of the research.The analysis looks at all malaria-endemic countries globally as well as provides deep dives for thirteen focus countri

82、es including the top ten highest burden in Africa and additionally Kenya,Zambia and Ghana because of their global economic and political influence.The research uses two scenarios-a baseline scenario where case incidence remains on the same trend and a SDG achievement scenario where cases decline tow

83、ards the indicator for success of SDG target 3.3 on malaria.For the current trends scenario,the analysis extends the annual change in cases from 2015 to 2022 to predict cases up to 2030 using UN population forecasts.Conversely,the SDG achievement scenario calculates the required reduction in inciden

84、ce from 2022 levels to achieve the SDG target of a 90%decrease in malaria cases by 2030 compared to 2015 levels.The difference in case incidence between the baseline and SDG achievement scenarios when combined with the Sarma et al.(2019)findings is used to quantify the potential boost to GDP per cap

85、ita growth.METHODOLOGYThe appendix contains detailed methodology,data sources,and supplementary information referenced in the report.Trade impact analysisThe analysis also delves into the impact on international trade resulting from the projected economic growth.The research disaggregates economic o

86、utput by expenditure type to estimate the impact on international trade if the economic growth projections materialise.The analysis uses the median GDP contributions of exports and imports over the past three years and uses these ratios on the different economic scenarios for the future.This analysi

87、s is first applied to all malaria-endemic countries globally,to measure the broader global impact of achieving SDG target.The analysis is then narrowed to examine the benefits that would stem from Africa if all African SDG target regarding malaria incidence were achieved by 2030.The research then lo

88、oks at the boost to trade at the bilateral level between the 13 Focus Countries and the G7(comprising Canada,France,Germany,Italy,Japan,the UK,and the US),the EU,the UAE,and the Republic of Korea.Here,again,it is assumed that current trade patterns remain largely the same by using the mean contribut

89、ion of each bilateral trade partnership over the past five years.These ratios are then used on the broader trade benefits to calculate the boost to bilateral tradeResearch contributionsThe originality of the analysis in this report lies in leveraging the latest and most prominent research on the eco

90、nomic impact of reducing malaria incidence;projecting incidence under two different scenarios;and then calculating the projected economic outcomes under each scenario and comparing them.The modelling applied in this study should be viewed as building on the prevailing body of evidence.In addition to

91、 advancing on the work of Gallup and Sachs(2001)and Sarma et al.(2019),and extending estimated economic impacts to international trade,the method further contributes to research by the WHO(2020)and Patouillard et al.(2023).This study adds to the existing body of literature by:1.Considering not only

92、the GDP impacts of malaria-endemic countries to international trade,but also the trade impacts for donor countries.2.Designing and applying the effects of both scenarios of(a)the current baseline whereby trending elimination figures persist;and(b)the economic gains that could be realised in a scenar

93、io in which malaria case incidence declines toward 2030 targets.3.Forecasting economic and trade impacts into the future,as opposed to estimating the historic economic impact of malaria.While previous research also considered future economic impacts,this was done so by using the WHO model for Econom

94、ic Projections of Illness and Cost(EPIC).This reports combination of forward projections offers a unique insight into the landscape of malaria as it relates to trade and the economy.Data tablesAll data tables can be found at https:/bit.ly/3R58LcxACKNOWLEDGMENTSAPPENDIXMalaria No More UK expresses it

95、s gratitude to all the individuals,organisations,and partners engaged in supporting and distributing this work.Their dedication,expertise,and unwavering commitment to the fight against malaria are invaluable.Sincere thanks are given to Oxford Economics Africa for their invaluable contribution to thi

96、s briefing.Their expertise and meticulous research have greatly enhanced the understanding of the economic benefits of investing in malaria eradication efforts.We appreciate their collaborative approach and dedication throughout the research process.18191 World Health Organization.(2015).World Malar

97、ia Report 2015.Retrieved from https:/iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/200018/9789241565158_eng.pdf?sequence=1 2 World Health Organization.(2023).World Malaria Report 2023.Retrieved from https:/www.who.int/teams/global-malaria-programme/reports/world-malaria-report-20233 World Health Organization.

98、(2024),WHO certifies Cabo Verde as malaria-free,marking a historic milestone in the fight against malaria.Retrieved from https:/www.who.int/news/item/12-01-2024-who-certifies-cabo-verde-as-malaria-free-marking-a-historic-milestone-in-the-fight-against-malaria4 World Health Organization.(2024),Africa

99、n Health Ministers commit to end malaria deaths,Retrieved from https:/www.who.int/news/item/06-03-2024-african-health-ministers-commit-to-end-malaria-deaths5,6 Sarma,N.,Patouillard,E.,Cibulskis,R.E.,&Arcand,J.L.(2019).The Economic Burden of Malaria:Revisiting the Evidence.The American Journal of Tro

100、pical Medicine and Hygiene,101(6),14051415.doi:10.4269/ajtmh.19-0386 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONSENDNOTESbn billionGavi Gavi,The Vaccine AllianceGlobal Fund The Global Fund to Fight AIDS,Tuberculosis and Malariamn millionNGO non-governmental organisationOEA Oxford Economics AfricaR&D research and developmentSDG Sustainable Development GoalUN United NationsWHO World Health Organisation$US dollars20WWW.ZEROMALARIA.ORGTHIS REPORT WAS PRODUCED BY MALARIA NO MORE UK(CHARITY NUMBER 1126222)