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1、1The global fusion industry in 2024The global fusion industry in 2024 Fusion Companies Survey by theFusion Industry Association23The global fusion industry in 2024The global fusion industry in 2024 Now in our fourth edition,the FIAs yearly Global Fusion Industry in reports have become the global sta

2、ndard for understanding what is happening in the fusion energy industry.In this years report,we once again see that the industry continues to grow,that investors remain supportive and enthusiastic about its potential,and that companies ambitions for near-term commercialization are on track.Although

3、more of the same may not sound headline-grabbing,it is exactly what we should see in a maturing industry.However,its not all business-as-usual.Much needed change is also happening.This year saw significant shifts in government policies around the world,directing more public funding into private fusi

4、on companies.Whats more,for the first time,this years report highlights the growth of a skilled fusion workforce supporting this industry.However,ambitious targets need ambitious resources and a step change in growth will be required once private companies deliver results on their prototype machines

5、.45 companies,very diverse technological approaches,and over$7 billion in fundingThere are at least 45 companies working to commercialize fusion energy around the world.For the purposes of this report,two answered questions while in stealth mode and their identities are not revealed here,though they

6、 will go public at the appropriate time.One company withdrew its efforts to commercialize its own fusion power plant,while remaining active in the fusion industry as a key partner and supplier to fusion companies and experiments.The total investment into fusion continues to grow.Over the last year,i

7、nvestors have put an additional billion dollars into the companies working to commercialize this groundbreaking technology.The total funding is now approximately$7.1 billion.Even in the face of continued challenges in raising capital for deep technology ventures,the additional funding underscores a

8、growing confidence in fusion technologys potential to revolutionize the global energy landscape on a timescale that is relevant to investors.Commercializing Fusion is increasingly a public-private partnership,with public funding into companies increasing by over 50%Perhaps the biggest untold story s

9、hown in this report is the increase in public funding directed into private companies.The reported total(likely an undercount as some things inevitably go unreported),either from direct grants or cost-shares in public-private partnerships,has risen from$271 million in 2023 to$426 million in 2024.Thi

10、s increase in government investment not only reflects a heightened interest from national governments,but also signals a strategic choice by a growing number of governments that it will be business,not government,that will deliver the pilot plants that demonstrate fusion as a viable energy source.FO

11、REWORDInterior of JET Tokamak with superimposed plasma.Credit Eurofusion2The global fusion industry in 2024 45The global fusion industry in 2024The global fusion industry in 2024 Notable public-private partnerships that have moved forward in the last year include:the Milestone-Based Fusion Developme

12、nt Program in the United States,that in June 2024 announced eight companies had signed contracts with the Department of Energy to deliver comprehensive pilot plant designs;the German governments new“Fusion 2040”program that will invest directly into private companies;the Japanese governments“Moonsho

13、t”program;the British Governments ambitious new“Fusion Futures”program that invests in the key technology providers;and the European Unions recent effort to create a consortium that will define how it will invest in private fusion by 2026.Even ITER,the International Organization building the worlds

14、largest fusion experiment,has announced its interest in public private partnerships and its intention to directly share knowledge with private fusion companies.The Fusion Industry Association,since its inception,has worked to secure new public private partnership programs because developers should h

15、ave access to the knowledge and expertise developed in the public programs.Too often,there is a narrative of a competition or“race”between private companies and public programs to see which will get there first.These new and growing public-private partnerships indicate that narrative is wrong:fusion

16、 will be commercialized by private companies,while the public programs continue to lead the world with pathbreaking scientific research and enabling technology.Competition is good among companies for spurring private sector innovation,but there is no need to pit government programs against private c

17、ompanies.The two must support each other.As fusion advances towards commercialization,the consistent and growing investment from both private and public sectors is vital for overcoming the scientific and engineering challenges that remain.Ambitious timelines need ambitious resourcesAnyone working in

18、 fusion knows the question we get the most(and have for decades!)is the question of timing.We have seen the headlines about fusion in the newspapers from the 1960s and 70s saying that fusion was just around the corner.Even governments were optimistic,with plans put into place to build power plants.K

19、nowing that those predictions did not come to pass,fusion scientists and energy stakeholders have a right to be cautious about bold timelines.Those delayed timelines can be blamed on two important causes:fusion is hard,but even more importantly,the promised funding for the next steps never emerged.A

20、 bold plan without bold resources is bound to fail.The rise of a private fusion industry in the last decade provides an antidote to the pessimism of decades past.By applying new technology,advanced materials,increased computing power,and private sector ambition,investor-backed companies have shown t

21、hat there is a path to fusion power on a timeline that is relevant to the worlds energy challenges.In the fourth year of this report,companies remain steadfast in their projected timelines for producing fusion-generated electricity in the 2030s,with most companies aiming for fusion electricity gener

22、ation in the first half of that decade.89%of the companies responding to the survey anticipate that fusion will provide electricity to the grid by the end of 2030s,with 70%of the companies saying that milestone will happen by the end of 2035.Since this report was first released in 2021,these questio

23、ns have received similar answers.We have not seen timelines slip.The industry is hitting its own milestones,and remains on track.Skilled Fusion Workforce Grows by 1,000 people year over yearFinally,the fusion energy sector has seen a consistent increase in employment,reflecting its expanding footpri

24、nt and economic significance.For four consecutive years,the number of jobs within the industry has risen,with total employment figures growing from 1,096 in 2021 to over 4,107 in 2024.Many more people are employed in the companies that supply fusion.This steady rise in job creation highlights the in

25、dustrys growth and its capacity to attract and retain a diverse and skilled workforce.The workforce within the fusion industry is composed predominantly of scientists and engineers,who together constitute approximately 73%of all employees.This high concentration of technical expertise is indicative

26、of the intensive research and development efforts required to advance fusion technology.Furthermore,the sectors ability to consistently increase employment underscores its resilience and adaptability in a rapidly evolving technological landscape.Workforce needs will continue to grow,and the industry

27、 has adopted an“all hands on deck”approach to hiring skilled employees from diverse backgrounds and outside the traditional scientific sectors.Conclusion:A growing industry,but a step change in growth is neededThis report shows continued growth in the fusion industry,across multiple indicators.Howev

28、er,positive though it is,it is not enough yet to deliver fusions ambitious goals.If funding into private fusion companies only grows at$1 billion per year over the next decade,the industry will not meet its bold targets.If the workforce only grows at a rate of 1,000 people per year,there wont be eno

29、ugh people to build the pilot plants.Fortunately,multiple companies are building or experimenting with prototype and proof of concept machines right now.As soon as these deliver results,they will de-risk investment.That will unlock a vast pool of lower-risk capital that will bring the needed leap in

30、 funding.As fusion companies continue to innovate and develop,supported by both public and private investments,the vision of a sustainable and abundant energy future powered by fusion is increasingly attainable.Andrew HollandChief Executive OfficerFusion Industry Association67The global fusion indus

31、try in 2024The global fusion industry in 2024 3.Notable iNvestmeNts siNce 2023 survey*HIGHLIGHTS TO DATE 1.total fuNdiNg*$900,000,000(900m)$7,122,435,000(7.1bn)$426,000,000(426m)Total PublicTotal this yearTotal to date*Some figures have been converted to dollars/rounded*Several other large investmen

32、ts have not yet been publicly announced so are not included here2.chaNge siNce 2023 surveyCommonwealth Fusion Systems($2bn+)ENN Helion Energy SHINETechnologies TAE Technologies($1bn+)General FusionTokamak Energy Zap Energy paNies with$200m iNvestmeNt or more5.locatioN By primary HQCanada1Australia1N

33、ew Zealand1China3Japan3Germany3Italy1Switzerland2UK3Sweden1USA25France1Israel1$7.1bn in funding,compared to$6.2bn at time of 2023 survey$426m in public funding,compared to$271m in 202345 responses in 2024 vs 43 20233 new companies emerged and added to our survey,while one withdrew from the commercia

34、l industry.Xcimer$100m Type One$25m Startorus Fusion$41m Proxima Fusion$21.7m SHINE$90m Helion$65m89The global fusion industry in 2024The global fusion industry in 2024 8.selected*iNvestors iN fusioN 1 1.2 Capital31VENTURESAdditionAE Blue CapitalAirbus VenturesAlcenAnglo AmericanANRIArt SambergBaill

35、ie GiffordBayern KapitalBezos ExpeditionsBill GatesBlackbird VenturesBraavos CapitalBraemar Energy VenturesBreakthrough Energy VenturesBrukerBusiness Development Bank of CanadaCapricorn Investment GroupCenovus EnergyCharles SchwabChevron Technology VenturesChrysalix Venture CapitalClimentumCoatueCon

36、gruentCoral CapitalDarco CapitalDavid HardingDBJ Capital Co.,Ltd.DCVCDelight VenturesDFJ GrowthDoral EnergyDr Hans-Peter WildDustin MoskovitzEIT InnoEnergyElectric Power Development CompanyEmerson CollectiveEnergy Impact PartnersEniEnlightenment CapitalEquinorEQT FoundationFidelity Management and Re

37、search CompanyFine Structure VenturesFootprint CoalitionFounders FundFujikura LtdFuture VenturesGA CapitalGerman Federal Agency For Disruptive InnovationGICGigascale CapitalGoogleGranitorGrantham FoundationHedosophiaHitachi VenturesHofimaHostplusHTGFIcehouse VenturesInnoEnergyIndustrifondenInpex Cor

38、porationIP GroupItochuJ-POWERJAFCO GroupJameel Investment Management Company(JIMCO)Jeff BezosJGC MIRAI Innovation FundJIC Venture Growth InvestmentsJohn DoerrJS CapitalK1W1 VenturesK4 VenturesKam GhaffarianKDDIKhazanah NasionalKhosla VenturesKTH HoldingKuwait Investment AuthorityKyoshinKyoto Capital

39、 Partners Co.,Ltd.Leave-a-nestLockheed Martin VenturesLowercarbon CapitalMaezawa FundMaryland Energy Innovation AcceleratorMax Planck GesellschaftMercator PartnersmiHoYoMILFAMMinistry of Jobs,Economic Development and Innovation,Government of British ColumbiaMitsubishi UFJ CapitalMitsui KinzokuMOL PL

40、USMSIVCMUFG CapitalMUFJ CapitalNew Zealand Growth CapitalNgi TahuNikonNikon SBINissay CapitalNucorOrion Industrial VenturesOrbia VenturesOsaka Shoko Shinyo KinkoOutset VenturesPlural PlatformPrelude VenturesRadar VenturesRedalpineSBI InvestmentSDGxSegra Capital ManagementSET VenturesShanghai STVC gr

41、oupShizuoka CapitalShorewind CapitalSMBC CapitalSMBC Venture CapitalSoftbankSonyStarlight VenturesStartEngineStrategic Innovation Fund,Government of CanadaSumitomoTDK VenturesTemasekThe Rocket Equation VenturesToyotaTrirecUVC PartnersVahocaVenture Growth Investments Co.,Ltd.WilbeWireframe VenturesWi

42、sconsin Alumni Research Foundation(WARF)YUNHE Partners7.employees74%Male26%Female6.target marketsElectricity generationSpace propulsionMarine propulsionMedicalOff-grid energyHydrogen and/or clean fuelsIndustrial heat32Primary Markets(Respondents could select multiple):Secondary/spin-off markets:2751

