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1、DIGITAL POLICIESFuture Readiness Economic Index2023Digital Policies Are the Linchpin of Future ReadinessA Descartes Institute Global Report commissioned by Google,issued in cooperation with Qatars Communications Regulatory AuthorityDESCARTES INSTITUTE?WE BEG TO DIFFER?FOR THE FUTURE Future Readiness

2、 Economic Index2023Digital Policies Are the Linchpin of Future ReadinessBruno Lanvin AuthorA Descartes Institute Global Report commissioned by Google,issued in cooperation with Qatars Communications Regulatory AuthorityDESCARTES INSTITUTE?WE BEG TO DIFFER?FOR THE FUTURE Descartes Institute for the F

3、uture Srl(2023):Future Readiness Economic Index 2023:Digital Policies Are the Linchpin of Future Readiness.A Descartes Institute for the Future Global Report commissioned by Google,and issued in cooperation with the Communications Regulatory Authority of Qatar(CRA).Descartes Institute for the Future

4、 Srl is a think tank based in Geneva,Switzerland.It is fully owned by D&L Partners SA,a consultancy entity,also based in Geneva.Disclaimer:No representation or warranty,either express or implied,is provided in relation to the information contained herein or with regard to its fitness,sufficiency,or

5、applicability for any particular purpose.The information contained in this report is provided for personal non-commercial use and informational purposes only and may be reviewed and revised based on new information and data.Descartes Institute for the Future,Google and CRA disclaim all liability rel

6、ating to the content and use of the report and the information contained therein,and the report should not be used as a basis for any decision that may affect the business and financial interests of the reader or any other party.The Indexs methodology and the rankings do not necessarily present the

7、views of Descartes Institute for the Future,Google or CRA.The same applies to the substantive material in this report,which are the responsibility of the authors.2023 Descartes Institute for the FutureThe information contained herein is proprietary in nature and no part of this publication may be re

8、produced,stored in a retrieval system,or transmitted,in any form or by any means,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,or otherwise without the prior permission of Descartes Institute for the Future.ISBN:978-2-8399-4066-5Designed by Kenneth Benson,edited by Number Forty Two and published by Descartes I

9、nstitute for the Future.Future Readiness Economic Index 2023 iiiContentsAcknowledgements.vSection I:Digital policies matter.1Executive summary.3Main results and findings.3Key messages.3Introduction.5The Future Readiness Economic Index framework.7Future Readiness Economic Index 2023:Overall results.1

10、1Top-10 performers.17Other notable performers.21Qatars Digital Policies Outlook:A case study in enhancing digital governance.25Qatars digital policies have been based on a clear vision supported by detailed roadmaps 25Striving to offer top-notch infrastructure and assess progress.28A constant monito

11、ring of digital performance,guided by international benchmarks.29Digital Horizons:Charting Qatars transformative journey toward 2030.29Performances by income group and region.31Regional results:Europe and Northern America.32Regional results:Asia Pacific.34Regional results:Latin America and the Carib

12、bean.35Regional results:The Middle East and North Africa.36Regional results:Sub-Saharan Africa.37Conclusion.39Section II:Country profiles.41How to read the country profiles.43Index of countries.45Country profiles.46Section III:Methodology,sources and definitions,bibliography and references.295Method

13、ology of the Future Readiness Economic Index.297Structure of the Future Readiness Economic Index.297Computation of future readiness.297Country and data coverage.297Treatment of series with outliers.297Normalisation.298References.298Sources and definitions.299Bibliography and references.313 Future Re

14、adiness Economic Index 2023 vAcknowledgementsThe Future Readiness Economic Index 2023 was prepared under the general direction of Bruno Lanvin(Founder and Executive Director of Descartes Institute,and creator of the Index)and commissioned by Google.The report and rankings are produced by a core team

15、 managed by Bruno Lanvin comprising Michael Bratt(lead researcher)and Anna Henry(senior project manager),who managed the daily work and background support required by this ambitious project.We are grateful to the following individuals who also provided substantial inputs and without whom the Index w

16、ould not be what it is:Sarah Carrington and Emma Walker(Number Forty Two),our editors,for their constant support during its production.Kenneth Benson(Pegasus Type),our graphic designer,for his creative production.And another thank you goes to website developer Patrick Eriksen(DotModus).Bruno Lanvin

17、Michael Bratt Anna Henry Sarah Carrington Emma Walker Kenneth Benson Patrick Eriksen Future Readiness Economic Index 2023 1Section I:Digital policies matter Future Readiness Economic Index 2023 3Executive summaryDigital transformation is at the core of the Future Readiness Economic Index(FREI),and f

18、or good reason.Digital technologies present an opportunity for greater prosperity,and are considered essential to achieving the UN Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs).This has been recognised by world leaders,who will seek to develop a Global Digital Compact when they meet at the multi-stakeholder S

19、ummit of the Future in September 2024.Critical components of digital transformation are digital policies and regulations.This is also reflected in the FREI model,which includes a specific focus on digital policies.However,the digital sector is notoriously fast-changingjust consider the emergence of

20、ChatGPT and other generative AI tools since the launch of the last FREI report in September 2022and it is imperative that digital governance remain up to date,while continuously looking forward.In an effort to stay abreast of developments,this years FREI includes a more comprehensive examination of

21、digital policies,which extends into areas at the forefront of digital technologies.FREI 2023 is a unique assessment of the future readiness of countries that includes how well they are adapting and updating their governance on issues such as data privacy,AI,and cloud computing.Main results and findi

22、ngsSingapore continues to be the worlds most future-ready country,while Denmark and Switzerland come in second and third,respectively.They are followed,in order,by the United States,Sweden,Finland,Norway,the Netherlands,the United Kingdom,and Australia.Smaller,more developed economies dominate the t

23、op 10,although several large economies are also able to achieve a high degree of future readiness.A case in point is the United States,the worlds largest economy,which climbs to fourth this year(up from sixth in 2022).Another example is China:ranked 38th this year,it is the most future-ready country

24、 among economies outside the high-income group.Few countries perform extremely well across all areas.Singapore is one exception and is the global leader in two of the four main pillars:Technology and Competitiveness.Denmark also stands out in this regard,with 2nd-place positions in the Human Capital

25、 and Technology pillars.The top performer in Physical Capital is Norway,while Australia leads the rankings for Human Capital.As for Digital Policies,the United Kingdom,Australia,and Estonia make up the top three(in that order).All three countries perform impressively well across various aspects of d

26、igital governance,including regulation of information and communication technology(ICT),cybersecurity measures,and policies related to emerging technologies.Although there is a clear,positive relationship between digital governance and income levels,the economies with the most advanced digital polic

27、ies and regulations come from different regions and vary notably in size.At an aggregate level,Europe and Northern America are the most future-ready regions in the world.Asia Pacific includes several countries with a high degree of future readiness,not least Singapore,the global leader.But it is als

28、o the region that exhibits the starkest contrasts.In fact,Asia Pacific is behind the Middle East and North Africa in most summary statistics.Elsewhere,levels of future readiness remain similar throughout much of the Latin America and Caribbean region,while Sub-Saharan Africa is the least future-read

29、y region of all.Key messagesOne of the features that the three most future-ready countries share is that they do well across various areas covered by the Index.In fact,they feature in the top 10 in all four of the main pillars.To achieve future readiness,countries have to find the sweet spot that co

30、mbines more traditional measures for promoting growth,such as investment in infrastructure or strengthening of education,with more forward-looking policies and initiatives,especially as they relate to digital technologies.A key takeaway from the analysis of digital governance is that advanced digita

31、l policies and 4 Future Readiness Economic Index 2023regulations have been adopted by countries of various sizes.Small or big,rich or poor,countries have considerable leeway to shape their own institutions and policies to become Digital Sprinters and ready for the future.Future readiness is inextric

32、ably linked to the ability to tap into the wealth of opportunities provided by digital technologies,while acknowledging and addressing their associated challenges.The potential of digital technologies can only be realised to the fullest if countries work together on issues that range from strengthen

33、ing digital infrastructure and improving digital access,to embracing emerging technologies and adopting forward-looking digital policies.In other words,multilateralism in digital technologies is key for greater future readiness.Indeed,as highlighted by UN Member States:improved international digital

34、 co-operation is one priority as we work towards“the sustainability of our planet as well as the welfare of generations for decades to come.”Future Readiness Economic Index 2023 5IntroductionIn todays rapidly evolving world,characterised by technological advancements,global interconnectivity,and shi

35、fting socio-economic landscapes,future readiness has emerged as a critical concept.We can define future readiness as the ability to anticipate and adapt to emerging challenges while harnessing opportunities for sustainable development and global competitiveness.Measuring countries future readiness i

36、s essential for policymakers,businesses,and other stakeholders as they strive to navigate uncertainties and proactively shape their futures.It provides a systematic framework to assess strengths,weaknesses,and areas for improvement,as well as facilitating evidence-based policy formulation and decisi

37、on-making.It is against this background that the Future Readiness Economic Index(FREI)was created.By understanding the factors that contribute to future readiness,countries can develop targeted strategies and allocate resources effectively to enhance their long-term sustainability.FREI enables bench

38、marking and comparisons among countries,and fosters the identification of best practices and knowledge sharing.Moreover,it serves as a tool for monitoring progress,enabling countries to track their performance and adapt policies as needed.Just as improving future readiness is a constant work in prog

39、ress,the FREI itself is continuously revisited and improved.Although it is well-known in the development literature that a favourable institutional environment is important for development,research and analysis of the Index has further underscored that a vital element of strengthening future readine

40、ss is to embrace digital policies that foster innovation,economic growth,and social progress.For this reason,this third edition of the Index(FREI3.0)pays particular attention to digital policies,with respect to more traditional information and communications technology(ICT)as well as emerging techno

41、logies.As part of this effort,FREI 3.0 includes exclusive research on policies related to artificial intelligence(AI),cloud computing,and online content,among others.Although they differ in several respects,it is encouraging that five of the top-10 performers for digital policies also feature in the

42、 top 10 of the International Telecommunication Union(ITU)G5 Benchmark,which is a measure of digital transformation readiness.Antnio Guterres,the UN Secretary General,has singled out digital transformation as one of the two monumental trends of this century(the other being the climate crisis).In this

43、 vein,the UN is looking to agree on a Global Digital Compact at the 2024 Summit of the Future.It is our hope that FREI 3.0 will contribute to these deliberations and,more generally,to the ongoing discussion on how digital technologies can be a force for good.Future Readiness Economic Index 2023 7The

44、 Future Readiness Economic Index frameworkThe foundation of the Future Readiness Economic Index(FREI)model is The Digital Sprinters:Driving Growth in Emerging Markets,presented by Google in 2020.The report focuses on how digital policies can facilitate digital transformation and stimulate growth in

45、emerging markets.More specifically,it proposes a framework for analysing the impact of digital policies based on four broad categories:Physical Capital;Human Capital;Technology;and Competitiveness(Figure 1).This analytical framework is then used to flag the importance of ensuring affordable access t

46、o the internet,fostering digital skills development,promoting technological innovation in areas such as artificial intelligence(AI)and cloud computing,and encouraging a regulatory ecosystem that includes competitive markets,open digital trade,and digital governments.Figure 1:The Digital Sprinters fr

