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1、ISSN:2529-3397Tracking the green transition in labour marketsPOLICY BRIEFUsing big data to identify the skills that make jobs greener iStock/AlxeyPnferov2In this sectionTranslating EU ambitions into regional action is crucial to successful green transition Data-driven initiatives support the impleme

2、ntation of the European Green Deal The labour market and skills impact of green transition lacks coverage by indicators POLICY BACKGROUNDPolicy brief Tracking the green transition in labour marketsPolicy Background.the European Green Deal helps the EU transition to an economy that prioritises sustai

3、nability,environmental protection and carbon neutrality.Martin Bergsma/3.skilling needed in the transition requires close collaboration between regional governments,education institutions,and businesses to align training with evolving market demands.green transition is also about embracing the circu

4、lar economy and reducing and reusing waste to minimise resource consumption and environmental impact.Translating EU ambitions into regional action is crucial to successful green transition As regions in the EU differ in terms production of goods and services,labour market structure and employment,re

5、gional GHG emissions and challenges vary significantly.The green transition cannot be just without designing and implementing regional pathways and solutions.Some regions face job losses in traditional industries;in others,green-ing leads to job creation in particular sectors.The workforce skilling

6、needed in the transition requires close collaboration between regional governments,education institutions,and businesses to align training with evolving market demands.Systems monitoring the green transition at regional level will be essential to assess progress,to evaluate policy effectiveness and

7、to ensure that sustainability,en-vironmental protection,and carbon reduction goals and targets are met.The European Green Deal and its industrial plan is the EUs broad and multifaceted response to climate change.It is the blocs policy framework for transitioning from an economy that relies on fossil

8、 fuels and practices harming the environment to one that prioritises sustainability,environmental protection,and carbon neutrality.Green transition is also about embracing the circu-lar economy to promote recycling,reducing and re-using waste to minimise resource consumption and environmental impact

9、(Cedefop 2023b).On the way to a carbon-neutral economy,to attain the goals laid down in the European Green Deal and Europe-an Climate Law by 2050,Europes competitiveness will hinge on its ability to innovate and to develop and mainstream clean technologies.Ensuring that green transition benefits all

10、 citizens,including vul-nerable groups,is at the core of the EUs approach.Alongside pursuing greentech innovation and upscaling,creating green jobs,addressing social inequalities,and providing access to clean and affordable resources are headline priorities.Policy brief Tracking the green transition

11、 in labour marketsPolicy BackgroundTranslating EU ambitions into regional action is crucial to successful green transition 4Data-driven initiatives support the implementation of the European Green Deal venusvi/The European Strategy for Data introduced in 2020 aims to accelerate the growth of the Eur

12、opean economy and leverage the potential of data for the benefit of society.As part of the strategy,the European Commission committed to investing in shared European data spaces.The Green Deal Data Space(GDDS)aims to empower policy-makers,businesses,researchers,and individuals in Europe and globally

13、 collectively to address climate change and move to a circular economy.It also facilitates pollution reduction,biodiversity preservation,tack-ling deforestation,and regulatory compliance.The Green Transition Navigator an innovative platform harnessing over two decades of trade data offers insights i

14、nto green opportunities,competitiveness,transition risks,and future green diversification potential for countries and regions.Policy-makers,businesses,and other stakeholders can leverage such information to make informed decisions on sustainable economic development and to capitalise on emerging gre

15、en markets.The European Space Agency(ESA)has completed the first phase of the green transition information factory,a pioneering pilot project showcasing the untapped potential of space technologies to support the green transition in Austria.The factorys Solar energy site suitability assessment&trade

16、-off tool provides a comprehensive analysis of solar irradi-ance and solar energy potential across the country.The Wind energy site suitability assessment&trade-off tool has a similar purpose for the development of wind farms.The green transition information factory is to be scaled up to cover the w

17、hole of Europe.Eurostats Statistics for the EGD monitors green transition via 26 indicators covering three domains:reducing our climate impact:e.g.the share of zero-emission vehicles registered in the year;greenhouse gas emissions;protecting our planet and health:e.g.the share of total utilised agri

18、cultural area occupied by organic farming);enabling a green and just transition:e.g.the share of population unable to keep the home adequately warm due to financial reasons.Total greenhouse gas emissions dropped 10%between 2019 and 2023,mainly thanks to the transition in the energy supply sector(1).

19、Public investment in alternative energy resources such as solar and wind,funded by the REPowerEU Plan,accelerated in response to the turmoil on energy markets following Russias invasion of Ukraine in 2022.By setting the 2030 EU renewable energy consumption target at 42.5%(with a 2.5%indicative top u

20、p to reach 45%),the revised renewable energy directive announced in October 2023 further raised expectations of the energy sector to contribute to green transition.(1)Eurostat.Air emissions accounts for greenhouse gases by NACE Rev.2 activity.env_ac_aigg_q.Policy BackgroundPolicy brief Tracking the

21、green transition in labour marketsData-driven initiatives support the implementation of the European Green Deal Black Salmon/5In 2022,only two EU Member States(Finland and Sweden)met the 2030 target.In some larger coun-tries,such as Germany,Spain and France,the share of renewable resources in overal

22、l energy consumption,increased by around 20%.In some smaller-sized countries,such as Malta and The Netherlands,the in-crease was more than half;in Luxembourg the share of renewables in energy consumption more than doubled(Figure 1).Figure 1.Share of renewables in energy consumption(2022)and change(2