43、0111672310711Space propulsionMarine propulsionMedicalOff-grid energyHydrogen and/or clean fuelsIndustrial heat25%Scientists48%Engineers27%OtherFusion employees by role(based on 34 responses)*Other named markets included:Mobility,Compact portable power,Imaging,LDRS,Tritium Production,HTS,Transmutatio

44、n of nuclear waste,DefenseThese are rough estimates.Numbers are approximate and based on companies estimated figures,rounded to nearest 10%.Companies that did not provide demographic and role data are not reflected in these figures.*All of these investors have been publicly identified in the current

45、 or previous surveys.The FIA is not responsible for the responses listed in this report from survey participants and do not intend to disclose any proprietary information.*Self-reported1,096(23 companies)1,545(31 companies)3,073(41 companies)4,107(43 companies)5,900Employed by fusion companies*20212

46、0222023Estimatedjobs supported by fusion companies supply chain2024Fusion employees by gender(based on 33 responses)*1011The global fusion industry in 2024The global fusion industry in 2024 10.approach11.fuel source12.23 Magnetic confinement 9 Inertial confinement3 Hybrid magnetic/electrostatic conf

47、inement6 Magneto-intertial1 Muon-catalyzed fusion3 Non-traditional concepts/Not stated 8 Stellarator7 Laser-driven inertial confinement3 Tokamak3 Spherical tokamak3 Field Reversed Configuration2 Z-pinch 2 Magnetized target fusion1 Levitated Dipole1 Magnetic mirror1 Centrifugal Magnetic Mirror1 Magne

48、tic-electrostatic confinement1 Magnetized Liner Inertial Fusion(MagLIF)1 Muon-catalyzed fusion with high density fuel1 Open magnetic confinement(Mirror machine)1 Magnetic electrostatic1 Plectoneme1 Poloidal magnetic confinement 1 Pulsed magneto-plasma pressurized confinement1 Shock-driven inertial c

49、onfinement1 Short-Pulse Laser-Driven Inertial Confinement1 Spindle cusp1 Dense Plasma Focus1 Electro-centripetal confinement 1 AgnosticGeneral approachSpecific approach4DD213DHe330DT4pB11LithiumMultiple fuelsBefore 20302030-20352036-204022(15)(6)(4)(4)32041-20456416$3-15m companies report being enga

50、ged in a Public Private Partnership that includes cost-share with governmentGovernment commitments ranged from(milestone dependent)NOTABLE PPPSinclude INFUSE;INCITE,DOE Milestone Fusion Program9.public private partNershipsWhen do you anticipate your company will deliver power to the grid?(35 respons

51、es)*Last years response in bracketsfuel source keyDTdeuterium-tritiumDDdeuterium-deuteriumpB11proton-boronDHe3deuterium-helium31213The global fusion industry in 2024The global fusion industry in 2024 Fusion power efficiency;achieving high-enough gain(high Q)fusion powerPlasma scienceCryoplants(heat

52、management)Plasma exhaust Pulse durationTritium self-sufficiencyNeutron resilient materialsNuclear safety/regulatory approvalIntegrated systems engineeringMinor challengeMajor challenge61510121871771495201 1151315254Fusion power efficiency;achieving high-enough gain(high Q)fusion powerPlasma science

53、Cryoplants(heat management)Plasma exhaust Pulse durationTritium self-sufficiencyNeutron resilient materialsNuclear safety/regulatory approvalIntegrated systems engineeringFull life-cycle issues(e.g.maintenance,waste,recycling,decommissioning)FundingGeopolitics Minor challengeMajor challenge31721771

54、1101 118714861610151681 11271515813.predictioNs14.challeNges2025-20302031-20352036-20402041-204521573AFTER20501(5)(20)(9)(4)(1)2025-20302031-20352036-20402041-2045154862046-20501AFTER20501(5)(13)(13)(6)(1)(1)When will the first fusion plant deliver electricity to the grid?(37 responses)What do you s

55、ee are the main challenges for fusion energy up to 2030?(38 reponses,non-reported answers indicate not seen as a problem/dont know)What do you see are the main challenges for fusion energy after 2030?(36 reponses,non-reported answers indicate not seen as a problem in this timescale)When will the fir

56、st fusion plant demonstrate a low enough cost/high enough efficiency(Q)to be considered commercially viable?(35 responses)*Last years response in brackets*Last years response in brackets1415The global fusion industry in 2024The global fusion industry in 2024 PrincetonFusion SystemsTAETechnologies199

57、21998GeneralFusion2002HorneTechnologiesAcceleron Fusion(formerly NK Labs)2008FirstLightFusion2011HB11 EnergyZapEnergy2017Energy Singularity Fusion Power Technology EX-FusionFocused EnergyHelical FusionNearStar Fusion Openstar Technologies 2021Proxima Fusion2023CrossfieldFusion LtdFuseKyoto Fusioneer

58、ingNovatron Fusion Marvel FusionN.T.TaoType One Energy Group2019LPPFusion,Inc.2003Magneto-Inertial Fusion Technology Inc.(MIFTI)TokamakEnergy2009HelionEnergy2013CTFusion Inc.2015Avalanche EnergyCommonwealthFusion SystemsCompact Fusion Systems,Inc.HelicitySpaceCorporationENN2005SHINE Technologies 201

59、8Deutelio Thea Energy(formerly Princeton Stellarators).Realta FusionXcimer Energy Inc.Blue Laser Fusion Gauss FusionLaserFusionXStellarex,Inc.Terra Fusion Energy CorporationAnonymous respondent(stealth mode)Anonymous respondent(stealth mode)Electric Fusion Systems,Inc.Renaissance Fusion2020202220241

60、5.timeliNe of compaNies fouNded16.total Number of private fusioN compaNies by year19921998200220032005200820092011201320172018201920202021202220232024010203040501617The global fusion industry in 2024The global fusion industry in 2024 PROFILES OF TODAYS FUSION PLAYERS1819The global fusion industry in

61、 2024The global fusion industry in 2024 ACCELERON FUSIONAcceleron Fusion(formerly NK Labs),Inc.is developing muon-catalyzed fusion as a new source of clean energy.Our approach builds on decades of work by government labs worldwide and leverages recent developments in advanced materials and computati

62、onal optimization.LocationCambridge,Massachusetts,USAContact detailsinfoacceleron.energyYear founded2023Founder namesAra Knaian,Seth NewburgPrimary target marketsElectricity generation,Medical,Hydrogen and/or clean fuels,Industrial heat,Tritium ProductionTotal declared funding to date$5,200,000Emplo

63、yees(incl.full time consultants)10General approach Muon-catalyzed fusionSpecific approach Muon-catalyzed fusion with high density fuelFuel source DTPlanned energy capture approachMolten salt with heat exchangerPilot plant timescale2032Anticipated MWe of your commercial operating facility?100MWeMiles

64、tones in past 12 monthsTarget cell reached 1.5 GPa pressure at 500KReceived license to use tritiumKey collaborators/partnersFermilab,Paul Scherrer Institute,Oak Ridge National Lab,University of Rochester,Torion Plasma Recent spin outs/patents/commercial innovationsUS 20230386685,“Muon Catalyzed Fusi

65、on Reactor and System with Electromagnetic Muon Reactivation and Methods of Making and Use Therof”Recent published papersA.Knaian,“Diamond Anvil Measurement of Muon-Catalyzed Fusion Kinetics,”Open CHRISP Users Meeting BVR55,Villigen Switzerland,February 2024S.Tripathy,K.R.Lynch,A.Knaian,N.MacFadden,

66、D.Harrington,“GEANT4 Simulation Package for Interactions Related to Muonic Atoms and Muon-Catalyzed Fusion(CF),”41st International Conference on High Energy Physics ICHEP2022N.Macfadden,A.Knaian,“Efficient modelling of particle transport through aerosols in GEANT4,”Computer Physics Communications,Vo

67、lume 278,September 2022FIAMEMBER19The global fusion industry in 20242021The global fusion industry in 2024The global fusion industry in 2024 AVALANCHE ENERGYAvalanche Energy is developing a modular 5kWe fusion microreactor,called the Orbitron,for hard-to-decarbonize applications.Its compact size and

68、 modularity are game changers for dual-use,mobile and distributed power applications across air,land,sea,and space.Some potential applications include islanded micro-grids in austere/remote environments,electric vehicle battery recharging,and spacecraft power and propulsion.LocationTukwila,Washingto

69、n,USAContact detailsreachoutavalanche.energyYear founded2018Founder namesRobin Langtry,Brian RiordanPrimary target marketsSpace propulsion,Marine propulsionTotal declared funding to date$53,500,000Employees(incl.full time consultants)48General approach Hybrid electrostatic confinementSpecific approa

70、ch Magnetic-electrostatic confinementFuel source DTPlanned energy capture approachLithium neutron blanketPilot plant timescaleQ4/2025 delivery of first prototype to DIU/DoD for qualification testing.Orbital demonstration in 2028.Anticipated MWe of your commercial operating facility?0.005MWeMilestone

71、s in past 12 months-Developed diagnostics for novel magneto-electrostatic high energy,low-density plasmas.-Designed,fabricated and tested 3 fusion machines:NEO,MARTY,CAMINA and working on scaling up plasma density and fusion rates.Key collaborators/partnersDefense Innovation Unit(DIU);DoD Navy;NSFRe

72、cent spin outs/patents/commercial innovationsUS Patent US1 1948697B2“Orbital confinement fusion device”R.Langtry and B.Riordan.Recent published papers1)“Impact of Direct Current Conditioning on Cathode Dark Current in High Vacuum,”2023 30th International Symposium on Discharges and Electrical Insula

73、tion in Vacuum(ISDEIV),Okinawa,Japan,2023,pp.74-772)“The Aging Effect of Surface Flashovers on Insulator Surface in Vacuum:A Case Study,”2023 IEEE Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena(CEIDP),East Rutherford,NJ,USA,2023,pp.1-63)“Characterization of a broad beam ion source conv

74、erted into a high intensity deuterium beam.”In Journal of Physics:Conference Series,vol.2743,no.1,p.012075.IOP Publishing,2024FIAMEMBER Avalanche Energy Ltd Avalanche Energy Ltd2223The global fusion industry in 2024The global fusion industry in 2024 BLUE LASER FUSION INC.Blue Laser Fusion has develo

75、ped a novel high-power laser technology for fusion,capable of achieving a high repetition rate and power to achieve clean energy generation.It plans to adopt an aneutronic reaction using a novel mixture of high gain solid fuel target materials for sustainable and environmentally friendly operations.