47、ameworkSource:Google(2020).The FREI described in this present report is first and foremost an attempt to quantify the various components of the Digital Sprinters framework.The four-pillar structure of the Digital Sprinters framework therefore serves as a basis for the FREI model.For the purposes of

48、quantification and analysis,the FREI model subsequently divides these four pillars into separate sub-pillars that measure specific aspects of each area.The sub-pillars have been identified and built by combining several of the action areas highlighted in Googles Digital Sprinters report,as well as d

49、ata and analysis stemming from three global indices that cover technology,talent,and innovation.These are:the Network Readiness Index;the Global Talent Competitiveness Index;and the Global Innovation Index.8 Future Readiness Economic Index 2023The end result is a model that consists of 14 sub-pillar

50、s grouped under the four main pillars of the Digital Sprinters report as follows(Figure 2):Physical Capital Digital Infrastructure:measures the access to and affordability of digital technologies Transport Infrastructure:measures the connectivity of the transport network,including rural access and i

51、nvestments in it Energy Infrastructure:measures access to electricity and the extent to which energy is efficiently and sustainably produced and consumed Human Capital Attract:measures the ability to draw talent from abroad(external)and from domestic underprivileged groups(internal)Grow:measures the

52、 production of talent through formal education and training,including reskilling and collaboration Retain:measures the inclination of workers to stay in-country in view of issues related to sustainability and lifestyle Skills:measures the degree of high-level skills of the workforce,including advanc

53、ed digital skills,and the extent of any potential skills gap Technology Digital Usage:measures the extent to which a countrys individuals,businesses,and government bodies adopt and use digital technologies Digital Content Creation:measures different types of knowledge creation produced using digital

54、 technologies Industry 4.0:measures the level of activity in adopting and developing emerging technologies such as cloud computing,AI,and Internet of Things(IoT)Competitiveness Digital Policies:measures the enabling conditions for regulations of information and communication technology(ICT),includin

55、g emerging technologies Market Environment:measures the extent to which the market is favourable for enabling digital transformation Research and Development(R&D):measures the investment in and quality of R&D activities Innovation:measures the level of innovative activity,including entrepreneurship

56、and inventionsFigure 2:The FREI frameworkPhysical CapitalHuman CapitalTechnologyCompetitivenessDigital InfrastructureAttractDigital UsageDigital PoliciesTransport InfrastructureGrowDigital Content CreationMarket EnvironmentEnergy InfrastructureRetainIndustry 4.0R&DSkillsInnovation Future Readiness E

57、conomic Index 2023 9In total,72 indicators have been identified to populate the pillars and sub-pillars of FREI 2023.Recognising that real digital transformation and future readiness cannot take place when issues of inequality and sustainability are not adequately addressed,indicators on gender gaps

58、 and environmental aspects have been included in the model.Because by their nature they touch on several areas,these indicators have been interspersed throughout various sub-pillars(Figure3).Figure 3:FREI detailed framework and indicators1.1 Digital Infrastructure1.1.1 Internet access1.1.2 Internati

59、onal internet bandwidth1.1.3 Fixed-broadband subscriptions1.1.4 4G-mobile network coverage1.1.5 Fixed broadband affordability1.1.6 Mobile broadband affordability1.1.7 Computer software spending1.2 Transport Infrastructure1.2.1 Quality of infrastructure1.2.2 Rural access1.2.3 Air connectivity1.2.4 In

60、frastructure investment1.3 Energy Infrastructure1.3.1 Access to electricity1.3.2 Electricity consumption1.3.3 Electrical outages1.3.4 Energy intensity2.1 Attract2.1.1 Brain gain2.1.2 International students2.1.3 Tolerance of minorities2.1.4 Tolerance of immigrants2.1.5 Gender parity in high-skilled j

61、obs2.2 Grow2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment2.2.2 Reading,maths,and science2.2.3 Use of virtual professional networks2.2.4 Youth inclusion2.3 Retain2.3.1 Pension coverage2.3.2 Environmental performance2.3.3 Physician density2.3.4 Sanitation2.3.5 Personal safety2.4 Skills2.4.1 Workforce with tertiary educatio

62、n2.4.2 High-skilled workforce2.4.3 Researchers2.4.4 Relevance of education system to the economy2.4.5 Digital skills3.1 Digital Usage3.1.1 Internet users3.1.2 Active mobile-broadband subscriptions3.1.3 Gender parity in internet usage3.1.4 Firms with website3.1.5 Internet shopping3.1.6 Government onl

63、ine services3.1.7 E-Participation3.2 Digital Content Creation3.2.1 GitHub commits3.2.2 Wikipedia edits3.2.3 Internet domain registrations3.2.4 Mobile apps development3.3 Industry 4.03.3.1 Cloud computing3.3.2 AI software development3.3.3 AI research3.3.4 ICT patent applications3.3.5 Internet of Thin

64、gs4.1 Digital Policies4.1.1 ICT regulation4.1.2 Cybersecurity4.1.3 AI regulation4.1.4 Cloud governance4.1.5 Online content4.1.6 Data privacy4.1.7 Data transfer4.2 Market Environment4.2.1 Extent of market dominance4.2.2 Labour productivity4.2.3 Urbanisation4.2.4 Domestic credit to private sector4.2.5

65、 Market capitalisation4.3 R&D4.3.1 R&D spending4.3.2 University ranking4.3.3 Gender parity in R&D4.3.4 Scientific journal articles4.4 Innovation4.4.1 Medium-and high-tech industry4.4.2 High-tech exports4.4.3 Venture capital recipients,deals4.4.4 New product entrepreneurial activity4.4.5 New business

66、 density4.4.6 Patent applications1.Physical Capital2.Human Capital3.Technology4.CompetitivenessAs highlighted in the introduction,the main new feature of this years edition is the particular focus on digital policies.This is in line with the rationale of the Digital Sprinters report to explore the i

67、mpact of digital policies on digital transformation.As emphasised in Digital Sprinters and other studies by international organisations and researchers,digital policies and regulations are essential for fostering trust,protecting privacy and security,promoting innovation,and ensuring fair competitio

68、n in the digital economy.*Ultimately,by establishing clear rules and standards,digital policies create an enabling environment that supports digital transformation,unlocks the full potential of the digital economy,and facilitates inclusive and sustainable growth.As such,they play a crucial role in a

69、 countrys future readiness.The Digital Policies sub-pillar included in the FREI has until now encompassed two types of indicator:variables directly related to digital technologies;and more general indicators that measure the overall institutional landscape.However,in order to make this sub-pillar ev

70、en more focused on digital,a decision was made to drop the three indicators relating to the general regulatory environmentRule of law,Regulatory quality,and Corruptionused in previous editions,and to expand the digital component to encompass more topical areas of digital technology,especially those

71、that relate to emerging technologies.*See,for instance,ITU(2023)and OECD(2019).10 Future Readiness Economic Index 2023Drawing on internally developed frameworks for digital regulation,a total of eight areas were initially identified.Although collecting data on digital policies and regulation is frau

72、ght with difficulties,despite the existence of several initiatives that do so(see Box 1),the choice was made to carry out exclusive research so as to home in on areas found to be particularly relevant and forward-looking for digital transformation and future readiness.Due mainly to a lack of data,th

73、e eight original areas were honed down to the following six:Cybersecurity,AI regulation,Cloud governance,Online content,Data privacy,and Data transfer.Following the data-gathering process,these six areas were incorporated into the FREI as additional indicators,each of which is a composite based on r

74、esearch conducted for this years FREI.*This year therefore marks a first attempt at updating this particular area of the FREI.Inevitably,there are further improvements that canand willbe made to the Digital Policies sub-pillar in the future.Nonetheless,it is our firm belief that the sub-pillar has b

75、een strengthened and made more forward-looking in this years edition of FREI.Box 1:The challenge of mapping digital policies and regulationsDespite their importance,it is often difficult to evaluate digital policies and regulations,not least with respect to emerging technologies such as AI,cloud com

76、puting,and IoT because of the fast-paced development of these technologies.One key challenge is how various approaches in different jurisdictions to any given issue can be quantitatively assessed to ensure valid cross-country comparison.Consider,for instance,a seemingly straightforward question on w

77、hether a country has a cloud-first policy:should a distinction be made between a country with an explicit policy and a country where cloud-first is mentioned as part of a more general declaration on digital transformation?A second challenge is how best to differentiate actual policies and regulation

78、s from their implementation.Continuing the example of cloud-first policies:a countrys adoption of a cloud-first policy does not necessarily imply that cloud services are procured,even though the policy states that they should be.A third challenge concerns actual data collection.Data might be readily

79、 available or easy to find for some indicators,such as whether an AI strategy exists or not.But other indicators may require in-depth textual analysis,which is both resource intensive and more difficult to replicate across multiple countries.Despite these challenges,there are several ongoing efforts

80、 to map national digital policies and regulations around the world.Chief among these are the data compilations carried out by the International Telecommunication Union(ITU),the leading international agency in the field,which has three indices relating to digital regulatory frameworks:the ICT Regulat

81、ory Tracker(which is still part of the FREIs Digital Policies sub-pillar),the G5 Benchmark,and the Global Cybersecurity Index.The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD)is another international organisation that collects data on digital governance,but its geographic scope is lim

82、ited to its 38 member states.Initiatives by other researchers and experts,such as law firm DLA Pipers mapping of national data-protection laws and the National Cyber Security Index developed by the e-Governance Academy Foundation in Estonia,are even more area-specific.*The one exception is the indic

83、ator 4.1.4 Cloud governance,which is a composite indicator thatin addition to our own collected dataalso includes a variable taken from ITUs G5 Benchmark.Future Readiness Economic Index 2023 11Future Readiness Economic Index 2023:Overall resultsThe Future Readiness Economic Index(FREI)2023 shows Sin

84、gapore to be the worlds most future-ready country,followed by Denmark and Switzerland(see Table 1).This means that the top three performers in this years edition are identical to those of 2022.Compared with last year,however,Singapore has strengthened its position,and the gap over the other two coun

85、tries has widened.The top three are followed by the United States,which climbs from 6th position in FREI 2022 to 4th this year.The rankings tend to be dominated by smaller,rich economies,which makes the strong performance of the worlds largest economy all the more remarkable.Just behind the United S

86、tates are three Nordic countriesSweden,Finland,and Norwayall of which also featured in the top 10 last year.The Netherlands drops from 7th in 2022 to 8th in 2023,while the United Kingdom climbs one position from 10th to 9th.The only country that is new to the top 10 in this years rankings is Austral

87、ia,which enters at 10th position.It replaces Canada,which drops from 10th place last year,to 11th place this year.It is notable that only a few countries do exceptionally well in all pillars.The top three countries stand out because they are the only countries to feature in the top 10 in all four pi

88、llars.First-placed Singapore is the global leader in two of themTechnology and Competitivenessand is also ranked 2nd for Physical Capital,behind Norway and ahead of Luxembourg(which is ranked 12th overall).It is 5th for Human Capital.Denmark(2nd place overall)also features in the top three for Techn