23、019-22)Source:Eurostat.Share of renewable energy in gross final energy consumption by sector SDG_07_40.IEPLBECYMTNLEEPTATCHLTROBGSKITSIDKLVFISELUHU010203040506070-20%0%20%40%60%80%100%120%Share of renewable energy consumption in grossfinal energy consumptionChange in the share of renewable energy be

24、tween 2022 and 2019ELEU-27CZESDEFRPolicy BackgroundPolicy brief Tracking the green transition in labour marketsData-driven initiatives support the implementation of the European Green Deal Marko Aliaksandr/.Cedefop has used the web intelligence hub online job advertisement(WIH-OJA)database to map th

25、e labour market impact of greening.indicators.should track.trends in sectors advancing and championing sustainability,renewable energy,energy efficiency and the circular economy.it is crucial to identify skills areas and labour market segments where education,training and skilling for the green tran

26、sition are needed.6The labour market and skills impact of green transition lacks coverage by indicatorsMonitoring the green transitions labour market impact and its effect on skills in demand is vital for anticipating labour market imbalances and addressing worker and skills shortages.Ideally,indica

27、tors monitoring and anticipating current challenges linked to green transition should track employment and skills trends in sectors advancing and championing environmental sustainability,re-newable energy,energy efficiency and the circular economy.Across the more than 30 composite indicators&scorebo

28、ards on European Green Deal implementa-tion,only a few include measuring the importance of human capital.These include the World Eco-nomic Forum energy transition index,the Eco-in-novation scoreboard,and the Global Green Growth Institute index.While these indicators capture the employment dimension

29、of green transition,none of them evaluate skills and skill mismatches.Such information is crucial to identify skills areas and labour market segments where education,training and skilling for the green transition are needed.Monitoring labour market trends and skills needs in the green transition can

30、 be challenging.Data quality varies across regions and many conventional data sources lack granularity in terms of jobs,tasks and skills.In the past,finding data to adequately meas-ure and interpret labour market change brought about by greening was often a struggle.With the advent of big data based

31、 on online job advertise-ments(OJA),the situation has been improving.A study by the Joint Research Centre(JRC)summa-rising possible ways to identify green occupations in Europe shows that,with some restrictions,job advertisement data are one of the most promising sources(Vona,2021).Cedefop has teame

32、d up with Eurostat to build the web intelligence hub online job advertisement(WIH-OJA)database.The database has been used to develop a data-driven method(Box 1)to map how the greening of economies in Europe impacts labour markets.This gives detailed insight into changes in occupations brought about

33、by the green transition and makes it possible to identify the green transition skills most in demand.By presenting several illustrative findings,this policy brief demonstrates the potential of using online job advertisements in the context of monitoring the labour market and skills dimensions of the

34、 green transition.Policy brief Tracking the green transition in labour marketsPolicy BackgroundThe labour market and skills impact of green transition lacks coverage by indicators Gorodenkoff/7Box 1.Cedefops green skills methodology:greenness and green pervasiveness explainedThe main assumption in t

35、he Cedefop approach is that the presence of skills needed for the green economy in online job ads defines wheth-er or not an occupation is green and how green it is.A green occupation must include at least one such skill.What skills are considered green is guided by the skills found in the market:fo

36、l-lowing on from the bottom-up approach meth-odology(NESTA,2021),Cedefop has compiled a bag of green-related words,which includes green technologies,tasks,roles,tools and skills.The following reports,documents,frameworks and taxonomies were used to create it:Classification of environmental protectio

37、n activities(CEPA 2000);Classification of resource management ac-tivities(CReMA);IRENA Global Renewables Outlook 2020;Linkedin green skills;SGG Singapore green economy skills;Joint Research Centres GreenComp frame-work;O*NET and ESCO green classifications.Cedefop used a list of 140 words in English

38、obtained from these publications to train a machine-learning model.The list of green skill terms was enhanced with lexicon variations using 6 million OJAs collected in 2019 in the UK.The enhanced list,with 182 extracted terms in English,was subsequently translated by na-tional experts for all langua

39、ges covered in the WIH-OJA system and used for ontology-based extraction.The sample of observations extract-ed from OJAs was also validated by national experts to confirm and create a valid training dataset.Using cosine similarity,each green skill term became associated with the ESCO green skills ta

40、xonomy.Where such association did not exist,the term was added as a new green skill term.Most identified green transition skills terms cover technologies,sustainability prin-ciples or aspects pointing towards corporate social responsibility(Figure 2).To understand better how each occupation is impac

41、ted by green transition two indicators were constructed:green pervasiveness and greenness.Green pervasiveness means omnipresence of green skills in the OJAs and is calculated as the ratio of all OJAs with at least one green skill to the total number of OJAs in occupations,sectors,countries,or other

42、analysis categories.Greenness compares the number of green skills to the total number of skills found in online job ads in such categories.While the approach is cutting-edge,one of its key limitations is underestimating green occupations in the economy.In online job ads for green occupations which i

43、nclude the green dimension in the job title(e.g.sustainable en-gineer),employers may refrain from mentioning other green skills in the description of job re-quirements.Information about the greenness of a position may also not be included in the part of an online job ad that describes skills re-quir

