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1、U.S.Department of the InteriorU.S.Geological SurveyMINERAL COMMODITY SUMMARIES 2024SiliconSilverSoda AshStoneStrontiumSulfurTalcTantalumTelluriumThalliumThoriumTinTitaniumTungstenVanadiumVermiculiteWollastoniteYttriumZeolitesZincZirconiumMercuryMicaMolybdenumNickelNiobiumNitrogenPalladiumPeatPerlite

2、Phosphate RockPlatinumPotashPumiceQuartzRare EarthsRheniumRubidiumSaltSand and GravelScandiumSeleniumFluorsparGalliumGarnetGemstonesGermaniumGoldGraphiteGypsumHafniumHeliumIndiumIodineIron and SteelIron OreIron Oxide PigmentsKyaniteLeadLimeLithiumMagnesiumManganeseAbrasivesAluminumAntimonyArsenicAsb

3、estosBariteBauxiteBerylliumBismuthBoronBromineCadmiumCementCesiumChromiumClaysCobaltCopperDiamondDiatomiteFeldsparCover:Photograph of microchips,also known as integrated circuits(ICs),on a semiconductor wafer.Microchips have become an integral part of daily life,as they are essentially the brain of

4、modern electronics found in everything from computers,communication devices,medical and healthcare technology,vehicle and transportation systems,satellites,military systems,clean energy technology,wireless networks,the Internet of Things(IoT),and countless other applications.Advances in semiconducto

5、r and microchip technology have enabled the development of more compact,faster,more powerful,more reliable,and less expensive electronic devices.Gallium(p.74)and silicon(p.160)are two important materials in modern semiconductor technology.Gallium,which is extracted from bauxite(aluminum)and zinc ore

6、s,used in the form of gallium arsenide(GaAs)and gallium nitride(GaN)on a silicon substrate,offers superior semiconductor performance compared to silicon,including higher electron mobility,optical features,and higher energy efficiency,making it the preferred material of choice for high-performance an

7、d high-frequency specialty applications,such as high-speed telecommunications(for example,5G networks),high-performance computers,and aerospace systems.High-purity silicon is currently the most widely used material for semiconductor microchips because of its electrical properties,abundance,and cost

8、effectiveness.Photograph courtesy of Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Co.,Ltd.(TSMC).U.S.Department of the Interior U.S.Geological Survey MINERAL COMMODITY SUMMARIES 2024 Abrasives Fluorspar Mercury Silicon Aluminum Gallium Mica Silver Antimony Garnet Molybdenum Soda Ash Arsenic Gemstones Nickel S

9、tone Asbestos Germanium Niobium Strontium Barite Gold Nitrogen Sulfur Bauxite Graphite Palladium Talc Beryllium Gypsum Peat Tantalum Bismuth Hafnium Perlite Tellurium Boron Helium Phosphate Rock Thallium Bromine Indium Platinum Thorium Cadmium Iodine Potash Tin Cement Iron and Steel Pumice Titanium

10、Cesium Iron Ore Quartz Tungsten Chromium Iron Oxide Pigments Rare Earths Vanadium Clays Kyanite Rhenium Vermiculite Cobalt Lead Rubidium Wollastonite Copper Lime Salt Yttrium Diamond Lithium Sand and Gravel Zeolites Diatomite Magnesium Scandium Zinc Feldspar Manganese Selenium Zirconium U.S.Geologic

11、al Survey,Reston,Virginia:2024 Manuscript approved for publication January 31,2024.For more information on the USGSthe Federal source for science about the Earth,its natural and living resources,natural hazards,and the environment visit https:/www.usgs.gov or call 1888ASKUSGS.For an overview of USGS

12、 information products,including maps,imagery,and publications,visit https:/store.usgs.gov/.For sale by the Superintendent of Documents,U.S.Government Publishing Office P.O.Box 979050,St.Louis,MO 631979000 Phone:(866)5121800(toll-free);(202)5121800(Washington,DC,area)Fax:(202)5122104 Internet:https:/

13、bookstore.gpo.gov Email:ContactCentergpo.gov Any use of trade,product,or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S.Government.Although this report is in the public domain,permission must be secured from the individual copyright owners to reproduce any copy

14、righted material contained within this report.Suggested citation:U.S.Geological Survey,2024,Mineral commodity summaries 2024:U.S.Geological Survey,212 p.,https:/doi.org/10.3133/mcs2024.Associated data for this publication:U.S.Geological Survey,2024,Data release for mineral commodity summaries 2024:U

15、.S.Geological Survey data release,https:/doi.org/10.5066/P144BA54.ISBN 978-1-4113-4544-7CONTENTS General:Page Introduction.3 Figure 1The Role of Nonfuel Mineral Commodities in the U.S.Economy.4 Significant Events,Trends,and Issues.5 Figure 22023 U.S.Net Import Reliance .7 Figure 3Leading Import Sour

16、ces(201922)of Nonfuel Mineral Commodities.8 Table 1U.S.Mineral Industry Trends.9 Table 2U.S.Mineral-Related Economic Trends.9 Table 3Value of Nonfuel Mineral Production in the United States in 2023.10 Figures 48Value of Nonfuel Minerals Produced in 2023.1216 Table 4The 2022 U.S.Critical Minerals Lis

17、t.17 U.S.Critical Minerals Update.18 Table 5Salient Critical Minerals Statistics in 2023.23 Mineral Commodities:Abrasives(Manufactured).30 Aluminum.32 Antimony.34 Arsenic.36 Asbestos.38 Barite.40 Bauxite and Alumina.42 Beryllium.44 Bismuth.46 Boron.48 Bromine.50 Cadmium.52 Cement.54 Cesium.56 Chromi

18、um.58 Clays.60 Cobalt.62 Copper.64 Diamond(Industrial).66 Diatomite.68 Feldspar and Nepheline Syenite.70 Fluorspar.72 Gallium.74 Garnet(Industrial).76 Gemstones.78 Germanium.80 Gold.82 Graphite(Natural).84 Gypsum.86 Helium.88 Indium.90 Iodine.92 Iron and Steel.94 Iron and Steel Scrap.96 Iron and Ste

19、el Slag.98 Iron Ore.100 Iron Oxide Pigments.102 Kyanite and Related Minerals.104 Lead.106 Lime.108 Lithium.110 Magnesium Compounds.112 Magnesium Metal.114 Manganese.116 Page Figure 920-Year Trend of U.S.Net Import Reliance for Critical Minerals.24 Figure 10Estimated 1-Year Percent Change and 5-Year

20、Compound Annual Growth Rate in Prices of Critical Minerals.25 Figures 1112Changes in U.S.Consumption of Nonfuel Mineral Commodities.2627 Figure 13Value of Old Scrap Domestically Recycled,Imported,and Exported.28 Figure 14Relation Between Byproduct Elements and Host Metals.29 Appendix AAbbreviations

21、and Units of Measure.206 Appendix BDefinitions of Selected Terms Used in This Report.206 Appendix CReserves and Resources.207 Appendix DCountry Specialists Directory.211 Mercury.118 Mica(Natural).120 Molybdenum.122 Nickel.124 Niobium(Columbium).126 Nitrogen(Fixed)Ammonia.128 Peat.130 Perlite.132 Pho

22、sphate Rock.134 Platinum-Group Metals.136 Potash.138 Pumice and Pumicite.140 Quartz(High-Purity and Industrial Crystal).142 Rare Earths.144 Rhenium.146 Rubidium.148 Salt.150 Sand and Gravel(Construction).152 Sand and Gravel(Industrial).154 Scandium.156 Selenium.158 Silicon.160 Silver.162 Soda Ash.16