89、ology,as does Finland,and is also in the top three for Human Capital behind Australia in 1st place,and ahead of Luxembourg.Switzerland(ranked 3rd overall)is in the top three for Competitiveness just behind the United States.In a composite indicator like this,countries with higher income levels typic

90、ally perform better than those with lower income levels.FREI is no exception:it is telling that six of the top-10 performers are also in the top 10 countries for gross domestic product(GDP)per capita.*Moreover,they tend to be primarily countries with a fairly small population:indeed,the top three pe

91、rformers in FREI all have fewer than 10million inhabitants.However,there is no hard-and-fast rule that smaller,more developed economies are more future ready than other countries.It is worth highlighting success stories,such as the United States and the United Kingdom,which achieve a high degree of

92、future readiness,even though they are among the largest economies in the world and,in the case of the United States,has the worlds third-largest population.Similarly,when it comes to digital policies,there is a tendency for higher-income countries to outperform lower-income economies.This can be see

93、n in the Digital Policies sub-pillar of FREI 2023,as well as the two International Telecommunication Union(ITU)indices(the ICT Regulatory Tracker and the G5 Benchmark)that relate to digital policies and regulations.There are however,two important caveats here.The first is that digital policies are n

94、otoriously difficult to measure.The second is that this years edition of FREI represents a first attempt to collect our own data on digital policies and regulations,and remains a work in progress on this front(see Box 1).It should be noted,however,that the positive correlation between digital polici

95、es and GDP per capita is less strong than the positive correlation between future readiness and GDP per capita.Furthermore,it is by no means smaller,developed economies that dominate the ranking in the Digital Policies sub-pillar.Indeed,the United Kingdom,the worlds sixth-largest economy,tops Digita

96、l Policies(and ranks 2nd in ITUs G5 Benchmark)and half of the countries in the top 10 for Digital Policies have populations greater than 25 million.The weaker correlations between digital policies and,respectively,income level and size of the economy may be explained by countries having greater flex

97、ibility in this area compared to other factors that*In order of FREI 2023 ranking:Singapore,Denmark,Switzerland,the United States,Norway,and the Netherlands.12 Future Readiness Economic Index 2023contribute to future readiness such as investing in infrastructure or increasing R&D.Level of developmen

98、t is a good predictor for future readiness and for digital policies,but it does not tell the whole story and is by no means destiny.Rather,it is in the hands of countries themselvesbig or small,rich or poorto shape their own institutions and policies to become Digital Sprinters and ready for the fut

99、ure.Table 1:Future Readiness Economic Index 2023(overall and by pillar)CountryFuture Readiness ScoreFuture Readiness RankPhysical CapitalHuman CapitalTechnologyCompetitivenessSingapore78.01 1 2 5 1 1Denmark75.08 210 2 2 4Switzerland74.33 3 7 6 6 3United States73.50 41313 7 2Sweden72.51 514 4 5 7Finl

100、and72.33 612 7 3 8Norway71.55 7 1 9 914Netherlands70.58 81110 418United Kingdom70.23 92714 8 5Australia69.941023 113 6Canada68.931116111110Luxembourg67.0112 3 31928Iceland66.5713 8122116South Korea66.2714202214 9Ireland66.171515 81620Germany65.521618201019Belgium64.081717172212Austria63.591819181721

101、Estonia63.491933261213New Zealand63.052031151523France62.182125232311Japan61.562228282015Malta61.3223 6192434Israel61.262432291817Spain59.132524252522Portugal59.102621162936United Arab Emirates59.0427 4213642Cyprus57.932830242629 Future Readiness Economic Index 2023 13Table 1:Future Readiness Econom

102、ic Index 2023(overall and by pillar)(continued)CountryFuture Readiness ScoreFuture Readiness RankPhysical CapitalHuman CapitalTechnologyCompetitivenessItaly56.472926333226Slovenia56.223037272735Czech Republic55.753139302832Lithuania55.413234323333Greece55.113322313739Qatar54.5834 5535025Croatia52.94

103、3538433827Latvia52.813641353438Poland52.743742373144China52.503835424131Hungary51.393940393549Malaysia51.294029624424Slovakia50.914143403945Saudi Arabia50.444246445130Chile49.604354344347Serbia49.594462543040Bahrain49.5045 9595256Bulgaria49.474651474237Uruguay48.944759384543Russia47.964858364655Arme

104、nia46.504963564057Romania46.495047614854Ukraine46.185160464759Argentina45.425267456051Trkiye45.185336755565Brazil45.115470714941Thailand44.895545795948Georgia44.815664516852Costa Rica44.495765526258Kuwait44.395849586666Mauritius44.125944486390Belarus43.73605550538614 Future Readiness Economic Index

105、2023Table 1:Future Readiness Economic Index 2023(overall and by pillar)(continued)CountryFuture Readiness ScoreFuture Readiness RankPhysical CapitalHuman CapitalTechnologyCompetitivenessViet Nam42.976148777261Albania42.656253555693Oman42.616350 8157 69North Macedonia42.116469 6554 74South Africa42.0

106、66580 8358 46Kazakhstan42.066683 4961 76Colombia41.736781 7664 53Mexico41.546868 6670 68Ecuador41.516971 7473 60Jordan40.907076 7275 62Moldova40.687166 7071 79Bosnia and Herzegovina39.677273 7869 78Indonesia39.607352 8682 70Azerbaijan39.367484 7376 71Mongolia39.237586 6865 83Egypt39.057657 8885 63Le

107、banon38.837756 6386 99Panama38.437861 8474 89Peru38.377978 8067 85Tunisia38.278079 8277 75Kyrgyzstan38.238189 6080 80Philippines38.158282 8789 50Jamaica38.058377 5787 95Trinidad and Tobago37.938497 4192 73Paraguay37.558587 6479 94Bolivia36.278692 6784 88Iran36.198788 9378 67India36.14887410483 64Bot

108、swana36.128991 6995 77Dominican Republic34.909090 8588 81Sri Lanka34.599175 8993 96Morocco33.949272 9981100 Future Readiness Economic Index 2023 15Table 1:Future Readiness Economic Index 2023(overall and by pillar)(continued)CountryFuture Readiness ScoreFuture Readiness RankPhysical CapitalHuman Cap

109、italTechnologyCompetitivenessAlgeria33.389385 9099 84El Salvador31.89 94 93 92 90101Honduras30.89 95 98 98102 72Kenya29.67 96100 97 91106Cambodia29.15 97 95101 96109Guatemala28.34 98 99115 97103Ghana28.15 99105 96 94102Rwanda27.83100101114 98 97Bangladesh27.71101 96105100111Senegal27.53102108100103

110、82Laos26.68103 94102104115Pakistan26.54104103117110 87Nepal26.50105102 91101120Cte dIvoire25.93106104112109 98Nigeria25.20107112 94117 92Benin23.51108119103111 91Togo23.49109109111113107Myanmar23.33110106107105118Zambia22.94111122 95108105Zimbabwe22.06112117113107110Cameroon21.99113113106106116Ugand

111、a21.91114116116116104Angola21.38115111120112113Tanzania21.28116115108121108Mali20.40117110122114114Burkina Faso19.37118118118120112Malawi19.02119114109119123Guinea18.31120107121123124Mozambique17.46121120123115117Madagascar16.82122123110118119Ethiopia16.54123121119122122Niger11.4912412412412412116 F

112、uture Readiness Economic Index 2023 Future Readiness Economic Index 2023 17Top-10 performers1.Singapore remains the worlds most future-ready country by virtue of strong performances in all key pillars.Most notably,it claims the top spot in both Technology and Competitiveness,where it is the global l

113、eader in the Innovation sub-pillar.It is also the 2nd-ranked performer in emerging Industry 4.0 technologies,which includes cloud computing,artificial intelligence(AI)research and Internet of Things(IoT),and boasts one of the worlds most advanced set of Digital Policies(for which it is ranked 4th).I

114、t also features among the top-five performers for Physical Capital(for which it is ranked 2nd),aided by its 1st-place ranking for Transport Infrastructure,and for Human Capital(ranked 5th)where it has particular strengths in Growing talent(for which it is ranked 1st)and a strong pool of Skills(also

115、ranked 1st).Areas where Singapore has room for improvement include Energy Infrastructure(for which it is currently ranked 22nd)and Retaining talent(54th).2.Denmark ranks 2nd in both the Human Capital and Technology pillars,4th in the Competitiveness pillar,and takes 10th place in Physical Capital pi

116、llar.At the sub-pillar level,Denmark stands out in Digital Usage,while its high levels of sustainability and lifestyle quality contribute to its 2nd place ranking for ability to Retain talent.The country has a highly skilled workforce,although more could be done to Attract talent(ranked 15th),especi

117、ally from overseas.Denmarks strong position in the Competitiveness pillar derives from its excellent Market Environment(ranked 3rd),R&D landscape(4th),and Innovation capacities(6th).It would be strengthened further with even more effective Digital Policies,for which it is currently ranked 15th.Great

118、er investment in both Digital Infrastructure(12th)and Transport Infrastructure(10th)would also increase the level of Physical Capital in Denmark.3.Switzerland owes its stellar position in the FREI to a strong all-round performance,with top-10 positions in all four pillars:Physical Capital(ranked 7th

119、),Human Capital(6th),Technology(6th),and Competitiveness(3rd).The country has strong performances in several sub-pillars,although within each of the main pillars,rankings are held back by one area of weakness.For example,when it comes to Competitiveness,Switzerland is the global leader for R&D activ

120、ity and is 2nd for Market Environment,but it is ranked only 22nd for Digital Policies.In the case of Technology,Switzerlands performance in the Digital Content Creation(2nd)and Industry 4.0(4th)sub-pillars is impressive,but there is scope to increase Digital Usage(32nd),especially with regards to on

121、-line shopping.As for Physical Capital and Human Capital,strong performances in most sub-pillars are partly offset by a weaker performance for Energy Infrastructure(ranked 30th)and ability to Grow talent(18th).4.The United States has a strong future readiness position that rests on its standing as o

122、ne of the worlds most competitive and technologically advanced countries.It ranks 2nd in the Competitiveness pillarboosted in particular by its 1st place ranking for Market Environment and its world-class R&D and Innovation(ranked 2nd in both sub-pillars).It also ranks 7th in the Technology pillar,w

123、ith top-10 performances in all three sub-pillars.The country is less strong in the Physical Capital and Human Capital pillars,achieving only a 13th place ranking in each case.In Physical Capital,the United States boasts the worlds best Digital Infrastructure,but there is room to increase investment

124、in Transport Infrastructure and Energy Infrastructure(it is currently ranked 19th in both).When it comes to Human Capital,the country benefits from a highly skilled labour force and a strong ability to Grow talent(5th).However,its ability to Attract and Retain talent(ranked 25th and 32nd respectivel

125、y)would increase with greater tolerance towards minorities,improvements to its environmental performance,and better personal safety.5.Sweden achieves a top-10 position in three of the four core FREI pillars:Human Capital(4th),Technology(5th),and Competitiveness(7th).When it comes to Human Capital,th

126、e country enjoys a strong pool of skilled labour,which earns it a 2nd-place ranking for Skills and a strong ability to Retain talent(ranked 5th).Swedens strength in digital literacy is reflected in its leading position in the Industry 4.0 sub-pillar,which can be partly attributed to its attractive M