44、ements to potential candidates,but present in the part which describes corporate mission or vision(e.g.were committed to driving energy efficiency and addressing global environmental challenges or the companys mission is to cre-ate a sustainable brand).Some green transition skills terms cannot be de

45、tected because new technology has only started to emerge.This is less of a problem in the longer term,as such skills will be eventually detected by algorithms that track emerging skills.K.BOM/Policy BackgroundPolicy brief Tracking the green transition in labour marketsThe labour market and skills im

46、pact of green transition lacks coverage by indicators8Figure 2.Green transition skills extracted from online job advertisementsNB:Only green transition skills present at least 200000 times are presented.Source:WIH-OJA data.Sergey Nivens/Policy BackgroundPolicy brief Tracking the green transition in

47、labour marketsThe labour market and skills impact of green transition lacks coverage by indicators Tint Media/9In this sectionEVIDENCEWholesale and retail trade employers need to accelerate their green transitionOJAs help uncover roles crucial to renewable energy OJAs help monitor circular economy p

48、ractice uptake Big data increases opportunities to monitor the green transition regionally Skills supporting lean manufacturing help construction sector green transitionGreen computing skills reduce the environmental impact of technologyRegulatory change likely to increase demand for sustainability

49、reporting expertise and skills 9Policy brief Tracking the green transition in labour marketsEvidence10Wholesale and retail trade employers need to accelerate their green transition As industries and organisations become greener,demand for workers with green expertise will surge.Companies will increa

50、singly rely on people with skills and expertise in lean manufacturing,renewable energy technologies,environmental en-gineering,waste management,green computing,resource efficiency,and environmental manage-ment.It will be crucial to invest in education and training programmes to equip the workforce w

51、ith the necessary green transition skills to meet labour market needs and to contribute to a more sustain-able future.Green pervasiveness in skills demand(defined in Box 1)increased from 3%in 2019 to 5%in 2022.This signals that employers translate commitment to achieving European Green Deal goals in

52、to greening operations.Among high climate impact sectors(2)demand for skills for the green transition(2)High climate impact sectors are those listed in NACE Sections A to H and Section L(defined in Commission Delegated Regulation(EU)2022/1288).is highest in energy,where 17%of online job ads included

53、 at least one such skill.It is lowest in wholesale and retail trade,where only in 1 in 50 job ads(2%)were green skills mentioned(Figure 3).Jobs in the trade sector will need rapidly to become greener.It is estimated that up to 2030 retailers and wholesalers need to invest around EUR 120-300 billion

54、to make their operations carbon neutral.A further EUR 15-35 billion will be needed to shift from linear to circular business models and systems.Trade employers also need to increase human capital investment and invest EUR 25-30 billion to upskill their workforce:this is 40-60%more than what the sect

55、or spends now.Reskilling the trade workforce for green roles,tasks,and skills amounts to an investment of EUR 500 million to EUR 3 billion(EuroCommerce 2022).Figure 3.Average green pervasiveness in high climate impact sectors in EU27NB:Averages calculated using online job ads published in 2019-22.So

56、urce:WIH-OJA.0%5%10%15%20%Electricity,gas,steam and air conditioning supplyWater supply;sewerage,waste managementAgriculture,forestry and fishingMining and quarryingConstructionManufacturingAll sectorsReal estate activitiesTransportation and storageWholesale and retail trade2%3%3%4%5%6%6%6%12%17%ins

57、ta_photos/10EvidenceWholesale and retail trade employers need to accelerate their green transitionPolicy brief Tracking the green transition in labour markets GRAFstock/11OJAs help uncover roles crucial to renewable energyRecent trends in the energy sector naturally translated into more demand for r

58、enewable energy professionals(Cedefop 2023c).The job vacancy rate in the energy sector almost doubled from 1.0%to 1.9%between 2019(pre-COVID)and the 4th quarter of 2023(3).While official vacancy statistics help track vacancy trends in the sector,they do not give insight into the renewable energy occ

59、upations or profiles in demand.Where occupational data are available,using them in the context of green transition is challenging,given that many occupations relevant for renewable energy have only recently emerged.Even information at the 4-digit level of the interna-tional classification of occupat

60、ions(ISCO)will not capture many contemporary job roles in energy,as the last ISCO update took place in 2008(Box 2).Jobs for renewable and solar energy sales consult-ants,which are currently classified as technical,and medical sales professionals are cases in point.Looking at the 5-digit level,there

61、is enormous variation between countries when it comes to the composition of this group.In recent years,jobs for renewable sales professionals accounted for half of the online job ads for technical and medical sales professionals in Germany;in Italy this was only 15%(Figure 4,upper panel).(3)Eurostat

62、.ob vacancy statistics by NACE Rev.2 activity,oc-cupation and NUTS 2 regions quarterly data.Stark differences are also visible in the demand for power plant operators(Figure 4,lower panel).In Germany 65%of online job ads for such operators were for onshore wind farm technicians,double the share obse

63、rved for Italy(33%).Online job ads for offshore renewable energy plant operators represented 22%of the total demand for power plant operators in Germany,three times the share observed in Italy(7%).Understanding the composi-tion of demand for professionals in other renewable energy sectors(including

64、geothermal,solar,hydro-electric or nuclear)would require occupations to be classified at the 5-digit level or even lower.Box 2.Granular data are essential for monitoring green occupation demandInformation about job title present in online job ads in the WIH-OJA database is processed to match it with

