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1、Future Readiness Economic Index2022How digital sprinters can quantify,monitor,andaccelerate their transformationA Portulans Institute Global ReportCommissioned byFuture Readiness Economic Index2022How digital sprinters can quantify,monitor,andaccelerate their transformationBruno Lanvin AuthorA Portu

2、lans Institute Global ReportCommissioned byPortulans Institute(2022):Future Readiness Economic Index 2022:How digital sprinters can quantify,monitor,and accelerate their transformation.A Portulans Institute Global Report commissioned by Google.Disclaimer:No representation or warranty,either express

3、or implied,is provided in relation to the information contained herein or with regard to its fitness,sufficiency,or applicability for any particular purpose.The information contained in this report is provided for personal non-commercial use and informational purposes only and may be reviewed and re

4、vised based on new information and data.Portulans Institute and Google disclaim all liability relating to the content and use of the report and the information contained therein,and the report should not be used as a basis for any decision that may affect the business and financial interests of the

5、reader or any other party.The indexs methodology and the rankings do not necessarily present the views of Portulans Institute or Google.The same applies to the substantive material in this report,which are the responsibility of the authors.2022 by Portulans InstituteThe information contained herein

6、is proprietary in nature and no part of this publication may be reproduced,stored in a retrieval system,or transmitted,in any form or by any means,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,or otherwise without the prior permission of Portulans Institute.ISBN:978-2-8399-3511-1Designed by Kenneth Benson,edit

7、ed by Hope Steele,and published by Portulans Institute.Future Readiness Economic Index 2022 iiiContentsAcknowledgements.vSection I:Navigating uncharted territories.1Executive summary.3Key results and findings from the FREI 2022 report.3Key messages.4Looking forward.4Introduction.5The Digital Sprinte

8、rs framework.7Future Readiness Economic Index 2022:Overall results.11Top-10 performers.17Regional results:Europe and Northern America.21Notable performers.21Regional results:Asia and Pacific.25Notable performers.25Regional results:Latin America and the Caribbean.29Notable performers.29Regional resul

9、ts:The Middle East and North Africa.33Notable performers.33Regional results:Sub-Saharan Africa.37Notable performers.37Conclusions.41Section II:Country profiles.43How to read the country profiles.45Index of countries.47Country profiles.48Section III:Methodology,Sources and definitions,Bibliography an

10、d references.297Methodology of the Future Readiness Economic Index.299Structure of the Future Readiness Economic Index.299Computation of future readiness.299Country and data coverage.299Treatment of series with outliers.299Normalisation.299Sources and definitions.301Bibliography and references.315 F

11、uture Readiness Economic Index 2022 vAcknowledgementsThe FREI 2022 was prepared under the general direction of Bruno Lanvin(Co-Founder of the Portulans Institute and creator of the Index)and commissioned by Google.The report and rankings are produced by a core team managed by Bruno Lanvin comprising

12、 Michael Bratt(lead researcher)and Anna Henry(senior project manager),who managed the daily work and background support required by this ambitious project.We are grateful to the following individuals who also provided substantial inputs and without whom the Index would not be what it is:Hope Steele(

13、Steele Editorial Services),our editor,for her constant support during its production.Kenneth Benson(Pegasus Type),our graphic designer,for his creative production.And another thank you goes to website developer Patrick Eriksen(DotModus).Future Readiness Economic Index 2022 1Section I:Navigating unch

14、arted territories Future Readiness Economic Index 2022 3Executive summaryThe pandemic has undoubtedly underscored the importance of being prepared and ready to adapt in the face of uncertainty.Integral to our ability to strengthen future readiness is digital transformation.The past couple of decades

15、 have seen technological advances on an unprecedented scale that have brought us closer together and made us more interconnected.This digital revolution has brought with it new possibilities for tackling long-standing challenges and the promise of a more equitable and sustainable world.Still,its pot

16、ential is yet to be realised and a host of issues need to be addressed.In this context,Google launched its Digital Sprinters initiative in November 2020,where it presented a framework to advance digital transformation in emerging markets.This approach makes the case that countries can achieve digita

17、l transformation and inclusive,sustainable growth by focusing their efforts on four policy areas:Physical Capital,Human Capital,Technology,and Competitiveness.This report builds on the Digital Sprinters framework to provide countries with a benchmarking toolthe Future Readiness Economic Index(FREI)t

18、hat can be used to assess how well they are placed to achieve faster digital transformation and enhance their future readiness.In this first global version of the FREI report,124 countries have been assessed and ranked along a combination of 73 indicators,distributed across the four pillars that cor

19、respond to the four areas of the Digital Sprinters framework.Key results and findings from the FREI 2022 reportOverall,Singapore is the worlds most future-ready country,followed by Denmark(2nd)and Switzerland(3rd).The top of the rankings is dominated by European countries(especially the Nordics)and

20、the two Northern American neighbours,the United States(6th)and Canada(10th).The Physical Capital pillar measures the performances of countries across three types of infrastructure:Digital Infrastructure,Transport Infrastructure,and Energy Infrastructure.Small countries tend to do well in this dimens

21、ion,with Norway being the global leader.It is also notable that three Middle Eastern countries,namely Qatar(2nd),the United Arab Emirates(6th),and Bahrain(9th),are also among the top performers.The data indicate that investment in physical capital is a prerequisite to digital acceleration,but it is

22、not enough on its own.The Human Capital pillar is concerned with countries abilities to Attract,Grow,and Retain talent,and puts a particular emphasis on digital skills.Australia is the top performer in this pillar,while Iceland and Denmark are ranked 2nd and 3rd,respectively.Available indicators sug

23、gest that this human component of digital transformation is the pillar most in need of urgent efforts to allow emerging economies to be more future ready.Providing due attention to ways in which vibrant ecosystems can be offered to start-ups is a priority in this context.The Technology pillar focuse

24、s on the integration of digital technologiestraditional and emergingin societies and economies along three categories:Digital Usage,Digital Content Creation,and Industry 4.0.These indicators(for which comparable data are available)aim to describe the key technology ingredients of the Digital Sprinte

25、rs framework,such as innovative uses of data(artificial intelligence/machine learning,or AI/ML;big data;Internet of Things,or IoT),inclusive digital payments,and movement to the cloud.Sweden,Switzerland,and the Netherlands make up the top three countries in this regard.This is an area in which emerg

26、ing countries have ample room to improve their scores.For instance,several countries in the Middle East and North Africa have excellent levels of Digital Usage,but they have not yet been able to fully build on this advantage to achieve equally high levels of digital knowledge creation or adoption an

27、d development of emerging technologies.Overall,in the Technology pillar,regional leaders include the United States(4th),Sweden(1st),China(42nd),Chile(47th),and South Africa(70th).It is important to note that,in spite of strong(and sometimes spectacular)performance,most regional readers outside of Eu

28、rope and Northern America are still not in the first league of future-ready economies.Moving to 4 Future Readiness Economic Index 2022such status is clearly one of the objectives of the digital sprinters.The Competitiveness pillar highlights the ecosystem that is necessary to achieve future readines

29、s.In particular,digital policies(including regulatory conditions)are emphasised,along with the innovation capacities of countries,by considering their Digital Policies,Market Environment,Research&Development(R&D),and Innovation capabilities and performance.This is clearly the pillar that remains the

30、 most difficult to quantify,especially with regard to the critical area of digital policies.Largely because such policies focus on new considerations and areas,comparable data remain elusive,and the indicators used are proxies at best.It should be noted especially that regulatory environment is broa

31、der than digital regulatory environment,although it is only one of the many components of digital policies.With these caveats in mind,the top-ranked countries in this pillar are Switzerland(1st),Singapore(2nd),and Denmark(3rd),followed by the United States(4th).From data to action:Beyond these resul

32、ts,several key messages and possible recommendations emerge.Specific data and indicators can be found in the discussion on the FREI results and in the country profiles in Section II.Key messagesOne of the overall key messages arising from the report is that future readiness is highly dependent on th

33、e pace and breadth of digital transformation.Above all,the analyses and data contained in the report highlight the importance of digital transformation for future readiness,emphasising that getting digital policies and actions right is one of the central challenges facing all types of economies.Inde

34、ed,the report convincingly demonstrates that digital infrastructure,digital technologies,and digital policies are among the dimensions of future readiness that not only exhibit the highest potential to boost growth and competitiveness but that also display the greatest variation around the world.Add

35、ressing the digital divides is crucial.It is also a requirement for a sustainable global post-pandemic recovery.Another important conclusion stemming from this first global FREI report is that there is no cookie-cutter approach to future readiness.Each national economy should remain responsible for

36、its own ability to design and pursue its own strategies.Such strategies should themselves be based on a careful consideration of local advantages and constraints,and must adequately account for local cultures,history,and aspirations.All this suggests that countries should set themselves a future-rea

37、diness challenge and that digital transformation tailored to their specific circumstances should be at the heart of their individual solutions.Aligning such approaches with efforts made to address global challenges(climate change,health resilience,inequalities,for example)will help national economie

38、s to garner local and global support around them.Whatever their respective sizes,individual national economies alone cannot generate the full benefits of being more future ready.Global cooperation and multi-stakeholder approaches are key to enhancing collective and individual future readiness.Metric

39、s(such as those contained in this report)have the power to help each economy monitor its own efforts and compare its performance with that of other economies.Altogether,however,a broader approach to the merits of international cooperation(as opposed to protectionist and nationalistic rhetoric)is now

40、 urgently required.*At both the international and local levels,multi-stakeholder approaches(involving public and private entities as well as civil society)should be encouraged as a way to create a sustainable momentum of cooperation.Looking forwardThe value of the present report cannot be fully appr

41、eciated without due consideration of its companion online benchmarking tool https:/ allowing users to assess the potential impact of various policies and scenarios,this tool is expected to trigger thought-provoking constructive discussions about what elements of the Digital Sprinters pillars a gover

42、nment could potentially focus its attention on and invest in to make a difference.*The seven guiding principles for stronger globalcooperation,agreed on in the World EconomicForums Global Action Group,can be regardedas a valuable basis for action in this regard(WorldEconomic Forum,2021).Future Readi

43、ness Economic Index 2022 5IntroductionWhen historians look back on the early part of the 21st century,it is likely that one of the distinguishing features they identify will be the rapid wave of digitalisation that swept the planet.Perhaps they will consider the years of the COVID-19 pandemic to mar

44、k a turning point,when digital transformation really took off in economies and societies.Or perhaps,in an alternative narrative,they will see it as an opportunity missed and the potential gains of digitalisation for the world at large lost.Recognising that our current time presents a unique chance t

45、o widen and deepen digital transformation throughout the world,Google launched an initiative called Digital Sprinters in November 2020.In it,the company proposed a novel framework that can facilitate digital transformation in emerging markets and assist them in becoming digital sprinters.The present

46、 report builds on that initiative to provide countries with a tool for action:the Future Readiness Economic Index(FREI).With the Digital Sprinters framework as its foundation,FREI has been developed to support countries in assessing the state of their future readiness and their efforts to stimulate

47、greater sustainable,inclusive growth with digital transformation as an integral factor.Countries will be able to use the tool to measure themselves against certain benchmarks or objectives and evaluate their progress towards reaching those goals.This first global edition of the FREI report covers 12

48、4 countries in total and shows that digital transformation is key for better future readiness.It highlights the top performers in the index and provides regional analysis for Europe and Northern America,Asia and Pacific,Latin America and the Caribbean,the Middle East and North Africa,and Sub-Saharan

49、 Africa.It also draws particular attention to digital policies and to the reasons why it is critical that countries prioritise regulatory aspects,including aspects of competition,to achieve successful digital transformation.Finally,the report includes a brief profile of each covered country,providin

50、g an overview of its state of future readiness as well as of its strengths and weaknesses.Future Readiness Economic Index 2022 7The Digital Sprinters frameworkThe Digital Sprinters framework presented by Google in 2020 showed how digital policies falling into four categories could facilitate digital