76、LocationGoleta,California,USA(HQ);Tokyo,JapanContact Year founded2022Founder namesShuji Nakamura,Hiroaki Ohta,Richard OgawaPrimary target marketsElectricity generationTotal declared funding to date$37,500,000Employees(incl.full time consultants)15General approach Inertial confinementSpecific approac

77、h Laser-driven inertial confinementFuel source CombinationPlanned energy capture approachDirect energy conversionPilot plant timescale2030Anticipated MWe of commercial operating facility500MWeInterim plants or facilities plannedBlue Laser Fusion plans to demonstrate its high pulse rate laser and nov

78、el target fuels before commercialization.Milestones in past 12 monthsDemonstrated an early version of its laser and target fuels.Recent company investmentsBlue Laser Fusion GK in Japan;and Research and Development facilities in Goleta.Key collaborators/partnersSoftbank Corp.;ItochuRecent spin outs/p

79、atents/commercial innovations50+patent rights.FIAMEMBER23The global fusion industry in 20242425The global fusion industry in 2024The global fusion industry in 2024 COMMONWEALTH FUSION SYSTEMS Commonwealth Fusion Systems(CFS)mission is to deploy fusion power plants to meet increased global energy dem

80、and and decarbonization goals as fast as possible.CFS leverages decades of research in tokamaks combined with new groundbreaking high-temperature superconducting(HTS)magnet technology.CFS is currently constructing SPARC,a Q10 demonstration plant using actual fusion fuels based on peer-reviewed scien

81、ce.LocationDevens,Massachusetts,USAContact detailsinfocfs.energyYear founded2018Founder namesBob Mumgaard,Dan Brunner,Brandon Sorbom,Dennis Whyte,Martin Greenwald,Zach Hartwig Primary target marketsElectricity generationTotal declared funding to date$2,000,000,000Employees(incl.full time consultants

82、)1,000General approach Magnetic confinementSpecific approach TokamakFuel source DTPlanned energy capture approachLithium neutron blanketPilot plant timescale2026:SPARC attains first plasma,with Q 1 shortly after,producing more fusion energy(heat)than required to run the machine;Early 2030s:First fus

83、ion power plant,called ARC,is completed.Anticipated MWe of first commercial operating facility400MWInterim plants or facilities planned2025:complete construction of SPARC and subsystems.2026:SPARC is operational-a machine that will demonstrate commercially relevant net energy from fusion,many fusion

84、 subsystems,and the delivery of a near full scale system.Milestones in past 12 monthsConstruction ongoing for SPARC facility in Devens,MA.Key collaborators/partnersMassachusetts Institute of Technology;Brookhaven National Lab;Columbia University;University of Michigan;Pacific Northwest National Labo

85、ratory;Lawrence Livermore National Lab;Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics;Oak Ridge National Lab;Princeton Plasma Physics Lab;Robinson Research Institute;Sandia National Laboratory;Type One Energy;University of California at San DiegoUniversity of Maryland;University of Rochester;University of

86、Texas at Austin;University of Torino;University of Wisconsin;University of York;Realta Fusion;Savannah River National Laboratory;EPFL;DIFFER;UKEA Commonwealth Fusion SystemsFIAMEMBER2627The global fusion industry in 2024The global fusion industry in 2024 CROSSFIELD FUSION LTD Nuclear fusion start-up

87、,prototyping novel methods for accelerating and manipulating fusion fuel ions for fusion-neutron and isotope production.LocationLondon,UKContact Year founded2019Founder namesJames McKenzie,Chris Macdonald-BradleyPrimary target marketsMedical,Commercially relevant neutron source including isotope man

88、ufacture and fusion-energy-spectrum relevant materials testingTotal declared funding to date$500,000General approach Closed Orbit,velocity resonant systemsSpecific approach Electro-centripetal confinement with magnetic plasmas not in thermodynamic equilibriumFuel source DDPlanned energy capture appr

89、oachIP in progress,not currently for disclosurePilot plant timescaleNot currently plannedAnticipated MWe of your commercial operating facility?Initial objective;10kW neutron flux(Peta.neutron/s)DEUTELIO Deutelio aims to achieve nuclear fusion by magnetic confinement with the Polomac configuration,us

90、ing the Deuterium-Deuterium reaction.It plans a small prototype to validate and tune the magnetic tunnels within three years,to design the first nuclear reactor in five years and achieve some electricity in ten years.LocationGrono,Switzerland(HQ);Gavirate,ItalyContact Year founded2022Founder namesFr

91、ancesco Elio,Filippo ElioPrimary target marketsElectricity generation,Industrial Heat,District heating and electricityTotal declared funding to date$538,000Employees(incl.full time consultants)4General approach Magnetic confinementSpecific approach Poloidal magnetic confinement with shielded support

92、s of the coil trapped inside the plasma,e.g.Levitron,Spherator,Intrap,LDXFuel source DDPlanned energy capture approachLiquid metal with heat exchangerPilot plant timescale2028:first nuclear D-D pilot power plant 10 MW for heat production.2029:sales for district heating,food industry,agriculture gree

93、n houses and pools.2033:upgrade for electricity generation.Anticipated MWe of your commercial operating facility30 MWeMilestones in past 12 monthsPreliminary results of the full MHD simulation.Key collaborators/partnersCross-Ing AG(CH);OpenIndustria(IT);Universit della Tuscia(IT);W2W Solutions(IT)28

94、29The global fusion industry in 2024The global fusion industry in 2024 ELECTRIC FUSION SYSTEMS,INC.Electric Fusion Systems was formed out of the founders mutual investigations of proton-lithium fusion and insights on how to virtually eliminate the coulomb barrier with Rydberg matter.We use a supercr

95、itical dense liquid metal fuel condensate to create an ultra-low cost($5/MWh)direct-to-electricity scalable aneutronic fusion power generator.LocationBroomfield,Colorado,USAContact Year founded2020Founder namesKen E.Kopp,Ryan S.WoodPrimary target marketsElectricity generation,Off-grid energyTotal de

96、clared funding to date$400,000Employees(incl.full time consultants)4General approach Heavy Rydberg matter fuel-based fusion,not traditional hot fusionSpecific approach Pulsed magneto-plasma pressurized confinementFuel source LithiumPlanned energy capture approachDirect energy conversionPilot plant t

97、imescale2025Anticipated MWe of first commercial operating facility5kW to 100MW depending on number of cartridges and modules Interim plants or facilities plannedSmall scale roller-bag sized 2-5kW pilots for 3rd party testing.Milestones in past 12 monthsNow four pending patents.The latest is on heavy

98、 Rydberg matter fusion fuel processing.Key collaborators/partnersEnergy Research Center;Voss Scientific Recent spin outs/patents/commercial innovations-Aneutronic Fusion Plasma Reactor and Electric Power Generator PCT/US2022/53859.-Magnetohydrodynamic Cavitation Fusion Energy Generator PCT IS2021/05

99、7875.Electric Fusion Systems,IncFIAMEMBER29The global fusion industry in 20243031The global fusion industry in 2024The global fusion industry in 2024 ENERGY SINGULARITY FUSION POWER TECHNOLOGY Energy Singularity was founded in 2021 in Shanghai,China.We are focusing on the R&D of high-field,high-conf

100、inement and compact tokamak with HTS magnets.LocationPudong,Shanghai,ChinaContact Year founded2021Founder namesZhao YangPrimary target marketsElectricity generationTotal declared funding to date$1 12,418,000Employees(incl.full time consultants)120General approach Magnetic confinementSpecific approac

101、h TokamakFuel source DTPlanned energy capture approachLithium neutron blanketAnticipated MWe of your commercial operating facility?500MWeInterim plants or facilities plannedWe plan to build a high-field HTS tokamak(HH170)to demonstrate Q10 over the next 3-4 years.Milestones in past 12 monthsWe compl

102、eted the construction of HH70 and the first plasma was obtained.HH70 is the worlds first HTS tokamak in operation,with B of 0.6T and R of 0.75m.HH70 is composed of 26 magnets(12 TF,8 CS and 6 PF),all of which are made from YBCO tapes.30The global fusion industry in 2024 3233The global fusion industr

103、y in 2024The global fusion industry in 2024 ENN ENN is committed to generating fusion energy in an environment-friendly and cost-effective manner.A number of devices are being designed and built to support our vision for commercial ST p-1 1B fusion.LocationLangfang,Hebei,ChinaContact Year foundedENN

104、 Science and Technology Development Co.,Ltd founded in 2006.ENN Fusion Technology R&D Center founded in 2018 Founder namesYusuo WangPrimary target marketsElectricity generationTotal declared funding to date$400,000,000Employees(incl.full time consultants)150General approach Magnetic confinementSpeci

105、fic approach Spherical tokamakFuel source pB1 1Planned energy capture approachDirect energy conversionAnticipated MWe of your commercial operating facility?200MWe ENN33The global fusion industry in 20243435The global fusion industry in 2024The global fusion industry in 2024 34The global fusion indus

106、try in 2023 EX-FUSION EX-Fusion is the first and only full-stack laser fusion company from Japan.The company currently is focused on R&D in three areas:First,laser driver capable of high-power,high-repetition operations;Second,beam control for high power laser systems;and third,blanket and first wal

107、l(lead-lithium)material production.It aims to have a commercial laser fusion plant operational by 2035.LocationOsaka,Japan(HQ);Shizuoka,Japan(R&D);Adelaide,Australia;San Francisco,California,USA Contact detailsinfoex-Year founded2021Founder namesDr.Kazuki Matsuo,Dr.Yoshitaka Mori,Dr.Shinsuke Fujioka

108、Primary target marketsElectricity generation,Hydrogen and/or clean fuelsTotal declared funding to date$12,200,000Employees(incl.full time consultants)37General approach Inertial confinementSpecific approach Laser-driven inertial confinementFuel source DTPlanned energy capture approachLiquid metal wi

109、th heat exchangerPilot plant timescale2030 for demo facility to prove the commercial viability of Fast-Ignition IFEAnticipated MWe of your commercial operating facility?200MWe(by 2035),1.4GWe(by 2045)Interim plants or facilities planned2024 Integrated Operation Experimental Device(Completed).2027 Co

110、ntinuous Operation Technology Demonstrator.2030 Fusion Power Generation Demonstration Reactor.2035 200MWe Commercial-grade FPP (Fusion Power Plant).2045 1.4GWe Highly Competitive Large-scale FPP.Milestones in past 12 monthsOfficially commenced operations at the Integrated Operation Experimental Devi

111、ce site in Hamamatsu,Japan in April 2024.This facility integrates 10Hz laser,10Hz target injection,and 10Hz adaptive optics and tests the integrated operation of the various systems.Recent spin outs/patents/commercial innovations-Application of the high-power pulse lasers for space debris tracking(1

112、0cm in size).-Commercial development of Japan-made laser cutting machine with high precision(1013 thermonuclear neutrons.Fuse is the only US company committed to MagLIF.LocationPalo Alto,California,USA;Napierville,Quebec,Canada Contact detailshellof.energyYear founded2019Founder namesJC BtaichePrima

113、ry target marketsElectricity generation,Off-grid energyTotal declared funding to date$18,000,000Employees(incl.full time consultants)20General approach Magneto-inertialSpecific approach Magnetized Liner Inertial Fusion(MagLIF)Fuel source DTPlanned energy capture approachMolten salt(FLiBe)with heat e

114、xchangerPilot plant timescalelate 2020s,early 2030sAnticipated MWe of first commercial operating facility300MWFIAMEMBER40The global fusion industry in 2023 4243The global fusion industry in 2024The global fusion industry in 2024 GENERAL FUSION General Fusion is pursuing commercial fusion energy with

115、 Magnetized Target Fusion(MTF)technology.Headquartered in Richmond,B.C.,the company is accelerating its progress by building a fusion demonstration machine,called Lawson Machine 26(LM26).LM26 is designed to achieve first-of-a-kind breakthroughs in 2025 and 2026 that will de-risk and fast-track the p