65、 an ISCO code to derive informa-tion about demand for occupations.Many roles relevant for the green economy today,which did not exist when ISCO was last updated in 2008,are labelled as occupations not else-where classified.In the period from 2018 to end-2022 the share of such occupations in the tota

66、l volume of green occupations rose to 12%,meaning that,in 2022,420 000 online job ads could not be effectively classified(Figure 5).11Policy brief Tracking the green transition in labour marketsEvidenceOJAs help uncover roles crucial to renewable energy12Figure 4.Demand for technical and medical sal

67、es professionals(upper panel)and power plant operators(lower panel)by occupation(ISCO 5-digit)in Germany and Italy.Source:WIH-OJA.85%non-renewableenergy jobsnon-renewableenergy jobsrenewableenergy jobsrenewableenergy jobsrenewable energyconsultant solar energysalesconsultant renewableenergyconsultan

68、t 33%60%ofshore renewableenergy plantoperator ofshore renewableenergy plantoperator onshore windfarm technician onshorewind farmtechnician other powerproduction plantoperators other powerproduction plantoperators DE50%50%1%7%7%49%solar energysalesconsultant 8%13%22%65%IT12EvidenceOJAs help uncover r

69、oles crucial to renewable energyPolicy brief Tracking the green transition in labour markets Loran1408/13.the ESCO-based 5-digit classification greatly improves understanding of the nature and structure of demand for some green transition occupations.difficulties in pinpointing the nature of occupat

70、ions make the analysis of the green economy challenging.Cedefop analysis shows that using ISCO 4-digit level may lead to overestimation of demand.Figure 5.OJAs advertising occupations classified as green(millions)and share of occupations not elsewhere classified(%),EU(Q3 2018-Q4 2022)NB:O*NET taxono

71、my used to classify which occupations are green.Source:WIH-OJA.Difficulties in pinpointing the nature of occupations make the analysis of the green economy,and the skills it requires,challenging.This is more so be-cause some ISCO 4-digit occupation groups apart from roles directly linked to renewabl

72、e energy also include occupations not relevant for the sector.Therefore,analysis at ISCO 4-digit level may lead to an overestimation of demand.Cedefop analysis of roles for the renewable energy market based on technical and medical sales representatives(ISCO 2433)illustrates this.Of all online job a

73、ds for such sales representatives in Germany,Spain,Italy,and Finland,only 1%was for renewable energy con-sultants and 4%for solar energy consultants.The lions share(95%of OJAs)was for medical sales representatives,technical sales reps,or another sales occupation outside of the energy sector.Using th

74、e ESCO-based 5-digit level occupation classification greatly improves understanding of the nature and structure of demand for some green transition occupations.For example,for power pro-duction plant operators(ISCO 3131),the majority of OJAs(64%)is for onshore(64%)or offshore(17%)wind farm technicia

75、ns.0%2%4%6%8%10%12%14%0Q3Q4Q1Q2Q3Q4Q1Q2Q3Q4Q1Q2Q3Q4Q1Q2Q3Q420182019202020212022Green occupations not elsewhere classified as percantageof all green occupationsStock of green occupations(in millions)Stock of Online job advertisements recruiting for green occupationsGreen occupations classified as not

76、 elsewhere classified as percentage of all green occupations0.51.01.52.02.53.03.54.04.513Policy brief Tracking the green transition in labour marketsEvidenceOJAs help uncover roles crucial to renewable energy StockerThings/.becoming circular requires holistic understanding of material flows,resource

77、 effi-ciency,and waste reduction at various stages of production,consumption,and disposal.mainstreaming the circular economy requires the involve-ment of a broad range of occupations at different value chain,business process and product life stages.OJA-powered analysis monitoring.mentions of the ter

78、m circular economy by employers shows they almost double every year.R help monitor circular economy practice uptake ing initiatives that promote circular practices and sustainability(Circle Economy,2021).OJA-powered analysis monitoring the uptake of circularity via the number of mentions of the term

79、 circular economy by employers shows that the number of times it is mentioned almost doubles every year and gives insight into the most in-de-mand occupations.The most sought-after circular economy profiles in the period 2018-22 were re-search and development managers.Such manag-ers plan,direct and

80、coordinate research to develop new or improved technical processes,products,knowledge,or utilisation of materials,contributing to resource use efficiency.Engineers(industrial,production or environmental)were the second most in-demand circular econo-my profile.Those engineers with systems thinking ex

81、pertise,are adept at analysing complex systems and identifying opportunities for optimisation and innovation.Such skills are an asset because becoming circular requires holistic understanding of material flows,resource efficiency,and waste reduction at various stages of production,con-sumption,and d

82、isposal.The increasing demand for systems analysists can be linked to the expanding use of artificial intelligence and data science tools,Eurostats circular economy indicator takes a sectoral perspective,considering employment in recycling,repair and reuse and rental and leasing.With this approach,t

83、he employment share of the circular economy across EU countries does not exceed 3%(4).The total employment impact of going circular is higher because mainstreaming the circular economy requires the involvement of a broad range of occupations at different value chain,business process and product life

84、 stages.Monitoring employment needs in the circular economy can be challenging.Alongside core occupations playing critical roles in material reuse,recycling and minimising waste,there are also jobs and roles that enable the transition to a circular economy by fostering innovation and mainstream-ing