51、 transformation and stimulate growth in emerging markets.These four fundamental pillars are Physical Capital,Human Capital,Technology,and Competitiveness(Figure 1),flagging the importance of ensuring affordable access to the Internet,fostering digital skills development,promoting technological innov

52、ation in areas such as AI and cloud computing,and encouraging a regulatory ecosystem that includes competitive markets,open digital trade,and digital governments.Figure 1:Digital Sprinters frameworkSource:Google(2020).The Future Readiness Economic Index(FREI)described in the present report is first

53、and foremost an attempt to quantify the various components of the Digital Sprinters framework.It is hence logical that the four-pillar structure of that framework should serve as a basis for the FREI model.For the purposes of quantification and analysis,these pillars have subsequently been divided i

54、nto separate sub-pillars that measure specific aspects of the overall dimension.The sub-pillars have been identified and built through the combination of two approaches:on the one hand,the sub-pillars are underpinned by action areas highlighted in the Digital Sprinters report published by Google and

55、,on the other hand,by the data and analysis stemming from three global indices that cover technology,talent,and innovation:the Network Readiness Index,the Global Talent Competitiveness Index,and the Global Innovation Index.In so doing,a model has been developed that consists of 14 sub-pillars groupe

56、d under the four pillars mentioned earlier(Figure 2):8 Future Readiness Economic Index 2022 Physical Capital Digital Infrastructure:measures the access to and affordability of digital technologies Transport Infrastructure:measures the connectivity of the transport network,including rural access and

57、investments in it Energy Infrastructure:measures the access to electricity and the extent to which energy is efficiently and sustainably produced and consumed Human Capital Attract:measures the draw towards talent from abroad(external)and from domestic underprivileged groups(internal)Grow:measures t

58、he production of talent through formal education and training,including through reskilling and collaboration Retain:measures the inclination of workers to stay in a country in view of issues related to sustainability and lifestyle Skills:measures the degree of high-level skills of the workforce,incl

59、uding advanced digital skills,and the extent of a possible skills gap Technology Digital Usage:measures the extent to which a countrys individuals,businesses,and authorities adopt and use digital technologies Digital Content Creation:measures different types of knowledge creation produced using digi

60、tal technologies Industry 4.0:measures the level of activity in adopting and developing emerging technologies such as robotics,AI/ML,and IoT Competitiveness Digital Policies:measures the enabling conditions of regulations specific to information and communication technologies(ICT)and the general reg

61、ulatory landscape Market Environment:measures the extent to which the market is favourable for enabling digital transformation Research and Development(R&D):measures the investment in and quality of R&D activities Innovation:measures the level of innovative activity,including entrepreneurship and in

62、ventionsFigure 2:The FREI frameworkPhysical CapitalHuman CapitalTechnologyCompetitivenessDigital InfrastructureAttractDigital UsageDigital PoliciesTransport InfrastructureGrowDigital Content CreationMarket EnvironmentEnergy InfrastructureRetainIndustry 4.0R&DSkillsInnovation Future Readiness Economi

63、c Index 2022 9In total,73 indicators have been identified to populate the FREI pillars and sub-pillars.Recognising that real digital transformation and future readiness cannot take place if issues of inequality and sustainability are not adequately addressed,indicators on gender gaps and environment

64、al aspects have been included in the model.Because they are crosscutting by nature,these indicators have been interspersed throughout various sub-pillars(Figure 3).Figure 3:FREI detailed framework and indicators1.1 Digital Infrastructure1.1.1 Internet access1.1.2 International Internet bandwidth1.1.

65、3 Fixed-broadband subscriptions1.1.4 4G-mobile network coverage1.1.5 Fixed broadband affordability1.1.6 Mobile broadband affordability1.1.7 Computer software spending1.2 Transport Infrastructure1.2.1 Quality of infrastructure1.2.2 Rural access1.2.3 Air connectivity1.2.4 Infrastructure investment1.3

66、Energy Infrastructure1.3.1 Access to electricity1.3.2 Electricity consumption1.3.3 Electrical outages1.3.4 Energy intensity1.3.5 Modern renewable energy2.1 Attract2.1.1 Brain gain2.1.2 International students2.1.3 Tolerance of minorities2.1.4 Tolerance of immigrants2.1.5 Gender parity in high-skilled

67、 jobs2.1.6 FDI and technology transfer2.2 Grow2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment2.2.2 Reading,maths,and science2.2.3 Use of virtual professional networks2.2.4 Formal and non-formal studies2.2.5 Youth inclusion2.3 Retain2.3.1 Pension coverage2.3.2 Environmental performance2.3.3 Physician density2.3.4 Sanitatio

68、n2.3.5 Personal safety2.4 Skills2.4.1 Workforce with tertiary education2.4.2 High-skilled workforce2.4.3 Researchers2.4.4 Ease of finding skilled employees2.4.5 Digital skills3.1 Digital Usage3.1.1 Internet users3.1.2 Active mobile-broadband subscriptions3.1.3 Gender parity in Internet usage3.1.4 Fi

69、rms with website3.1.5 Internet shopping3.1.6 Government online services3.1.7 E-Participation3.2 Digital Content Creation3.2.1 GitHub commits3.2.2 Wikipedia edits3.2.3 Internet domain registrations3.2.4 Mobile apps development3.3 Industry 4.03.3.1 Robot density3.3.2 AI software development3.3.3 AI re

70、search3.3.4 ICT patent applications3.3.5 Smart home devices4.1 Digital Policies4.1.1 ICT regulation4.1.2 Cybersecurity4.1.3 Rule of law4.1.4 Regulatory quality4.1.5 Corruption4.2 Market Environment4.2.1 Extent of market dominance4.2.2 Labour productivity4.2.3 Urbanisation4.2.4 Domestic credit to pri

71、vate sector4.2.5 Market capitalisation4.3 R&D4.3.1 R&D spending4.3.2 University ranking4.3.3 Gender parity in R&D4.3.4 Scientific journal articles4.4 Innovation4.4.1 Medium-and high-tech industry4.4.2 High-tech exports4.4.3 Venture capital recipients,deals4.4.4 New product entrepreneurial activity4.

72、4.5 New business density4.4.6 Patent applications1.Physical Capital2.Human Capital3.Technology4.Competitiveness Future Readiness Economic Index 2022 11Future Readiness Economic Index 2022:Overall resultsThe Future Readiness Economic Index(FREI)2022 shows Singapore to be the worlds most future-ready

73、country,followed by Denmark(2nd)and Switzerland(3rd)see Table 1,where the darkest colour blue means the country belongs to the first quartile(best performers);medium colour=second quartile;pale colour=third quartile;palest colour=fourth quartile(worst performers).There is not,however,much separating

74、 these countries:they all fall within a single index point of one another.Indeed,much the same can be said regarding the top 8 overall performers in the FREI 2022 report,which includes three other Nordic countries(Sweden,4th;Norway,5th;and Finland,8th),the United States(6th),and the Netherlands(7th)

75、.Overall,it is worth noting that the best performers tend to be smaller economies.This underlines that one of the difficulties faced by all economies in terms of innovation,growth,and competitiveness is that of scaling up.In this regard,the fact that larger economies(such as the United States,Canada

76、,and the United Kingdom)are among the top 10 should be regarded as remarkable.In total,124 countries are included in the FREI 2022 report:23 of the countries are situated in Asia and Pacific,38 are in Europe,18 are in Latin America and the Caribbean,18 are in the Middle East and North Africa,2 are i

77、n Northern America,and 25 are in Sub-Saharan Africa.These countries are distributed across four basic income groups:11 are low-income countries,33 are lower-middle-income countries,34 are upper-middle-income countries,and 46 are high-income countries.In terms of pillar performances,it is interesting

78、 to note that few countries perform exceptionally well in all pillars.One manifestation of this is that the best performers in each of the pillars are all different countries and that only two countries(Singapore and Switzerland)are global leaders in more than one sub-pillar.For instance,the top 3 c

79、ountries in the Physical Capital pillar are Norway(5th overall),Qatar(33rd),and Luxembourg(12th);in the Human Capital pillar,they are Australia(11th),Iceland(13th),and Denmark(2nd);in the Technology pillar they are Sweden(4th),Switzerland(3rd),and the Netherlands(7th);and in the Competitiveness pill

80、ar they are Switzerland,Singapore(1st),and Denmark.That any given countrys performances frequently should vary among the pillars and sub-pillars suggests that there is no such thing as perfect future readiness.Rather,it is a continual process where every single country needs to constantly be proacti

81、ve in building on its strengths and addressing its shortcomings.Future readiness is(and will remain)a moving target.This process is arguably even more critical during a period of digital transformation,which brings with it not only a wealth of opportunities but also potential pitfalls.One such risk

82、is the threat of widening digital(and other)divides.It is perhaps telling that the greatest variances in the index are often seen in the dimensions most directly related to digital technologies.Thus,differences among countries are particularly pronounced in the three sub-pillars related to the Techn

83、ology pillars.Moreover,it is the Digital Infrastructure sub-pillar that has the greatest variation within the Physical Capital pillar and it is the Digital Policies sub-pillar that has the widest variation within the Competitiveness pillar.The conclusion here is very clear:digital transformation is

84、key to future readiness.12 Future Readiness Economic Index 2022Table 1:Future Readiness Economic Index 2022(overall and by pillar)CountryFuture Readiness ScoreFuture Readiness RankPhysical CapitalHuman CapitalTechnologyCompetitivenessSingapore76.26 1 4 6 6 2Denmark75.89 2 7 3 5 3Switzerland75.71 3 1

85、0 7 2 1Sweden74.72 4 8 4 1 5Norway74.07 5 1 5 8 11United States73.55 6 15 12 4 4Netherlands71.67 7 14 10 3 10Finland71.49 8 11 11 7 6United Kingdom69.37 9 21 14 9 7Canada69.24 10 19 9 10 8Australia68.68 11 28 1 12 9Luxembourg68.63 12 3 8 18 14Iceland67.55 13 5 2 23 13Germany66.28 14 20 19 11 15New Z

86、ealand64.90 15 22 13 14 21Austria64.86 16 13 17 15 22Ireland64.62 17 16 15 16 23South Korea64.14 18 25 22 13 18Belgium63.85 19 18 16 22 17Israel61.98 20 37 21 20 12France61.88 21 27 20 21 20Japan61.81 22 30 25 17 16Estonia60.14 23 32 28 19 19Malta58.56 24 12 24 26 27Spain57.95 25 26 23 24 25Portugal

87、57.72 26 17 18 32 31United Arab Emirates57.22 27 6 26 33 34Cyprus55.30 28 31 29 30 28Italy55.28 29 23 31 28 32Slovenia54.78 30 38 27 25 37Czech Republic54.27 31 33 32 27 36 Future Readiness Economic Index 2022 13Table 1:Future Readiness Economic Index 2022(overall and by pillar)(continued)CountryFut

88、ure Readiness ScoreFuture Readiness RankPhysical CapitalHuman CapitalTechnologyCompetitivenessLithuania53.46 32 34 34 31 29Qatar53.45 33 2 57 45 26Greece51.57 34 24 33 37 40Poland50.97 35 44 37 29 42Latvia50.76 36 36 38 36 35Chile50.25 37 46 30 47 38China50.01 38 41 41 42 33Hungary49.48 39 42 39 35

89、44Malaysia49.46 40 39 51 46 24Slovakia49.21 41 47 36 34 43Croatia48.46 42 35 46 38 41Bahrain48.21 43 9 59 39 56Saudi Arabia47.25 44 57 42 53 30Uruguay46.10 45 51 35 43 63Bulgaria45.45 46 53 48 44 50Turkey44.21 47 40 69 55 48Oman44.18 48 29 72 52 53Mauritius44.01 49 43 52 59 62Romania44.00 50 48 65 4