23、4 Stone(Crushed).166 Stone(Dimension).168 Strontium.170 Sulfur.172 Talc and Pyrophyllite.174 Tantalum.176 Tellurium.178 Thallium.180 Thorium.182 Tin.184 Titanium and Titanium Dioxide.186 Titanium Mineral Concentrates.188 Tungsten.190 Vanadium.192 Vermiculite.194 Wollastonite.196 Yttrium.198 Zeolites

24、(Natural).200 Zinc.202 Zirconium and Hafnium.204 1 INSTANT INFORMATION Information about the U.S.Geological Survey,its programs,staff,and products is available from the internet at https:/www.usgs.gov or by calling(888)ASKUSGS(888)2758747.This publication has been prepared by the National Minerals I

25、nformation Center(NMIC).Information about NMIC and its products is available from the internet at https:/www.usgs.gov/centers/national-minerals-information-center or by writing to Director,National Minerals Information Center,988 National Center,Reston,VA 20192.KEY PUBLICATIONS Minerals YearbookThes

26、e annual publications review the mineral industries of the United States and of more than 180 other countries.They contain statistical data on minerals and materials and include information on economic and technical trends and developments and are available at https:/www.usgs.gov/centers/national-mi

27、nerals-information-center/publications.The three volumes that make up the Minerals Yearbook are volume I,Metals and Minerals;volume II,Area ReportsDomestic;and volume III,Area ReportsInternational.Mineral Commodity SummariesPublished on an annual basis,this report is the earliest Government publicat

28、ion to furnish estimates covering nonfuel mineral industry data and is available at https:/www.usgs.gov/centers/national-minerals-information-center/mineral-commodity-summaries.Data sheets contain information on the domestic industry structure,Government programs,tariffs,world production and reserve

29、s,and 5-year salient statistics for more than 90 individual minerals and materials.Mineral Industry SurveysThese periodic statistical and economic reports are designed to provide timely statistical data on production,shipments,stocks,and consumption of significant mineral commodities and are availab

30、le at https:/www.usgs.gov/centers/national-minerals-information-center/mineral-industry-surveys.The surveys are issued monthly,quarterly,or at other regular intervals.Materials Flow StudiesThese publications describe the flow of minerals and materials from extraction to ultimate disposition to help

31、better understand the economy,manage the use of natural resources,and protect the environment and are available at https:/www.usgs.gov/centers/national-minerals-information-center/materials-flow.Recycling ReportsThese studies illustrate the recycling of metal commodities and identify recycling trend

32、s and are available at https:/www.usgs.gov/centers/national-minerals-information-center/recycling-statistics-and-information.Historical Statistics for Mineral and Material Commodities in the United States(Data Series 140)This report provides a compilation of statistics on production,trade,and use of

33、 approximately 90 mineral commodities since as far back as 1900 and is available at https:/www.usgs.gov/centers/national-minerals-information-center/historical-statistics-mineral-and-material-commodities.WHERE TO OBTAIN PUBLICATIONS Mineral Commodity Summaries and the Minerals Yearbook are sold by t

34、he U.S.Government Publishing Office.Orders are accepted over the internet at https:/bookstore.gpo.gov,by email at ContactCentergpo.gov,by telephone toll free(866)5121800;Washington,DC,area(202)5121800,by fax(202)5122104,or through the mail(P.O.Box 979050,St.Louis,MO 631979000).All current and many p

35、ast publications are available as downloadable Portable Document Format(PDF)files through https:/www.usgs.gov/centers/national-minerals-information-center.2 INTRODUCTION Each mineral commodity chapter of the 2024 edition of the U.S.Geological Survey(USGS)Mineral Commodity Summaries(MCS)includes info

36、rmation on events,trends,and issues for each mineral commodity as well as discussions and tabular presentations on domestic industry structure,Government programs,tariffs,5-year salient statistics,and world production,reserves,and resources.The MCS is the earliest comprehensive source of 2023 minera

37、l production data for the world.More than 90 individual minerals and materials are covered by 2-page synopses.Abbreviations and units of measure and definitions of selected terms used in the report are in Appendix A and Appendix B,respectively.Reserves and resources information is in Appendix C,whic

38、h includes“Part AResource and Reserve Classification for Minerals”and“Part BSources of Reserves Data.”A directory of USGS minerals information country specialists and their responsibilities is in Appendix D.The USGS continually strives to improve the value of its publications to users.Constructive c

39、omments and suggestions by readers of the MCS 2024 are welcomed.3Figure 1.The Role of Nonfuel Mineral Commodities in the U.S.Economy(Estimated values in 2023)Net Exports of Mineral Raw MaterialsGold,Soda Ash,Zinc concentrates,and so forthExports:$10.6 billionImports:$5.9 billionNet exports:$4.7 bill

40、ionDomestically Mined Mineral Raw MaterialsCopper ores,Iron Ore,Sand and Gravel,Stone,and so forthValue:$105 billionDomestically Recycled Metals and Mineral ProductsAluminum,Glass,Steel,and so forthValue of old scrap:$45 billionNet Exports of Old ScrapGold,Steel,and so forthExports:$25 billionImport

41、s:$8 billionNet exports:$17 billionDomestically Processed Mineral MaterialsAluminum,Brick,Cement,Copper,Fertilizers,Steel,and so forthValue of shipments:$890 billionNet Imports of Processed Mineral MaterialsMetals,Chemicals,and so forthImports:$203 billionExports:$101 billionNet imports:$102 billion

42、Value Added to Gross Domestic Product by Major Industries That Consume Processed Mineral Materials1Value:$3,840 billionSources:U.S.Geological Survey and U.S.Department of Commerce.1Major consuming industries of processed mineral materials are construction,durable goods manufacturers,and some nondura

43、ble goods manufacturers.The value of shipments for processed mineral materials cannot be directly related to gross domestic product.U.S.EconomyGross Domestic Product:$27,356 billion4SIGNIFICANT EVENTS,TRENDS,AND ISSUES In 2023,the estimated total value of nonfuel mineral production in the United Sta

44、tes was$105 billion,an increase of 4%from the revised total of$101 billion in 2022.The estimated value of metal production in 2023 decreased slightly to$34.9 billion from a revised total of$35.4 billion in 2022.The total value of industrial minerals production was$69.9 billion,a 7%increase from a re

45、vised total of$65.3 billion in 2022(table 1).Of the total value of industrials minerals production,$35.2 billion was construction aggregates production(construction sand and gravel and crushed stone).Crushed stone was the leading nonfuel mineral commodity in 2023 with a production value of$24 billio

46、n and accounted for 23%of the total value of U.S.nonfuel mineral production.Increases in production and prices of some industrial minerals contributed to the total value of nonfuel mineral production in the United States increasing in 2023.For the industrial minerals sector,increased demand for aggr

47、egates for construction and for energy and infrastructure projects as well as other manufacturing sectors led to increased production value.The largest percentage increases in production value were in bromine,helium,iodine,peat,pumice,sand and gravel(industrial),stone(crushed),and vermiculite.For th

48、e metal sector,production decreased for several metal commodities owing to operational issues,reduced ore grades,and weather-related issues.The metal sector also had reduced prices in 2023 attributed to oversupply in the global market.Cobalt,copper,lithium,nickel,palladium,rare earths,and zinc had s

49、ome of the largest percentage decreases in production value.The reduction in prices caused some domestic mining projects to delay operations or stop processing material.In 2023,three recycling facilities became operational in the United States that transformed scrap into new metals and chemicals tha