85、circular practices across sectors.Examples are design and digital technology occupations that contribute to the development of sustainable products,services,and systems.Some occupa-tions indirectly facilitate and enable the broader adoption of circular economy principles.These include the jobs of pu

86、blic sector workers tasked with policy development,regulation,or with fund-(4)Eurostat.Persons employed in circular economy sectors CEI_CIE01114EvidenceOJAs help monitor circular economy practice uptakePolicy brief Tracking the green transition in labour markets15which analyse large amounts of indus

87、trial data to find the best economic circular solutions.Terms such as life cycle analysis or industrial sym-biosis can also be used in OJA analysis to track demand for workers that implement circular econ-omy approaches.Industrial symbiosis starts from the premise that what is a waste for one compan

88、y might be an asset for another.It allows companies in the steel,chemicals,energy,food and other sectors to reduce their use of energy and raw ma-terials via industrial synergies and inter-company economic optimisation solutions.The electricity,gas,steam and air-conditioning supply sector has been m

89、ost active in industrial symbiosis,according to research covering Italy,Latvia and Finland(see de Theije,Ruben,2021).Cedefops OJA analysis shows that in this sector,the number of circular economy mentions has grown fastest in recent years(Figure 6).PeopleI-Yuri A/Figure 6.Growth of term circular eco

90、nomy presence in OJAs by sector(2020 base year)NB:top ten sectors.Source:WIH-OJA.024681012All sectorsElectricity,gas,steam andair conditioning supplyTransportation and storageAdministrative and supportservice activitiesProfessional,scientific andtechnical activitiesConstructionPublic administration

91、and defenceInformation and communicationWater supply&waste managementFinancial and insurance activitiesManufacturing202120222023.in the electricity,gas,steam and air-conditioning supply sector.growth in online job ads mentioning circular has been fastest in recent years.15EvidenceOJAs help monitor c

92、ircular economy practice uptakePolicy brief Tracking the green transition in labour markets Song_about_summer/16The EU solar energy strategy adopted in May 2022 aims to accelerate the deployment of solar technologies across the Member States.As regions with abundant sunlight tend to be more suitable

93、 for solar power generation,the demand for skills related to solar energy technologies(e.g.calculate solar panel orientation,install concen-trated solar power systems)is higher in southern EU regions than it is in northern ones.However,with solar panel technology advancing and increasingly capable o

94、f capturing diffused sunlight to generate electricity,even on cloudy days,solar technology is becoming more common in places where it has not been present much so far.Public incentives aimed at reducing the cost of solar energy technology installation and uptake may translate into increased demand f

95、or workers with solar energy knowledge,skills and expertise(Figure 7,left panel).The city of Brussels offered its inhabitants bonuses for the installation of solar water heaters and Maltese citizens had access to grants for the purchase and installation of such heaters.The public purse was also used

96、 to fund purchases by individuals of solar water heaters in France.Such public initiatives may be linked to the higher demand for workers installing water heating in these regions(Figure 7,right panel).Big data increases opportunities to monitor the green transition regionallyFigure 7.Number of OJAs

97、 mentioning skills related to solar energy technologies in EU27NB:Region could not be determined for 25%of OJA.Only regions with more than 100(left panel)and 5(right panel)observations are shown.Source:WIH-OJA.All skills related to solar energyInstall Solar Water heater16EvidenceBig data increases o

98、pportunities to monitor the green transition regionallyPolicy brief Tracking the green transition in labour markets anatoliy_gleb/.skills shortages in construction hinder achieving the ambitious EU green goals set for the sector.17Skills supporting lean manufacturing help construction sector green t

99、ransition The construction sector appears to be ahead in the green transition,as green pervasiveness(Box 1)is 2 percentage points higher than average(Figure 8).Nevertheless,resistance to change in the sector stands in the way of large-scale adoption of inno-vative and sustainable technologies(Hofman

100、 et al.,2022).Construction companies also struggle to make the necessary investments due to the rising costs of labour,energy and raw materials(Atradius,2023).Skills shortages in construction also hinder achieving the ambitious EU green goals set for the sector.Between 2019 and 2022 companies in the

101、 con-struction sector that looked for green profiles were mainly recruiting construction supervisors,engi-neering professionals,civil engineers and research and development managers.Lean manufacturing a production principle targeting the elimination of waste and improvements in efficiency was the mo

102、st sought-after green skill for all advertised green occupations(5).Employers expect construc-tion supervisors to have knowledge and expertise to ensure safety and to safeguard the environment.Apart from ensuring that construction activities comply with safety regulations and standards,they need to

103、consider environmental impact.This will help protect biodiversity,conserve natural resources(e.g.water,energy,materials,and land)and reduce or eliminate the sources of pollution.(5)Lean manufacturing construction practices include Building information modelling(BIM),the Last planner system,Kaizen ev

104、ents,Integrated project delivery,and 5s processes.See also https:/ facturing-in-construction/Environmental engineering a field of knowledge centred around ensuring that societal development and the use of water,land and air resources are sustainable was the second most in-demand skill across online

105、ads for green jobs targeting civil engineers.Core tasks of civil engineers include de-veloping technical solutions,ensuring compliance with environmental standards,managing water supply,sewerage,surface water and groundwater quality,remediation of contaminated sites,and management of solid waste.Env