116、ath to commercialization.LocationsRichmond,British Columbia,Canada(HQ);London,UK(subsidiary);Tennessee,USA(subsidiary)Contact Year founded2002Founder namesDr Michel LabergePrimary target marketsElectricity generationTotal declared funding to date$325,000,000Employees(incl.full time consultants)140Ge

117、neral approach Magneto-inertialSpecific approach Magnetized Target FusionFuel source DTPlanned energy capture approachLiquid metal with heat exchangerPilot plant timescaleUnderway:MTF machineLM26launched in 2023 and being assembled in Richmond,B.C.LM26 is designed to achieve fusion conditions of ove

118、r 100 million degrees Celsius by 2025,with a goal of achieving scientific breakeven equivalent by 2026.The data gathered from LM26 will be incorporated into the design of the companys planned commercial-scale machine.Early-to-mid 2030s:First commercial fusion power plant.Anticipated MWe of first com

119、mercial operating facilityApprox.300MWe from two machines operating in-tandemInterim plants or facilities plannedN/A;same response as“Pilot plant timescale”section above.FIAMEMBERMilestones in past 12 monthsAs part of the LM26 demonstration program:-Achieved symmetrical compression of a solid lithiu

120、m ringthe first major project milestone for LM26 and a necessary step to scaling up for the full-scale compression system.-Advanced to a new testbed,Prototype 0(P0),which uses magnetic force to compress the solid lithium liner in a small-scale version of the LM26 compression system and provides crit

121、ical data to de-risk LM26.-30 P0 compression tests completed as of June 5,2024.-The testbed successfully reached its max operations for shaft current,liner temperature,and compression capacitor bank energy.-Assembled a full suite of diagnostics to analyze each liner compression,providing data to imp

122、rove alignment between experimental results and modelling and simulation.-Progressed several diagnostics to measure plasma temperature and density in the LM26 plasma injector.Recent company investmentsGeneral Fusion launched its LM26 MTF demonstration program in 2023 and began operations on its comp

123、ression prototype,Prototype 0(P0),in the fall.The results from P0 provide critical data that is being integrated into the design of LM26s large-scale compression system.4445The global fusion industry in 2024The global fusion industry in 2024 General FusionKey collaborators/partnersSelected partners

124、and suppliers:Bertin Technologies;Canadian Nuclear Laboratories;General Atomics;Hatch;University of Illinois;University of Lisbon;Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory;McGill University;Motus Design;Oak Ridge National Laboratory;Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory;Queens University;Savannah River N

125、ational Laboratory;Simon Fraser University;TRIUMF;United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority;University of WaterlooMarket Development Advisory Committee:ACEN;Bruce Power;Duke Energy;E.ON;Eneco;Engie;H2 Green Steel;Renexia;Southern Company;Tennessee Valley Authority Recent spin outs/patents/commercial in

126、novations190 patents and patents pending.Recent published papersModeling and simulation of lithium transport and radiation in diverted Pi3 plasmas.”Physics of Plasmas 30.7(2023).-https:/doi.org/10.1063/5.0153107“Shape manipulation of a rotating liquid liner imploded by arrays of pneumatic pistons:Ex

127、perimental and numerical study.”Fusion Engineering and Design 198(2024):1 14087.-https:/doi.org/10.1016/j.fusengdes.2023.1 14087“Diagnostics for the General Fusion LM26 Machine”white paper presented at Basic Research Needs Workshop on Measurement Innovation by US DOE Office of Fusion Energy Sciences

128、(2024),https:/ interface tracking,finite volume code for modeling axisymmetric implosion of a rotating liquid metal liner with free surface.”Physics of Fluids 36.3(2024)https:/doi.org/10.1063/5.019646745The global fusion industry in 20244647The global fusion industry in 2024The global fusion industr

129、y in 2024 HB11 ENERGY HB1 1 Energy is developing commercially sustainable fusion energy that can be deployed worldwide.Our mission is to build a power plant based on laser boron fusion and set a global standard for safe fusion fuel.LocationSydney,AustraliaContact detailscontacthb1 1.energyYear found

130、ed2017Founder namesHeinrich Hora,Warren McKenzie,Jan KirchhoffPrimary target marketsElectricity generation,Hydrogen and/or clean fuels,Industrial heatTotal declared funding to date$5,100,000 Employees(incl.full time consultants)13General approach Inertial confinementSpecific approach Direct laser-dr

131、iven pB1 1Fuel source pB1 1Planned energy capture approachLiquid metal with heat exchangerPilot plant timescale2030s Anticipated MWe of first commercial operating facility1000MWInterim plants or facilities plannedDemonstration Facilities,showing sub systems for fast ignitionMilestones in past 12 mon

132、ths-Experimental campaigns validating effective few MeV proton acceleration in subcritical aerogels.-Enabled government leveraged laser development program to design and build high power diode pumped lasers for effective proton acceleration.-Validated use of multiple established PIC and hybrid codes

133、 for simulation of pB1 1 fuel burn parameter space.-Advanced the process for manufacturing of hydrogen enriched boron fuel.-Progressed in engineering program for a powerplant design.Recent company investmentsN/AFIAMEMBER HB11Key collaborators/partnersILE Osaka(Japan);University of Rochester(USA);Uni

134、versity of Adelaide(Australia);Australian Nuclear Science and Technology;Organisation ANSTO(Australia)Recent published papersAdvances in the Study of Laser-Driven Proton-Boron Fusion-F.Belloni:https:/doi.org/10.1 155/2023/9824024Physics of Plasma:From KMS Fusion to HB1 1 Energy and Xcimer Energy,a p

135、ersonal 50 year IFE perspective-T.Mehlhorn:https:/doi.org/10.1063/5.0170661A Methodology for the Discrimination of Alpha Particles from Other Ions in Laser-Driven Proton-Boron Reactions Using CR-39 Detectors Coupled in a Thomson Parabola Spectrometer-S.Pikuz:https:/doi.org/10.1 155/2023/31257874849T

136、he global fusion industry in 2024The global fusion industry in 2024 HELICAL FUSION CO.,LTD.Helical Fusion(HF)is aiming to deploy fusion power plants to meet global clean energy demand.HF leverages decades of helical-stellarator research at National Institutes for Fusion Science in Japan,combined wit

137、h new groundbreaking technology,such as HTS magnets and Liquid Metal blankets.LocationTokyo,Japan(HQ);Newark,Delaware,USA (US subsidiary)Contact Year founded2021Founder namesTakaya Taguchi,Junichi,Miyazawa,Takuya,GotoPrimary target marketsElectricity generation,Off-grid energyTotal declared funding

138、to date$19,000,000Employees(incl.full time consultants)25General approach Magnetic confinementSpecific approach StellaratorFuel source DTPlanned energy capture approachLiquid metal with heat exchangerPilot plant timescale2034Anticipated MWe of first commercial operating facility50-100 MWeInterim pla

139、nts or facilities plannedFinal Experimental Device:aim to demonstrate steady-state operation with its proprietary HTS magnet and Liquid Metal blanket integrated into a plant.Milestones in past 12 monthsSuccess of HTS cable current test in Q1 2024(19kA,8T,20K)with min bend radii 4cm.Recent company in

140、vestments-Test HTS cable.-Test module of Liquid Metal blanket system.Key collaborators/partners-Strategic partnership agreement with National Institute for Fusion Science(NIFS)-Joint research with NIFS;Tokyo University;Tohoku University;Aoyama University;Tokushima University;etc.-Various partnership

141、s with Japanese manufacturing companiesRecent published papers1 Development of steady-state fusion reactor by Helical Fusion,Phys.Plasmas 30,050601(2023)2 Effects of Cr and Si addition on the high-temperature oxidation resistance in high-Mn alumina-forming oxide dispersion strengthened austenitic st

142、eels,Nuclear Materials and Energy Volume 38,March 2024,101572HELICITYSPACE CORPORATION Helicity Space Corporation is a privately funded company dedicated to developing compact fusion space propulsion and the power systems of a spacefaring civilization.The vision is to enable space colonization and a

143、 clean Earth with fusion power and propulsion technology.LocationPasadena,California,USAContact Year founded2018Founder namesStephane Lintner,Marta Calvo,Setthivoine YouPrimary target marketsSpace propulsionTotal declared funding to date$7,600,000Employees(incl.full time consultants)7General approac

144、h Magneto-intertialSpecific approach PlectonemeFuel source DDPlanned energy capture approachLithium neutron blanketAnticipated MWe of your commercial operating facility?300MWMilestones in past 12 monthsFull operation of proof-of-principle device.Recent company investmentsBuilding up diagnostics in t

145、he lab.Key collaborators/partnersCaltech;UMBC;LANL;Swarthmore CollegeFIAMEMBERFIAMEMBER Helicity Space Helicity Space5051The global fusion industry in 2024The global fusion industry in 2024 HELION Building the worlds first fusion power plant to enable a future with unlimited clean electricity.FIAMEM

146、BERLocationEverett,Washington,USAContact Year founded2013Founder namesDavid Kirtley,Chris Pihl,George Votroubek,John SloughPrimary target marketsElectricity generationTotal declared funding to date$600,000,000Employees(incl.full time consultants)300General approach Magneto-intertialSpecific approach

147、 Field Reversed ConfigurationFuel source DHe3Planned energy capture approachDirect energy conversionPilot plant timescale2028Anticipated MWe of your commercial operating facility?At least 50 MWeMilestones in past 12 months-Formed the first plasmas and FRCs in our Plasma Injector test.-Built up in-ho

148、use capacitor manufacturing capabilities;producing more than 40 high-voltage pulsed capacitors per week.-Built full sections of Polaris,our 7th fusion prototype,and now preparing for testing.Key collaborators/partnersMicrosoft;Nucor Recent spin outs/patents/commercial innovationsHigh-energy particul

149、ate resistors:https:/ 1e479728cf1 1/LU502264B1.pdfRecent published papersFundamental Scaling of Adiabatic Compression of Field Reversed Configuration Thermonuclear Fusion Plasmas.J Fusion Energy 42,30(2023).https:/doi.org/10.1007/s10894-023-00367-750The global fusion industry in 2024 5253The global

150、fusion industry in 2024The global fusion industry in 2024 HORNE TECHNOLOGIES,INC.Horne Technologies is targeting rapid and affordable advancement of fusion technology for near-term energy and neutron production.Horne Technologies hybrid approach enables low-cost iteration with fusion-capable,continu

151、ously operating devices.Recently with positive results,we are accelerating development and will have a high-power device online in 2024.Horne Technologies Horne TechnologiesLocationLongmont,Colorado,USAContact Year founded2008Founder namesTanner HornePrimary target marketsElectricity generation,Spac

152、e propulsion,Marine propulsion,Medical,Hydrogen and/or clean fuels,Industrial heatTotal declared funding to date$3,150,000Employees(incl.full time consultants)5General approach Hybrid Magnetic/Electrostatic ConfinementSpecific approach Spindle cusp,superconducting shielded-grid IECFuel source DD,DT,

153、pB1 1Pilot plant timescale3-5 yearsAnticipated MWe of your commercial operating facility?1-100MWeInterim plants or facilities plannedNew facility completed 2022,which satisfies needs until pilot plant.Milestones in past 12 monthsExperiments are ongoing with positive results.-Higher power ion injecti