90、9 47Serbia43.81 51 56 54 40 59Costa Rica43.77 52 60 44 60 46Kuwait43.66 53 54 56 54 51Russia42.98 54 65 43 48 72Armenia42.48 55 67 58 41 68Thailand42.37 56 45 79 62 45Georgia42.17 57 55 60 66 49Argentina41.70 58 69 53 51 70Brazil40.93 59 66 67 56 58Belarus40.91 60 63 40 50 99Ukraine40.31 61 72 50 58

91、 77Mexico40.18 62 70 55 68 6614 Future Readiness Economic Index 2022Table 1:Future Readiness Economic Index 2022(overall and by pillar)(continued)CountryFuture Readiness ScoreFuture Readiness RankPhysical CapitalHuman CapitalTechnologyCompetitivenessNorth Macedonia40.10 63 68 71 57 67Viet Nam40.07 6

92、4 49 81 67 54Kazakhstan39.13 65 84 47 63 71South Africa39.01 66 80 86 70 39Albania38.51 67 52 61 61101Panama38.15 68 62 74 65 74Jordan37.75 69 74 63 88 52Paraguay37.57 70 78 45 75 84Lebanon37.36 71 61 62 84 78Trinidad and Tobago37.08 72 91 49 72 76Colombia36.99 73 77 70 64 79Moldova36.46 74 58 80 76

93、 82Egypt36.34 75 59 89 82 64Indonesia36.12 76 50 90 83 73Azerbaijan35.97 77 82 66 69 85Tunisia35.93 78 79 83 80 60Ecuador35.68 79 73 77 71 87Jamaica35.50 80 76 64 86 81Philippines35.29 81 75 87 89 57Iran35.05 82 89 88 78 55Peru35.00 83 85 78 74 75Morocco34.88 84 71 93 81 69Bosnia and Herzegovina34.8

94、0 85 81 82 73 80Botswana34.34 86 92 73 93 65Mongolia33.11 87 95 75 79 83Dominican Republic32.68 88 86 84 77 91India32.50 89 83103 90 61Sri Lanka32.17 90 64 92 94 94Kyrgyzstan31.70 91 90 68 91102Bolivia31.55 92 96 76 85 92El Salvador29.86 93 93 97 87 88 Future Readiness Economic Index 2022 15Table 1:

95、Future Readiness Economic Index 2022(overall and by pillar)(continued)CountryFuture Readiness ScoreFuture Readiness RankPhysical CapitalHuman CapitalTechnologyCompetitivenessAlgeria29.28 94 87 85106 89Kenya27.62 95102 91 96 96Ghana26.47 96103100 97 86Cambodia26.20 97 88109 92114Guatemala26.12 98 991

96、11 95 93Rwanda25.35 99 94114104 97Honduras24.93100 98105 98107Senegal24.04101109 95105 98Bangladesh24.02102100106100109Nepal23.86103106 96103108Pakistan23.77104104117102 95Laos23.46105 97102114111Nigeria22.58106113101108 90Cameroon21.67107110 98109110Cte dIvoire21.29108107113112106Tanzania20.7510911

97、5 99118105Zambia20.33110118 94110115Benin20.20111119104111104Myanmar20.07112101116120123Uganda19.86113116115113103Burkina Faso19.67114117110117100Angola19.65115111121101113Mali19.54116105122107117Togo18.48117112112115118Guinea18.24118108107124121Zimbabwe18.11119120119 99120Malawi17.75120114118119116

98、Madagascar16.83121122108121112Mozambique15.73122121123116119Ethiopia13.81123123120123122Niger10.06124124124122124 Future Readiness Economic Index 2022 17Top-10 performersSingapore(1st)is the worlds most future-ready country by virtue of its top-10 performances in all key pillars.It does not claim th

99、e top spot in any pillar but is the country with the highest number of best performances at the sub-pillar level(five in total).Above all,it stands out in two pillars:Physical Capital(4th)and Competitiveness(2nd).In the case of Physical Capital,Singapore is among the global leaders in Transport Infr

100、astructure(1st)and Digital Infrastructure(4th),whereas a greater share of modern renewables in energy consumption would improve its Energy Infrastructure(70th).As for Competitiveness,the country claims the top spot with respect to Digital Policies and Innovation,but it also benefits from an impressi

101、ve Market Environment(4th)and strong R&D(8th).The innovative character of Singapore is reflected in its superior performance in Industry 4.0(1st),especially in robotics and AI,although its Technology(6th)pillar would be even higher with greater Digital Usage(14th)and Digital Content Creation(20th).A

102、s for Human Capital(6th),the country is a global leader in growing talent and ranks in the top 3 when it comes to attracting(2nd)talent and its pool of Skills(3rd),but more efforts could be made to increase its ability to Retain(48th)talent.Denmark(2nd)achieves its highest rank in the Human Capital

103、and Competitiveness pillars(3rd in both).In the latter dimension,it achieves this high rank on the back of strong performances in all sub-pillars:Digital Policies(3rd),*Market Environment(3rd),R&D(4th),and Innovation(4th).In the former pillar,Denmark primarily benefits from an excellent pool of rese

104、archers and a high share of people with advanced digital skills,which contribute to a high level of Skills(2nd).The countrys level of*The Digital Policies rank must be understood with the caveat that digital policies are imperfectly measured by the current FREI model.Denmark is one example of a coun

105、try that does undisputedly well at the overall regulatory level(which the FREI model measures)while facing other specific issues(like most European economies)in the digital regulation area,as well as other aspects of digital policies,which the model does not quantify,largely for lack of internationa

106、l comparability.Technology(5th)rests on its superior Digital Usage(1st),including its propensity for online shopping,as well as its embrace of Industry 4.0(6th)and its strong Digital Content Creation(7th).The area with the most room for improvement is Physical Capital(7th),where Denmark could take s

107、teps to boost its Digital Infrastructure(9th),including by raising ICT investment.Switzerland(3rd)displays a stellar FREI performance primarily because of its excellent Competitiveness(1st)and Technology(2nd).When it comes to Competitiveness,it is the global leader in terms of Market Environment and

108、 R&D and a top performer in Innovation(5th),which is partly due to its superior patent activity.As for Technology,Switzerland is at the forefront in both Digital Content Creation(2nd)and Industry 4.0(5th),whereas more could be done to increase Digital Usage(18th)among its population.The country boas

109、ts impressive Human Capital(7th),where it has particular strengths in its ability to Attract(5th)and Retain(4th)talent.Switzerland is ranked 10th in the pillar related to Physical Capital,where its excellent Digital Infrastructure(5th)and Transport Infrastructure(8th)are offset by a weaker showing i

110、n Energy Infrastructure(22nd).Sweden(4th)makes it into the top 10 in each of the four pillars,but its standout performance relates to Technology,where it is the global leader.Above all,it benefits from a strong engagement in emerging technologies(2nd in Industry 4.0),but it also displays a high leve

111、l of Digital Content Creation(5th)and Digital Usage(10th).Sweden ranks 4th and 5th,respectively,in the two pillars related to Human Capital and Competitiveness.In the former case,the country boasts an excellent pool of Skills(7th)and ability to Grow(8th)and Retain(9th)talent;in the latter case,its b

112、est showings are in the sub-pillars Market Environment and R&D(ranking 6th in both).As for Physical Capital(8th),an impressive Energy Infrastructure(2nd)is offset by weaker Digital Infrastructure(13th)and Transport Infrastructure(23rd),both of which would benefit from increases in investment.Norway(

113、5th)claims the top spot in the pillar related to Physical Capital,primarily because of its impressive Energy Infrastructure(1st)and 18 Future Readiness Economic Index 2022Transport Infrastructure(4th).An excellent ability to Retain(5th)talent and a strong pool of Skills(4th),including solid digital

114、skills,contribute to the countrys high rank in Human Capital(5th).However,there is room to improve its ability to Attract(21st)talent,especially from overseas.Norway also makes it into the top 10 in the Technology(8th)pillar,where it has a particular strength in Digital Content Creation(4th)and soli

115、d showings in the sub-pillars related to Industry 4.0(11th)and Digital Usage(13th).The country is positioned just outside the top 10 when it comes to Competitiveness(11th).It enjoys excellent institutions and Digital Policies(4th)and also benefits from strong R&D(7th)and a favourable Market Environm

116、ent(9th).However,its level of Innovation(28th),including entrepreneurial activity,could be increased.The United States(6th)has a strong future readiness that rests on its standing as one of the worlds most competitive and technologically advanced countries.In the Competitiveness(4th)pillar,it ranks

117、2nd in three of the four sub-pillars:Market Environment,R&D,and Innovation.However,the general regulatory landscape hampers Digital Policies(20th).In the Technology(4th)pillar,the United States pioneering role in emerging technologies means that it ranks 3rd in Industry 4.0,while it also enjoys high

118、 levels of Digital Usage(6th)and Digital Content Creation(9th).The countrys weakest pillars are Human Capital(12th),where its impressive ability to Grow talent and its high level of Skills(6th in both)stand in contrast to its ability to Retain(32nd)talent;and Physical Capital(15th),where its world-c

119、lass Digital Infrastructure(1st)is primarily offset by weaker Energy Infrastructure(51st).As underlined earlier,the performance of the United States is all the more remarkable in that the country has to address the needs of a population of some 330 million.The Netherlands(7th)performs particularly w

120、ell when it comes to Technology(3rd),which can be attributed chiefly to its world-class Digital Content Creation(1st).In addition,it ranks in the top 10 in the two other sub-pillars:Digital Usage(7th)and Industry 4.0(10th).The country is among the global leaders when it comes to growing(3rd)talent,w

121、hich boosts its Human Capital(10th).More could be done to raise its ability to Retain talent and boost Skills(14th in both)however,where expanding tertiary education and strengthening advanced digital skills should be among its priorities.The Netherlands Competitiveness(10th)rests on a strong set of

122、 institutions that benefit its Digital Policies(5th)and on a favourable Market Environment(10th).Its weakest pillar,meanwhile,is Physical Capital(14th),where there is room to improve its Energy Infrastructure(25th),including by taking steps to make energy consumption more sustainable.Finland(8th)mak

123、es it into the top 10 in two of the four FREI pillars:Competitiveness(6th)and Technology(7th).Its competitive advantage is founded primarily on a strong set of institutions that support its Digital Policies(2nd).The countrys technological strength,meanwhile,rests mainly on high Digital Usage(3rd)amo

124、ng its population and a strong involvement in emerging technologies(Industry 4.0,7th),including AI and IoT.Finland finds itself in 11th position with respect to Human Capital,where a high ability to Grow(12th)and Retain(8th)talent contribute to an excellent level of Skills(8th),but where there is sc

125、ope to increase its ability to Attract(19th)talent,especially from overseas.Although the Energy Infrastructure(3rd)of Finland is impressive,its performance in the pillar on Physical Capital(11th)would improve by boosting investments in Digital Infrastructure and Transport Infrastructure(24th in both

126、).The United Kingdom(9th)makes it into the top 10 in two of the four pillars:Competitiveness(7th)and Technology(9th).In the former dimension,it benefits from strong R&D(10th)and Innovation(9th)against a backdrop of solid Digital Policies(12th).As for the latter dimension,its strengths in ICT regulat

127、ion and cybersecurity may well be contributing factors in the countrys high Digital Usage(5th)and Digital Content Creation(6th).The countrys best-performing sub-pillars are,however,in the other two pillars.In the Human Capital(14th)pillar,it does particularly well when it comes to retaining(3rd)tale

128、nt,but a skills gap weighs down its Skills(18th)sub-pillar and fairly weak internal openness hampers its ability to Attract(15th)talent.In the pillar on Physical Capital(21st),the United Kingdom enjoys an impressive Digital Infrastructure(3rd),but it needs to increase investment in its Transport Inf

129、rastructure(21st)and boost Energy Infrastructure(74th).The comment made earlier about the United States also applies to the United Kingdom:the digital transformation of a large population(over 65 million)poses significant Future Readiness Economic Index 2022 19challenges,which makes the performance

130、of the country particularly remarkable.Canada(10th)has its greatest assets for future readiness in Competitiveness(8th)and Human Capital(9th).The strength of its Competitiveness is built on solid showings in all four sub-pillarsDigital Policies(13th),Market Environment(12th),R&D(9th),and Innovation(