50、t could be returned to domestic supply chains.One plant in Nevada that recycled copper from,and produced copper for,lithium-ion batteries became operational in January;one facility in Ohio,capable of recovering nickel and cobalt from a range of waste types,became operational in June;and one plant in

51、 Michigan that produced secondary aluminum became operational in November.Seven commercial recycling plants were either under construction or undergoing expansion in 2023,including secondary copper plants,facilities that recover multiple metals like cobalt and nickel from lithium-ion battery scrap,a

52、nd facilities that recover copper and precious metals from electronic scrap.The U.S.Geological Survey(USGS)published the“2022 Final List of Critical Minerals”in the Federal Register(87 FR 10381).The 2022 list of critical minerals included 50 mineral commodities.In 2023,there were many initiatives an

53、d projects in response to legislation passed previously to advance securing American supply chains and supporting domestic production projects.See the“U.S.Critical Minerals Update”section beginning on page 18 for more details.Foreign Trade In April 2023,a 200%ad valorem tariff on aluminum articles a

54、nd derivative aluminum articles from Russia was put in place.In May 2023,the suspension of the 25%ad valorem tariffs imposed under section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962 for steel articles and derivative steel articles from Ukraine was extended for another year.In 2023,the additional tariffs

55、 placed on imports from China remained while the Office of the United States Trade Representative(USTR)was conducting its 4-year review of the actions imposed under section 301(b)of the Trade Act of 1974(19 U.S.C.2411,as amended):Chinas acts,policies,and practices related to technology transfer,inte

56、llectual property,and innovation.In December 2023,China implemented export bans and export restrictions on certain strategic materials and technologies in the“Catalogue of Technologies Prohibited and Restricted from Export in China.”Export bans prohibited any materials or technology from leaving Chi

57、na.Those items under an export ban included a category called“Nonferrous Metal Smelting and Processing Industry.”Export restrictions required exporters to apply for a license,which,according to some sources,required export contracts,technical product specifications,and the identity of the end user a

58、s well as the specific end use.Export restrictions included nonferrous metal mining technology,smelting,and processing.China was the dominant global producer for many of materials and many of the materials were on United States critical minerals list.More details on specific items can be found in th

59、e“U.S.Critical Minerals Update”section beginning on page 18.U.S.Production and Consumption As shown in figure 1,minerals remained fundamental to the U.S.economy,contributing to the real gross domestic product at several levels,including mining,processing,and manufacturing finished products.The estim

60、ated value of nonfuel minerals produced at mines in the United States in 2023 was$105 billion.The value of net exports of mineral raw materials decreased slightly to$4.7 billion from a revised$4.77 billion in 2022.The value of net exports of old scrap increased to$17 billion.The value of domesticall

61、y recycled products totaled$45 billion.The commodities accounting for the highest percentages of the total value were iron and steel scrap(54%),gold(12%),and aluminum(10%).Domestic raw materials and domestically recycled materials were used to produce mineral materials worth$890 billion.These minera

62、l materials as well as$102 billion of net imports of processed mineral 5 6materials were,in turn,consumed by downstream industries creating an estimated value of$3.84 trillion in 2023,a 6%increase from$3.62 trillion in 2022.Figure 2 illustrates the reliance of the United States on foreign sources fo

63、r raw and processed mineral materials.In 2023,imports made up more than one-half of the U.S.apparent consumption for 49 nonfuel mineral commodities,and the United States was 100%net import reliant for 15 of those.Of the 50 mineral commodities identified in the“2022 Final List of Critical Minerals,”t

64、he United States was 100%net import reliant for 12,and an additional 29 critical mineral commodities(including 14 lanthanides,which are listed under rare earths)had a net import reliance greater than 50%of apparent consumption.Additional information regarding critical minerals in the United States c

65、an be found in the“U.S.Critical Minerals Update”section beginning on page 18.Figure 3 shows the countries that were sources of nonfuel mineral commodities for which the United States was greater than 50%net import reliant and the number of mineral commodities for which each highlighted country was a

66、 leading supplier.China and Canada supplied the largest number of these nonfuel mineral commodities.The countries that were the leading sources of imported mineral commodities with greater than 50%net import reliance were China,24 mineral commodities;Canada,23 mineral commodities;Germany,12 mineral

67、commodities;Brazil,10 mineral commodities;and Belgium,Mexico,Russia,and South Africa,8 mineral commodities each.The estimated value of U.S.metal mine production in 2023 was$34.9 billion,slightly lower than the revised value in 2022(table 1).In 2023,the capacity utilization for the metal mining indus

68、try continued a 5-year downward trend and was 59%,less than the 60%capacity utilization in 2022(table 2).Principal contributors to the total value of metal mine production in 2023 were gold,29%;copper,28%;iron ore,22%;zinc,7%;and molybdenum,6%.The estimated value of U.S.industrial minerals productio

69、n in 2023,including construction aggregates,was$69.9 billion,about 7%more than the revised value in 2022(table 1).In 2023,the capacity utilization for the nonmetallic minerals mining industry was 87%,unchanged from the capacity utilization in 2022(table 2).The value of industrial minerals production

70、 in 2022 was dominated by crushed stone,34%;cement(masonry and portland),16%;construction sand and gravel,16%;and industrial sand and gravel,10%.In 2023,U.S.production of 14 mineral commodities was valued at more than$1 billion each.These commodities were,in decreasing order of value,crushed stone,c

71、onstruction sand and gravel,cement,gold,copper,iron ore,industrial sand and gravel,salt,lime,zinc,phosphate rock,soda ash,molybdenum,and helium.In 2023,10 States had more than$3 billion worth of publishable nonfuel mineral commodities production value and another 13 States had more than$1.5 billion(

72、fig.4).The top 10 ranked States(based on total value including withheld values)were,in descending order ofproduction value,Texas,Arizona,Nevada,Minnesota,California,Florida,Alaska,Michigan,Wyoming,and Missouri(table 3).The West region was the leading region in the production of metals and metallic m

73、inerals;theestimated value was$25 billion in 2023(fig.5).The South region was the leading region in the production of industrial minerals(excluding construction sand and gravel and crushed stone);the estimated value was$15.1 billion in 2023(fig.6).In 2023,seven States produced more than$1 billionwor

74、th of crushed stone.These States were,in descending order of production value,Texas,Florida,Georgia,Pennsylvania,North Carolina,Tennessee,and Virginia.There were another nine States with more than$500 million worth of crushed stone production(fig.7).Construction sand and gravel was produced in every

75、State.California and Texas each produced more than$1 billion worth of construction sand and gravel in 2023,and Arizona was the only State that produced more than$500 million but less than$1 billion.Colorado,Washington,Michigan,New York,Utah,Ohio,and Florida,in descending order of production value,we

76、re the other top 10 producing States(fig.8).The Defense Logistics Agency Strategic Materials(DLA Strategic Materials)is responsible for the operationaloversight of the National Defense Stockpile(NDS)ofstrategic and critical materials.Managing the security,providing environmentally sound stewardship,

77、and ensuring the readiness of all NDS stocks is the mission of the DLA Strategic Materials.The NDS currentlycontains 50 unique commodities stored at nine locationswithin the continental United States.In fiscal year 2023,the NDS added four materials along with additionalquantities of four other mater

78、ials,and approximately$41.17 million of excess materials were sold.Revenue from the Stockpile Sales Program funds the operation ofthe NDS and the acquisition of new stocks.For reporting purposes,NDS stocks are categorized as held in reserve or available for sale.Most stocks are held in reserve.Addit