154、on system installed.-Patent issued.-High power device,with higher power magnets and 40keV(460 million C)temperatures,online 2024.Recent company investments-Major investments in cryogenics,software,facilities,and vacuum systems.-Major investment and advancement in designs for manufacturing and scalin

155、g.Recent spin outs/patents/commercial innovationsUS Patent#1 1,948,696.FIAMEMBER53The global fusion industry in 20245455The global fusion industry in 2024The global fusion industry in 2024 KYOTO FUSIONEERING Kyoto Fusioneering Ltd.(KF),a multinational company headquartered in Japan,complements globa

156、l fusion development programs by providing fusion power plant design and engineering services,and designing and supplying confinement concept agnostic fusion-grade technology and integrated fuel cycle,thermal cycle,and plasma heating systems.By parallelizing the development of critical path fusion p

157、ower plant systems,KF is enabling an accelerated path to commercially viable fusion.LocationKyoto Fusioneering Ltd.:Tokyo,Japan(HQ);Kyoto,Japan(R&D)Subsidiaries:Kyoto Fusioneering America Ltd.:Seattle,Washington,USA Kyoto Fusioneering UK Ltd.:Reading,UK Kyoto Fusioneering Europe GmbH:Karlsruhe,Germa

158、ny Fusion Fuel Cycles Inc.*:Ontario,Canada*Joint venture with Canadian Nuclear LaboratoriesContact Year founded2019Founder namesSatoshi Konishi,Taka Nagao,Richard Pearson,Shutaro TakedaPrimary target marketsElectricity generation,Industrial heatTotal declared funding to date$90,000,000Employees(incl

159、.full time consultants)140General approach AgnosticPlanned energy capture approachLithium neutron blanketPilot plant timescaleN/A KF will be ready to provide technologies for developers pursuing construction of a fusion power plant by the end of the 2020s.Anticipated MWe of commercial operating faci

160、lityN/AFIAMEMBERInterim plants or facilities planned-Early operations have begun at UNITY-1(UNique Integrated Testing facilitY for fusion thermal/power cycle)a non-radiological blanket component and thermal cycle test and user facility at KFs Kyoto Research Center(KRC)in Kyoto,Japan.The full-scale t

161、esting campaigns are expected to commence in mid-2025.-UNITY-1 will allow users to mount scaled blanket test articles(integrated blanket modules,manifolds,and components)between 4 T superconducting magnets,connected to a flowing LiPb loop thats heated to 1000 C via surface heating.-UNITY-2,a full de

162、uterium-tritium fuel cycle test loop in Ontario,Canada,expects to start operations by mid-2026.Milestones in past 12 months-Successful Commissioning of UNITY-1 base loop.-Approved Design of UNITY-2.-Successful Gyrotron Delivery to UKAEA.-Technical collaboration with UKAEA on blanket design:two separ

163、ate studies based on advancing blanket design,including methodology,modelling and analysis.-Engaged in significant agreement with UKAEA to conduct irradiation testing and post-irradiation examination of SiC/SiC fibre composites produced by KF.-High-Temperature Superconducting Magnets Development,in

164、collaboration with Fujikura and UKAEA.Recent company investmentsUNITY-1.UNITY-2.Recent published papersAdvancing Fusion Technology:Kyoto Fusioneerings Approach to Accelerating Commercial Viability https:/ global fusion industry in 2024The global fusion industry in 2024 LASERFUSIONX INC.Advance direc

165、t drive laser fusion energy using the deep UV ArF laser the ArF laserLocationSpringfield,Virginia,USAContact Year founded2022Founder namesStephen ObenschainPrimary target marketsElectricity generationTotal declared funding to date$200,000Employees(incl.full time consultants)2General approach Inertia

166、l confinement Specific approachLaser-driven inertial confinementFuel source DTPlanned energy capture approachLithium neutron blanketPilot plant timescale16 yearsAnticipated MWe of your commercial operating facility?400 MW pilot power plantInterim plants or facilities planned30 kJ Argon Fluoride lase

167、r beamline,650 kJ ArF laser direct-drive high-gain implosion facilityMilestones in past 12 months Advanced reactor design with innovative solid blanket design and magnetic intervention to protect 1st wall from ions accepted for publication in the Journal of Fusion Energy.“Direct Drive LaserFusion Fa

168、cility and Pilot Power Plant.”Key collaborators/partnersAE Blue Capital,PLEX LLC FIAMEMBER57The global fusion industry in 20245859The global fusion industry in 2024The global fusion industry in 2024 LONGVIEW FUSION ENERGY SYSTEMS Longview Fusion Energy Systems will construct the worlds first laser f

169、usion power plant.Building upon the groundbreaking fusion energy with gain demonstrations at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratorys National Ignition Facility,Longview is the only fusion energy company employing this proven fusion energy approach.Our plant will provide carbon-free,safe,and cost-eff

170、ective laser fusion energy,serving as a model for future plants that can be deployed nationwide and internationally.LocationLivermore,California,USAContact Year founded2021Founder namesEdward Moses,Aaron Khandros,Igor KhandrosPrimary target marketsElectricity Generation and Industrial HeatEmployees(

171、incl.full time consultants)15General approach Inertial confinementSpecific approach Laser-driven inertial confinementFuel source DTPlanned energy capture approachLiquid metal with heat exchangerPilot plant timescaleOur commercialization goal is to design and build a Fusion Pilot Plant(FPP)to be oper

172、ational in the mid-2030s,based on fusion physics demonstrated on the National Ignition Facility(NIF).Anticipated MWe of first commercial operating facilityDesigns developed with range of 440MWe to 1600MWe to the grid.Interim plants or facilities planned(i)Physics:Longview will be using the National

173、Ignition Facility to demonstrate the required physics performance.Already,and uniquely among all fusion schemes to date,the NIF has demonstrated fusion energy with net scientific gain,Qsci1,and multiple shots demonstrating a burning plasma and ignition using the same hohlraum-based approach being ad

174、opted by Longview.(ii)Rep-rated operation:A high-fidelity integrated laser-target engagement demonstration facility(“Big Shot”)using a full-scale laser beamline and target injector,operating at the plant repetition rate.LONGVIEW FUSIONENERGY SYSTEMS FIAMEMBERMilestones in past 12 months(A)Following

175、the seminal achievement of net fusion gain(Qsci1)and ignition in December 2022,the National Ignition Facility(NIF)has reproduced and increased the fusion energy gain multiple times.This is the only system in the world to enter the burning plasma regime and net gain.(B)A gain of 2.4 was demonstrated

176、in February 2024,representing a factor-2 increase in performance.(C)Uniquely,Longviews Market Entry Plant(MEP)directly uses this mode of ignition,with design work showing the need for an initial gain of just 10 to 15.Models benchmarked on the NIF show that this needs modest increases in the target c

177、oupling efficiency,from 12%to 16%,via minor geometrical changes to the shape of the target.Key collaborators/partners-DOE:Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory;Savannah River National Laboratory;Oak Ridge National Laboratory-Industrial:Fluor Corporation;several laser system technology partners;Gene

178、ral Atomics-Workforce development and education:University of Oklahoma;University of New Mexico;Prairie View A&M;University of Science and Arts Oklahoma-Community guidance:Chickasaw Tribal Nation-Legal and Regulatory:Pillsbury Winthrop Shaw Pittman LLC-Economic analysis:Bates WhiteRecent published p

179、apersThe following papers in Physical Review Letters strongly support the Longview approach:1)Achievement of Target Gain Larger than Unity in an Inertial Fusion Experiment,Phys.Rev.Lett.132,065102 Published 5 February 20242)Energy Principles of Scientific Breakeven in an Inertial Fusion Experiment,P

180、hys.Rev.Lett.132,065103 Published 5 February 20243)Design of the first fusion experiment to achieve target energy gain 1,Phys.Rev.E 109,025204 Published 5February 20244)Observations and properties of the first laboratory fusion experiment to exceed a target gain of unity,Phys.Rev.E 109,025203 Publis

181、hed 5 February 20245)Hohlraum Reheating from Burning NIF Implosions,Phys.Rev.Lett.132,065104 Published 5 February 20246061The global fusion industry in 2024The global fusion industry in 2024 LPPFUSION,INC.Fusion R&D with a view to developing the fastest route to fusion,using techniques based on the

182、Dense Plasma Focus device and hydrogen-boron fuel.LPPFusionLocationMiddlesex,New Jersey,USAContact Year founded2003Founder namesEric J.LernerPrimary target marketsElectricity generation,Space propulsion,Marine propulsion,Off-grid energy,Industrial heatTotal declared funding to date$10,614,000Employe

183、es(incl.full time consultants)3General approach Magnetic confinementSpecific approach Dense Plasma FocusFuel source pB1 1Planned energy capture approachDirect energy conversionPilot plant timescale2028Milestones in past 12 monthsIncreased peak current by 60%for same input energy.Large reduction in e

184、lectrode erosion.Preliminary detection of high electron temperature.Recent published papershttps:/pubs.aip.org/aip/pop/article/30/12/120602/2928807/What-are-the-fastest-routes-to-fusion-energyFIAMEMBER LPPFusion6263The global fusion industry in 2024The global fusion industry in 2024 MAGNETO INERTIAL

185、 FUSION TECHNOLOGIES,INC.(MIFTI)MIFTI is trying to achieve fusion energy,based on the idea of stabilized Staged Z-pinch,where a high Z-liner implodes on a fusible target by multi-MA current machines.This approach will produce a compact,low cost and scalable reactor,which MIFTI hopes will provide the

186、 fastest path to achieve fusion power.LocationTustin,California,USAContact Year founded2009Founder namesHafiz Ur Rahman,Norman Rostoker,Jerry Simmons,Mohammad ArshadPrimary target marketsElectricity generation,Hydrogen and/or clean fuelsTotal declared funding to date$15,000,000Employees(incl.full ti

187、me consultants)5General approach Magneto-InertialSpecific approach Z-pinchFuel source DTPlanned energy capture approachLithium neutron blanketPilot plant timescale2030Anticipated MWe of your commercial operating facility?50 MWeInterim plants or facilities plannedProduction of Radio Isotopes for nucl

188、ear medicine.Milestones in past 12 monthsConducted experiments on 3MA Double Eagle pulsed driver and obtained the highest DD-neutron fusion yield of 2x101 1.Also produced the most stable pinches ever.Recent company investmentsConstruction of 1MA LTD pulsed power facility in collaboration with UCSD.K

189、ey collaborators/partnersUCSD;L3Harris;LLNL;University of Rochester;Cornell University;University of Nevada,Reno Recent published papers1.“Measurements of Neutrons Created in a Staged Z-Pinch With Krypton Liner and Deuterium Target at a 1-MA Pulsed Power Generator”,IEEE Transaction On Plasma,Sc.51,3

190、310(2023).2.Staged Z-pinch radiation-hydrodynamic simulations on a 20-MA driver Phys.Of Plasmas,31,32705(2024).3.“Feasibility and performance of the staged Z-pinch:A one dimensional study with FLASH and MACH2”,Phys.Of Plasmas,31,42712(2024).FIAMEMBER63The global fusion industry in 20246465The global