131、13th)where cybersecurity and access to finance for start-ups are among its key strengths.As for Human Capital,Canada has an excellent ability to Attract(7th)talent,which contributes to its outstanding pool of Skills(5th).There is room to raise its ability to Retain(24th)talent,however,including by i

132、mproving its environmental performance.The country ranks 10th with respect to Technology,which is boosted by its engagement in Industry 4.0(8th),including AI and IoT,and by a high level of Digital Content Creation(13th).Canadas lowest-ranked pillar is Physical Capital(19th);this can be primarily att

133、ributed to its comparatively weak Energy Infrastructure(41st),where there is particular scope to improve energy efficiency.Future Readiness Economic Index 2022 21Regional results:Europe and Northern AmericaAs the discussion of the top 10 performers shows,the FREI rankings are dominated by countries

134、from Europe and Northern America,notwithstanding some strong performers in Asia and Pacificnotably the global leader Singapore.Among the 38European countries covered by FREI,21 are in the top quartile of the ranking.A further 13 countries are positioned in the second quartile,while 4 countries are r

135、anked in the third quartile.Northern America consists of only two countriesCanada and the United Statesboth of which feature in the top 10(Figure 4).There is always room for improvementeven for the most successful countriesbut it is striking that the best-ranked countries in Europe and Northern Amer

136、ica tend to exhibit a particular strength in Technology and Competitiveness.The United States,for instance,is a top performer in a range of areas,including provision of digital government services,commitment to cybersecurity measures,and activity in emerging technologies such as AI and IoT.Similarly

137、,the United Kingdom is one of the leaders when it comes to digital government and regulations related to digital technologies,among others.Notable performersThe top performers of Europe and Northern America(both Canada and the United States)feature in the top 10 of the FREI rankings and the interest

138、ed reader is therefore referred to the Top-10 performers section for in-depth analyses of these countries.This section considers notable performers in addition to those described in the previous section(Top 10).Germany(14th)has an advantage in software development and involvement in emerging technol

139、ogies,which is reflected in high ranks in Industry 4.0(9th)and Digital Content Creation(11th).Its performance in the related pillarTechnology(11th)would be particularly boosted if the countrys government increased its Digital Usage(for which the countrys rank is a disappointing 25th).Germany makes i

140、t into the top 10 with respect to retaining talent(10th),but its Human Capital(19th)would improve with a stronger ability to Attract(22nd)and Grow(25th)talent.Similarly,greater high-level Skills(22nd),especially digital skills,would enhance the countrys future readiness.Germanys Competitiveness(15th

141、)primarily rests on an overall regulatory climate that benefits its Digital Policies(11th)and a supportive R&D(14th)environment,but more could be done to strengthen its Market Environment(25th).Germanys weakest sub-pillar relates to Energy Infrastructure(55th)in the Physical Capital(20th)pillar,wher

142、e there is particular room to increase the share of modern renewables in its energy mix,as the countrys reliance on coal remains high.France(21st)is the global leader when it comes to retaining talent.The country also has a good ability to Grow(17th)talent,but its Human Capital(20th)would rise furth

143、er with a greater capacity to Attract(33rd)talent and with higher Skills(25th),including by addressing the skills gap and expanding digital skills.France enjoys a solid level of Competitiveness(20th),which is the result of good performances in all the applicable sub-pillars:Innovation(17th),Digital

144、Policies(19th),Market Environment(19th),and R&D(21st).It also has an encouraging level of Technology(21st),which can be partly attributed to its involvement in emerging technologies(Industry 4.0,19th),including in robotics,and the countrys prominent promotion of digital government services(Digital U

145、sage,24th).Frances weakest pillar is Physical Capital(27th),where making its Energy Infrastructure(65th)more sustainable presents the greatest challenge,but where efforts should be made to boost its Digital Infrastructure and Transport Infrastructure(both 26th)as well,including by expanding investme

146、nts in these two critical areas.22 Future Readiness Economic Index 2022Figure 4:Overall FREI performance in Europe and Northern AmericaFREI score75.8934.80NorwaySwedenFinlandIcelandRussiaSwitzerlandAustriaItalyGermanyPolandCzechRepublicEstoniaLatviaLithuaniaBelarusUkraineMoldovaSlovakiaHungaryRomani

147、aBulgariaGreeceDenmarkNetherlandsBelgiumFranceIrelandUnitedKingdomSpainPortugalAlbaniaNorth MacedoniaBosnia and HerzegovinaSerbiaCroatiaSloveniaMaltaLuxembourgFREI score75.8934.80United StatesCanada Future Readiness Economic Index 2022 23Italy(29th)makes it into the top 10 with respect to the abilit

148、y to Retain(7th)talent,which benefits from its lifestyle.However,the countrys pool of Human Capital(31st)is mainly weakened by its lower ability to Attract(53rd)talentwhere challenges include raising the tolerance of minorities and promoting leadership opportunities for women.Italys strongest pillar

149、 is Physical Capital(23rd),where its high energy efficiency contributes to the countrys good performance on Energy Infrastructure(17th).However,more could be done to strengthen its Digital Infrastructure(39th),including by increasing Internet access,international Internet bandwidth,and fixed broadba

150、nd subscriptions.Its involvement in emerging technologiesespecially roboticsboosts its rank in the sub-pillar related to Industry 4.0(22nd)and,by extension,in the Technology(28th)pillar.There is,however,a need to expand the countrys Digital Usage(35th)and Digital Content Creation(34th).The Competiti

151、veness(32nd)of Italy benefits from a solid Market Environment(26th),especially a favourable domestic competitive climate,whereas strengthening the start-up ecosystem would boost Innovation(41st).Russia(54th)features in the upper half of the FREI rankings in two of the models four pillars:Human Capit

152、al(43rd)and Technology(48th).In the former case,the country primarily enjoys a high level of Skills(31st)although there is a need to strengthen digital skillsbut it faces a challenge in improving its ability to Attract(86th)talent,both domestic and foreign.As for the Technology pillar,Russia benefit

153、s from solid levels of Digital Usage(41st)and Digital Content Creation(44th),but would also benefit from greater engagement in technologies related to Industry 4.0(62nd),including AI.The countrys Digital Infrastructure(57th)and Transport Infrastructure(64th)contribute to its Physical Capital(65th)pi

154、llar being ranked close to the global median,while its Energy Infrastructure(81st)would improve considerably with a higher share of modern renewable energy.Russias weakest performance relates to Competitiveness(72nd),where the relatively favourable R&D(52nd)climate and Market Environment(58th)are of

155、fset by lower levels of Innovation(77th)and Digital Policies(94th),including ICT regulation.Future Readiness Economic Index 2022 25Regional results:Asia and PacificAsia and Pacific is the most heterogeneous region in the Future Readiness Economic Index(FREI),with rankings ranging from 1st(Singapore)

156、to 112th(Myanmar).In total,there are 23 countries from the region included in FREI,with performances spreading across all quartiles.Five of them are positioned in the top quartile of FREI,three are in the second quartile,nine are in the third quartile,and six are in the bottom quartile(Figure 5).In

157、terms of pillar performances,it is noteworthy that the Achilles heel of many countries in Asia and Pacific is Human Capital.No fewer than seven countries post their lowest ranks in that pillar,and it is also the pillar where Asia and Pacific ranks worst against other regions.As for within-region per

158、formances,however,the greatest variation can be seen in the Technology pillar,where differences among the countries appear to be particularly pronounced with respect to Industry 4.0 and Digital Usage.Figure 5:Overall FREI performance in Asia and PacificFREI score76.2620.07SingaporeAustraliaNew Zeala

159、ndSouth KoreaJapanChinaIndonesiaMalaysiaThailandPhilippinesCambodiaViet NamLaosMyanmarBangladeshIndiaSriLankaNepalKazakhstanMongoliaKyrgyzstanPakistanIranNotable performersAustralia(11th)is the most future-ready country in the Asia and Pacific apart from Singapore.Its most impressive performance rel

160、ates to Human Capital(2nd),where it has a particular edge in attracting and growing talent(4th in both).The country also makes it into the top 10 with respect to Competitiveness(9th),which is primarily a result of its high level of R&D(5th)and excellent Digital Policies(7th),including ICT regulation

161、 and general regulatory landscape.Australia performs well in all three sub-pillars associated with the Technology 26 Future Readiness Economic Index 2022(12th)pillar(Digital Usage,12th;Digital Content Creation,14th;and Industry 4.0,14th),whereas it could do more to improve its Physical Capital(28th)

162、,especially regarding its Digital Infrastructure(50th)and Energy Infrastructure(69th),where there is scope to boost Internet bandwidth and fixed-broadband subscriptions,among others.New Zealand(15th overall)ranks 3rd regionally in FREI.Its best performance relates to Human Capital(13th),which can pr

163、imarily be attributed to its ability to Attract(8th)and Grow(5th)talent.It also makes it into the top 15 in the Technology(14th)pillar,where it particularly benefits from high Digital Content Creation(10th)and Digital Usage(11th),including in terms of government online services and e-participation.N

164、ew Zealands weakest pillars are Physical Capital(22nd)and Competitiveness(21st).In the former dimension,more could be done to improve its Energy Infrastructure(29th)and Digital Infrastructure(31st).In the latter dimension,efforts should be made to boost its Innovation(31st)ecosystem.The Republic of

165、Korea(South Korea)(18th)has a clear strength when it comes to Technology(13th),and two of its associated dimensionsIndustry 4.0(4th)and Digital Usage(8th)are also among the countrys best-performing sub-pillars.South Korea also makes it into the top 10 in its Innovation(8th)sub-pillar,but its Competi

166、tiveness(18th)pillar is hampered by its relatively weak Digital Policies(29th).In terms of Human Capital(22nd),the country enjoys a high level of Skills(11th),while there is scope to improve its ability to Attract(31st)and Grow(40th)talent.The countrys lowest-ranked pillar is Physical Capital(25th),

167、where its Energy Infrastructure(83rd)would improve with greater energy efficiency and a higher share of modern renewables in energy consumption.Japan(22nd)makes it into the top 20 in two of the four pillars:Competitiveness(16th)and Technology(17th).In the former case,it boasts a favourable Market En

168、vironment(5th)and competitive Innovation(18th)climate with high patent activity.In the latter case,it primarily benefits from high Digital Usage(4th),especially among firms,and extensive involvement in Industry 4.0(13th).Japans ability to Retain(15th)talent boosts its Human Capital(25th)pillar,but t

169、he country could take steps to improve ways in which to Attract(35th)talent,including by increasing its appeal to international students and addressing gender gaps.As for Physical Capital(30th),the countrys strong Transport Infrastructure(14th)is offset by weaker Digital Infrastructure(45th)and Ener

170、gy Infrastructure(73rd),where challenges include making mobile-broadband usage plans more affordable,boosting IT spending,and increasing the share of modern renewables in energy consumption.China(38th)is the best-performing non-high-income country in FREI.Above all,China has a particular strength in

171、 Competitiveness(33rd),which can be attributed primarily to its strong Innovation(11th)ecosystem and conducive Market Environment(28th),including good access to finance.The country enjoys solid performances in the other three pillars:Physical Capital(41st),Human Capital(41st),and Technology(42nd).Wi

172、th respect to Physical Capital,it is mainly boosted by Transport Infrastructure(32nd)and Digital Infrastructure(38th).As for Human Capital,China has a strong pool of Skills(23rd),but there is considerable scope to strengthen the input dimensions that support the production and acquisition of talent.