106、ironmental engi-neering and skills to facilitate the energy transition are often jointly required for engineering profes-sionals recruited for greening construction.Figure 8.Green pervasiveness of advertised jobs in the EU construction sectorSource:WIH-OJA.0%1%2%3%4%5%6%7%8%2019202020212022Construct

107、ionAll sectors.environmental engineering and skills to facilitate the energy transition are often jointly required for engineering professionals.17Policy brief Tracking the green transition in labour marketsEvidenceSkills supporting lean manufacturing help construction sector green transition18.gree

108、n computing practices support green innovation.and translate into demand for science and engineering professionals.modern information tech-nology and the steady increase in using computers and generating data comes at a cost of growing CO2 emissions.demand for green computing skills confirms the eng

109、agement of employers in curbing the negative environmental impact of their activities.18Policy brief Tracking the green transition in labour marketsEvidenceGreen computing skills reduce the environmental impact of technology interstid/Green computing skills reduce the environmental impact of technol

110、ogyOne of the aims of green computing is reducing energy consumption by increasing server utilisation rates in organisations;this translates into skills needs across various occupations.Demand for green computing skills is highest for various IT professional roles(Figure 9).Alongside promoting lower

111、 energy consumption by designing energy-ef-ficient devices,green computing is also linked to responsible recycling by extending product life cycle,and to sustainable manufacturing via less use of hazardous materials in production.For business and administration professionals,and numerical and materi

112、al recording clerks involved in computational tasks in accounting or inventory management,green computing skills help them use more energy-efficient data storage and man-agement methods.Green computing practices are also crucial to sustainable innovation,because they encompass the development of new

113、 products or services that are environmentally friendly and profitable.Jointly with greater awareness among employers of the impact of digital services,this translates into demand for science and engineering professionals with green computing skills.Every aspect of modern information technology and

114、the steady increase in using computers and generating data comes at a cost of growing CO2 emissions.All electronic devices(including com-puters)contribute to waste generation and contain many toxic substances.Disposed electronic de-vices are responsible for up to 40%of all global lead in landfills(R

115、ajkumar et al.,2021).All sectors using electronic devices can make a difference in reducing their environmental impact.It is not surprising that EU employers attach high importance to green computing skills(also known as green IT or sustainable IT),a term coined in 1992 that currently stands for usi

116、ng virtual computing technologies to minimise energy consumption and reduce environmental waste during computer usage.The demand for green computing skills confirms the engagement of employers in curbing the negative impact of their activities on the envi-ronment.1919EvidenceGreen computing skills r

117、educe the environmental impact of technologyPolicy brief Tracking the green transition in labour marketsFigure 9.Green computing skills demanded by employers in the EU by ISCO 2-digit occupation and ISCO 4-digit IT occupations(Q3 2018 Q1 2023)Source:WIH-OJA data.Other occupationsScience andengineeri

118、ngprofessionals Business andadministrationprofessionalsNumerical and materialrecording clerksScience and engineeringassociate professionals IT technicianssoftware analystsystem analystsystem administratorsearch engine optimisation expertICT capacity plannerICT security administratormobile applicatio

119、n developerICT test analystdata warehouse designerIT professionals beeboys/ MEE KO DONG/.European Sustainability Reporting Standards(ESRS).improve the quality and scope of sustainability reporting across the EU.20Regulatory change likely to increase demand for sustainability reporting expertise and

120、skills The Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive(CSRD),which entered into force on 5 January 2023,signals a significant shift towards greater transparency and accountability in how businesses report their environmental,social,and governance(ESG)impacts.The directive introduced European Sustai

121、nability Reporting Standards(ESRS)to improve the quality and scope of sustainability reporting across the EU.Under the new directive,including information about sustainability alongside financial results is a mandatory requirement for companies.A notable feature of these standards is the emphasis on

122、 transparency,not just within the companies immediate operations but across their entire value chains.This broad scope means that companies have to report on sustainability prac-tices that extend beyond their direct activities,and to include aspects of their suppliers and partners operations.The reg

123、ulatory change is expected to influence finance and accounting,impacting skills,re-sponsibilities,and practices.While,over time(Figure 10),the presence of green skills slightly increased for accountants and financial advisers,the average presence of green skills in online job ads for finance profess

124、ional roles was quite low,at below 6%.Although the greenness of finance roles remains modest,sustainability reporting was already among the top 10 skills required by employ-ers recruiting finance professionals.The change in regulation will likely create new roles,such as environmental sustainability

125、 goals controller,to help companies prepare for sustainability-related disclosure and assurance requirements(6).(6)Eight key takeaways for the accountancy profession facilitating sustainable development and net zero transitions.Figure 10.Demand for green skills for finance professional roles in the

126、EUSource:WIH-OJA data.0%2%4%6%8%10%202220212020202220212020202220212020greennessgreen pervasivenesssustainability reportingfinancial analystsaccountantsfinancial and investment advisers20Policy brief Tracking the green transition in labour marketsEvidenceRegulatory change likely to increase demand f

127、or sustainability reporting expertise and skills2121Policy brief Tracking the green transition in labour marketsConclusions Panumas Yanuthai/In this sectionCONCLUSIONSOJA analysis vitally contributes to monitoring skill needs for the green economyOJAs can be used for short-term skills needs forecast