127、arket Environment(for which it is ranked 5th),and vibrant ecosystems for R&D(7th)and Innovation(8th).Increasing the effectiveness of Digital Policiesin which 18 Future Readiness Economic Index 2023the country achieves a surprisingly low 39th-place rankingwould probably strengthen the Technology and

128、Competitiveness pillars even further.The weakest area for Sweden is Physical Capital(14th),where there is a need to boost investments in Digital Infrastructure(for which it currently is ranked 16th)and Transport Infrastructure(23rd).6.Finland is one of the global leaders in the Digital Usage sub-pil

129、lar(for which it is ranked 2nd)and for emerging technologies(it is ranked 3rd in the Industry 4.0 sub-pillar),which help it secure the 3rd-place ranking overall for Technology.The country also ranks highly in the Human Capital(7th)and Competitiveness(8th)pillars.High rates of talent retention and a

130、highly skilled workforce(ranking 4th and 7th,respectively)account for its strengths in Human Capitalalthough a greater degree of external openness would help Attract talent(16th)on a global basis.When it comes to Competitiveness,Finland benefits from consistent performances across all four sub-pilla

131、rs.The countrys weakest pillar is Physical Capital(12th):its world-class Energy Infrastructure is particularly impressive and earns a 3rd-place ranking,but there is room to strengthen Digital Infrastructure(currently 15th)and Transport Infrastructure(20th).7.Norway boasts the worlds best Physical Ca

132、pital,with both its Energy Infrastructure(1st-place ranking)and Transport Infrastructure(4th)being particularly impressive.The country also achieves a top-10 position in Human Capital and Technology(ranked 9th in both cases).Its strong performance in Human Capital is mainly driven by the countrys hi

133、gh-quality lifestyle and a highly skilled workforce,which contribute both to its ability to Retain talent(ranked 7th)and overall Skills ranking(8th).As for Technology,Norway is a top-10 performer in terms of Digital Content Creation(6th),including software development and knowledge creation.The grea

134、test challenge for Norway,however,is raising the effectiveness of its Digital Policies(currently ranked 32nd)and its level of Innovation(23rd)including entrepreneurial activity.Doing so could move the country up from 14th place in the Competitiveness pillar and make it a top-10 performer.8.The Nethe

135、rlands performs particularly well when it comes to Technology,in which it is ranked 4th.This can be attributed chiefly to its global leadership in Digital Content Creation,especially knowledge creation and volume of produced internet content.It is also one of the best-performing countries when it co

136、mes to Digital Usage(ranked 4th)and Industry 4.0(ranked 11th)technologies.The Netherlands is also a leading country for Growing talent(4th),which contributes to its high ranking for Human Capital(10th).That digital technologies are a key asset in the country is also reflected in the Physical Capital

137、 pillar(where it is ranked 11th),which is driven by the excellent Digital Infrastructure(ranked 8th).However,the future readiness of the Netherlands would be even higher with more forward-looking Digital Policies(50th)including adopting strategies on AI,cloud computing,and IoTwhich currently constra

138、in the countrys ranking for Competitiveness(18th).9.The United Kingdom is one of the top countries for Competitiveness(5th),which is due in no small part to it having the worlds most forward-looking Digital Policies.It also boasts an impressive ecosystem for Innovation(earning a 3rd-place ranking)an

139、d for R&D(ranked 6th).The United Kingdom also makes it into the top 10 in the Technology pillar,(ranked 9th)where its digital policies and regulations may well be contributing factors to the countrys solid performances in the three relevant sub-pillars:Digital Usage(ranked 11th);Digital Content Crea

140、tion(8th);and Industry 4.0(8th).The country ranks 14th for Human Capital,where its strongest sub-pillar is the ability to Retain talent(8th),as a result of excellent levels of sustainability and lifestyle,although it could do more to Attract talent(20th)by addressing issues around gender equality.Ho

141、wever,the United Kingdoms greatest challenge is to improve Physical Capital,where it currently ranks 27th.Although it is a leading country in terms of Digital Infrastructure(4th),the United Kingdom is lagging in both Transport Infrastructure(29th)and Energy Infrastructure(67th).10.Australia makes it

142、 into the FREI top 10 for the first time,mainly due to its 1st-place ranking in the Human Capital pillar.Its top-5 performance in three of the four sub-pillars related to talent is particularly impressive:it is 2nd for Attracting talent;3rd for Growing talent;and 5th for Skills.The country also has

143、a notable edge when it comes to Competitiveness(ranked 6th),which is mainly the result of excellent Digital Policies(2nd)and a high level of R&D activity(3rd).Its weakest pillar is Future Readiness Economic Index 2023 19Physical Capital(it ranks 23rd),where it has scope to improve its Digital Infras

144、tructure(48th)and Energy Infrastructure(42nd)by boosting internet bandwidth and increasing energy efficiency.As for the Technology pillar,where it ranks 13th,Australia has an impressive level of Digital Usage(6th)especially in terms of public use of digital technologiesand is highly active in Indust

145、ry 4.0 technologies(ranked 13th).Future Readiness Economic Index 2023 21Other notable performers11.Canada is one of the top-10 performers for Competitiveness(for which it is ranked 10th),which is achieved as a result of forward-looking Digital Policies(9th)including on artificial intelligence(AI)and

146、 online contentcoupled with a conducive Market Environment(10th)and vibrant R&D scene(also 10th).The country is also a strong performer in the Human Capital and Technology pillars,ranking 11th in both.For Human Capital,Canada stands out with its ability to Attract foreign talent(ranked 3rd)with a hi

147、gh level of tolerance towards immigrantsand its highly educated workforce(it is ranked 6th for Skills).As for Technology,Canadas key strengths are in Industry 4.0 technologies(10th),including AI,and in Digital Content Creation(12th).However,there is scope to expand Digital Usage(currently ranked 23r

148、d)among individuals and governmental authorities.The greatest room for improvement,however,is Physical Capital(ranked 16th),where greater energy efficiency would improve its ranking for Energy Infrastructure(for which it is currently34th).14.The Republic of Korea(South Korea)is one of the worlds mos

149、t innovative economies,(ranking 5th in the Innovation sub-pillar)backed by excellent R&D(ranked 9th).This makes it one of the top-10 countries for Competitiveness(9th),although there is room to strengthen its Digital Policies(currently ranked 24th).The country also does particularly well in Technolo

150、gy(14th),mainly due to high levels of Digital Usage(8th)among individuals and government bodies,and to its involvement in Industry 4.0 technologies(7th),especially Internet of Things(IoT).South Korea enjoys a strong pool of Skills(11th),although its Human Capital(22nd)would improve if it strengthene

151、d its ability to Attract,Grow,and Retain talentcurrently ranked 32nd,33rd,and 35th respectively.As for Physical Capital(where it is ranked 20th),South Korea has a solid Transport Infrastructure(11th),although greater energy efficiency would improve its 40th-place ranking for Energy Infrastructure.16

152、.Germany has an advantage in software development and its involvement in emerging technologies.This is reflected in its excellent performances in Digital Content Creation(ranked 9th)and Industry 4.0(12th),which contribute to the countrys 10th-place ranking in the Technology pillar.Germany also has s

153、olid performances in Physical Capital(ranked 18th),Human Capital(20th),and Competitiveness(19th).Above all,the country does well in the Energy Infrastructure sub-pillar(9th),which can be partly attributed to its energy efficiency,and in the Retaining talent sub-pillar(10th)thanks to its wide access

154、to social protection and benefits.Areas in need of improvement,meanwhile,include:the ability to Grow talent(currently ranked 30th)through higher enrolment rates of students in tertiary education;increasing Skills(25th),including digital skills;and creating a more favourable Market Environment(26th)f

155、or private enterprise.22.Japan makes it into the top 20 in two of the four pillars:Technology(20th)and Competitiveness(15th).For Technology,the country boasts an impressive level of Digital Usage(for which it is ranked 3rd),especially among businesses.It is also highly engaged in Industry 4.0 techno

156、logies(ranked 15th),such as IoT.Japans strong position for Competitiveness is primarily driven by its conducive Market Environment(ranked 7th)which is marked by strong private sector development in a highly competitive landscape.However,the country would become even more future ready with more advan

157、ced Digital Policies(it is currently ranked 25th)including regulation of more established information and communication technology(ICT),such as issues around licencing and spectrum broadbandand increased support for Digital Content Creation(39th).Japans ability to Retain talent(ranked 25th)boosts it

158、s Human Capital pillar(where it ranks 28th),but the country could take steps to improve ways in which to Attract talent(currently 34th),with measures that include increasing its appeal to international students and addressing gender inequalities.The countrys weakest sub-pillars are Digital Infrastru

159、cture(46th)and Energy Infrastructure(45th),where making mobile-broadband usage plans more affordable and boosting IT spending are priorities.However,Japans reliable Transport Infrastructure(ranked 16th)boosts its position in the Physical Capital pillar(28th).27.The United Arab Emirates(UAE)makes it

160、into the top 10 in one of the four key pillarsPhysical Capital(ranked 7th)thanks to impressive 22 Future Readiness Economic Index 2023performances in Digital Infrastructure(7th)and Transport Infrastructure(3rd).This is,in turn,partly due to widespread internet access and large infrastructure investm

161、ents.The UAE is also a top-10 performer when it comes to Attracting talent(6th),especially from overseas.However,its Human Capital ranking(21st)is mainly hampered by a weak ability to Retain talent(ranked 67th),which would improve with more extensive social protections and a more sustainable environ

162、ment.UAEs performance in the remaining two pillars also vary considerably.In the case of Technology(ranked 36th),its high levels of Digital Usage(14th),especially by individuals,stands in contrast to more lacklustre performances in Digital Content Creation(49th)and involvement in Industry 4.0 techno

163、logies(41st).As for Competitiveness(ranked 42nd),the UAE has a good Market Environment(19th),but there is scope to make Digital Policies(59th)more effective by focusing on digital transformation enabling governance as well as regulations of more established ICT.38.China is the most future-ready of t

164、he non-high-income countries.The country makes it into the top quarter in the Competitiveness pillar(31st),which is primarily due to its impressive Innovation ecosystem(ranked 7th),which contributes to its large share of high-tech exports and its high levels of patent activity.Chinas levels of Digit

165、al Usage(ranked 18th),especially its online government services and use of e-commerce is impressive,but its ranking in the Technology pillar(41st)is hampered by a comparatively low level of Digital Content Creation(89th).China could also improve its future readiness with more advanced Digital Polici

166、es(at 95th position,the countrys weakest sub-pillar),including on issues such as online content,data privacy,and data transfer.China posts solid performances in the Physical Capital pillar(35th),although there is room to increase energy efficiency to strengthen its Energy Infrastructure(54th).As for

167、 Human Capital(42nd),China is 28th position for Skills(putting it in the top quartile),but lacklustre in other sub-pillars,with tolerance towards immigrants and minorities,environmental sustainability,and variables linked to lifestyle most in need of improvement.42.Saudi Arabia features in the top q

168、uartile in the Competitiveness pillar(30th of 124),which is chiefly due to its favourable Market Environment(for which it is ranked 7th).This stands in stark contrast to the countrys weaker position in Innovation(106th)and start-up ecosystemalthough this should improve under the diversification effo