173、In particular,there is a need to boost its ability to Attract(64th)and Retain(63rd)talent,including by greater openness towards both foreign and domestic talent.In the case of Technology,the country primarily benefits from its active engagement in Industry 4.0(27th)and high Digital Usage(30th)among

174、its population.Indonesia(76th)features in the upper half of the FREI rankings in the pillar related to Physical Capital(50th),where Transport Infrastructure(46th)supported by solid infrastructure investmentand Digital Infrastructure(59th)partly due to good affordability of fixed and mobile broadband

175、are the countrys two highest-ranked sub-pillars.Indonesia also performs comparatively well in the R&D(62nd)sub-pillar,but its Competitiveness(73rd)is hampered by weaker Innovation(74th),Digital Policies(75th),and Market Environment(80th),where challenges include boosting the start-up scene and stren

176、gthening ICT regulation.Its relative strength in Technology(83rd)is its active participation in Industry 4.0(63rd)including in fields related to IoT and AIwhereas it has a lower level of Digital Usage(83rd),especially among firms,and Digital Content Creation(89th).The countrys weakest performance re

177、lates to Human Capital(90th),where it faces multiple Future Readiness Economic Index 2022 27challenges to increase the ability to Grow and Retain(93rd in both)talent and to boost high-level Skills(93rd),including advanced digital skills.India(89th)makes it into the upper half of the rankings when it

178、 comes to Competitiveness(61st).More than anything else,it performs well with respect to Innovation(29th),including finance for innovation;and Digital Policies(57th),including strong cybersecurity.India is also positioned in the upper half in the sub-pillar related to Industry 4.0(49th)in no small p

179、art because of its activity in and contribution to AIbut its showing in Technology(90th)is hampered by weaker Digital Usage(90th)and Digital Content Creation(98th).India ranks slightly higher in the Physical Capital(83rd)pillar,where the quality of its Transport Infrastructure(68th)and its extensive

180、 mobile network coverage in Digital Infrastructure(79th)are among the encouraging highlights.The countrys weakest performance relates to Human Capital(103rd),where a low level of Skills(107th)and poor ability to Attract(121st)talent could be boosted by addressing gender inequality,tolerance of minor

181、ities,and skills gaps,among others.Future Readiness Economic Index 2022 29Regional results:Latin America and the CaribbeanLatin America and the Caribbean is the region(Northern America apart)with the lowest variance in the Future Readiness Economic Index(FREI).In total,there are 18 countries from th

182、e region included in FREI and they are represented in all quartiles but for the top,with overall rankings ranging from a high of 37th(Chile)to a low of 100th(Honduras).Six of the countries are positioned in the second quartile,ten are in the third quartile,and two are in the bottom quartile(Figure 6

183、).In general,the strongest future readiness dimensions in Latin America and the Caribbean are Human Capital and Technology:these are the highest-ranked pillars for eight of the countries in the region.By contrast,several countries have a relative weakness with respect to Digital Policies and the gen

184、eral regulatory landscape,which has a negative impact on their Competitiveness.Notable performersChile(37th)is the most future-ready country in Latin America and the Caribbean.Its greatest asset is its Human Capital(30th),where its ability to Attract(27th),Grow(29th),and Retain(41st)talent results i

185、n solid Skills(34th),including advanced digital skills.The country does well with respect to Innovation(30th),especially entrepreneurial activity,but its Competitiveness(38th)would benefit from greater R&D(57th).Chiles weakest pillars are Physical Capital(46th)and Technology(47th).Strong Digital Inf

186、rastructure(28th)backed by solid investmentsis cancelled out by weaker Energy Infrastructure(66th)in the former dimension,while there is considerable scope to raise performances in all three sub-pillars of the latter dimension(Digital Usage,40th;Digital Content Creation,50th;and Industry 4.0,47th).U

187、ruguay(45th)is not far from the top quartile when it comes to its strongest pillar:Human Capital(35th).Above all,it has an impressive ability to Attract(11th)talent,which stems from its high degree of internal openness towards minority groups and immigrants.However,its favourable conditions for gene

188、rating talent do not fully translate to a strong pool of Skills(69th).Uruguay makes it into the top 10 in Energy Infrastructure(10th)supported by good energy efficiencybut the countrys Physical Capital(51st)is hampered by weaker Digital Infrastructure(68th)and Transport Infrastructure(70th),where ch

189、allenges include boosting investment and improving the quality of its physical infrastructure.In the Technology(43rd)pillar,its key strengths are its levels of Digital Usage(39th),especially among national authorities,and its Digital Content Creation(41st).Uruguays lowest-ranked pillar is Competitiv

190、eness(63rd),where strengthening R&D(111th)is the main concern.Costa Rica(52nd)makes it into the top 3 in the region of Latin America and the Caribbean.Its best-ranked sub-pillar relates to attracting(28th)talent,which contributes to its key asset in future readiness:Human Capital(44th).More could be

191、 done,though,to raise the Skills(58th)of the population,including by expanding tertiary education.The countrys level of Competitiveness(46th)benefits from its solid institutions and Digital Policies(47th),including good ICT regulation.The weakest pillars of Costa Rica are Physical Capital and Techno

192、logy(60th in both).In the former dimension,a solid Energy Infrastructure(35th)is offset by weaker Transport Infrastructure(85th),where there is a need to raise investment.In the latter dimension,the government should raise its Digital Usage(59th)and more efforts should be made to increase the countr

193、ys activity in emerging technologies(77th in Industry 4.0).30 Future Readiness Economic Index 2022Figure 6:Overall FREI performance in Latin America and the CaribbeanFREI score50.2524.93ChileArgentinaUruguayParaguayBrazilBoliviaPeruEcuadorColombiaTrinidadand TobagoDominicanRepublicJamaicaPanamaCosta

194、RicaHondurasEl SalvadorGuatemalaMexicoArgentina(58th)makes it into the upper half of rankings in the pillars related to Technology(51st)and Human Capital(53rd).In the former case,it performs well in all three sub-pillarsDigital Usage(45th),Digital Content Creation(52nd),and Industry 4.0(50th)where i

195、ts widespread use of digital government is particularly noteworthy.In the latter case,it has a particular advantage when it comes to attracting(42nd)and retaining(45th)talent,but more efforts should be put on expanding high-level Skills(72nd).The pillar related to Physical Capital(69th)primarily ben

196、efits from solid levels of Digital Infrastructure(63rd)and Energy Infrastructure(54th),but these Future Readiness Economic Index 2022 31are offset by weaker Transport Infrastructure(83rd),which would mainly improve with greater infrastructure investment and air connectivity.As for Competitiveness(70

197、th),Argentinas best performances are in R&D and Innovation(51st for both),whereas its Market Environment(68th)is hampered by low market sophistication and its Digital Policies(96th)are dragged down by weak ICT regulation and cybersecurity,among others.Brazil(59th)features in the upper half of the FR

198、EI rankings in two pillars:Technology(56th)and Competitiveness(58th).In the case of Technology,it benefits above all from its contribution to Industry 4.0(48th),including AI software development,and its high Digital Usage(51st),especially when it comes to the digitalisation of government services.As

199、 for Competitiveness,Brazil primarily enjoys a solid Market Environment(47th)and conducive Digital Policies(56th).Its high share of modern renewables in energy consumption has a positive impact on the countrys Energy Infrastructure(40th),but its Digital Infrastructure(69th)including its relatively l

200、ow Internet access and international Internet bandwidthand its Transport Infrastructure(74th)hamper its showing in Physical Capital(66th).In contrast to most other countries in the region,Brazils weakest pillar is Human Capital(67th),which can primarily be attributed to its disappointing level of Sk

201、ills(94th),where its skills gap is of particular concern.Mexico(62nd)is the last country to find itself in the upper half of the FREI rankings.This is primarily a result of its performance in the Human Capital(55th)pillar,where it does particularly well in the input dimensions that support the produ

202、ction and acquisition of talent(Attract,43rd;Grow,58th;and Retain,46th).Mexico enjoys a solid level of Innovation(40th)that is supported by its Market Environment(64th)and Digital Policies(69th).However,there is a need to lift R&D(82nd),including by raising R&D expenditure,to strengthen the countrys

203、 Competitiveness(66th).In the Technology(68th)pillar,Mexicos more notable showings include the role of government in Digital Usage(65th)and its level of activity in robotics and IoT in Industry 4.0(56th).Mexicos lowest-ranked pillar is Physical Capital(70th),where expanding Internet access and inter

204、national Internet bandwidth would raise Digital Infrastructure(66th)and a more efficient energy consumption would boost the performance in Energy Infrastructure(90th).Future Readiness Economic Index 2022 33Regional results:The Middle East and North AfricaThe Middle East and North Africa is,on averag

205、e,the region with the third-best future readiness(behind Europe and Northern America).In total,18 countries from the region are included in the Future Readiness Economic Index(FREI),with at least one country in each of the four quartiles.The highest-ranked country is Israel(20th),while the lowest-ra

206、nked is Algeria(94th).Three Middle Eastern countries are in the top quartile and eight are in the second quartile.Six countries from the whole region are positioned in the third quartile,while one is placed in the bottom quartile(Figure 7).Bearing in mind the considerable variation of future readine

207、ss in the Middle East and North Africa,one distinguishing feature of the region as a whole is that there is a tendency to perform better in what could be referred to as the input dimensions of digital transformation than in the output dimensions.That is,several countries have comparative strengths i

208、n issues related to the access and use of digital technologies(such as Digital Infrastructure,Digital Usage,and Digital Policies)as opposed to the impact of digital transformation on the generation and production of goods and services(e.g.,Digital Content Creation and Industry 4.0).Figure 7:Overall

209、FREI performance in the Middle East and North AfricaFREI score61.9829.28MoroccoAlgeriaTunisiaEgyptIsraelSaudi ArabiaUnited ArabEmiratesOmanQatarBahrainKuwaitJordanLebanonCyprusTurkeyAzerbaijanArmeniaGeorgiaNotable performersIsrael(20th)is the most future-ready country in the Middle East and North Af

210、rica.Its key asset is its Competitiveness(12th)and,above all,its world-class R&D and Innovation ecosystem(3rd in both),which is in line with its reputation as the start-up nation.The countrys strength in technological innovation is reflected in its high level of activity in Digital Content Creation(

211、23rd)and Industry 4.0(15th),including in developing ICT patents and in 34 Future Readiness Economic Index 2022AI research and software development.However,there is scope to increase Digital Usage(38th)by expanding government online services,among otherswhich would boost its Technology(20th)pillar.Is

212、rael has an impressive level of Skills(9th),although Human Capital(21st)would be even higher with a better ability to Attract(44th)talent by means of higher tolerance towards minorities and immigrants.The countrys greatest challenge relates to building Physical Capital(37th),where higher investments

213、 are needed to lift Digital Infrastructure and Transport Infrastructure(40th in both).The United Arab Emirates(UAE)(27th)makes it into the top 10 in one of the four FREI pillars:Physical Capital(6th).Its most impressive performances relate to Digital Infrastructure(8th)and Transport Infrastructure(2

214、nd),which is partly due to its widespread Internet access and large infrastructure investments.Its excellent digital infrastructure is undoubtedly a factor in the country ranking 2nd in the Digital Usage sub-pillar.However,its associated pillarTechnology(33rd)would rise with an increase in Digital C

215、ontent Creation(51st)and Industry 4.0(38th),by encouraging greater research and innovative activity in emerging digital technologies,among others.The UAEs level of Human Capital(26th)benefits primarily from its excellent ability to Attract(6th)talent and its comparatively strong pool of Skills(15th)

216、.The countrys Competitiveness(34th)pillar is supported by favourable Digital Policies(24th)and a conducive Market Environment(23rd),but it would strengthen with greater R&D(55th)and higher Innovation(43rd),including an uptick in patent activity.Cyprus(28th)makes it into the top quartile in all four

217、pillars of FREI,which contributes to it being the third-most future-ready country in the region.Its best-performing pillar is Competitiveness(28th),which is boosted by Innovation(16th),especially entrepreneurial activity,while there is scope to improve its Digital Policies(36th)and strengthen its Ma

218、rket Environment(40th).The countrys level of Human Capital(29th)is primarily due to its solid showings in Attract(26th)and Grow(28th).Cyprus ranks 30th with respect to Technology,which benefits from encouraging showings in all three sub-pillars(Digital Usage,26th;Digital Content Creation,30th;and In