128、sOJA analysis informs curricula and programme updatesOJA analysis supports updates of occupation and skills classificationsInformation from OJAs helps map the severity of labour and skills shortages22 XXXXXX/OJA analysis vitally contributes to monitoring skill needs for the green economyOnline job a

129、dvertisements have advantages com-pared to more traditional sources of information(e.g.surveys,administrative data)because they provide more granular information on jobs and occupations(e.g.in terms of skills or at regional level)almost in real-time.OJA-powered analysis is gaining traction in labour

130、 market analysis on the impact of structural change and twin(green and digital)transition.A recent review of labour market literature lever-aging OJAs(Napierala&Kvetan,2023)uncovered many cases of such online information.Alongside occupational(e.g.skills requested in public health jobs)and sectoral

131、analysis(e.g.skills trending in manufacturing),OJAs can also be used for tracking skills needs in emerging jobs(puter scien-tist positions)or identifying skills trends in existing jobs(e.g.changes in journalists skills linked to generative AI).OJA-powered analysis is a booming sectoral skills antici

132、pation tool,as shown,for instance,by the competence survey of the technology industry in Finland(Technology Industries of Finland,2023).Public pledges and commitments to tackle climate change have encouraged researchers to leverage OJAs as a data source to compare skills require-ments in high and lo

133、w-carbon jobs(Saussey et al.,2022).The examples of Cedefop work presented in this policy brief showcase the enormous potential of green transition analysis driven by big data.Such analysis provides novel insight into the skills needed in green roles(e.g.in the renewable en-ergy sector and in the cir

134、cular economy)and into regional differences in green skills demand.It also opens up opportunities to track how employers react to and change skill requirements to comply with new environ mental regula tion(e.g.for fi-nance professionals).More detailed analysis of the labour market impact of green tr

135、ansition in the EU is available on Cedefops web portalThe following SkillsOVATE dashboards are availa-ble:green renewable energy occupations greening in occupations greening in sectors greening in regions .OJA-powered analysis is a booming sectoral skills anticipation tool.with enormous potential.OJ

136、A-powered analysis is gaining traction in labour market analysis on the impact of twin(green and digital)transition.OJA analysis can help track how employers react to and change skill requirements to comply with regulation.22Policy brief Tracking the green transition in labour marketsConclusionsOJA

137、analysis vitally contributes to monitoring skill needs for the green economy23 Hryshchyshen Serhii/OJAs can be used for short-term skills needs forecastsIt is well known that OJAs are not complete job-skills profiles.Many skills sets useful in a job tend to be left implicit.This is,for instance,the

138、case for using Microsoft office software,which is present in only 11.3%of online job ads,much lower than would be expected in todays labour market(Sos-tero&Tolan,2022).For skills needs that are less commonly considered a given or not logically linked to job title(e.g.baking skills for a baker),it is

139、 possible to forecast whether demand for skills is expected to grow in particular occupations(e.g.green computing skills for soft-ware developers or waste management expertise for municipal workers).The WIH-OJA Cedefop and Eurostat project,which so far has produced five years of time series data,mak

140、es it possible to leverage the information for such purposes.Cede-fop has started integrating OJA-based information into its skills forecast tool to provide more detailed short-term skills anticipation as part of its online webtools.Cedefop has started integrating OJA-based information into its skil

141、ls forecast tool to provide more detailed short-term skills anticipation.5 years of OJA data collection makes it possible to forecast whether demand for skills is expected to grow in particular occupations.as data collection from the web is susceptible to interruptions and information losses,advance

142、d approaches to track greening trends are needed.Advanced approaches to tracking greening trends over time are needed to ensure unbiased results:data collection from the web is susceptible to inter-ruptions(e.g.when portal owners block access to web scrapers or crawlers)that result in information lo

143、sses.Cedefop and Eurostat are together develop-ing a tailored times series method to address such challenges.Once a new regulation on European statistics is in force,securing source stability of websites and portals over time will become less of an issue,making it easier to detect greening trends ov

144、er time and their implications(7).(7)The regulation introduces the obligation for private data holders to share information with national statistical institu-tions and tasks the European Commission(Eurostat)to use it to produce European official statistics.23Policy brief Tracking the green transitio

145、n in labour marketsConclusionsOJAs can be used for short-term skills needs forecasts24 DC Studio/OJA analysis informs curricula and programme updatesMonitoring and analysing occupations along with the skills,qualifications and credentials employers mention in the job ads they publish online gives po

146、licy-makers,educators and trainers insights into how they can adjust course content and provision.This helps ensure students are equipped with the practical and green and digital transition skills they need to contribute to greener economies and to succeed in an ever-faster changing job market.The e

147、mergence of new job titles in OJAs can signal shifts in work practices in industry and services.Such information can contribute to de-fining new job roles(e.g.ESG controller)and guide the development of new programmes and curricula.Detecting new skills requirements in existing occupa-tions may pave

148、the way for changes in the education,training,and qualifications systems.OJA-powered analysis covering existing job profiles facilitates de-veloping customised training programmes and short courses for professionals who need to update their skills,such as those that lead to a green microcreden-tial.