79、ional information regarding AnnualMaterial Plans(AMPs)for acquisitions and disposals can be found in the“Government Stockpile”sections in the mineral commodity chapters that follow.Under the authority of the Defense Production Act of 1950(PublicLaw 81774),the USGS advises the DLA StrategicMaterials

80、on acquisitions and disposals of NDS mineral materials.CommodityLeading import sources(201922)2ARSENIC,all forms100China,3 Morocco,Malaysia,BelgiumASBESTOS100Brazil,RussiaCESIUM100GermanyFLUORSPAR100Mexico,Vietnam,China,South AfricaGALLIUM100Japan,China,Germany,CanadaGRAPHITE(NATURAL)100China,3 Mexi

81、co,Canada,MadagascarINDIUM100Republic of Korea,Canada,BelgiumMANGANESE100Gabon,South Africa,Australia,GeorgiaMICA(NATURAL),sheet100China,Brazil,India,BelgiumNIOBIUM(COLUMBIUM)100Brazil,Canada RUBIDIUM100China,Germany,RussiaSCANDIUM100Japan,China,Germany,PhilippinesSTRONTIUM100Mexico,Germany,ChinaTAN

82、TALUM100China,3 Germany,Australia,IndonesiaYTTRIUM100China,3 Germany,France,Republic of KoreaGEMSTONES99India,Israel,Belgium,South AfricaABRASIVES,fused aluminum oxide95China,3 Canada,Brazil,AustriaNEPHELINE SYENITE95CanadaRARE EARTHS,4 compounds and metals95China,3 Malaysia,Japan,EstoniaTITANIUM,sp

83、onge metal95Japan,Kazakhstan,Saudi Arabia,UkraineBISMUTH94China,3 Republic of Korea,Belgium,MexicoPOTASH91Canada,Russia,BelarusSTONE(DIMENSION)87Brazil,China,3 Italy,TurkeyDIAMOND(INDUSTRIAL),stones84India,South Africa,Russia,Congo(Kinshasa)PLATINUM83South Africa,Switzerland,Germany,BelgiumANTIMONY,

84、metal and oxide82China,3 Belgium,India,BoliviaZINC,refined77Canada,Mexico,Peru,Republic of KoreaBARITE75India,China,3 Morocco,MexicoBAUXITE75Jamaica,Turkey,Guyana,AustraliaIRON OXIDE PIGMENTS,natural and synthetic75China,3 Germany,Brazil,CanadaTITANIUM MINERAL CONCENTRATES75South Africa,Madagascar,A

85、ustralia,CanadaCHROMIUM,all forms 74South Africa,Kazakhstan,Russia,CanadaPEAT74CanadaTIN,refined74Peru,Bolivia,Indonesia,MalaysiaABRASIVES,silicon carbide73China,3 Brazil,Canada,NetherlandsSILVER69Mexico,Canada,Poland,SwitzerlandCOBALT67Norway,Canada,Finland,JapanGARNET(INDUSTRIAL)67South Africa,Aus

86、tralia,China,3 IndiaRHENIUM60Chile,Canada,Germany,KazakhstanALUMINA59Brazil,Australia,Jamaica,CanadaVANADIUM58Canada,Brazil,Austria,RussiaNICKEL57Canada,Norway,Finland,RussiaDIAMOND(INDUSTRIAL),bort,grit,and dust and powder56China,3 Republic of Korea,Ireland,RussiaMAGNESIUM COMPOUNDS52China,3 Israel

87、,Canada,BrazilGERMANIUM50Belgium,China,CanadaIODINE50Chile,JapanMAGNESIUM METAL50Canada,China,3 Israel,TaiwanSELENIUM50Philippines,Mexico,Germany,CanadaTUNGSTEN50China,3 Germany,Bolivia,VietnamSILICON,metal and ferrosilicon25Argentina,Chile,China,RussiaTELLURIUM25Canada,Germany,Philippines,JapanSALT

88、25Canada,Chile,Mexico,EgyptBROMINE25Israel,Jordan,China3ZIRCONIUM,ores and concentrates3 to 101.5 to 30.5 to 1.50 to 0.5Value,in billion dollarsEXPLANATION*Partial total;excludes values that must be withheld to avoid disclosing company proprietary data,which are included with Undistributed in table

89、3.Metals$34.9 billionNatural aggregates$35.2 billionOther industrialminerals$34.7 billionU.S.total:$105 billion12B4B4AuAuAuWestWestP2B7B3B3FeFeFeFeB5B3B3B3B3FeFeFeZnZnZnZnP2REEIRZZnIRZIRZFigure 5.Value of Metals and Metallic Minerals Produced in 2023,by RegionMidwestNortheastSouthFeMgB1CuCuBeB1CuB1P

90、3P2P2P2P2P2P2P2P2P2P2P2P2P2P2P2P2AuAuP4B1B6P1P2MoMoP2P2P2B1B1B1CuB2CuCuAuREEIRZP2P2P2P2P2AuAuB1P4P1CuCuB10.3 to 55 to 15 250 to 0.3Value,in billion dollarsEXPLANATIONWest13B6WestWestWestKKPPBHeHeHeHeDSDSHeDSISHeDSISDSDSDSISISLiISISISHeHeHeDSDSDSDSISISISISISDSDSDSDSISHeDSNaCGypGypDiaIOPGypPumZeoPerDi

91、aZeoPumPerPerPerGypDiaDiaBarBarFulKaoGarZeoZeoZeoPumPumGarFelGypZeoZeoPumPumPumGypGypGypGypDiaZeoPerGypGypGypBentClayBentBentBentBentBentPeatClaySaltSaltClayClayBentClayClayMgCpClayClayClayClayTalcTalcSaltBentClayBentClayBentSaltClayKKDSDSDSDSFCDSGypPumPerGypGypDiaPerZeoNaCFelFelDiaFulKaoZeoZeoSaltM

92、gCpBentBentSaltClaySaltBentBentBentTalcTalcSaltSaltClayClayClayKISISISISISDSDSDSDSISDSISISISISDSDSDSDSFCISISISDSISISISISFCDSDSDSDSDSISISISDSHeHeHeHeHeDSDSISISISISISDSFelFulGypPumGypGypFulGypGypGypClaySaltPeatClayClayClayClayClayClayClayClayPeatPeatSaltPeatPeatSaltClayClayClayPeatClayClayClayPeatClay

93、PeatClayISDSGypMicaClayClayClaySaltMgCpClayClayPeatFePigISISDSDSISDSDSISDSDSDSWolGarPyrpPeatPeatClayClayClaySaltSaltPeatPeatClayPeatClayClayDSTalcDSPeatClayIIPPPPPISISDSDSISISISISISISISISISISHeHeHeHeDSDSDSFCBCISISDSBCISDSISISISISHeDSDSISISISISDSDSISISISBCDSISISISISBCDSISISISISISISDSDSDSBrISISISISISD

94、SDSBxKyaFulZeoGypGypGypFulFulKaoKaoGypGypGypFulGypKaoKaoIOPKaoBarFulFulFulFulGypIOPKaoClaySaltMicaClayClayClayTalcSaltSaltSaltSaltBentClayBentClayClaySaltClayClayClayClaySaltClayClayClayClayMicaBentClayClayClaySaltSaltSaltCaF2ClayClayMicaPeatPeatClayClayClayClaySaltClayBentDSDSISISFelGypKaoFelKaoKao