191、 fusion industry in 2024The global fusion industry in 2024 MARVEL FUSIONMarvel Fusion pursues a direct drive inertial fusion energy approach,with the goal of commercialising fusion energy.Highly intense short-pulsed lasers and proprietary nanostructured fuel targets enable a highly efficient fusion

192、process,with a clear path to commercialization.LocationMunich,GermanyContact Year founded2019Founder namesMoritz von der Linden,Dr.Georg Korn,Dr.Karl-Georg Schlesinger,Dr.Pasha Shabalin Primary target marketsElectricity generation,Off-grid energy,Hydrogen and/or clean fuels,Industrial heatTotal decl

193、ared funding to date$200,000,000Employees(incl.full time consultants)70General approach Inertial confinementSpecific approach Short-Pulse Laser-Driven Inertial ConfinementFuel source Mixed FuelsPlanned energy capture approachLiquid metal with heat exchangerPilot plant timescale2032Anticipated MWe of

194、 your commercial operating facility?300-800MWeInterim plants or facilities planned2027:Proof-of-Technology Demonstration facility constructed.Milestones in past 12 months-Conceptual laser design finalized.-Conceptual design demonstration facility finalized.-Nano-accelerator prototype targets produce

195、d and tested.Key collaborators/partnersSiemens Energy;Thales;BASF;Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich;Extreme Light Infrastructure for Nuclear Physics;German Federal Agency for Disruptive Innovation(SPRIND)Recent published papershttps:/ FUSION INC.NearStar Fusion is developing Magnetized Target

196、Impact Fusion(MTIF)power plants,using staged plasma armature railguns to drive pulsed fusion reactions using magnetized D-D fuel targets.Our simple modular approach will enable development of a utility scale power plant in a decade and performance growth to use advanced fusion fuels.LocationChantill

197、y,Virginia,USAContact Year founded2021Founder namesDoug Witherspoon,Chris FaranettaPrimary target marketsElectricity generation,Off-grid energyTotal declared funding to date$850,000Employees(incl.full time consultants)5General approach Magneto-inertial Specific approach Magnetized Target Impact Fusi

198、onFuel source DD,D-He-3,pB-1 1 Planned energy capture approachLiquid metal with heat exchangerPilot plant timescale2030Anticipated MWe of your commercial operating facility?50MWe and largerMilestones in past 12 months-Side-Injector Plasma Gun development.-Development and testing of D-D fuel magnetiz

199、ed target impact fusion(MTIF).Key collaborators/partnersUniversity of Alabama in Huntsville(UAH);National Science Foundation(NSF);Virginia Innovation Partnership Corporation(VIPC)FIAMEMBERFIAMEMBER6667The global fusion industry in 2024The global fusion industry in 2024 NOVATRON FUSION GROUP AB Fusio

200、n power to the grid through industrialization of a novel fusion reactor concept.LocationStockholm,Sweden(HQ);subsidiaries in UK and US being set upContact Year founded2019Founder namesJan Jderberg Primary target marketsElectricity generation,Industrial heatTotal declared funding to date$15,000,000Em

201、ployees(incl.full time consultants)40General approach Magnetic confinement Specific approach Open magnetic confinement(Mirror machine)Fuel source DTPlanned energy capture approachLithium neutron blanketPilot plant timescale2035-2039Anticipated MWe of your commercial operating facility?1000-1500MWInt

202、erim plants or facilities planned2024:Novatron 1-Validation of plasma confinement method(stable plasma).2027:Novatron 2-Fusion conditions,DD-reactions detected.203X:Novatron 3-Continuous fusion,DT-fuel,Q=1.203Y:Novatron 4-Full scale commercial fusion power plant.Milestones in past 12 months-X0(subsy

203、stems infrastructure for Novatron 1)completed and first plasma achieved.-Novatron 1 in final stages of assembly.Recent company investments-Procurement of components and subsystems for Novatron 1.-Lab infrastructure.-Company development.Key collaborators/partnersKTH Royal Institute of Technology;UKAE

204、A;InnoEnergy;KIPT;Oxford Sigma;Tsukuba UniversityFIAMEMBERNT-TAO COMPACT FUSIONNT-Tao is focused on breakthrough compact fusion technology,with the goal to democratize clean and affordable energy worldwide.LocationHod Hasharon,IsraelContact detailsmailnt-Year founded2019Founder namesOded Gour-Lavie,

205、Doron Weinfeld,Boaz WeinfeldPrimary target marketsElectricity generation,Off-grid energyTotal declared funding to date$32,000,000Employees(incl.full time consultants)28General approach Magnetic confinementSpecific approach Dynamic StellaratorFuel source DTPlanned energy capture approachLithium neutr

206、on blanketPilot plant timescale2030Anticipated MWe of first commercial operating facility10-20 MWeMilestones in past 12 months-Built and tested the integrated prototype with fast heating using high power electronics,confinement coils and full range of diagnostic and measuring instruments,with over 2

207、000 full experiments.-Enabling NT-Tao to benchmark the system at lower energies before final assembly of next prototype,which will have higher energy power supplies and stronger performance.FIAMEMBER6869The global fusion industry in 2024The global fusion industry in 2024 OPENSTAR TECHNOLOGIES OpenSt

208、ar is an energy startup pursuing the development of fusion reactors for baseload power to the grid.Building upon the groundbreaking experiments of the levitated dipole pioneered by LDX at MIT and RT-1 at the University of Tokyo,OpenStar embraces the natural stability inherent to the dipole field-cre

209、ating fusion reactors to power the future.LocationWellington,New Zealand(HQ/facility);USA(other operations)Contact detailsinfoopenstar.nzYear founded2021Founder namesRatu Mataira-Cole Primary target marketsElectricity generationTotal declared funding to date$12,000,000Employees(incl.full time consul

210、tants)42General approach Magnetic confinement Specific approach Levitated DipoleFuel source DTPlanned energy capture approachLithium neutron blanketPilot plant timescaleEarly 2030sAnticipated MWe of your commercial operating facility?Pilot plant study underway.Milestones in past 12 monthsFully-integ

211、rated system currently undergoing commissioning for plasma experiments.Key collaborators/partnersPlasma Science and Fusion Center;Robinson Research InstituteFIAMEMBERPRINCETON FUSION SYSTEMS PFS is developing compact fusion reactors for modular and portable power systems.The Princeton FRC utilizes a

212、 novel configuration of rotating magnetic fields invented at the Princeton Plasma Physics Lab.The PFRC is uniquely dual-use for both terrestrial use and space power and propulsion.LocationPlainsboro,New Jersey,USAContact Year foundedPrinceton Satellite Systems-1992.dba Princeton Fusion Systems since

213、 2017Founder namesMichael Paluszek,Marilyn HamPrimary target marketsOff-grid energyTotal declared funding to date$3,600,000(for fusion business area)Employees(incl.full time consultants)6General approach Magnetic confinementSpecific approach Field Reversed ConfigurationFuel source DHe3Planned energy

214、 capture approachBrayton cyclePilot plant timescale2030Anticipated MWe of first commercial operating facility1 MWePrincetonFUSIONS Y S T E M S7071The global fusion industry in 2024The global fusion industry in 2024 PROXIMA FUSION Proxima Fusion is building QI stellarators,leveraging experience from

215、W7-X at the Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics,together with advances in high-temperature superconducting(HTS)technology and computational optimization.LocationMunich,Germany Contact Year founded2023Founder namesFrancesco Sciortino,Lucio Milanese,Jorrit Lion,Jonathan Schilling,Martin KubiePrima

216、ry target marketsElectricity generation,Industrial heatTotal declared funding to date$40,500,000Employees(incl.full time consultants)45General approach Magnetic confinementSpecific approach Quasi-isodynamic stellaratorFuel source DTPlanned energy capture approachLithium neutron blanketPilot plant ti

217、mescale2030sAnticipated MWe of your commercial operating facility?750MWInterim plants or facilities plannedConstruction of a net-energy stellarator in the early 2030s.Milestones in past 12 months-Development of a reactor-relevant stellarator design(with Max Planck partners).-Conceptual engineering d

218、esign of a stellarator power plant(with Max Planck and KIT partners).-Manufacturing of HTS non-planar magnet prototypes.Key collaborators/partnersMax Planck Institute for Plasma Physics;Instituto Superior Tecnico Lisbon;Karlsruhe Institute of Technology;Bilfinger Nuclear&Energy Transition;Canadian N

219、uclear Laboratories;University of Wisconsin;Tuscia University;CERNFIAMEMBER Proxima Fusion71The global fusion industry in 20247273The global fusion industry in 2024The global fusion industry in 2024 Key collaborators/partnersDepartment of Energy.Realta Fusion is one of the awardees in the Milestone-

220、Based Fusion Development Program.Recent published papersForest CB,Anderson JK,Endrizzi D,et al.Prospects for a high-field,compact break-even axisymmetric mirror(BEAM)and applications.Journal of Plasma Physics.2024;90(1):975900101.doi:10.1017/S0022377823001290Endrizzi D,Anderson JK,Brown M,et al.Phys

221、ics basis for the Wisconsin HTS Axisymmetric Mirror(WHAM).Journal of Plasma Physics.2023;89(5):975890501.doi:10.1017/S0022377823000806REALTA FUSIONRealta Fusion is developing compact magnetic mirror technology as the lowest capex and least complex path to commercially competitive fusion energy.Realt

222、a is targeting the need to decarbonize industrial process heat for early adoption of fusion.The company spun out of an ARPA-e funded project at the University of Wisconsin.LocationMadison,Wisconsin,USAContact Year founded2022Founder namesCary Forest,Kieran Furlong,Jay Anderson,Ben Lindley,Oliver Sch

223、mitzPrimary target marketsOff-grid energy,Industrial heatTotal declared funding to date$13,750,000Employees(incl.full time consultants)10General approach Magnetic confinementSpecific approach Magnetic mirrorFuel source DTPlanned energy capture approachLithium neutron blanketPilot plant timescale10 y

224、earsAnticipated MWe of your commercial operating facility?100 MWeInterim plants or facilities plannedAnvil-A simple mirror device that demonstrates net energy generating relevant conditions and can be upgraded to a volumetric neutron source.Milestones in past 12 months-Realta has developed an integr

225、ated model that predicts simple mirror performance and stability and extrapolates these results to tandem mirrors.-This model is being used for Wisconsin HTS Axisymmetric Mirror(WHAM)experimental planning and design of a net-energy producing tandem-mirror endplug,using realistic magnet engineering c

226、onstraints.FIAMEMBER Realta Fusion7475The global fusion industry in 2024The global fusion industry in 2024 RENAISSANCE FUSION Renaissance Fusion builds on the success of stellarator experiments,makes them reactor ready by quadrupling the magnetic field and simplifies them using proprietary High-Temp

227、erature Superconductors manufacturing and flowing liquid-metal walls.LocationFontaine,France(HQ);Fontaine,France(Liquid metal lab)Contact detailscontactrenfusion.euYear founded2020Founder namesFrancesco VolpePrimary target marketsElectricity generation,HTS,Energy storage,Cables,Generators,Big scienc

228、eTotal declared funding to date$29,500,000Employees(incl.full time consultants)61General approach Magnetic confinementSpecific approach StellaratorFuel source DTPlanned energy capture approachLiquid metal with heat exchangerPilot plant timescale2032Anticipated MWe of your commercial operating facili