169、rts that form part of the countrys Vision 2030 programme.The labour force exhibits a good level of Skills(14th position)and employability,and the countrys oil riches contribute to a solid Energy Infrastructure(ranking 18th).However,the countrys position in the Human Capital pillar(44th)is stymied by

170、 its low ability to Retain talent(ranked 81st)due to weak environmental sustainability,among other factors.Similarly,its ranking for Physical Capital(46th)is driven by a Transport Infrastructure(61st)that is marked by fairly low road and air connectivity.Saudi Arabias lowest-ranked pillar is Technol

171、ogy(51st).Boosting software development and the markets for cloud computing and IoT would raise its ranking in the Digital Content Creation sub-pillar and the Industry 4.0 sub-pillar from 68th and 60th positions respectively.54.Brazil features in the top half of the rankings in two of the four pilla

172、rs:Technology(49th)and Competitiveness(41st).In the case of Technology,it enjoys a relatively high level of Digital Usage(43rd),especially the digitalisation of government services.As for Competitiveness,the countrys Digital Policies are impressive and earn it a 6th-place ranking.However,more attent

173、ion should be paid to advancing R&D(currently 70th)and Innovation activities(68th).Regarding Physical Capital(ranked 70th),Brazils greatest strengths are in Digital Infrastructure(63rd),despite the need to expand mobile-network coverage.Ranked 71st,Human Capital remains the countrys weakest pillar,w

174、here the greatest challenge is to improve Skills(currently ranked 86th)with measures that include improving digital skills and aligning the educational system to labour-market needs more effectively.65.South Africa has clear strengths in the factors that contribute to Competitiveness(for which it is

175、 ranked 46th).Most notably,the country enjoys a favourable Market Environment(ranked 24th),with impressive market capitalisation and comparatively high levels of R&D(42nd).It also makes it into the top half of the rankings for Technology(58th),which can be partly attributed to its activity in Indust

176、ry 4.0(ranked 30th)technologies such as cloud computing and IoT.South Africa ranks lower for Physical Capital and Human Capital(80th and Future Readiness Economic Index 2023 2383rd respectively).In Physical Capital,the countrys solid Transport Infrastructure(ranked 50th)is offset by an Energy Infras

177、tructure(102nd)that is plagued by electrical outages and low energy efficiency.For Human Capital,the country is open to Attracting global talent(for which it ranks 48th),but has a lower ability to Grow talent and Retain talent(ranked 83rd for both),with youth inclusion and personal safety representi

178、ng two of South Africas greatest challenges.68.Mexico is one of the more consistent performers in the FREI,with rankings that do not vary much across the different pillars and sub-pillars.The biggest disparities are found in the Human Capital pillar(currently ranked 66th)where positive sustainabilit

179、y measures help Mexicos ability to Retain talent(for which it is ranked 56th),while weak employability holds the country back from achieving a higher Skills ranking(currently 82nd).The weakest sub-pillar,however,relates to Energy Infrastructure(87th),which would improve with more efficient energy co

180、nsumption.This would,in turn,strengthen the countrys Physical Capital(68th).As for digital technologies,the Digital Usage(65th)among governmental authorities has had a positive impact on Mexicos performance in the Technology pillar(70th).Digital Policies(71st)backed by solid ICT regulation contribut

181、es to the countrys 68th position for overall Competitiveness.88.India is particularly strong when it comes to Competitiveness(64th),which can be primarily attributed to conducive Digital Policies(37th)both in terms of regulating more established ICT and readiness for digital transformation.This migh

182、t also be an important factor behind Indias strong performance in the Industry 4.0(34th)sub-pillar.However,when it comes to overall performance for Technology(83rd),low Digital Usage(92nd)among its citizens and poor Digital Content Creation rankings(95th)keep the country low down the rankings.Low le

183、vels of digital technologies use also reflects weak Digital Infrastructure(82nd),including poor internet access,which has a detrimental effect on Indias ranking for Physical Capital(74th).Human Capital(104th)remains the area where India has most room for improvement,including by strengthening the ab

184、ility to Attract(123rd),Grow(93rd),and Retain(96th)talent by addressing inequalities faced by minorities and women,increasing opportunities for the countrys youth,and tackling environmental pollution,among others.95.Kenya achieves its highest rank in the Technology pillar(91st).Its greatest strength

185、 is its use of and investment in Industry 4.0 technologies that include AI,cloud computing,and IoT,for which it is currently ranked 45th.However,there is considerable room to improve Digital Content Creation(currently 109th)with greater knowledge creation and higher volumes of produced internet cont

186、ent,among others.Kenya makes the top half of the rankings for Attracting talent(62nd),but the country faces several challenges when it comes to raising its Human Capital ranking from 97th place,not least its ability to Retain talent(ranked 116th)with better sustainability and lifestyle measures.Keny

187、as lowest-ranked pillars are Physical Capital(ranked 100th)and Competitiveness(106th).For Physical Capital,the focus needs to be on various types of Infrastructure:Digital is currently ranked 96th;Transport is 92nd;and Energy 99th.As for Competitiveness,fairly high entrepreneurial activity contribut

188、es to a strong position in the Innovation sub-pillar(60th),but is offset by an unfavourable Market Environment(ranked 115th)and a weak R&D scene(118th).107.Nigeria makes it into the third quartile in two pillars:Competitiveness(92nd of 124)and Human Capital(94th).In particular,its Competitiveness is

189、 boosted by comparatively strong showings for Digital Policies(58th)and Innovation(54th),which can be partly attributed to its ICT regulation and entrepreneurial activity respectively.As for Human Capital,Nigeria has advantages with respect to Skills(58th)and Attracting talent(51st),but needs to str

190、engthen its ability to Grow and Retain talentranked 117th and 105th respectivelyby raising rates of enrolment in tertiary education and improving social and environmental sustainability.Nigeria is in the lowest quartile in both of the other two pillars.With respect to Physical Capital(112th overall)

191、,expanding internet access and making mobile broadband more affordable would both improve the countrys Digital Infrastructure(currently ranked 106th).As for Technology(117th overall),across-the-board effort is needed,including expanding Digital Usage(for which Nigeria ranks 114th)among individuals,b

192、usinesses,and government bodies.Future Readiness Economic Index 2023 25Qatars Digital Policies Outlook:A case study in enhancing digital governanceThe main new feature in this years FREI edition is the revamping,and significant strengthening,of the models Digital Policies sub-pillar.This change refl

193、ects the understanding that digital policies should be at the very centre of national future-readiness strategies.To assess how well various countries are doing in this regard,it is important to consider the degree to which emerging digital technologies have been adopted as well as how effective the

194、 local policy and regulatory environment has been with regard to both existing Information and Communication Technology(ICT)and emerging and future technologies.The top-10 performers in the Digital Policies sub-pillar are all noteworthy examples of countries that,with different characteristics,have

195、adopted policies and regulations to promote digital transformation.Qatara true digital sprinter in the GCC region and ranked 8th globally in this sub-pillaris an interesting story of best practice that shows how significant strides can be made towards more advanced digital policies.The hope of the a

196、uthors of this report is that the example of Qatars journey towards better digital policies can be of benefit to other economies,and a source of inspiration to those that are still in the process of formulating their own approaches to becoming more future ready.Qatars experience and the success of i

197、ts digital-transformation journey can be summarised as the combination of three main elements:1.An ambitious and clear vision,supported by detailed roadmaps.2.A strong will and consistent effort to offer top-notch infrastructure.3.A constant monitoring of digital performance,guided by international

198、best practice.Qatars digital policies have been based on a clear vision supported by detailed roadmapsThe foundation for Qatars progress in digital policymaking,and other areas,is the countrys long-term vision,which was launched in 2008:the Qatar National Vision 2030.The ultimate objective of this v

199、ision is that Qatar should become“an advanced society capable of sustaining its development and providing a high standard of living for its people,”with a“knowledge-based,diversified,and competitive economy.”It also emphasises that“enhancing competitiveness and attracting investment will be needed i

200、n a dynamic and increasingly borderless international economy,”and hence calls for“a stimulating business climate capable of attracting foreign funds and technologies and of encouraging national investment.”This long-term plan has served,and continues to serve,as a framework for detailed policies an

201、d actions for transforming Qatar from a country that is reliant on energy resources to a well-diversified,knowledge-based economy.The roadmap produced for the realisation of the Qatar National Vision 2030 is traced by the successive national development strategies that have been adopted and implemen

202、ted to date.Among the issues and priorities identified in these strategies is the need to harness ICT for economic and social good.Innovation,education,health,and economic diversification and growth are just some of the areas that,directly or indirectly,benefit from integrating key digital technolog

203、ies into the fabric of todays and tomorrows economy and society of Qatar.Table 2 summarises the key digital policies developed and implemented in Qatar since 2011.26 Future Readiness Economic Index 2023Table 2:Qatars Digital Policies Roadmap(20082023)Policy/StrategyDescriptionDomain AreasDate Issued

204、Qatar National Vision 2030(QNV2030)Qatars roadmap for economic diversification and sustainable development,aiming to balance growth with environmental care and human capital enhancement.Economic growth,social development,human capital,environmental sustainability2008Qatars e-Accessibility PolicyEnsu

205、res digital accessibility across all sectors of society.Digital inclusion2011Qatar National ICT Plan 2015Plan for developing a viable ICT sector aligned with QNV2030.ICT infrastructure,cybersecurity,e-services,digital inclusion,market development2011National Development Strategy 1(NDS 1)Initial phas

206、e of implementing QNV2030,setting up specific goals and strategiesVarious sectors20112016E-Transactions LawProvides the legal basis for electronic contracts and transactionsDigital transactions,legal framework2012National Broadband PlanEnsures nationwide high-speed broadband accessTelecommunications

207、2013Cybersecurity LawProvides the legal basis for cybersecurity action plans and measuresCybersecurity2015National Cybersecurity Strategy 2020Framework for national cybersecurity and protection of critical infrastructureCybersecurity2015Digital Government Strategy 2020Strategy to digitise government

208、 services for enhanced public access and efficiencyE-government,digital services2015Qatar National E-Commerce RoadmapComprehensive strategy to promote and regulate the growth of e-commerce in QatarE-commerce,digital economy2015Data Protection and Privacy LawProvides the legal basis for data protecti

209、on and privacyData protection2016National Development Strategy 2(NDS 2)Follow-up to NDS 1,deepening previous achievements and tackling emerging challengesVarious sectors20182022National AI StrategyFramework for integrating AI across different economic sectorsArtificial intelligence2019 Future Readin

210、ess Economic Index 2023 27Table 2:Qatars Digital Policies Roadmap(20082023)(continued)Policy/StrategyDescriptionDomain AreasDate IssuedCloud Policy FrameworkDetails strategic objectives and actions to be implemented to support adoption of cloud computing servicesCloud computing2022Digital FactoryEnh

211、ances government digital service delivery through a unified,user-focused platform,supporting QNV2030s objective of a diversified,knowledge-based economyDigital governance,service delivery,user experience20232027National Blockchain BlueprintProvides a strategic framework for leveraging blockchain acr