95、KaoClayClayClayClayPyrpClayMicaClayFigure 6.Value of Other Industrial Minerals Produced in 2023,by RegionEXPLANATIONValue,in billion dollars1.78.49.515.1WestMidwestNortheastSouthMgCp1405001,0001,5002,0002,5003,000Value,in million dollarsFigure 7.Value of Crushed Stone Produced in 2023,by StateEXPLAN

96、ATIONValue,in million dollars500 to 1,0001,000Withheld!Crushed stone operation15Sand and gravel operation700200 to 700100 to 20075JamaicaAustralia98,000,000253400,000,000Antimony4,00022,00082China4China40,0004883,000Arsenic NA56,400100China4Peru627,00045660,000BariteWW75IndiaIndia2,700,0003238,500,0

97、00Beryllium190NA150EKazakhstanUnited States19058330Bismuth7801,40094China4China16,0008020,000Chromium100,000380,00074South AfricaSouth Africa18,000,0004441,000,000Cobalt5002,1006,40067NorwayCongo(Kinshasa)170,00074230,000FluorsparNA370,000100MexicoChina5,700,000658,800,000Gallium219100JapanChina6009

98、8610Germanium7NANA50BelgiumChinaNANANAGraphite(natural)76,000100China4China1,230,000771,600,000Indium75300100 Republic of KoreaChina65066990LithiumWNAW25ArgentinaAustralia86,000483180,000Magnesium7W100,000255,00050CanadaChina830,000883940,000Manganese690,000100GabonSouth Africa7,200,0003620,000,000N

99、ickel17,000W8190,00057CanadaIndonesia1,800,000503,600,000NiobiumNA8,400100BrazilBrazil75,0009083,000Palladium 10428237RussiaRussia9244210Platinum 397083South AfricaSouth Africa12067180Rare earths(compounds and metals)9250NA8,80095China4China240,00069350,000ScandiumNA100JapanChinaNANANATantalumNA3701

100、00China4Congo(Kinshasa)980412,400Tellurium7WW25CanadaChina430673640Tin 16,90039,00074PeruChina68,00023290,000Titanium(metal)7WW342,00095JapanChina220,000673330,000TungstenWW50China4China63,0008178,000Vanadium5,70014,00058CanadaChina68,00068100,000YttriumNA200100China4ChinaNANANAZinc710220,000(10)970

101、,00077CanadaNANANANAZirconium(ores and concentrates)100,000NA100,00095 95 95 95 95 Silicon carbide 77 70 76 79 73 Metallic abrasives E 4 3 E E Recycling:Up to 30%of fused aluminum oxide may be recycled,and about 5%of silicon carbide is recycled.Import Sources(201922):Fused aluminum oxide,crude:China

102、,7 91%;Bahrain,3%;Russia,2%;Turkey,2%;and other,2%.Fused aluminum oxide,ground and refined:Canada,26%;Brazil,19%;Austria,15%;China,7 13%;and other,27%.Total fused aluminum oxide:China,7 65%;Canada,10%;Brazil,7%;Austria,5%;and other,13%.Silicon carbide,crude:China,7 91%;Netherlands,3%;South Africa,2%

103、;Vietnam,2%;and other 2%.Silicon carbide,ground and refined:China,7 51%;Brazil,19%;Canada,11%;Norway,8%;and other,11%.Total silicon carbide:China,7 81%;Brazil,5%;Canada,3%;Netherlands,2%;and other,9%.Metallic abrasives:Canada,40%;Turkey,16%;Thailand,10%;China,7 8%;and other,26%.Tariff:Item Number No

104、rmal Trade Relations 123123 Artificial corundum,crude 2818.10.1000 Free.White,pink,ruby artificial corundum,greater than 97.5%aluminum oxide,grain 2818.10.2010 1.3%ad valorem.Artificial corundum,not elsewhere specified or included,fused aluminum oxide,grain 2818.10.2090 1.3%ad valorem.Silicon carbid

105、e,crude 2849.20.1000 Free.Silicon carbide,grain 2849.20.2000 0.5%ad valorem.Iron,pig iron,or steel granules 7205.10.0000 Free.30 ABRASIVES(MANUFACTURED)U.S.Geological Survey,Mineral Commodity Summaries,January 2024 Depletion Allowance:None.Government Stockpile:None.Events,Trends,and Issues:In 2023,C

106、hina was the worlds leading manufacturer of abrasive fused aluminum oxide and abrasive silicon carbide.Imports from China,where production costs were lower,continued to challenge abrasives manufacturers in the United States and Canada.China accounted for 98%of United States imports of crude fused al

107、uminum oxide,23%of ground and refined fused aluminum oxide imports,98%of crude silicon carbide imports,and 63%of ground and refined silicon carbide imports.Foreign competition was expected to persist and continue to limit production in North America.The import quantities of abrasive fused aluminum o

108、xide(crude and ground and refined)in 2023 were 59%and 7%lower,respectively,than those in 2022.The import quantities of abrasive silicon carbide(crude and ground and refined)in 2023 were 31%and 23%lower,respectively,than those in 2022.The United States returned to being a net exporter of metallic abr

109、asives in 2022 and 2023 as compared with being a net importer in 2020 and 2021.The import quantity of metallic abrasives in 2023 was 9%lower than that in 2022.Canada was the leading supplier of metallic abrasive imports.The consumption of abrasives in the United States is influenced by activity in t

110、he manufacturing sectors that use them,particularly the aerospace,automotive,furniture,housing,and steel industries.The U.S.abrasive markets also are influenced by technological trends.World Production Capacity:Fused aluminum oxide capacity data for Austria were revised based on company reports.Fuse

111、d aluminum oxidee Silicon carbidee 2022 2023 2022 2023 United States 40,000 40,000 United States and Canada 60,000 60,000 Australia 50,000 50,000 Austria 90,000 90,000 Brazil 50,000 50,000 40,000 40,000 China 800,000 800,000 450,000 450,000 France 40,000 40,000 20,000 20,000 Germany 80,000 80,000 35

112、,000 35,000 India 40,000 40,000 5,000 5,000 Japan 15,000 15,000 60,000 60,000 Mexico 45,000 45,000 Norway 80,000 80,000 Venezuela 30,000 30,000 Other countries 80,000 80,000 200,000 200,000 World total(rounded)1,310,000 1,300,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 World Resources:8 Although domestic resources of r

113、aw materials for fused aluminum oxide production are limited,adequate resources are available in the Western Hemisphere.Domestic resources are more than adequate for silicon carbide production.Substitutes:Natural and manufactured abrasives,such as garnet,emery,metallic abrasives,or staurolite,can be

114、 substituted for fused aluminum oxide and silicon carbide in various applications.eEstimated.E Net exporter.Zero.1Production data for fused aluminum oxide are combined data from the United States and Canada to avoid disclosing company proprietary data.2Rounded to the nearest 5,000 tons to avoid disc

115、losing company proprietary data.3Defined as imports exports because production includes data from Canada;actual consumption is higher than that shown.4Defined as production+imports exports.5Defined as shipments+imports exports.6Defined as imports exports.7Includes Hong Kong.8See Appendix C for resou

116、rce and reserve definitions and information concerning data sources.31Prepared by Adam M.Merrill(703)6487715,amerrillusgs.gov ALUMINUM1(Data in thousand metric tons unless otherwise specified)Domestic Production and Use:In 2023,three companies operated five primary aluminum smelters across five Stat

117、es.Two of these smelters operated at full capacity throughout the year,whereas three smelters operated at reduced capacity.A sixth smelter,located in Hawesville,KY,has been temporarily shut down since 2022.In March,permanent closure was announced for a seventh smelter located in Ferndale,WA,that had