219、dustry 4.0,29th).Although its two highest-ranked sub-pillars are Digital Infrastructure(18th)and Energy Infrastructure(23rd),the countrys lowest-ranked pillar is Physical Capital(31st)because of its Transport Infrastructure(41st),where improving rural access should be a priority.Saudi Arabia(44th)ha

220、s a particular strength in Competitiveness(30th),which is the only pillar where it ranks in the top quartile.Above all,it has an impressive Market Environment(8th),which stands in contrast to the countrys weaker Innovation(68th)and start-up ecosystem.It also has strong ICT regulation and cybersecuri

221、ty,but its Digital Policies(42nd)are hampered by its overall regulatory environment.Saudi Arabia has a relatively high pool of Skills(10th),but its Human Capital(42nd)would be boosted by a stronger ability to Attract(77th)and Retain(81st)talent,especially in areas where gaps remain.In terms of Techn

222、ology(53rd),it is actively engaged in Industry 4.0(39th)where its embrace of IoT stands outand enjoys high Digital Usage(42nd)among its individuals in particular,whereas there is room to promote greater Digital Content Creation(69th).A low share of modern renewables in energy consumption drags down

223、its Energy Infrastructure(91st),but its Physical Capital(57th)pillar is boosted by an excellent Digital Infrastructure(19th)that is underpinned by strong affordable access to the Internet.Turkey(47th)has a key asset in its Physical Capital(40th).Above all,it benefits from a strong Digital Infrastruc

224、ture(29th)the countrys only sub-pillar ranked in the top quartilewhere there is good Internet access that is affordable and a high degree of investment.Turkey also performs well in Energy Infrastructure(37th)and Transport Infrastructure(39th),which are its second-and third-best sub-pillars,respectiv

225、ely.Its Market Environment(41st)is driven by the urban,productive workforce,while its Competitiveness(48th)also benefits from strong aspects of the countrys R&D(56th),Innovation(55),and Digital Policies(52nd)especially when it comes to ICT regulation and cybersecurity.As for Technology(55th),the cou

226、ntry finds itself in the second quartile in all three sub-pillars:Industry 4.0(42nd),Digital Usage(54th),and Digital Content Creation(55th).The only pillar where Turkey is in the bottom half of the rankings is Human Capital(69th),where its ability to Grow(44th)talent is offset by weaker performances

227、 in the sub-pillars related to Retain(59th),Skills(67th),and,above all,Future Readiness Economic Index 2022 35Attract(123rd),where there is a need to increase the ability to attract both domestic and overseas talent.Egypt(75th)makes it into the upper half of the rankings in one pillarPhysical Capita

228、l(59th)where it has particularly strong showings in Digital Infrastructure(58th)and Transport Infrastructure(60th).It also performs relatively well in the pillar related to Competitiveness(64th),which can be attributed chiefly to the levels of R&D(47th),Innovation(66th),and Digital Policies(68th)in

229、the country,although there is scope to strengthen its overall regulatory environment.As for its Market Environment(83rd),there is primarily a need to improve market sophistication through greater access to credit and a better-developed financial market.Egypts two weakest pillars are Technology(82nd)

230、and Human Capital(89th).In the former case,its engagement in technologies related to Industry 4.0(65th)including AI and IoTare offset by lower levels of Digital Usage(84th)and Digital Content Creation(83rd).As for the latter pillar,Egypts relative strength in Skills(44th)stands in stark contrast to

231、its ability to Attract(116th),Grow(96th),and Retain(89th)talent,which are the countrys three weakest sub-pillars.Future Readiness Economic Index 2022 37Regional results:Sub-Saharan AfricaSub-Saharan Africa is,on average,the least future-ready region in the world.In total,there are 25 countries from

232、the region included in the Future Readiness Economic Index(FREI),but only one of them makes it into the upper half of the rankings(Mauritius,49th).Two Sub-Saharan Africa countries are in the third quartile(South Africa and Botswana),while the remaining 22 are placed in the bottom quartile(Figure 8).

233、In general,Sub-Saharan Africa performs better in the Human Capital pillar than in the other FREI dimensions,especially when it comes to attracting talent.Indeed,Attract is the highest-ranked sub-pillar in eight countries in the region.By contrast,the results suggest that digital transformation is on

234、e of the greatest challenges facing Sub-Saharan Africa.It lags behind other regions when it comes to technological innovations,including emerging technologies that are part of Industry 4.0,but its most immediate concern is arguably to improve the frequently poor state of its Digital Infrastructure.F

235、igure 8:Overall FREI performance in Sub-Saharan AfricaFREI score44.0110.06South AfricaMadagascarBotswanaZimbabweMozambiqueMalawiZambiaAngolaTanzaniaKenyaRwandaUgandaEthiopiaMauritiusCameroonNigeriaNigerBeninTogoGhanaBurkinaFasoCtedIvoireMaliGuineaSenegalNotable performersMauritius(49th)is the most f

236、uture-ready country in Sub-Saharan Africa and the only one in the region that makes it into the upper half of the FREI rankings.Its strongest pillar is Physical Capital(43rd),where high investments contribute 38 Future Readiness Economic Index 2022to its strong Transport Infrastructure(19th).It is p

237、ositioned just outside the top quartile in the Attract(32nd)sub-pillar,but further efforts are needed to translate its relative strengths in producing and acquiring Human Capital(52nd)into talent output in the form of Skills(81st).In the Technology(59th)pillar,its development of mobile apps contribu

238、tes to the countrys Digital Content Creation(48th),whereas there is potential to substantially increase the number of Internet users and further develop digital government services,which would improve Digital Usage(66th).Mauritius has a high level of cybersecurity,which has a positive impact on Digi

239、tal Policies(32nd),although its ICT regulation could be strengthened.Its associated pillarCompetitiveness(62nd)is,however,primarily hampered by the countrys two weakest sub-pillars:Market Environment(87th)and R&D(90th).South Africa(66th)makes into the upper half of the rankings in one of the FREI pi

240、llars:Competitiveness(39th).Above all,the country enjoys a favourable Market Environment(24th)with impressive market capitalisationand high levels of R&D(34th)and Innovation(39th).In Technology(70th),it has a relative strength in its engagement in emerging technologies(Industry 4.0,54th),whereas gre

241、ater Digital Usage(71st)with a higher share of Internet users and an expansion of online shopping,among othersand more Digital Content Creation(74th)would boost its showing in this pillar.South Africas weakest pillars are Physical Capital(80th)and Human Capital(86th).Priorities in the former dimensi

242、on include expanding access to electricity and improving energy efficiency for a better Energy Infrastructure(104th),as well as making mobile broadband more affordable to strengthen Digital Infrastructure(77th).As for the latter dimension,the country is in the upper half of the rankings with respect

243、 to attracting(56th)talent,but this is offset by a lower ability to Retain(84th)talent(where personal safety is a concern)and weak Skills(92nd),which has a negative impact on a wide skills gap.Botswana(86th)has two key assets in its Human Capital(73rd)and Competitiveness(65th)pillars.In the case of

244、talent,the country has a good ability to Attract(45th)international and domestic human capital,but providing enough education and job opportunities for youth to realise their potential is a challenge(89th in Grow).As for Competitiveness,it performs particularly well in Innovation(38th),especially in

245、 terms of entrepreneurial activity,but there is a need to strengthen its Market Environment(82nd)and R&D(86th)capabilities.In contrast to these two dimensions,Botswana is considerably weaker in the other two pillars:Physical Capital(92nd)and Technology(93rd).In the former pillar,low Internet access

246、and fixed-broadband subscriptions contribute to a deficient Digital Infrastructure(88th),and a lack of access to electricity hampers Energy Infrastructure(107th).In the Technology pillar,there is primarily a need to expand Digital Usage(98th)at all levels of the society:among individuals,among firms

247、,and at the governmental level.Kenya(95th)finds itself in the third quartile in one pillarHuman Capital(91st)which can primarily be attributed to its relative strengths in attracting talent and in its pool of high-level Skills(ranking 60th in both).It also has a good ability to Grow(83rd)talent,wher

248、eas its main challenge is to Retain(113th)talent.Kenya ranks 96th in the two pillars related to Technology and Competitiveness.The former pillar is boosted by the countrys engagement in Industry 4.0(59th)technologies,especially AI software development,whereas there is particular scope to increase Di

249、gital Usage(94th)notwithstanding the successes of mobile money and digital government initiativesand Digital Content Creation(105th).The latter pillar primarily benefits from good Digital Policies(76th),especially ICT regulation,while there is a clear need to improve the Market Environment(113th),in

250、cluding though increasing access to finance and boosting productivity.Kenyas lowest-ranked pillar is Physical Capital(102nd),where there is considerable room for improvement in all three sub-pillars:Digital Infrastructure(99th),Transport Infrastructure(92nd),and Energy Infrastructure(106th).Ghana(96

251、th)is the most future-ready country in the western part of Sub-Saharan Africa.Its greatest asset is its Competitiveness(86th),which is boosted mainly by its Digital Policies(62nd),especially as they relate to ICT regulation and cybersecurity.The country also performs particularly well when it comes

252、to its ability to Attract(52nd)talent,but the development of its Human Capital(100th)is hindered by a weaker capacity to Grow(110th)and Retain(109th)Future Readiness Economic Index 2022 39talent.As for Technology(97th),Ghanas role in AI software development contributes to its involvement in emerging

253、 technologies(Industry 4.0,81st),whereas the country would primarily benefit from increased Digital Usage(96th)especially in the private sectorand from greater encouragement of Digital Content Creation(109th).The greatest challenge facing Ghana,however,relates to its Physical Capital(103rd),where th

254、ere is a need to increase access to and investment in Digital Infrastructure(103rd),Transport Infrastructure(99th),and Energy Infrastructure(96th).Rwanda(99th)finds itself in the bottom quartile in all four pillars but makes it into the upper half of the rankings in two sub-pillars.Its best-performi

255、ng sub-pillar is Energy Infrastructure(48th),but the associated pillarPhysical Capital(94th)is weighed down primarily by its weak Digital Infrastructure(105th),where Internet access and affordability are especially poor.The other sub-pillar where Rwanda features in the upper half is Digital Policies

256、(51st),where ICT regulation and cybersecurity legislation are particularly encouraging and have a positive impact on the countrys Competitiveness(97th).This regulatory landscape stands in stark contrast to the sub-pillar related to the Market Environment(119th),where challenges include improving acc

257、ess to finance and taking steps to promote an urban,productive workforce.As for Technology(104th),Rwanda demonstrates a strength in digital government services,but there is a need to raise Digital Usage(100th)among individuals and firms,which would likely contribute to greater Digital Content Creati

258、on(112th)and engagement in Industry 4.0(96th)technologies.The countrys weakest pillar is Human Capital(114th),where there is marked scope to improve Skills(111th)and raise the ability to Grow(119th)talent.Senegal(101st)has its best performance in the pillar related to Human Capital(95th).Although th

259、e country faces a noticeable challenge to its ability to Grow(111th)talent,the other three dimensions are among its highest-ranked sub-pillars:Attract(66th),Retain(94th),and Skills(95th).Senegal also has a relative strength with respect to Digital Policies(80th),where it benefits from good ICT regul

260、ation and an encouraging regulatory environment.However,the associated pillarCompetitiveness(98th)would gain from greater R&D(104th)and Innovation(105th).The countrys greatest challenges are in the pillars Technology(105th)and Physical Capital(109th).In the former case,the spread of mobile phones pr

261、esents an opportunity to expand Digital Usage(107th).In the latter pillar,solid energy efficiency boosts its Energy Infrastructure(102nd)and comparatively high software investment contributes to its Digital Infrastructure(104th),but the overall pillar performance is primarily hampered by the poor Tr

262、ansport Infrastructure(114th),Senegals weakest sub-pillar.Nigeria(106th)makes it into the third quartile when it comes to Competitiveness(90th).Above all,it has comparatively strong showings in Innovation(78th),R&D(85th),and Digital Policies(88th),which can be partly attributed to the countrys entre

263、preneurial activity and ICT regulation.The pool of high-level Skills(65th)and the ability to Attract(79th)make positive contributions to its Human Capital(101st),but these are offset by a weaker ability to Grow(102nd)and Retain(119th)talent.In terms of Technology(108th),Nigeria has an advantage prim

264、arily in its engagement in Industry 4.0(84th),including AI and IoT,but there is considerable scope to expand Digital Usage(110th)and Digital Content Creation(111th).The countrys lowest-ranked pillar is Physical Capital(113th),where the affordability of mobile devices is one of the main positives of

265、the countrys otherwise weak Digital Infrastructure(111th)and where two of the main challenges to improving its Energy Infrastructure(121st)are to expand access to electricity and address the frequency of electrical outages.Future Readiness Economic Index 2022 41ConclusionsBy quantifying the Digital

266、Sprinters framework,this report is a first attempt to assess the future readiness of national economies around the world.It aims to provide them with actionable insights about how to leverage their strengths and address their weaknesses to position themselves for the future in the best way possible.