212、oss different sectors,including finance,healthcare,and logisticsBlockchain,digital transactions2023Cloud-First PolicyImplements the Cloud Policy Framework for government entities and mandates the prioritisation of cloud computing solutions.Cloud computing,government services2023Qatar Fintech Strateg

213、yStrategy of the Qatar Central Bank to integrate digital innovations such as blockchain,Islamic banking,insurance technology,and education technology.Cryptocurrencies remain banned under the new strategyFintech,insurance technology,e-payments,wallets2023ICT Sector Taxonomy Principles and Categories(

214、ICT Sector Classification)Details national ICT sector taxonomy principles and categories and establishes a national framework that supports further development of relevant policiesICT supply-side value chain2023Digital Signature and Digital IdentityEstablishes secure digital identity and signature f

215、rameworks for transactionsCybersecurity,digital identity20232024National Development Strategy 3(NDS 3)Follow-up to NDS 2,deepening previous achievements and tackling emerging challenges,following a bottom-up processVarious sectors2024-202728 Future Readiness Economic Index 2023Striving to offer top-

216、notch infrastructure and assess progressAlthough it had been seen by some as a major gamble,the 2022 FIFA World Cup was a widely recognised success that provided Qatar with an exceptional opportunity to display its achievements to a global audience.In this respect,the quality of digital infrastructu

217、re and services was a vital component.Qatar proved agile and determined enough to seize this opportunity to update,build,and integrate local ICT infrastructure and capabilities.*As a result,Qatar is emerging as one of the leading countries in the world in new technology adaptation,innovation,and sys

218、tem automation.Although the modernisation of Qatars digital infrastructure and regulatory environment started long before 2022,several notable initiatives are worth highlighting as examples of what a modern economy can do to become more future ready by accelerating its digital transformation.The fol

219、lowing facts and actions deserve special attention:Growing the national ICT market.Qatars ICT market has been growing rapidly over the past decade.According to IDC,the countrys ICT spending is expected to be$5.8 billion in 2024 and is projected to rise to$6.3 billion by 2027.IT spending is estimated

220、 to grow from$3.14 billion to$3.6 billion during the same period.Enhancing government institutional set-up to focus on growing the digital economy.In October 2021,the Ministry of Transport and Communications(MOTC)de-merged into two separate ministries,resulting in the establishment of the Ministry o

221、f Communications and Information Technology(MCIT),led by His Excellency Mohammed bin Ali bin Mohammed Al Mannai.The MCIT focuses on digitally modernising Qatar,further developing Qatars ICT infrastructure,transforming Doha into one of the most connected cities globally,and living up to Qatars ambiti

222、on to become a digital hub both regionally and globally.It aims to harness technology and innovation across five priority sectors:transportation,logistics,environment,healthcare,and sport.In March 2021,the National Cyber Security Agency was established with a focus on securing the states cyberspace

223、and maintaining national cyber security.The governance of the ICT sector as enabler of the digital economy is strongly supported by the role of the Communications Regulatory Authority(CRA)as the regulator of IT,telecom,access to digital media,and the postal sector.Since 2020,the CRA has been quite a

224、ctive in implementing various strategic initiatives across the ICT domain,targeting a revamp of the regulatory framework in support of technology innovation,opening and developing the ICT market,proactive engagement with the industry,and promoting a world-class ICT ecosystem in Qatar.Advancing e-gov

225、ernment,promoting the Digital Factory approach.Qatars e-Government 2020 Strategy set the foundation for a more open and efficient government,focusing on enhancing online services for individuals and businesses.As an extension of this strategy,various government agencies are advancing their digitalis

226、ation efforts,integrating advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence(AI),blockchain,cloud computing,big data analytics,and the Internet of Things(IoT),to develop smart solutions across key sectors.Recently,the MCIT has announced the Digital Factory initiative.This initiative marks a signi

227、ficant transformation in the delivery of government digital services,moving from traditional methods to a more unified and integrated approach.Central to this initiative is user-centric design,aimed at making government services more intuitive and responsive to the needs of citizens,residents,busine

228、sses,and visitors.The Digital Factory initiative incorporates advanced technologies,and includes comprehensive components such as state-of-the-art infrastructure and data aggregation.It is set to follow a structured three-year implementation timeline,with each year aimed at expanding its scope and i

229、mpact.This initiative is poised to enhance the quality*The MCITs report on the ICT legacy of the 2022 FIFA World Cup,Connected Tournament,is available here:https:/www.mcit.gov.qa/sites/default/files/fifa_world_cup_qatar_2022tm_-_mcit_connected_tournament_-_a_digital_legacy_english-1.pdf)For addition

230、al information,see Qatars ICT Landscape&Digital Trends 2022 Report,published by the CRA.https:/www.cra.gov.qa/Services/ICT-Business/ICT-Sector-Research-Report Worldwide Black Book:Live Edition.IDC,October 2023.https:/ Future Readiness Economic Index 2023 29of government services and make a significa

231、nt contribution to Qatars GDP,aligning with the countrys broader goals of technological advancement and economic diversification.TASMU:Smart Qatar.TASMU,Qatars Smart Programme,*is driven by the TASMU Central Platform,a cloud-based IoT system that powers the Smart Qatar vision.It serves as a unified

232、hub for smart-city services,catering to citizens,service providers,and other stakeholders,and aims to transform lives through economic opportunities and accessible services via the TASMU marketplace portal and mobile application.The programmes objective is a nationwide digital transformation that fo

233、sters a digital culture and offers smart-city and government services.Leveraging data-driven decision-making and machine learning,it aligns with Qatars National Vision 2030 goals.In collaboration with key partners like Qatars Ministry of Transport,Ooredoo,Microsoft,Malomatia,Delta Partners,PwC,and A

234、ccenture,TASMU is instrumental in deploying innovative digital solutions.Its capabilities were prominently displayed during the 2022 FIFA World Cup,where TASMUs platform played a critical role in crowd management and stadium management systems,demonstrating its essential contribution to Qatars journ

235、ey towards becoming a digitally advanced,connected nation.Qatars cloud-first policy places cloud computing at the heart of its digital transformation strategy.Introduced in 2023,the cloud-first policy builds on the Cloud Policy Framework issued by the CRA on June 7,2022.This forward-looking policy f

236、ramework sets the stage for a cloud-friendly environment in Qatar,emphasising crucial aspects such as security,privacy,data protection,transparency,and digital inclusion.By adhering to principles of trust,security,and transparency,the policy aims to support Qatars aspirations to become a digital hub

237、 and aligns with CRAs Strategy for 20202024.Its primary objectives include attracting both foreign and domestic investments in new digital services,facilitating the nations full digitalisation,and reducing carbon emissions by promoting carbon-neutral facilities and reducing on-premises data centres.

238、It also involves public and private stakeholders in the cloud value chain,including policy and regulatory recommendations such as the Cloud-First Policy and the National Information Assurance Policy.This comprehensive approach underscores Qatars commitment to leveraging cloud technologies for its di

239、gital transformation and sustainability goals.A constant monitoring of digital performance,guided by international benchmarksOver the past thirty years or so,Qatar has shown that it did not fear the dynamics of international rankings,referring to them as a benchmarking and guiding tool while consist

240、ently focusing on improving its policies and accelerating its digital development in line with its national development goals.For example,as early as 200607 Qatar was one of the first countries in the world to make the Network Readiness Index(then part of the Global Information Technology Index and

241、Report,co-published by INSEAD and the World Economic Forum)a central element of its National ICT Strategy.All the elements described above largely explain why,year after year,the digital performance of Qatar has attracted increasing global attention.The progress that Qatar has made in digital polici

242、es,and in digital transformation more generally,is reflected in its position in various indices that measure the state of digital frameworks across countries.The 8th-place ranking in the Digital Policies sub-pillar of FREI 2023 is the highest position achieved by Qatar in the ICT-related sub-pillars

243、 of the FREI model.Qatar is particularly impressive in topical issues:AI regulation,cloud governance,online content,data privacy,and data transfer.This remarkable performance,however,did not come about by chance.It was the result of continuous efforts and of an unwavering will to excel.It is now exp

244、ected that this same attitude will usher similar progress in other facets of digital transformation.Digital Horizons:Charting Qatars transformative journey toward 2030As Qatar advances towards the realisation of its ambitious National Vision 2030,the imminent release of the National Development Stra

245、tegy 3(NDS3)marks a significant step.Focusing on*https:/tasmu.gov.qa/https:/www.cra.gov.qa/Law-and-Regulations/Policies-and-Strategy/Cloud-Policy30 Future Readiness Economic Index 2023economic diversification across key sectors,NDS3 is poised to leverage the nations strategic position and demographi

246、c composition to bolster its digital transformation efforts.This strategy aligns with the demographic dynamics of the country,where a substantial proportion of the population are expatriates,and taps into the economic potential derived from its position as a major player in the global liquefied natu

247、ral gas(LNG)market.NDS3 aims to build on this foundation,pivoting the economy towards a more knowledge-driven and technologically advanced future.The Digital Agenda 2030,a key element of NDS3,outlines a range of initiatives that will increase digitalisation across various sectors,driving the growth

248、of Qatars digital economy.This includes enhancing cloud capabilities,fostering environmental technology programmes,transforming government services to be more user-focused,and refining the regulatory landscape for ICT.In addition,the agenda aims to develop a national framework for emerging technolog

249、ies,establish a framework for attracting FDI,and prioritise the digital transformation of key sectors.The spill-over effect of this widespread digitalisation is expected to substantially contribute to the evolution of Qatars digital economy.In line with these objectives,Qatar is also focused on beco

250、ming a regional digital hub.It is actively creating an ecosystem that attracts international talent,stimulates job creation,and encourages the development and scaling of new technologies.This endeavour is part of Qatars broader strategy to attract digital businesses and cultivate an environment that

251、 fosters innovation and global competitiveness.Moreover,Qatar places a strong emphasis on regional collaboration in digital policy-making.The country seeks to ensure interoperability and foster a collective approach to challenges such as data governance and digital commerce.This collaborative stance

252、 is expected to enhance Qatars digital infrastructure and contribute to the expansion of the digital economy across the broader region.In summary,through NDS3 and the Digital Agenda 2030,Qatar is not only reinforcing its commitment to economic diversification,but it is also aiming to create a future

253、 that is digitally enabled,aligns with Qatars natural gas heritage,and paves the way for sustainable,long-term economic prosperity.Future Readiness Economic Index 2023 31Performances by income group*and regionIn total,124 countries are included in the Future Readiness Economic Index(FREI)2023 report

254、.In terms of regional distribution,23 are in Asia Pacific;38 are in Europe;18 are in Latin America and the Caribbean;18 are in the Middle East and North Africa;two are in Northern America;and 25 are in Sub-Saharan Africa.When it comes to income levels,10 are classed as low-income countries;34 are lo

255、wer-middle-income countries;32 are upper-middle-income countries;and 48 are high-income countries.There is a strong,positive correlation between future readiness and income level,which can clearly be seen when comparing the summary statistics across regions and income groups(Figures 4 and 5,respecti

256、vely).Northern America is the region with the highest average score,although it should be noted that the region consists only of two countries,Canada and the United States.This is followed by Europe,which has a high share of developed countries,which are also among the most future-ready(seven of the