118、 ceased operations in 2020.Domestic smelter capacity decreased to 1.36 million tons per year from 1.64 million tons per year in 2022.Estimated primary production decreased by 13%from that in 2022,whereas estimated secondary production from new and old scrap was essentially unchanged from that in 202

119、2.Based on published prices,the value of primary aluminum production was about$2.15 billion,26%less than that in 2022.The estimated average annual U.S.market price decreased by 15%from that in 2022.Transportation applications accounted for 35%of domestic consumption;the remainder was used in packagi

120、ng,22%;building,14%;electrical,9%;consumer durables and machinery,8%each;and other,4%.Salient StatisticsUnited States:2019 2020 2021 2022 2023e Production:Primary 1,090 1,010 889 861 750 Secondary(from old scrap)1,540 1,420 1,520 1,450 1,500 Secondary(from new scrap)1,920 1,630 1,780 1,890 1,800 Imp

121、orts for consumption:Crude and semimanufactures 5,280 4,260 4,820 5,610 4,800 Scrap 596 542 680 690 740 Exports:Crude and semimanufactures 1,110 906 900 1,040 1,200 Scrap 1,860 1,840 2,100 2,000 2,100 Consumption,apparent2 4,980 3,930 4,020 4,760 4,000 Supply,apparent3 6,910 5,560 5,800 6,650 5,800

122、Price,ingot,average U.S.market(spot),cents per pound4 99.5 89.7 138.5 152.6 130 Stocks,yearend:Aluminum industry 1,600 1,490 1,870 2,050 1,800 London Metal Exchange(LME),U.S.warehouses5 120 235 69 9 4 Employment,number6 32,900 30,100 28,900 30,200 30,000 Net import reliance7 as a percentage of appar

123、ent consumption 47 38 40 52 44 Recycling:In 2023,aluminum recovered from purchased scrap in the United States was about 3.3 million tons,of which about 55%came from new(manufacturing)scrap and 45%from old scrap(discarded aluminum products).Aluminum recovered from old scrap was equivalent to about 38

124、%of apparent consumption.Import Sources(201922):Canada,52%;United Arab Emirates,8%;Bahrain,4%;Russia,4%;and other,32%.Tariff:Item Number Normal Trade Relations 123123 Aluminum,not alloyed:Unwrought(in coils)7601.10.3000 2.6%ad valorem.Unwrought(other than aluminum alloys)7601.10.6000 Free.Aluminum a

125、lloys,unwrought(billet)7601.20.9045 Free.Aluminum scrap:Used beverage container scrap 7602.00.0030 Free.Industrial process scrap 7602.00.0091 Free.Other 7602.00.0096 Free.Depletion Allowance:Not applicable.1 Government Stockpile:8 FY 2023 FY 2024 Material Potential acquisitions Potential disposals P

126、otential acquisitions Potential disposals Aluminum,high-purity and alloys 18.5 32 ALUMINUM U.S.Geological Survey,Mineral Commodity Summaries,January 2024 Events,Trends,and Issues:In April,a U.S.primary aluminum producer acquired a majority stake in a company operating a bauxite mine and a 1.4-millio

127、n-ton-per-year alumina refinery located in Jamaica.The Government of Jamaica did not object to the transaction and stated that the company would be responsible for investments to repair damage caused by a fire that shut down production in 2021.In May,a 4-year collective bargaining agreement was rati

128、fied at an aluminum rolling mill in Evansville,IN,while a 3-year agreement was ratified at primary aluminum smelters in Warrick,IN,and Massena,NY.In October,a 3-year power deal was signed between the owner of a 229,000-ton-per-year primary aluminum smelter in Mt.Holly,SC,and its power provider.The c

129、ontract is scheduled to remain in effect through 2026.The United States announced a 200%tariff on imported aluminum products and aluminum derivatives from Russia,effective March 10,and April 10,respectively.These ad valorem tariffs are authorized under section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962,

130、which authorizes the President to impose trade restrictions when products are imported in a manner that threatens to impair national security.In February,workers at a 228,000-ton-per-year primary aluminum smelter located in San Ciprian,Spain,approved a plan to restart the smelter in January 2024.Ori

131、ginally curtailed in 2021,the smelter is expected to return to 75%capacity by 2026.In March,a 230,000-ton-per-year primary aluminum smelter located in Neuss,Germany,began fully ramping down operations and a 358,000-ton-per-year primary aluminum smelter located in Victoria,Australia,reduced productio

132、n by 75%.In May,the operator of a 120,000-ton-per-year primary aluminum smelter in Podgorica,Montenegro,ceased operations and began permanent closure.In October,a 432,000-ton-per-year primary aluminum smelter located in British Columbia,Canada,returned to full production.The smelter has been operati

133、ng at reduced production levels since 2018.World Smelter Production and Capacity:Capacity data for China and the United States were revised based on company and Government reports.Smelter production Yearend capacity 2022 2023e 2022 2023e United States 861 750 1,640 1,360 Australia 1,510 1,500 1,730

134、1,730 Bahrain 1,600 1,600 1,600 1,600 Brazil 811 1,100 1,280 1,280 Canada 2,770 3,000 3,270 3,270 China 40,200 41,000 44,300 45,000 Iceland e720 730 880 880 India e4,100 4,100 4,060 4,060 Malaysia e900 980 1,080 1,080 Norway e1,400 1,300 1,460 1,460 Russia 3,720 3,800 4,080 4,080 United Arab Emirate

135、s 2,650 2,700 2,790 2,790 Other countries 7,110 7,000 10,300 10,000 World total(rounded)68,400 70,000 78,500 79,000 World Resources:9 Global resources of bauxite are estimated to be between 55 billion and 75 billion tons and are sufficient to meet world demand for metal well into the future.Substitu

136、tes:Composites can substitute for aluminum in aircraft fuselages and wings.Glass,paper,plastics,and steel can substitute for aluminum in packaging.Composites,magnesium,steel,and titanium can substitute for aluminum in ground transportation uses.Composites,steel,vinyl,and wood can substitute for alum

137、inum in construction.Copper can replace aluminum in electrical and heat-exchange applications.eEstimated.Zero.1See also the Bauxite and Alumina chapter.2Defined as primary production+secondary production from old scrap+imports exports adjustments for stock changes;excludes imported scrap.3Defined as

138、 primary production+secondary production+imports exports adjustments for stock changes;excludes imported scrap.4Source:S&P Global Platts Metals Week.5Includes aluminum alloy.Starting with 2019,also includes off-warrant stocks of primary and alloyed aluminum;estimated for 2019.6Alumina and aluminum p

139、roduction workers(North American Industry Classification System3313).Source:U.S.Department of Labor,Bureau of Labor Statistics.7Defined as imports exports adjustments for industry stock changes;excludes imported scrap.8See Appendix B for definitions.9See Appendix C for resource and reserve definitio

140、ns and information concerning data sources.33Prepared by Kateryna Klochko,(703)6484977,kklochkousgs.gov ANTIMONY(Data in metric tons,antimony content,unless otherwise specified)Domestic Production and Use:In 2023,no marketable antimony was mined in the United States.Primary antimony metal and oxide

141、were produced by one company in Montana using imported feedstock;data were not available.Secondary antimony production was derived mostly from antimonial lead recovered from spent lead-acid batteries.The estimated value of secondary antimony produced in 2023 was about$49 million.Recycling supplied a