267、One of the key messages arising from the report is that future readiness is highly dependent on the pace and breadth of digital transformation.Above all,the analyses and data contained in the report highlight the importance of digital transformation for future readiness,emphasising that getting digi

268、tal policies and actions right is one of the key challenges facing all types of economies.Indeed,the report convincingly demonstrates that digital infrastructure,digital technologies,and digital policies are among the dimensions of future readiness that not only exhibit the highest potential to help

269、 growth and competitiveness but that also display the greatest variation around the world.Addressing the digital divides is crucial,and it is a requirement for a sustainable global post-pandemic recovery.The dominance of high-income countries in the rankings of the Future Readiness Economic Index(FR

270、EI)is one manifestation of the gaps that remain among countries.It is hardly a surprise that the worlds three most future-ready countriesSingapore,Denmark,and Switzerlandare all high-income countries,but the dominance of richer economies extends well beyond that:every single country in the top quart

271、ile belongs to the group of high-income countries.In fact,the highest-ranked country from another income groupChinais not found until the 38th position.This conclusion alone amply justifies granting priority attention to the ways in which emerging economies(where two-thirds of the world population l

272、ive)can enhance their future readiness.The strength of high-income countries notwithstanding,it is an inescapable fact that future readiness is a continual work in progress.Encouraging signs abound of countries being proactive in building strengths and improving weaknesses,as the current economic re

273、covery is largely digitally driven.Thus,for instance,it is promising that the United States has made great strides towards boosting its physical capital with its recently approved infrastructure bill.Similar trends are now apparent in emerging countries,as exemplified by Digital India.These trends n

274、eed to be pursued,amplified,and replicated globally.Poorer economies,however,remain handicapped by insufficient levels of talent and education in areas that will be crucial to their future.Another important conclusion stemming from this first global FREI report is that there is no cookie-cutter appr

275、oach to future readiness.Each national economy should remain responsible for its own ability to design and pursue its own strategies.Such strategies should themselves be based on a careful consideration of local advantages and constraints,and must adequately account for local cultures,history,and as

276、pirations.All this suggests that countries should set themselves a future readiness challenge and that digital transformation tailored to their specific circumstances should be at the heart of their individual solutions.Aligning such approaches with efforts made to address global challenges(climate

277、change,health resilience,inequalities,for example)will help national economies to garner local and global support around them.Whatever their respective sizes,individual national economies alone cannot generate the full benefits of being more future ready.Global cooperation and multi-stakeholder appr

278、oaches are key to enhancing collective and individual future readiness.Metrics(such as those contained 42 Future Readiness Economic Index 2022in this report)have the power to help each economy monitor its own efforts and compare its performance to that of other economies.Altogether,however,a broader

279、 approach to the merits of international cooperation(as opposed to protectionist and nationalistic rhetoric)is now urgently required.At both the international and local levels,multi-stakeholder approaches(involving public and private entities as well as civil society)should be encouraged as a way to

280、 create a sustainable momentum of cooperation.Further insights and information can be gathered through the online tool accompanyingthisreport,which can be found at https:/ Future Readiness Economic Index 2022 43Section II:Country profiles Future Readiness Economic Index 2022 45How to read the countr

281、y profilesThe country profiles provide more granular information on how each of the 124 countries performs in the various dimensions of the Future Readiness Economic Index(FREI).Each country profile consists of two pages.The first page presents a countrys key indicators and a visual overview of its

282、FREI performance in the pillars and sub-pillars.The second page presents granular information on a countrys performance across all pillars,sub-pillars,and indicators.48 Future Readiness Economic Index 2022COMPETITIVENESSPHYSICAL CAPITALHUMAN CAPITALTECHNOLOGY0102030405060708090100 Albania Upper-midd

283、le-income average Digital Policies:49 Market Environment:28 R&D:1 Innovation:420 Digital Usage:60 Digital Content Creation:34 Industry 4.0:533 Attract:49 Grow:34 Retain:59 Skills:3544 Digital Infrastructure:69 Transport Infrastructure:34 Energy Infrastructure:6656AlbaniaKey IndicatorsRank(out of 124

284、).67Income group.Upper-middle incomeRegional group.EuropePopulation(millions).2.84GDP per capita(PPP US$).14,224.07GDP(US$billions).14.80FREI score.38.51FREI score(income group average).39.69FREI 2022 scores by pillar and sub-pillar(0100)23The first page of each country profile consists of three par

285、ts:1 Key indicators,2 Radar chart,and3 Bar charts.1 Each country profile begins with a summary of key indicators.More specifically,a countrys FREI rank(out of 124 countries)and its overall FREI score are highlighted,and basic country statistics such as population,GDP per capita,and GDP(from the Worl

286、d Banks World Development Indicators)are provided.The key indicators also include information on the countrys income group and regional group,and the average FREI score of the associated income group.*2 The visualisation on the first page has a radar chart in its centre,which depicts the particular

287、countrys performance along the four FREI pillars and its position with respect to its income group peers.The blue line plots the countrys score on each of the four pillars,while the grey line represents the average scores for its corresponding income group.3 The outer part of the visualisation on th

288、e first page shows a countrys score in each of the four pillars and their associated sub-pillars.Pillar names and scores are presented in the outside rim,while sub-pillar names and scores are placed along the inside rim and also depicted with progress bar charts.The results on the second page detail

289、 a countrys normalised scores and ranks across all pillars,sub-pillars,and variables.The pillars are identified by a bold single digit notation(e.g.,1 PHYSICAL CAPITAL),the sub-pillars by a two-digit notation(e.g.,1.2 Transport Infrastructure),and the 73 indicators by a three-digit notation(e.g.,1.2

290、.3 Air connectivity).For more information about the method of calculation and variable definitions,please refer to the Methodology of the Future Readiness Economic Index and the Sources and definitions,respectively,in Section III.*The income group is based on the World Banks Income Group Classificat

291、ion as of July 2021,whereas the regional affiliation is based on the United Nations sub-regional groups.1 Future Readiness Economic Index 2022 47Index of countriesAlbania.48Algeria.50Angola.52Argentina.54Armenia.56Australia.58Austria.60Azerbaijan.62Bahrain.64Bangladesh.66Belarus.68Belgium.70Benin.72

292、Bolivia,Plurinational St.74Bosnia and Herzegovina.76Botswana.78Brazil.80Bulgaria.82Burkina Faso.84Cambodia.86Cameroon.88Canada.90Chile.92China.94Colombia.96Costa Rica.98Cte dIvoire.100Croatia.102Cyprus.104Czech Republic.106Denmark.108Dominican Republic.110Ecuador.112Egypt.114El Salvador.116Estonia.1

293、18Ethiopia.120Finland.122France.124Georgia.126Germany.128Ghana.130Greece.132Guatemala.134Guinea.136Honduras.138Hungary.140Iceland.142India.144Indonesia.146Iran,Islamic Rep.148Ireland.150Israel.152Italy.154Jamaica.156Japan.158Jordan.160Kazakhstan.162Kenya.164Korea,Rep.166Kuwait.168Kyrgyzstan.170Lao P

294、DR.172Latvia.174Lebanon.176Lithuania.178Luxembourg.180Madagascar.182Malawi.184Malaysia.186Mali.188Malta.190Mauritius.192Mexico.194Moldova,Rep.196Mongolia.198Morocco.200Mozambique.202Myanmar.204Nepal.206Netherlands.208New Zealand.210Niger.212Nigeria.214North Macedonia.216Norway.218Oman.220Pakistan.22

295、2Panama.224Paraguay.226Peru.228Philippines.230Poland.232Portugal.234Qatar.236Romania.238Russian Federation.240Rwanda.242Saudi Arabia.244Senegal.246Serbia.248Singapore.250Slovakia.252Slovenia.254South Africa.256Spain.258Sri Lanka.260Sweden.262Switzerland.264Tanzania,United Rep.266Thailand.268Togo.270

296、Trinidad and Tobago.272Tunisia.274Turkey.276Uganda.278Ukraine.280United Arab Emirates.282United Kingdom.284United States of America.286Uruguay.288Viet Nam.290Zambia.292Zimbabwe.29448 Future Readiness Economic Index 2022COMPETITIVENESSPHYSICAL CAPITALHUMAN CAPITALTECHNOLOGY0102030405060708090100 Alba

297、nia Upper-middle-income average Digital Policies:49 Market Environment:28 R&D:1 Innovation:420 Digital Usage:60 Digital Content Creation:34 Industry 4.0:533 Attract:49 Grow:34 Retain:59 Skills:3544 Digital Infrastructure:69 Transport Infrastructure:34 Energy Infrastructure:6656AlbaniaKey IndicatorsR

298、ank(out of 124).67Income group.Upper-middle incomeRegional group.EuropePopulation(millions).2.84GDP per capita(PPP US$).14,224.07GDP(US$billions).14.80FREI score.38.51FREI score(income group average).39.69FREI 2022 scores by pillar and sub-pillar(0100)Future Readiness Economic Index 2022 49 Score Ra

299、nk1 PHYSICAL CAPITAL.56.37 521.1 Digital Infrastructure.69.14 611.1.1 Internet access.83.16 491.1.2 International Internet bandwidth.47.65 471.1.3 Fixed-broadband subscriptions.67.35 721.1.4 4G-mobile network coverage.98.38 491.1.5 Fixed broadband affordability.97.47 411.1.6 Mobile broadband afforda

300、bility.81.02 601.1.7 Computer software spending.8.96 841.2 Transport Infrastructure.34.45 591.2.1 Quality of infrastructure.25.98 1011.2.2 Rural access.84.73 371.2.3 Air connectivity.6.78 641.2.4 Infrastructure investment.1.3 Energy Infrastructure.65.51 191.3.1 Access to electricity.100.00 11.3.2 El

301、ectricity consumption.1.3.3 Electrical outages.78.98 581.3.4 Energy intensity.90.10 151.3.5 Modern renewable energy.2 HUMAN CAPITAL.44.23 612.1 Attract.48.78 502.1.1 Brain gain.38.78 832.1.2 International students.4.53 782.1.3 Tolerance of minorities.61.70 372.1.4 Tolerance of immigrants.40.00 952.1

302、.5 Gender parity in high-skilled jobs.80.73 482.1.6 FDI and technology transfer.66.94 282.2 Grow.34.34 712.2.1 Tertiary enrolment.38.58 552.2.2 Reading,maths,and science.34.98 532.2.3 Use of virtual professional networks.20.58 512.2.4 Formal and non-formal studies.12.27 472.2.5 Youth inclusion.65.30

303、 782.3 Retain.58.76 552.3.1 Pension coverage.76.53 592.3.2 Environmental performance.41.64 582.3.3 Physician density.20.20 742.3.4 Sanitation.97.54 462.3.5 Personal safety.57.91 542.4 Skills.35.04 592.4.1 Workforce with tertiary education.48.13 262.4.2 High-skilled workforce.25.50 822.4.3 Researcher