257、 top-10 performers are European).Singapore is the leader in Asia Pacific,but it is interesting to note the wide divergence in levels of future readiness in the region,and that it lags behind the Middle East and North Africa in most summary statistics.Latin America and the Caribbean and,primarily,Sub

258、-Saharan Africa are the least future-ready regions in general.Figure 4:FREI scores by regionMinimumMedianMaximum25th percentile75th percentileMinimumMedianMaximum25th percentile75th percentileFREI score0255075100Sub-Saharan AfricaNorthern AmericaMiddle East and North AfricaLatin America and the Cari

259、bbeanEuropeAsia PacificNote:The figure for Northern America has only two bars because it contains only two countries:Canada and the United States.*There are four income groups:low income;lower-middle income;upper-middle income;and high income.The income group classifications are taken from the World

260、 Bank,whereby countries are grouped based on their 2022 gross national income(GNI)per capita,calculated using the World Bank Atlas method(see https:/datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups).There are six regional groups:Asia Pacific;Europe;Latin

261、 America and the Caribbean;Middle East and North Africa;Northern America;and Sub-Saharan Africa.The categories are based on United Nations Regional Classifications,although the terminology is sometimes different(e.g.Middle East and North Africa instead of Northern Africa and Western Asia).32 Future

262、Readiness Economic Index 2023The contrasts are even starker when comparing future readiness across income groups.Figure 5 vividly illustrates that countries at higher income levels outperform those at lower income levels in what can be described as a stairway towards greater future readiness:every s

263、tep up in terms of income group is associated with a forward step with respect to future readiness.Figure 5:FREI scores by income groupMinimumMedianMaximum25th percentile75th percentileMinimumMedianMaximum25th percentile75th percentileFREI score0255075100LowLower middleUpper middleHighRegional resul

264、ts:Europe and Northern AmericaThe FREI rankings are dominated by countries from Europe and Northern America,although the global leaderSingaporeis in Asia Pacific.Both Northern American countries,Canada and the United States,have impressive levels of future readiness:the United States earning 4th pla

265、ce and Canada just outside the top 10 in 11th position.As for the 38 countries in Europe included in the Index,21 countries make it into the top quartile of the rankings(that is,ranked in the top 31).A further 14European countries are positioned in the second quartile,while three are ranked in the t

266、hird quartile.(Figure 6).On average,the Europe and Northern America regions do not perform notably better in any particular pillar(s).However,at the sub-pillar level,Europe exhibits a clear advantage in terms of Growing and Retaining talent,and with respect to its Energy Infrastructure.Both Northern

267、 American countries,meanwhile,feature in the top 10 in several sub-pillars,including Growing talent,Skills,Market Environment,and R&D.Looking at sub-pillars that relate directly to digital technologies,several countries in Europe show comparative strengths in Digital Content Creation and Digital Inf

268、rastructureand a relative weakness in Digital Policies.There is,however,considerable variation within the region,with the United Kingdom and Estonia standing out for their top-three global rankings(1st and 3rd,respectively).As to Northern America,it shines in several areas related to digital technol

269、ogies,especially Digital Infrastructure and Industry 4.0.Future Readiness Economic Index 2023 33Figure 6:Overall FREI performance in Europe and Northern AmericaFREI score75.0839.67NorwaySwedenFinlandIcelandRussiaSwitzerlandAustriaItalyGermanyPolandCzechRepublicEstoniaLatviaLithuaniaBelarusUkraineMol

270、dovaSlovakiaHungaryRomaniaBulgariaGreeceDenmarkNetherlandsBelgiumFranceIrelandUnitedKingdomSpainPortugalAlbaniaNorth MacedoniaBosnia and HerzegovinaSerbiaCroatiaSloveniaMaltaLuxembourgFREI score75.0839.67United StatesCanada34 Future Readiness Economic Index 2023Regional results:Asia PacificAsia Paci

271、fic remains the most heterogeneous region in the FREI 2023,with individual country rankings going from 1st place for Singapore to 110th for Myanmar.In total,there are 23 countries in the region included in the FREI,with rankings spread throughout all quartiles.Five Asia Pacific countries are positio

272、ned in the top quartile of the FREI,four are in the second quartile,eight are in the third quartile,and six are in the bottom quartile(Figure 7).Figure 7:Overall FREI performance in Asia PacificFREI score78.0123.33SingaporeAustraliaNew ZealandSouth KoreaJapanChinaIndonesiaMalaysiaThailandPhilippines

273、CambodiaViet NamLaosMyanmarBangladeshIndiaSriLankaNepalKazakhstanMongoliaKyrgyzstanPakistanIranIn general,Asia Pacific performs particularly well in the pillars associated with Physical Capital and Competitiveness.Above all,the region has strengths in Innovation,with nine countries making it into th

274、is sub-pillars top quartile.As in the previous FREI edition,Human Capital is Asia Pacifics weakest pillar on average,especially when it comes to Attracting and Retaining talent.As for digital technologies,both Digital Content Creation and Digital Policies are sub-pillars in which several Asia Pacifi

275、c countries struggle the most.Again,however,there are large differences within the region as a whole.For instance,in the case of Digital Policies,Australia and Singapore are among the top-10 performers(4th and 2nd,respectively),while Laos and Nepal are firmly placed in the bottom(122nd and 123rd,res

276、pectively).Among the digital technologies sub-pillars,Asia Pacific tends to perform well in Industry 4.0,which might be connected to the regions strength in Innovation.Future Readiness Economic Index 2023 35Regional results:Latin America and the CaribbeanLatin America and the Caribbean is the region

277、 outside Northern America that exhibits the least variation in terms of future readiness.In total,the FREI includes 18 countries from the region,ranked in the second,third and fourth quartiles,ranging from a high of 43rd position for Chile to a low of 98th position for Guatemala.Five countries are p

278、ositioned in the second quartile,ten are in the third quartile,and three in the bottom quartile(Figure 8).Figure 8:Overall FREI performance in Latin America and the CaribbeanFREI score49.6028.34ChileArgentinaUruguayParaguayBrazilBoliviaPeruEcuadorColombiaTrinidadand TobagoDominicanRepublicJamaicaPan

279、amaCostaRicaHondurasEl SalvadorGuatemalaMexico36 Future Readiness Economic Index 2023The region as a whole has clear strengths in the Human Capital pillar,in which half of the countries in the region achieve their best rankings.Above all,the ability to Attract talent is strong in many of the countri

280、es in Latin America and the Caribbean.The main challenge for the region is to improve Physical Capital,where there is a need to invest in all types of infrastructure:Digital,Transport,and Energy.In terms of sub-pillars directly linked to digital technologies,most countries in Latin America and the C

281、aribbean achieve their best performance in Digital Usage,Digital Content Creation,or Digital Policies.For instance,several governments in the region,notably in Brazil,Chile,and Mexico,are highly active in providing online public services.At the same time,differences among the countries appear to be

282、particularly pronounced with respect to Digital Usage and Digital Policies.Often,the worst-performing sub-pillar in digital technologies is Industry 4.0,where eight of the countries in the region are positioned in the bottom quartile.Regional results:The Middle East and North AfricaThe Middle East a

283、nd North Africa is,on average,third for future readiness behind Europe and Northern America.In total,18 countries from the region are included in the FREI 2023,and can be found in the top three quartilesalthough Algeria,ranked 93rd,only just makes it into the third quartile.In 24th place,Israel is t

284、he highest-ranked country in the region,with United Arab Emirates and Cyprus also featured in the top quartile(at 27th and 28th position respectively).Seven countries feature in the second quartile,while the remaining eight are positioned in the third quartile(Figure 9).Although treated as one regio

285、n in this report,it should be noted that the future readiness of the Middle East is generally higher than that of North Africa.In fact,all four North African countriesfeatured in the FREI are among the regions five worst-performing.At 77th,Lebanon is the only Middle Eastern country in the regions bo

286、ttom five.Figure 9:Overall FREI performance in the Middle East and North AfricaFREI score61.2633.38MoroccoAlgeriaTunisiaEgyptIsraelSaudi ArabiaUnited ArabEmiratesOmanQatarBahrainKuwaitJordanLebanonCyprusTrkiyeAzerbaijanArmeniaGeorgia Future Readiness Economic Index 2023 37Bearing in mind the conside

287、rable variation within the region,there is a tendency for countries to perform better in pillars and sub-pillars that are more about enabling future readiness than in those that are concerned with the impact of future readiness.This means that several countries in the Middle East and North Africa do

288、 relatively well in the three sub-pillars associated with Physical Capital(Digital Infrastructure,Transport Infrastructure,and Energy Infrastructure)as well as the Market Environment sub-pillar,but are less prominent in the Industry 4.0 and Innovation sub-pillars.The main exception is the Human Capi

289、tal pillar,where more countries do better in the output-related Skills sub-pillar than in the input-related sub-pillars of Attracting,Growing,and Retaining talent.A similar observation can be made regarding digital technologies.As was pointed out in the previous FREI edition,several countries have c

290、omparative strengths relating to the access and use of digital technologies,such as Digital Infrastructure,rather than the impact of digital transformation on the generation and production of goods and servicessuch as Industry 4.0.As for Digital Policies,this is the sub-pillar with the largest in-re

291、gion variation,with a top-10 performance by Qatar(ranked 8th)a stark contrast to Lebanons position in the fourth quartile(ranked 118th).Regional results:Sub-Saharan AfricaSub-Saharan Africa remains,on average,the least future-ready region.In total,there are 25 countries from the region included in t

292、he FREI,but only one makes it into the upper half of the rankings(Mauritius at 59th position).Two Sub-Saharan African countries are in the third quartileSouth Africa at 65th and Botswana at 89thwhile the remaining 22 are in the fourth quartile(Figure 10).Figure 10:Overall FREI performance in Sub-Sah

293、aran AfricaFREI score44.1211.49South AfricaMadagascarBotswanaZimbabweMozambiqueMalawiZambiaAngolaTanzaniaKenyaRwandaUgandaEthiopiaMauritiusCameroonNigeriaNigerBeninTogoGhanaBurkinaFasoCtedIvoireMaliGuineaSenegal38 Future Readiness Economic Index 2023In general,the region has lacklustre showings in a

294、ll four pillars.That said,it does perform slightly better in the Competitiveness pillar,which is mainly due to the relatively higher performance in the Digital Policies and Innovation sub-pillars by several countries.However,the clearest strength in the region is the ability to Attract talent,which

295、is the highest-ranked sub-pillar in 11 countries.The regions relative strengths shown in the Digital Policies sub-pillar can be partly attributed to fairly solid ICT Regulation and Cybersecurity in several countries,such as Nigeria,Rwanda,and South Africa.Another sub-pillar linked to digital technol

296、ogies in which the region performs comparatively well is Industry 4.0,which is almost certainly linked to the entrepreneurial spirit found in some countries.The key challenge for Sub-Saharan Africa,meanwhile,is to improve Digital Infrastructure in order to raise access to and affordability of the in

297、ternet.For example,less than a handful of countries in the region meet the affordability target for mobile and fixed broadband data,which states that the cost of a basket of services should not exceed two percent of gross national income per capita.Strengthening Digital Infrastructure would,in turn,