149、An example from the Umbria region in Italy(OECD,2023)shows that combining information about skills in demand detected via OJAs with information about the skills provided via training offered on the market helps identify occupations in demand for which no training is available.new job titles emerging

150、 from OJAs can signal shifts in industry and services and contribute to defining new job roles.analysing occupations and skills,qualifications and credentials in OJA gives insight into how course content and provision can be adjusted.OJA analysis of existing job profiles facilitates developing custo

151、mised training programmes for professionals.24Policy brief Tracking the green transition in labour marketsConclusionsOJA analysis informs curricula and programme updates25 Juice Flair/OJA analysis supports updates of occupation and skills classificationsAnalysis of occupations and in-demand skills b

152、ased on OJA content makes visible to what extent,and in which respects,emerging occupations differ from existing ones.For example,Malandri et al.(2021)analysed skills for data engineers and data scien-tists,occupations that are classified in the same ESCO occupation group.They conclude that,in the r

153、eal labour market,these two IT profiles do not have similar skills requirements.Comparison of the skills requested by employers for ICT and statisticians confirmed that each has distinctive skills,which justifies keeping these two occupations separately classified(Lovaglio et al.,2018).Alongside onl

154、ine CVs,course descriptions in the Qualification dataset register,National occupation and classification mapping tables and stakehold-ers inputs,online job ads are used by the team developing the European multilingual classification of skills,competences and occupations(ESCO).OJAs have become crucia

155、l in updating occupation profiles,investigating the links between them,and tracking and updating the essential or non-essen-tial skills jobs require.The Cedefop emerging skills detection tool will feed the ESCO team with regular updates,which can be leveraged to keep the clas-sification up to date a

156、s greening and digitalisation progresses.Cedefop is also exploring the skills data in OJAs to analyse occupations for which the job title cannot be classified(i.e.which end up as not elsewhere classified).Such information sup-ports ISCO updates led by the International Labour Organization(ILO).OJAs

157、have become crucial in updating occupation profiles and tracking and updating the skills they require.Cedefop OJA work helps keep classifications up to date as greening and digitalisation progresses.OJA-based analysis of occupations and in-demand skills shows to what extent and how emerging occupati

158、ons differ from existing ones.25Policy brief Tracking the green transition in labour marketsConclusionsOJA analysis supports updates of occupation and skills classifications26 NOWRA photography/Information from OJAs helps map the severity of labour and skills shortages While demand-side information

159、alone is not sufficient to grasp labour and skills shortages fully,understanding the structure of unmet demand(e.g.average duration of online job ads posted),gives an impression of the severity of shortage problems.Employers that struggle to fill jobs for some profiles will advertise them longer tha

160、n they do for profiles where supply can readily meet demand.In many countries employers who struggle to find staff on the national labour market are formally obliged to perform a so-called Labour market needs test before starting recruitment efforts for workers from outside of the EU27(EMN,2021).The

161、 employer must advertise the job vacancy(e.g.in Ireland for 28 days)using the portal of the public employment services(PES).PES is obliged to pass information about such vacancies to the European Employment Services(EURES),which supports the free movement of workers in the EU.Most of activities prov

162、ided by national and regional PES are now digitalised and the EURES portal presents the vacancies online.Feeding these EURES vacancies into the WIH-OJA system facilitates identifying bottleneck occupations and skills and improves prospects for addressing them so that they do not become obstacles in

163、the green and digital transition.the posting duration of OJAs signals shortages because employers facing them advertise jobs longer.demand-side information alone is not sufficient to grasp labour and skills shortages fully,but gives an impression.feeding EURES vacancies into the WIH-OJA system facil

164、itates identifying bottleneck occupations and skills.26Policy brief Tracking the green transition in labour marketsConclusionsInformation from OJAs helps map the severity of labour and skills shortages Vjom/27Atradius(2023).Clean energy transition:construction.Europe and Middle East:Growing on stron

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171、emand and Training in Umbria.OECD Publishing.Rajkumar,R.,Navin Ganesh,V.,Mahesh,S.R.,&Vishnuvardhan,K.(2021).Performance evaluation of E-waste and Jute Fibre reinforced concrete through partial replacement of Coarse Aggregates,Materials.Today:Proceedings,45(7),pp.6242-6246.Saussay,A.,Sato,M.,Vona,F.

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174、Publications Office of the European Union.Policy brief Tracking the green transition in labour marketsPolicy BackgroundREFERENCESPhoto R EN TI-05-24-519-EN-N doi:10.2801/103439Europe 123,Thessaloniki(Pylea),GREECEPostal address:Cedefop service post,57001 Thermi,GREECETel.+30 2310490111,Fax+30 231049

175、0020,Email:infocedefop.europa.euCopyright European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training(Cedefop),2023.Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Internationalvisit our portal www.cedefop.europa.euPOLICY BRIEFWhile crucial for policy-making and implementation,monitoring labour market trends and sk

176、ills needs in the green transition can be challenging.Convention-al data sources lack granularity and regional detail and are often not suitable for capturing emerging green transition skills and job profiles.This policy brief demonstrates the potential of using big data analysis of online job adver

177、tise-ments in the context of green transition.It presents illustrative examples of the impact of greening in sectors and occupations,and showcases how big data can be leveraged to facilitate the transition.Tracking the green transition in labour markets:using big data to identify the skills that make jobs greenerProject info:Skills intelligence Project contacts:Cedefop expert,Joanna Napierala Cedefop expert,Vladimir Kvetan Cedefop expert,Jasper van Loo