229、ty?1000MWInterim plants or facilities plannedExperimental reactor proving Q greater than 2 and continuous operationsMilestones in past 12 months10 cm liquid metal blanket,magnetic field accuracy achieved on a MRI and Gyrotron mock-up with our laser patterning technique.Recent company investments-Mat

230、erials for HTS machines&Liquid metal demonstrator.-Various experimental devices.Key collaborators/partnersBPI France;CEA;CNRS;INRIA;Universit de Lorraine;University of Houston;Universita della TusciaRecent published papersFam,F.R.,et al.“An optimized power conversion system for a stellarator-based n

231、uclear fusion power plant.”Energy Conversion and Management 276(2023):1 16572.Prost,V.,and Volpe,F.A.“Economically optimized design point of high-field stellarator power-plant.”Nuclear Fusion 64.2(2024):026007.FIAMEMBER Renaissance Fusion Renaissance Fusion Renaissance Fusion Renaissance Fusion Rena

232、issance Fusion7677The global fusion industry in 2024The global fusion industry in 2024 SHINE TECHNOLOGIES As todays fusion company,were commercializing and industrializing near-term applications of fusion like neutron testing and producing medical isotopes.These applications create social and econom

233、ic value today,while allowing us to build and practice essential capabilities for deploying fusion energy to billions of people over the long-term.LocationJanesville,Wisconsin,USA(HQ and main campus);Fitchburg,Wisconsin,USA(Systems and Manufacturing facility and Phoenix Imaging Center);Veendam,Nethe

234、rlands(SHINE Europe HQ)Contact Year founded2005Founder namesGreg PieferPrimary target marketsElectricity generation,Medical,Neutron imaging and radiation effects testing for advanced industrial inspection,Transmutation of nuclear waste using fusion neutrons either to stabilize fast reactors or throu

235、gh direct transmutation.Total declared funding to date$800,000,000Employees(incl.full time consultants)262General approach Phase 1:beam-solid target,Phase 2:beam-gas target,Phase 3:beam-plasma target,Phase 4:high temperature plasma Hybrid electrostatic confinementFuel source DTPlanned energy capture

236、 approachFission-fusion hybridPilot plant timescalePhase 1-complete,Phase 2-2026,Phase 2032,Phase 4-2040 Anticipated MWe of your commercial operating facility?Phase 1:10-1,000W.Phase 2:1W.Phase 3:10MW.Phase 4:100+MWInterim plants or facilities planned-The recently launched FLARE(Fusion Linear Accele

237、rator for Radiation Effects)testing service will use high-energy fusion neutrons(14 MeV)for radiation effects testing for defense and aerospace,beating the next best alternative by a factor of 20.-Cassiopeia,launched in 2024,is the largest production facility for non-carrier-added lutetium-177(n.c.a

238、.Lu-177)in North America,with a capacity of up to 100,000 patient doses per year.-Chrysalis is nearing completion of construction and will be the home of our fusion-driven medical isotope production and flexible irradiation facility.-Our Phoenix Imaging Center,in Fitchburg,is commercial and uses fus

239、ion-based technology to inspect industrial components through neutron imaging,radiation effects testing and other forms on non-destructive testing.Milestones in past 12 months-Demonstrated advanced plasma window technology,allowing for high power density(100 kW/cm2)particle beams to interact with a

240、dense target while minimizing pumping requirements.-Commissioning completed on a commercially operational full-scale tritium-deuterium separation and purification system.-Achieved profitability with Phase 1 neutron radiography business.-Safety Evaluation Report(SER)issued by Nuclear Regulatory-Commi

241、ssion(NRC)for the Chrysalis.-Deployed Cassiopeia isotope production line.-Started commercial production of Yb-176 for medical purposes.Recent company investments-Launch of FLARE testing service.-Total investment in CapEx of about$50M.Key collaborators/partnersDepartment of Energy National Nuclear Se

242、curity Administrations;Department of Energy(Office of Science,Fusion Energy Science program);Argonne National Lab;Oak Ridge National Lab Savannah River National Lab;Lawrence Livermore National Lab,National Ignition Facility;Y-12 National Security Complex Orano USA;Department of Energy,ARPA-E;GE-Hita

243、chi;Department of DefenseFIAMEMBER7879The global fusion industry in 2024The global fusion industry in 2024 79The global fusion industry in 2023 Recent spin outs/patents/commercial innovations-Launched state-of-the-art 14 MeV neutron radiation effects testing service(FLARE)to support the strategic de

244、fense and space community.-Opened Cassiopeia in 2024 at the Janesville campus.It is the largest production facility for non-carrier-added lutetium-177(n.c.a.Lu-177)in North America,with a capacity of up to 100,000 patient doses per year.-We received 15 granted patents between May 1,2023 and May 1,20

245、24,including 8 in the US and 7 in foreign jurisdictions.-SHINE filed 87 patent applications between May 1,2023 and May 1,2024 across a total of 35 patent families.1 1 of these patent families were newly generated in this 12-month stretch.This represents a 35%increase in total SHINE patent applicatio

246、ns and granted patents,and a 30%increase in total SHINE patent families.Recent published papers“Plasma Window Performance and Scaling for an Accelerator Based Neutron Source,”Review of Scientific Instruments,94,1 151 1“A Plasma-Window Enhanced Accelerator-Based Deuterium-Tritium Neutron Generator Sy

247、stem”,Fusion Science and Technology“Isotope Recovery from UNF Recycling and Transmutation,”Transactions of the 2024 American Nuclear Society Annual Meeting 79The global fusion industry in 20248081The global fusion industry in 2024The global fusion industry in 2024 STELLAREX,INC.Stellarex is a fusion

248、 energy technology development company and spinout of Princeton University dedicated to the rapid commercialization of fusion energy production by applying the significant advantages of the stellarator approach,numerical optimization,and simplified construction.LocationPrinceton,New Jersey,USAContac

249、t detailsinfostellarex.energyYear founded2022Founder namesRichard Carty,Prof.Amitava Bhattacharjee,Dr.Mike ZarnstorffPrimary target marketsElectricity generationGeneral approach Magnetic confinementSpecific approach StellaratorFuel source DTPlanned energy capture approachLithium neutron blanketAntic

250、ipated MWe of first commercial operating facility250 MWe Interim plants or facilities plannedStellarex is focused on the design and construction of an intermediate D-T to reduce risks and demonstrate Q 1.Milestones in past 12 monthsValidation of simplified stellarator construction approach by Prince

251、tons Plasma Physics Laboratory(PPPL).Recent company investmentsNovel methods of tritium extraction in partnership with Savannah River National Laboratory,USA.Key collaborators/partnersPrinceton University;Savannah River National Lab;Max-Planck Institute for Plasma Physics,Germany;Canadian Nuclear La

252、bs;Kinectrics;Hatch Engineering;The Hidden Symmetries in Fusion Energy Collaboration the Simons Foundation;Princeton Plasma Physics Lab;Ontario Power GenerationRecent published papersQian,T.M.,X.Chu,C.Pagano,D.Patch,M.C.Zarnstorff,B.Berlinger,D.Bishop et al.“Design and construction of the MUSE perma

253、nent magnet stellarator.”Journal of Plasma Physics 89,no.5(2023):955890502.STARTORUS FUSIONStartorus Fusion is a Chinese startup for fusion energy development located at Xian,Shaanxi Province,based on a pulsed spherical tokamak approach.LocationXian,Shaanxi Province,ChinaContact Year founded2021Foun

254、der namesTan Yi,Chen RuiPrimary target marketsElectricity generation,Off-grid energyTotal funding declared to date$69,000,000Employees(incl.full time consultants)107General approachMagnetic confinementSpecific approachSpherical tokamakFuel sourceDTPlanned energy capture approachLithium neutron blank

255、etPilot plant timescale2028Anticipated MWe of commercial operating facility100MWInterim plants or facilities plannedThere will be a 3 T,HTS spherical tokamak with a major radius of 1 m prior to pilot plant.Milestones in past 12 months-The first device,SUNIST-2,in collaboration with Tsinghua Universi

256、ty,was constructed and achieved its first plasma and quickly improved performance with a plasma current(Ip)of approximately 500 kA,a toroidal magnetic field(Bt)of approximately 0.81 T,an ion temperature(Ti)of approximately 500 eV,and an electron density(ne)of approximately 3x1019 m-3.A running schem

257、e involving repetitive reconnection heating of ions was successfully implemented.-Additionally,a small D-shaped high-temperature superconducting(HTS)coil with a maximum magnetic field(Bmax)of up to 18 T was successfully tested.Recent company investments-Upgraded the power supply of SUNIST-2.-Install

258、ed diagnostics,such as Thomason scattering,ion doppler spectrum.-Several HTS magnets.Key collaborators/partnersTsinghua UniversityFIAMEMBER8283The global fusion industry in 2024The global fusion industry in 2024 TAE TECHNOLOGIESTAE Technologies(pronounced T-A-E)is developing safe,non-radioactive,cos

259、t-effective,commercial fusion energy capable of sustaining the planet for centuries.Through its unique approach to fusion,TAE has developed spinoff applications in life sciences,energy storage,electric mobility and fast charging to create a complete clean energy ecosystem.Multidisciplinary and missi

260、on-driven by nature,TAE is leveraging proprietary science and engineering to create a bright future.LocationFoothill Ranch,California,USA;Irvine,California,USA;Locations in UK,EU and SwitzerlandContact ;Year founded1998Founder namesNumerous foundersPrimary target marketsElectricity generationTotal d

261、eclared funding to date$1,200,000,000Employees(incl.full time consultants)600General approach Magnetic confinementSpecific approach Field-Reversed ConfigurationFuel source Pursuing p-B1 1;TAE configuration can also accommodate other fusion fuel cycles such as D-T,D-He3,and D-DPlanned energy capture

262、approachHeat capture and conventional thermal cycle and/or future direct energy conversionPilot plant timescale2030s:Da Vinci device,prototype p-B1 1/fusion power plantAnticipated MWe of first commercial operating facility350-500 MWe Interim plants or facilities plannedCopernicus device will demonst

263、rate the viability of TAEs concept at fusion-relevant conditions by operating with hydrogen fuel at the D-T breakeven operating point.See device timeline:https:/ in past 12 months-Completed construction of Copernicus facility.-Completed buildout of and began operating ancillary component test beds f

264、or Copernicus.-Completed primary design of Copernicus device.Recent company investments-Construction of Copernicus infrastructure.-Clinical trial capability for TAE Life Sciences advanced cancer treatments.-TAE Power Solutions test beds for e-mobility,energy storage and advanced power management.Key

265、 collaborators/partnersArgonne National Laboratory;General Atomics;Google;ITER;Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory;Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory;Los Alamos National Laboratory;Massachusetts Institute of Technology;National Institute for Fusion Science Japan;Nihon University;Oak Ridge Nati

266、onal Laboratory;Occidental Low Carbon Ventures;Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory;Swarthmore College;University of California Irvine;University of California Los Angeles;University of Pisa;University of Rochester;University of Texas at Austin;University of Wisconsin MadisonSee complete list:https:/

267、 spin outs/patents/commercial innovations-TAE Life Sciences:Targeted cancer treatment leveraging accelerator beams first developed for TAE fusion began human trials.-TAE Power Solutions:Commercializing technologies for battery energy storage systems,e-mobility powertrains,off-grid/micro-grid,fast ch