142、bout 18%of estimated domestic apparent consumption,and the remainder came mostly from imports.In the United States,the leading uses of antimony were metal products,including antimonial lead and ammunition,43%;flame retardants,35%;and nonmetal products,including ceramics and glass and rubber products

143、,22%.Salient StatisticsUnited States:2019 2020 2021 2022 2023e Production:Mine(recoverable antimony)Smelter:Primary 377 254 NA NA NA Secondary 4,140 3,520 4,050 4,100 4,000 Imports for consumption:Ore and concentrates 121 105 31 29 8 Oxide 17,200 15,000 19,100 16,900 14,000 Unwrought,powder 6,670 5,

144、520 7,480 8,300 8,300 Waste and scrap1 17 6 13 71 5 Exports:Ore and concentrates1 9 10 9 53 30 Oxide 1,570 1,230 1,530 2,420 1,800 Unwrought,powder 370 393 921 1,820 2,100 Waste and scrap1 14 11 136 26 3 Consumption,apparent2 26,100 22,400 28,200 25,100 22,000 Price,metal,average,dollars per pound3

145、3.90 2.67 5.31 6.18 5.60 Net import reliance4 as a percentage of apparent consumption 84 84 86 84 82 Recycling:The bulk of secondary antimony is recovered at secondary lead smelters as antimonial lead,most of which was generated by,and then consumed by,the lead-acid battery industry.Import Sources(2

146、0192022):Ore and concentrates:Italy,36%;China,35%;India,15%;Belgium,9%;and other,5%.Oxide:China,5 76%;Belgium,11%;Bolivia,5%;France,3%;and other,5%.Unwrought metal and powder:China,5 26%;India,23%;Vietnam,12%;Burma,10%;and other,29%.Total metal and oxide:China,5 63%;Belgium,8%;India,6%;Bolivia,4%,an

147、d other,19%.Tariff:Item Number Normal Trade Relations 123123 Ore and concentrates 2617.10.0000 Free.Antimony oxide 2825.80.0000 Free.Antimony and articles thereof:Unwrought antimony;powder 8110.10.0000 Free.Waste and scrap 8110.20.0000 Free.Other 8110.90.0000 Free.Depletion Allowance:22%(domestic),1

148、4%(foreign).Government Stockpile:6 FY 2023 FY 2024 Material Potential acquisitions Potential disposals Potential acquisitions Potential disposals Antimony 1,100 1,100 34 ANTIMONY U.S.Geological Survey,Mineral Commodity Summaries,January 2024 Events,Trends,and Issues:Chinas antimony mine production h

149、as fallen significantly over the past several years.However,China continued to be the leading global antimony producer in 2023 and accounted for 48%of global antimony mine production.The worlds leading antimony-producing mine was a gold-antimony mine with 23,000-ton-per-year capacity in Russia.The m

150、ine had significantly reduced antimony production in 2021 through 2023 because gold production was maximized.The antimony price in 2023 decreased,and the estimated average price was$5.60 per pound in the first 11 months of 2023 compared with the annual average price of$6.18 per pound in 2022.World M

151、ine Production and Reserves:Reserves for Australia,China,and Turkey were revised based on Government reports.Mine production Reserves7 2022 2023e United States 860,000 Australia 2,290 2,300 9140,000 Bolivia 3,000 3,000 310,000 Burma e4,600 4,600 140,000 Canada e2 2 78,000 China e40,000 40,000 640,00

152、0 Guatemala 24 24 NA Iran e500 500 NA Kazakhstan e300 300 NA Kyrgyzstan 40 40 260,000 Laos e220 220 NA Mexico e700 700 18,000 Pakistan e79 80 26,000 Russia 4,300 4,300 350,000 Tajikistan 21,000 21,000 50,000 Turkey e5,800 6,000 99,000 Vietnam 250 250 NA World total(rounded)10 83,100 83,000 2,000,000

153、 World Resources:7 U.S.resources of antimony are mainly in Alaska,Idaho,Montana,and Nevada.Principal identified world resources are in Australia,Bolivia,Burma,China,Mexico,Russia,South Africa,and Tajikistan.Additional antimony resources may occur in Mississippi Valley-type lead deposits in the Easte

154、rn United States.Substitutes:Selected organic compounds and hydrated aluminum oxide are substitutes as flame retardants.Chromium,tin,titanium,zinc,and zirconium compounds substitute for antimony chemicals in enamels,paint,and pigments.Combinations of calcium,copper,selenium,sulfur,and tin are substi

155、tutes for alloys in lead-acid batteries.eEstimated.NA Not available.Zero.1Gross weight.2Defined as secondary production from old scrap+imports of antimony in oxide and unwrought metal,powder exports of antimony in oxide and unwrought metal,powder.3Antimony minimum 99.65%,cost,insurance,and freight.S

156、ource:Argus Media group,Argus Non-Ferrous Markets.4Defined as imports of antimony in oxide and unwrought metal,powder exports of antimony in oxide and unwrought metal,powder.5Includes Hong Kong.6See Appendix B for definitions.7See Appendix C for resource and reserve definitions and information conce

157、rning data sources.8Company-reported probable reserves for the Stibnite Gold Project in Idaho.9For Australia,Joint Ore Reserves Committee-compliant or equivalent reserves were 20,000 tons.10In addition to the countries listed,antimony may have been produced in other countries,but available informati

158、on was inadequate to make reliable estimates of output.35Prepared by Micheal W.George(703)6484962,mgeorgeusgs.gov ARSENIC(Data in metric tons,arsenic content,1 unless otherwise specified)Domestic Production and Use:Arsenic trioxide and primary arsenic metal have not been produced in the United State

159、s since 1985.The principal use for arsenic compounds was in herbicides and insecticides.Arsenic trioxide was predominantly used for the production of arsenic acid,which is a key ingredient in the production of chromated copper arsenate(CCA)preservatives.CCA preservatives are used for the pressure tr

160、eating of lumber for primarily nonresidential applications such as light poles,marine applications,and retaining walls.Seven companies produced CCA-treated wood in the United States in 2023.High-purity(99.9999%)arsenic metal was used to produce gallium-arsenide(GaAs)semiconductors for solar cells,sp

161、ace research,and telecommunications.High-purity arsenic also was used for germanium-arsenide-selenide specialty optical materials.Indium-gallium-arsenide(InGaAs)was used for shortwave infrared technology.The grids in lead-acid storage batteries were strengthened by the addition of arsenic metal.Arse

162、nic metal also was used as an antifriction additive for bearings,to harden lead shot,and in clip-on wheel weights.The value of arsenic compounds and metal imported domestically in 2023 was estimated to be$8 million.Given that arsenic metal has not been produced domestically since 1985,it is likely t

163、hat only a small portion of the material reported by the U.S.Census Bureau as arsenic exports was pure arsenic metal,and most of the material that was reported under this category reflects the gross weight of alloys,compounds,residues,scrap,and waste products containing arsenic.Therefore,the estimat

164、ed consumption reported under U.S.salient statistics reflects only imports of arsenic products.Domestically,the leading uses of arsenic were as follows:herbicides and insecticides and wood preservatives,80%;semiconductor,6%;metallurgical,3%;batteries,1%;and other,10%.Salient StatisticsUnited States:

165、2019 2020 2021 2022 2023e Imports for consumption:2 Arsenic metal 391 522 835 858 710 Compounds 7,090 7,750 4,760 9,750 5,700 Total 7,480 8,270 5,600 10,600 6,400 Exports,all forms of arsenic(gross weight)56 29 31 82 15 Consumption,estimated,all forms of arsenic3 7,480 8,270 5,600 10,600 6,400 Price