298、increase Digital Usage and Digital Content Creation,which also tend to be at very low levels in the region.Future Readiness Economic Index 2023 39*United Nations(May 2023).ConclusionFuture readiness is a critical determinant of a countrys ability to navigate the challenges and seize the opportunitie

299、s of the rapidly evolving global landscape.In an era where digital technologies are reshaping industries and societies,embracing digital transformation is no longer an option but a necessity.Countries that prioritise future readiness and proactively embrace digital transformation are better position

300、ed to drive innovation,enhance competitiveness,and achieve sustainable growth.No wonder,then,that UN Member States have highlighted the transformative potential of digital technologies as one of the key issues of our times.For this reason,country representatives and other stakeholders will meet in S

301、eptember 2024 in an effort to improve digital cooperation through the creation of a Global Digital Compact.Although the precise content of these deliberations is yet to be decided,it is likely to cover the following three objectives:*Closing the digital divide and advancing the Sustainable Developme

302、nt Goals Making the online space safe and open for everyone Governing artificial intelligence(AI)for humanityThe results and analysis discussed in this report give rise to several recommendations to support the achievement of these objectives:First,the fact that the most future-ready countries perfo

303、rm well across the various dimensions of the Index underlines the importance of a holistic approach towards digital transformation.Countries should not have an undue focus on a few particular areas at the expense of the development of other areas.More specifically,countries need to adopt measures th

304、at range from ensuring affordable digital access for all to facilitating the use and development of emerging technologies such as AI,cloud computing,and Internet of Things(IoT).Second,in the case of digital governance,analysis shows that the most advanced policies are found in a diverse range of cou

305、ntries.Consider the top-10 countries in the Digital Policies sub-pillar,which includes countries like Australia,Brazil,Canada,Estonia,Qatar,Singapore,and the United Kingdom.They cover economies of various sizes,from different regions,and very different income levels.This suggests that countries have

306、 considerable policy space to implement a digital policy framework that encourages innovation,safeguards privacy and security,and promotes fair competition,as well as building trust in the digital ecosystem.Drawing on the first recommendation,it is important that such a framework is wide-ranging in

307、the issues it addresses.Third,as acknowledged by the UN Member States,some of the existing and future challenges of digital technologies are best tackled at the global level.The widely reported transformative impact that AI might have on humanity,for instance,can only be addressed effectively by cou

308、ntries that work in concert to develop and harmonise appropriate standards.The mapping of national digital regulatory frameworks as attempted in this years Index,which complements efforts by the International Telecommunication Union(ITU)and others,is one contribution to the necessary multilateralism

309、 for digital technologies.40 Future Readiness Economic Index 2023 Future Readiness Economic Index 2023 41Section II:Country profiles Future Readiness Economic Index 2023 43How to read the country profilesThe country profiles provide more granular information on how each of the 124 countries performs

310、 in the various areas covered by the Future Readiness Economic Index(FREI).Each country profile consists of two pages.The first page presents a countrys key indicators and a visual overview of its FREI performance in the pillars and sub-pillars.The second page presents granular information on a coun

311、trys performance across all pillars,sub-pillars,and indicators.40 Future Readiness Economic Index 2023COMPETITIVENESSPHYSICAL CAPITALHUMAN CAPITALTECHNOLOGY0102030405060708090100 Albania Upper-middle-income average Digital Policies:60 Market Environment:31 R&D:1 Innovation:2028 Digital Usage:61 Digi

312、tal Content Creation:35 Industry 4.0:1136 Attract:45 Grow:41 Retain:65 Skills:3847 Digital Infrastructure:71 Transport Infrastructure:36 Energy Infrastructure:7360AlbaniaKey IndicatorsRank(out of 124).62Income group.Upper-middle incomeRegional group.EuropePopulation(millions).2.78GDP per capita(PPP

313、US$).18,551.72GDP(US$billions).18.88FREI score.42.65FREI score(income group average).42.29FREI 2023 scores by pillar and sub-pillar(0100)23The first page includes three specific parts:1 Key indicators2 Radar chart3 Bar charts1 Each country profile begins with a summary of key indicators.More specifi

314、cally,a countrys FREI rank(out of 124)and its overall FREI score are highlighted,and basic country statistics such as population,GDP per capita,and GDP from the World Banks World Development Indicators are provided.The key indicators also include information on the countrys income group and regional

315、 group,and the average FREI score of the associated income group.*2 The visualisation on the first page has a radar chart in its centre,which depicts the particular countrys performance along the four FREI pillars and its position with respect to its income group peers.The blue line plots the countr

316、ys score on each of the four pillars,while the grey line represents the average scores for its corresponding income group.3 The outer part of the visualisation on the first page shows a countrys score in each of the four pillars and their associated sub-pillars.Pillar names and scores are presented

317、in the outside rim,while sub-pillar names and scores are placed along the inside rim and are also depicted with progress bar charts.The results on the second page detail a countrys normalised scores and ranks across all pillars,sub-pillars,and indicators.The pillars are identified by a bold single d

318、igit notation(e.g.,1 PHYSICAL CAPITAL),the sub-pillars by a two-digit notation(e.g.,1.2 Transport Infrastructure),and the 72 indicators by a three-digit notation(e.g.,1.2.3 Air connectivity).For more information about the method of calculation and variable definitions,please refer to Methodology of

319、the Future Readiness Economic Index and Sources and definitions,respectively.*The income group is based on the World Banks Income Group Classification as of July 2022,whereas the regional affiliation is primarily based on the United Nations sub-regional groups.1 Future Readiness Economic Index 2023

320、45Index of countriesAlbania.46Algeria.48Angola.50Argentina.52Armenia.54Australia.56Austria.58Azerbaijan.60Bahrain.62Bangladesh.64Belarus.66Belgium.68Benin.70Bolivia,Plurinational St.72Bosnia and Herzegovina.74Botswana.76Brazil.78Bulgaria.80Burkina Faso.82Cambodia.84Cameroon.86Canada.88Chile.90China.

321、92Colombia.94Costa Rica.96Cte dIvoire.98Croatia.100Cyprus.102Czech Republic.104Denmark.106Dominican Republic.108Ecuador.110Egypt.112El Salvador.114Estonia.116Ethiopia.118Finland.120France.122Georgia.124Germany.126Ghana.128Greece.130Guatemala.132Guinea.134Honduras.136Hungary.138Iceland.140India.142In

322、donesia.144Iran,Islamic Rep.146Ireland.148Israel.150Italy.152Jamaica.154Japan.156Jordan.158Kazakhstan.160Kenya.162Korea,Rep.164Kuwait.166Kyrgyzstan.168Lao PDR.170Latvia.172Lebanon.174Lithuania.176Luxembourg.178Madagascar.180Malawi.182Malaysia.184Mali.186Malta.188Mauritius.190Mexico.192Moldova,Rep.19

323、4Mongolia.196Morocco.198Mozambique.200Myanmar.202Nepal.204Netherlands.206New Zealand.208Niger.210Nigeria.212North Macedonia.214Norway.216Oman.218Pakistan.220Panama.222Paraguay.224Peru.226Philippines.228Poland.230Portugal.232Qatar.234Romania.236Russian Federation.238Rwanda.240Saudi Arabia.242Senegal.

324、244Serbia.246Singapore.248Slovakia.250Slovenia.252South Africa.254Spain.256Sri Lanka.258Sweden.260Switzerland.262Tanzania,United Rep.264Thailand.266Togo.268Trinidad and Tobago.270Tunisia.272Trkiye.274Uganda.276Ukraine.278United Arab Emirates.280United Kingdom.282United States of America.284Uruguay.2

325、86Viet Nam.288Zambia.290Zimbabwe.29246 Future Readiness Economic Index 2023COMPETITIVENESSPHYSICAL CAPITALHUMAN CAPITALTECHNOLOGY0102030405060708090100 Albania Upper-middle-income average Digital Policies:60 Market Environment:31 R&D:1 Innovation:2028 Digital Usage:61 Digital Content Creation:35 Ind

326、ustry 4.0:1136 Attract:45 Grow:41 Retain:65 Skills:3847 Digital Infrastructure:71 Transport Infrastructure:36 Energy Infrastructure:7360AlbaniaKey IndicatorsRank(out of 124).62Income group.Upper-middle incomeRegional group.EuropePopulation(millions).2.78GDP per capita(PPP US$).18,551.72GDP(US$billio

327、ns).18.88FREI score.42.65FREI score(income group average).42.29FREI 2023 scores by pillar and sub-pillar(0100)Future Readiness Economic Index 2023 47 Score Rank1 PHYSICAL CAPITAL.59.87 531.1 Digital Infrastructure.70.84 611.1.1 Internet access.88.06 381.1.2 International internet bandwidth.47.81 501

328、.1.3 Fixed-broadband subscriptions.82.56 671.1.4 4G-mobile network coverage.98.82 481.1.5 Fixed broadband affordability.86.34 421.1.6 Mobile broadband affordability.83.16 871.1.7 Computer software spending.9.09 741.2 Transport Infrastructure.35.99 531.2.1 Quality of infrastructure.32.14 701.2.2 Rura

329、l access.84.73 371.2.3 Air connectivity.6.78 641.2.4 Infrastructure investment.1.3 Energy Infrastructure.72.79 491.3.1 Access to electricity.100.00 11.3.2 Electricity consumption.1.3.3 Electrical outages.88.72 621.3.4 Energy intensity.92.78 132 HUMAN CAPITAL.47.02 552.1 Attract.45.11 582.1.1 Brain g

330、ain.38.78 822.1.2 International students.4.36 782.1.3 Tolerance of minorities.62.77 362.1.4 Tolerance of immigrants.40.00 952.1.5 Gender parity in high-skilled jobs.79.62 462.2 Grow.40.54 672.2.1 Tertiary enrolment.37.00 572.2.2 Reading,maths,and science.34.98 532.2.3 Use of virtual professional net

331、works.24.80 532.2.4 Youth inclusion.65.38 912.3 Retain.64.86 532.3.1 Pension coverage.n/a n/a2.3.2 Environmental performance.47.80 472.3.3 Physician density.29.47 752.3.4 Sanitation.99.23 262.3.5 Personal safety.82.93 312.4 Skills.37.57 442.4.1 Workforce with tertiary education.26.34 682.4.2 High-sk

332、illed workforce.24.84 732.4.3 Researchers.n/a n/a2.4.4 Relevance of education system to the economy.80.94 82.4.5 Digital skills.18.16 51 Score Rank3 TECHNOLOGY.35.66 563.1 Digital Usage.61.00 573.1.1 Internet users.77.98 603.1.2 Active mobile-broadband subscriptions.28.18 853.1.3 Gender parity in in

333、ternet usage.95.78 543.1.4 Firms with website.56.24 513.1.5 Internet shopping.19.36 693.1.6 Government online services.76.03 333.1.7 E-Participation.73.42 223.2 Digital Content Creation.35.40 563.2.1 Software development.4.61 573.2.2 Wikipedia edits.57.44 523.2.3 Internet domain registrations.4.44 533.2.4 Mobile apps development.75.13 633.3 Industry 4.0.10.58 693.3.1 Cloud computing.3.3.2 AI softw