268、arging,second life of batteries and more.-1,500 granted patents to date.Recent published papersPhysics of Plasmas,August 2023:Potential development and electron energy confinement in an expanding magnetic field divertor geometryPhysics of Plasmas,October 2023:Stabilization of the Alfven-ion cyclotro

269、n instability through short plasmas:Fully kinetic simulations in a high-beta regimePhysics of Plasmas,December 2023:Accelerated kinetic model for global macro stability studies of high-beta fusion reactorsSee complete list:https:/ TAE Technologies8485The global fusion industry in 2024The global fusi

270、on industry in 2024 TERRA FUSION ENERGY CORPORATIONTerra Fusion Energy Corporation is developing fusion systems to provide carbon free,sustainable electrical and thermal energy with engineering simplicity and high reliability.The company builds on the Centrifugal Mirror Fusion Experiment(CMFX),a sup

271、erconducting magnetic mirror experiment funded by ARPA-E and led by the University of Maryland,Baltimore County(UMBC).LocationCollege Park,Maryland,USAContact detailsinfotf.energyYear founded2024Founder namesCarlos A.Romero TalamasPrimary target market(s)Electricity generation,Industrial heatTotal f

272、unding declared to date$15,000Employees(incl.full time consultants)2General approachMagnetic confinementSpecific approachCentrifugal Magnetic MirrorFuel sourceDTPlanned energy capture approachLithium neutron blanketPilot plant timescale2032Anticipated MWe of commercial operating facilityRange of uni

273、ts from 5MWe to 100MWeInterim plants or facilities plannedCMFX-U,a system to test technology integration,including blankets,fueling systems,and heat removal for steady-state operation with Q 1 conditions.Key collaborators/partnersMaryland Energy Innovation Accelerator(MEIA);ARPA-ERecent spin outs/pa

274、tents/commercial innovationsCentrifugal Mirror for Power Production,Patent pending.Recent published papersMCTrans+:a 0-D model for centrifugal mirrors,J.Plasma Phys.vol.90,905900217(2024).https:/doi.org/10.1017/S002237782400042485The global fusion industry in 2024 Terra Fusion8687The global fusion i

275、ndustry in 2024The global fusion industry in 2024 THEA ENERGYThea Energy has reinvented the stellarator,enabling systems to be simpler than previously thought possible.The companys proprietary system architecture leverages arrays of planar coils to replace the complex and highly precise modular coil

276、s required in prior generations of stellarators,allowing for accelerated deployment of fusion power plants.LocationKearny,New Jersey,USAContact detailsinfothea.energyYear founded2022Founder namesBrian Berzin,David Gates,Matt MillerPrimary target marketsElectricity generation,Tritium and radioisotope

277、 productionTotal declared funding to date$23,000,000Employees(incl.full time consultants)40General approach Magnetic confinementSpecific approach StellaratorFuel source DTPlanned energy capture approachLithium neutron blanketPilot plant timescalePilot plant in the 2030s.Anticipated MWe of first comm

278、ercial operating facility200 MWeInterim plants or facilities plannedSteady-state neutron source stellarator system operation before 2030.Milestones in past 12 months-Prototyped multiple generations of HTS planar coil magnets within the past 6 months.-Designed Thea Energys first array of HTS planar c

279、oils,Canis,which will be built and operated over the next 12 months and demonstrate the companys core planar coil stellarator technology and dynamic control system.-Upgraded scalable HTS coil manufacturing processes.-Continued to advance the design of Eos,the companys first integrated stellarator sy

280、stem;established Eos program of record.Recent company investmentsCompleted construction and have moved into new company headquarters and labs in Kearny,NJ.Key collaborators/partnersNumerous collaborations with national labs,academic institutions,and industrial partners including,Kyoto Fusioneering;M

281、agCorp;Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics;Oak Ridge National Laboratory;Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory;Stony Brook University;University of California San Diego;and University of Madison-Wisconsin,among others.FIAMEMBER Thea EnergyThea Energys upcoming“Canis”HTS magnet array prototype,whic

282、h will demonstrate the Companys core planar coil stellarator technology and dynamic control system.8889The global fusion industry in 2024The global fusion industry in 2024 TOKAMAK ENERGYTokamak Energy is a global commercial fusion energy company and world leader in two transformative technologies:th

283、e compact spherical tokamak and High Temperature Superconductor(HTS)magnets.LocationOxford,UK;Bruceton Mills,West Virginia,USContact Year founded2009Founder namesDavid Kingham,Mikhail Gryaznevich,Alan SykesPrimary target marketsElectricity generation,Marine propulsion,Off-grid energy,Hydrogen/clean

284、fuels,Industrial heatTotal declared funding to date$300,000,000Employees(incl.full time consultants)260General approach Magnetic confinementSpecific approach Spherical tokamakFuel source DTPlanned energy capture approachLithium neutron blanketPilot plant timescaleMid 2030sAnticipated MWe of first co

285、mmercial operating facility500 MWeMilestones in past 12 months-Diverted Plasma demonstrated in ST40.-Manufacture and test of 14 toroidal field limbs and two poloidal field coils for Demo4 HTS magnet test facility.Key collaborators/partnersFurukawa Electric(SuperPower);General Atomics-for HTS magnet

286、scale-up manufactureRecent spin outs/patents/commercial innovationsMany new applications of HTS magnets identified.FIAMEMBER Tokamak Energy Tokamak Energy89The global fusion industry in 20249091The global fusion industry in 2024The global fusion industry in 2024 XCIMER ENERGY INC.Xcimer will combine

287、 technologies in a new way,to build the worlds largest laser and apply the physics proven by NIF to a commercial energy system.LocationDenver,Colorado,USAContact detailsinfoxcimer.energyYear founded2022Founder names Conner Galloway,Alexander ValysPrimary target marketsElectricity generation,defenseT

288、otal declared funding to date$105,000,000Employees(incl.full time consultants)50General approach Inertial confinementSpecific approach Laser-driven inertial confinementFuel source DTPlanned energy capture approachLithium neutron blanketPilot plant timescaleMid 2030sAnticipated MWe of first commercia

289、l operating facility300MWe to 2GWeInterim plants or facilities plannedXcimer will construct a breakeven facility,where positive engineering gain will be achieved.This facility will support several shots per day,and will not have a fusion blanket.Milestones in past 12 monthsExperimentally confirmed k

290、inetic regime of Stimulated Brillouin Scattering,key to Xcimers laser technology.Recent company investmentsNew facility in Denver where a prototype laser system is being constructed.TYPE ONE ENERGY GROUPType One Energy Group uses stellarator physics and engineering to bring its stellarator fusion po

291、wer system to international energy markets.The globally-recognized team has a strong track record of building stellarators and applies proven innovations in advanced manufacturing,modern computational physics and high-field superconducting magnets to optimize its stellarator for power production.Loc

292、ationOak Ridge,Tennessee(HQ);Madison,Wisconsin;Boston Massachusetts;Vancouver,British Columbia,CanadaContact Year founded2019Founder namesRandall Volberg,David Anderson,John Canik,Paul Harris,Chris HegnaPrimary target marketsElectricity generation,Industrial heatTotal declared funding to date$30,000

293、,000Employees(incl.full time consultants)1 10General approach Magnetic confinementSpecific approach StellaratorFuel source DTPlanned energy capture approachLithium neutron blanketPilot plant timescale2033Anticipated MWe of first commercial operating facility500 MWeInterim plants or facilities planne

294、dInfinity One-small scale stellarator incorporating HTS magnets,advanced optimization,and advanced manufacturing.Staging device prior to building Fusion Power Plant(FPP).Milestones in past 12 months-Completed worlds first HTS Stellarator Magnet under ARPA-E grant,which met all technical milestones.-

295、More than 20 patent filings.Recent company investments-Completed the worlds first HTS Stellarator Magnet under ARPA-E grant,which met all technical milestones.-Established magnet lab in new offices near Boston with associated major equipment purchases.-Opened new offices in Oak Ridge,TN and Vancouve

296、r,BC Canada,expanded Madison,WI offices.Key collaborators/partnersTennessee Valley Authority;MIT;CFS;ORNL;UW-Madison;LBNL;PPPL;UT-Knoxville and othersRecent spin outs/patents/commercial innovations20 patent filings.FIAMEMBERFIAMEMBER9293The global fusion industry in 2024The global fusion industry in

297、 2024 ZAP ENERGYZap Energy is building a low-cost,compact and scalable fusion energy platform that confines and compresses plasma,without the need for expensive and complex magnetic coils.Zaps sheared-flow-stabilized Z-pinch technology provides compelling fusion economics and requires orders of magn

298、itude less capital than conventional approaches.LocationEverett,Washington,USAContact detailsreachoutzap.energyYear founded2017Founder namesBenj Conway,Brian A.Nelson,Uri ShumlakPrimary target marketsElectricity generationTotal declared funding to date$208,000,000Employees(incl.full time consultants

299、)150General approach Magnetic confinementSpecific approach Z-pinchFuel source DTPlanned energy capture approachLiquid metal with heat exchangerPilot plant timescalePilot plant siting feasibility study underway.Anticipated MWe of commercial operating facilityEach module anticipated to be roughly 50MW

300、eInterim plants or facilities plannedCentury is the first fully integrated demonstration of three major plant-relevant technologies operating at up to 100 kilowatts of input power.It will validate repetitive pulsed power supplies,plasma-facing circulating liquid metal walls,and technology for mitiga

301、ting electrode damage in an SFS Z-pinch system operating at high average power.Milestones in past 12 months-3 keV plasma electron temperatures coincident with neutron production.-Neutron yields exceeding 5x109 per shot.-Second-generation liquid metal loop demonstrated 100 hours of continuous operati

302、on of circulating liquid metal over a weir wall under vacuum.-First generation repetitive pulsed power supply achieved 1,000 shots at 0.1 Hz.-Two new next-generation pulsed power banks built and commissioned.Zap EnergyFIAMEMBER93The global fusion industry in 2023 Recent company investments-Moved int

303、o new 100,000 sq.ft.HQ building with expanded testbeds in Everett,Wash.-New space dedicated to pulsed power opened in San Diego,Calif.-Acquired more than 500 tons of manufacturing equipment from ICAR,formerly a leading global manufacturer of capacitors and power supply equipment,based in Italy.Key c

304、ollaborators/partnersUniversity of Washington;Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory;Los Alamos National Laboratory;TransAltaRecent published Papers1 Elevated electron temperature coincident with observed fusion reactions in a sheared-flow-stabilized Z pinch,Physical Review Letters(Apr 2024)2 Whole

305、device modeling of the FuZE sheared-flow-stabilized Z pinch,Nuclear Fusion(Apr 2024)3 The Zap Energy approach to commercial fusion,Physics of Plasmas(Sept 2023)4 Electrode durability and sheared-flow-stabilized Z-pinch fusion energy,Physics of Plasmas(Oct 2023)For further publications,see global fusion industry in 2024 Fusion Industry Association800 Maine Ave SWSuite 223Washington,DC 20024United Stateswww.fusionindustryassociation.org anchor.fm/fusionindustryFollow UKAEAofcialFollow UKAEAofcialFollow UKAEAofcial