304、s.n/a n/a2.4.4 Ease of finding skilled employees.51.53 682.4.5 Digital skills.14.99 58 Score Rank3 TECHNOLOGY.33.00 613.1 Digital Usage.60.25 573.1.1 Internet users.70.86 693.1.2 Active mobile-broadband subscriptions.29.74 833.1.3 Gender parity in Internet usage.94.29 463.1.4 Firms with website.56.3

305、3 533.1.5 Internet shopping.8.51 753.1.6 Government online services.80.30 313.1.7 E-Participation.81.68 363.2 Digital Content Creation.33.93 563.2.1 GitHub commits.3.29 663.2.2 Wikipedia edits.57.44 523.2.3 Internet domain registrations.3.2.4 Mobile apps development.70.57 643.3 Industry 4.0.4.84 783

306、.3.1 Robot density.n/a n/a3.3.2 AI software development.2.75 963.3.3 AI research.2.18 793.3.4 ICT patent applications.n/a n/a3.3.5 Smart home devices.4 COMPETITIVENESS.20.44 1014.1 Digital Policies.48.73 714.1.1 ICT regulation.84.13 444.1.2 Cybersecurity.63.52 864.1.3 Rule of law.27.33 794.1.4 Regul

307、atory quality.46.28 584.1.5 Corruption.22.39 804.2 Market Environment.27.59 904.2.1 Extent of market dominance.21.07 1124.2.2 Labour productivity.21.50 674.2.3 Urbanisation.52.52 704.2.4 Domestic credit to private sector.15.25 784.2.5 Market capitalisation.n/a n/a4.3 R&D.1.23 1164.3.1 R&D spending.n

308、/a n/a4.3.2 University ranking.0.00 844.3.3 Gender parity in R&D.n/a n/a4.3.4 Scientific journal articles.2.47 824.4 Innovation.4.19 1174.4.1 Medium-and high-tech industry.5.76 1094.4.2 High-tech exports.0.07 1224.4.3 Venture capital recipients,deals.8.44 504.4.4 New product entrepreneurial activity

309、.n/a n/a4.4.5 New business density.6.29 614.4.6 Patent applications.0.42 8450 Future Readiness Economic Index 2022COMPETITIVENESSPHYSICAL CAPITALHUMAN CAPITALTECHNOLOGY0102030405060708090100 Algeria Lower-middle-income average Digital Policies:26 Market Environment:32 R&D:33 Innovation:524 Digital U

310、sage:25 Digital Content Creation:14 Industry 4.0:314 Attract:30 Grow:32 Retain:49 Skills:3035 Digital Infrastructure:57 Transport Infrastructure:31 Energy Infrastructure:4344AlgeriaKey IndicatorsRank(out of 124).94Income group.Lower-middle incomeRegional group.Middle East and North AfricaPopulation(

311、millions).43.85GDP per capita(PPP US$).11,997.34GDP(US$billions).145.16FREI score.29.28FREI score(income group average).27.97FREI 2022 scores by pillar and sub-pillar(0100)Future Readiness Economic Index 2022 51 Score Rank1 PHYSICAL CAPITAL.43.68 871.1 Digital Infrastructure.56.62 841.1.1 Internet a

312、ccess.74.11 651.1.2 International Internet bandwidth.37.29 881.1.3 Fixed-broadband subscriptions.31.99 931.1.4 4G-mobile network coverage.76.18 911.1.5 Fixed broadband affordability.90.81 831.1.6 Mobile broadband affordability.85.53 441.1.7 Computer software spending.0.43 1181.2 Transport Infrastruc

313、ture.31.17 671.2.1 Quality of infrastructure.30.60 911.2.2 Rural access.69.21 601.2.3 Air connectivity.1.92 911.2.4 Infrastructure investment.1.3 Energy Infrastructure.43.26 991.3.1 Access to electricity.99.44 841.3.2 Electricity consumption.1.3.3 Electrical outages.n/a n/a1.3.4 Energy intensity.66.

314、44 881.3.5 Modern renewable energy.2 HUMAN CAPITAL.35.30 852.1 Attract.30.08 1172.1.1 Brain gain.28.02 982.1.2 International students.1.42 922.1.3 Tolerance of minorities.28.72 862.1.4 Tolerance of immigrants.38.46 962.1.5 Gender parity in high-skilled jobs.61.22 812.1.6 FDI and technology transfer.

315、22.66 1072.2 Grow.31.94 762.2.1 Tertiary enrolment.34.99 602.2.2 Reading,maths,and science.11.28 742.2.3 Use of virtual professional networks.8.74 812.2.4 Formal and non-formal studies.n/a n/a2.2.5 Youth inclusion.72.74 682.3 Retain.48.91 762.3.1 Pension coverage.n/a n/a2.3.2 Environmental performan

316、ce.34.32 722.3.3 Physician density.21.10 732.3.4 Sanitation.86.61 772.3.5 Personal safety.53.63 632.4 Skills.30.28 742.4.1 Workforce with tertiary education.27.41 632.4.2 High-skilled workforce.24.65 832.4.3 Researchers.10.01 522.4.4 Ease of finding skilled employees.49.78 742.4.5 Digital skills.39.

317、57 25 Score Rank3 TECHNOLOGY.14.13 1063.1 Digital Usage.25.49 1083.1.1 Internet users.46.52 903.1.2 Active mobile-broadband subscriptions.39.35 553.1.3 Gender parity in Internet usage.53.26 923.1.4 Firms with website.n/a n/a3.1.5 Internet shopping.3.56 993.1.6 Government online services.10.22 1203.1

318、.7 E-Participation.0.00 1243.2 Digital Content Creation.14.08 1083.2.1 GitHub commits.0.33 1073.2.2 Wikipedia edits.27.64 973.2.3 Internet domain registrations.3.2.4 Mobile apps development.28.12 1133.3 Industry 4.0.2.81 953.3.1 Robot density.n/a n/a3.3.2 AI software development.5.19 843.3.3 AI rese

319、arch.1.60 843.3.4 ICT patent applications.0.04 703.3.5 Smart home devices.4 COMPETITIVENESS.23.99 894.1 Digital Policies.25.60 1104.1.1 ICT regulation.53.84 1054.1.2 Cybersecurity.32.46 1044.1.3 Rule of law.14.75 1064.1.4 Regulatory quality.4.57 1224.1.5 Corruption.22.39 804.2 Market Environment.32.

320、26 704.2.1 Extent of market dominance.55.97 424.2.2 Labour productivity.27.24 594.2.3 Urbanisation.67.25 484.2.4 Domestic credit to private sector.10.84 914.2.5 Market capitalisation.0.00 794.3 R&D.33.32 494.3.1 R&D spending.10.76 584.3.2 University ranking.32.00 604.3.3 Gender parity in R&D.85.62 1

321、94.3.4 Scientific journal articles.4.90 754.4 Innovation.4.79 1154.4.1 Medium-and high-tech industry.3.03 1174.4.2 High-tech exports.1.54 1104.4.3 Venture capital recipients,deals.n/a n/a4.4.4 New product entrepreneurial activity.17.57 814.4.5 New business density.1.33 994.4.6 Patent applications.0.

322、47 8152 Future Readiness Economic Index 2022COMPETITIVENESSPHYSICAL CAPITALHUMAN CAPITALTECHNOLOGY0102030405060708090100 Angola Lower-middle-income average Digital Policies:22 Market Environment:18 R&D:11 Innovation:1115 Digital Usage:37 Digital Content Creation:10 Industry 4.0:116 Attract:32 Grow:2

323、2 Retain:17 Skills:619 Digital Infrastructure:31 Transport Infrastructure:19 Energy Infrastructure:3428AngolaKey IndicatorsRank(out of 124).115Income group.Lower-middle incomeRegional group.Sub-Saharan AfricaPopulation(millions).32.87GDP per capita(PPP US$).6,905.65GDP(US$billions).62.31FREI score.1

324、9.65FREI score(income group average).27.97FREI 2022 scores by pillar and sub-pillar(0100)Future Readiness Economic Index 2022 53 Score Rank1 PHYSICAL CAPITAL.27.95 1111.1 Digital Infrastructure.31.27 1081.1.1 Internet access.5.14 1121.1.2 International Internet bandwidth.16.41 1191.1.3 Fixed-broadba

325、nd subscriptions.8.84 1081.1.4 4G-mobile network coverage.20.73 1181.1.5 Fixed broadband affordability.80.07 971.1.6 Mobile broadband affordability.56.45 1021.1.7 Computer software spending.n/a n/a1.2 Transport Infrastructure.18.58 1041.2.1 Quality of infrastructure.10.68 1221.2.2 Rural access.28.47

326、 1091.2.3 Air connectivity.0.43 1091.2.4 Infrastructure investment.1.3 Energy Infrastructure.34.00 1131.3.1 Access to electricity.38.82 1121.3.2 Electricity consumption.1.3.3 Electrical outages.n/a n/a1.3.4 Energy intensity.85.80 321.3.5 Modern renewable energy.2 HUMAN CAPITAL.19.33 1212.1 Attract.3

327、1.62 1152.1.1 Brain gain.44.54 712.1.2 International students.n/a n/a2.1.3 Tolerance of minorities.19.15 1012.1.4 Tolerance of immigrants.46.15 852.1.5 Gender parity in high-skilled jobs.33.35 1072.1.6 FDI and technology transfer.14.93 1162.2 Grow.22.28 1042.2.1 Tertiary enrolment.5.77 1082.2.2 Read

328、ing,maths,and science.n/a n/a2.2.3 Use of virtual professional networks.2.77 1102.2.4 Formal and non-formal studies.18.48 452.2.5 Youth inclusion.62.12 832.3 Retain.16.93 1122.3.1 Pension coverage.12.76 1012.3.2 Environmental performance.8.01 1152.3.3 Physician density.2.24 1032.3.4 Sanitation.45.92

329、 1042.3.5 Personal safety.15.70 1192.4 Skills.6.47 1222.4.1 Workforce with tertiary education.3.75 1132.4.2 High-skilled workforce.13.10 1042.4.3 Researchers.0.07 962.4.4 Ease of finding skilled employees.8.94 1202.4.5 Digital skills.n/a n/a Score Rank3 TECHNOLOGY.15.93 1013.1 Digital Usage.37.43 93

330、3.1.1 Internet users.28.64 1003.1.2 Active mobile-broadband subscriptions.7.38 1173.1.3 Gender parity in Internet usage.79.45 793.1.4 Firms with website.n/a n/a3.1.5 Internet shopping.n/a n/a3.1.6 Government online services.36.49 1043.1.7 E-Participation.35.21 1043.2 Digital Content Creation.9.61 11

331、93.2.1 GitHub commits.0.08 1163.2.2 Wikipedia edits.15.25 1173.2.3 Internet domain registrations.3.2.4 Mobile apps development.23.11 1173.3 Industry 4.0.0.76 1173.3.1 Robot density.n/a n/a3.3.2 AI software development.0.52 1143.3.3 AI research.0.03 1203.3.4 ICT patent applications.n/a n/a3.3.5 Smart

332、 home devices.4 COMPETITIVENESS.15.40 1134.1 Digital Policies.21.84 1164.1.1 ICT regulation.64.91 874.1.2 Cybersecurity.11.03 1214.1.3 Rule of law.9.29 1164.1.4 Regulatory quality.15.02 1184.1.5 Corruption.8.96 1124.2 Market Environment.17.51 1094.2.1 Extent of market dominance.0.00 1214.2.2 Labour

333、productivity.8.87 924.2.3 Urbanisation.58.74 634.2.4 Domestic credit to private sector.2.45 1164.2.5 Market capitalisation.n/a n/a4.3 R&D.11.00 1024.3.1 R&D spending.0.40 1024.3.2 University ranking.0.00 844.3.3 Gender parity in R&D.43.61 634.3.4 Scientific journal articles.0.00 1244.4 Innovation.11.25 894.4.1 Medium-and high-tech industry.3.88 1154.4.2 High-tech exports.9.28 734.4.3 Venture capit