166、,metal,annual average,U.S.warehouse,4 dollars per pound 1.01 1.08 1.11 1.67 2 Net import reliance5 as a percentage of estimated consumption,all forms of arsenic 100 100 100 100 100 Recycling:Arsenic metal was contained in new scrap recycled during GaAs semiconductor manufacturing.Arsenic-containing

167、process water was internally recycled at wood treatment plants where CCA was used.Although scrap electronic circuit boards,relays,and switches may contain arsenic,no arsenic was known to have been recovered during the recycling process to recover other contained metals.No arsenic was recovered domes

168、tically from arsenic-containing residues and dusts generated at nonferrous smelters in the United States.Import Sources(201922):2 Arsenic acid:Malaysia,95%;Hungary,4%;and China,1%.Arsenic metal:China,6 93%;Japan,5%;Germany,1%;and other,1%.Arsenic trioxide:China,59%;Morocco,35%;Belgium,4%;Germany,1%;

169、and other,1%.All forms of arsenic:China,6 58%;Morocco,30%;Malaysia,7%;Belgium,4%;and other,1%.Tariff:Item Number Normal Trade Relations 123123 Arsenic metal 2804.80.0000 Free.Arsenic acid 2811.19.1000 2.3%ad valorem.Arsenic trioxide 2811.29.1000 Free.Arsenic sulfide 2813.90.1000 Free.Depletion Allow

170、ance:14%(domestic and foreign).Government Stockpile:None.Events,Trends,and Issues:Peru,China,and Morocco,in descending order of production,continued to be the leading global producers of arsenic trioxide,accounting for about 97%of estimated world production in 2023.China and Morocco continued to sup

171、ply about 91%of United States imports of arsenic trioxide in 2023.China was the leading world producer of arsenic metal and supplied 98%of United States arsenic metal imports as of September 2023.Malaysia supplied all of the arsenic acid that was imported as of September 2023.36 ARSENIC U.S.Geologic

172、al Survey,Mineral Commodity Summaries,January 2024 High-purity arsenic metal was used to produce GaAs,indium-arsenide,and InGaAs semiconductors that were used in biomedical,communications,computer,electronics,and photovoltaic applications.Total revenues from GaAs devices decreased in 2023 because of

173、 inflation,high interest rates,and fears of a recession have caused a lower deployment of fifth-generation networks and consumer devices.A variety of GaAs wafer manufacturers ranging from large,multinational corporations to small,privately owned companies competed in this industry,but the top six pr

174、oducers accounted for more than 75%of the global market.World Production and Reserves:Productione,7(arsenic trioxide,gross weight)2022 2023 United States Belgium 1,000 1,000 Bolivia 40 China 24,000 24,000 Japan 40 40 Morocco 7,500 8,000 Peru 27,000 27,000 Russia 500 200 World total(rounded)60,100 60

175、,000 World Resources:8 Arsenic may be obtained from copper,gold,and lead smelter flue dust,as well as from roasting arsenopyrite,the most abundant ore mineral of arsenic.Arsenic has been recovered from orpiment and realgar in China,Peru,and the Philippines and from copper-gold ores in Chile,and arse

176、nic is associated with gold occurrences in Canada.Orpiment and realgar from gold mines in Sichuan Province,China,were stockpiled for later recovery of arsenic.Arsenic also may be recovered from enargite,a copper mineral.Arsenic trioxide was produced at the hydrometallurgical complex of Guemassa,near

177、 Marrakech,Morocco,from cobalt-arsenide ore from the Bou Azzer Mine.Substitutes:Substitutes for CCA in wood treatment include alkaline copper quaternary,ammoniacal copper quaternary,ammoniacal copper zinc arsenate,alkaline copper quaternary boron-based preservatives,copper azole,copper citrate,and c

178、opper naphthenate.Treated wood substitutes include concrete,plastic composite material,plasticized wood scrap,or steel.Silicon-based complementary metal-oxide semiconductor power amplifiers compete with GaAs power amplifiers in midtier third-generation cellular handsets.Many semiconductor manufactur

179、ers were moving away from GaAs-and silicon-based lateral diffused metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors to those using gallium nitride.Indium phosphide components can be substituted for GaAs-based infrared laser diodes in some specific-wavelength applications,and helium-neon lasers comp

180、ete with GaAs in visible laser diode applications.Silicon is the principal competitor with GaAs in solar-cell applications.In many defense-related applications,GaAs-based integrated circuits are used because of their unique properties,and no effective substitutes exist for GaAs in these applications

181、.In heterojunction bipolar transistors,GaAs is being replaced in some applications by silicon-germanium.eEstimated.Zero.1Arsenic content of arsenic metal is 100%;arsenic content of arsenic compounds is 77.7%for arsenic acids,60.7%for arsenic sulfides,and 75.71%for arsenic trioxide.2Arsenic content e

182、stimated from the reported gross weight of imports.3Estimated to be the same as total imports.4Minimum 99%arsenic.Source:Argus Media group,Argus Non-Ferrous Markets.5Defined as imports.6Includes Hong Kong.7Includes calculated arsenic trioxide equivalent of output of elemental arsenic compounds other

183、 than arsenic trioxide;inclusion of such materials would not duplicate reported arsenic trioxide production.Chile and Mexico were thought to be significant producers of commercial-grade arsenic trioxide but have reported no production in recent years.8See Appendix C for resource and reserve definiti

184、ons and information concerning data sources.Reserves8 World reserves data were unavailable but were estimated to be more than 20 times world production.37Prepared by Daniel M.Flanagan(703)6487726,dflanaganusgs.gov ASBESTOS(Data in metric tons unless otherwise specified)Domestic Production and Use:Th

185、e last U.S.producer of asbestos ceased operations in 2002 as a result of the decline in domestic and international asbestos use associated with health and liability issues.Since then,the United States has been wholly dependent on imports to meet manufacturing needs.All of the unmanufactured asbestos

186、 fiber imported into and used within the United States has consisted of chrysotile since no later than 1999.Domestic consumption of chrysotile was estimated to be 150 tons in 2023;all consumption was from stockpiles,as no chrysotile was imported based on data available through September.The chloralk

187、ali industry,which uses chrysotile in nonreactive semipermeable diaphragms that prevent chlorine generated at the anode of an electrolytic cell from reacting with sodium hydroxide generated at the cathode,has accounted for 100%of U.S.asbestos fiber consumption since no later than 2015.In addition to

188、 unmanufactured asbestos fiber,an unknown quantity of asbestos is imported annually within manufactured products.According to the U.S.Environmental Protection Agency(EPA),the only imported items known to contain asbestos as of 2020 were brake blocks for use in the oil industry,preformed gaskets used

189、 in the exhaust system of a specific type of utility vehicle,rubber sheets for gasket fabrication(primarily used to create a chemical containment seal in the production of titanium dioxide),and some vehicle friction products.1 Salient StatisticsUnited States:2 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023e Imports for c

190、onsumption3 172 305 41 224(4)Exports5 Consumption,estimated6 450 450 310 290 150 Price,average U.S.customs unit value of imports,dollars per ton 1,570 2,110 1,880 2,630 Net import reliance7 as a percentage of estimated consumption 100 100 100 100 100 Recycling:None.Import Sources(201922):Brazil,70%;

191、and Russia,30%.The U.S.Census Bureau reported imports from China and Poland during this time period,but bill of lading information,data reported by the Government of China,and an asbestos ban in Poland suggest that these shipments were misclassified.Tariff:Item Number Normal Trade Relations 123123 C

192、rocidolite 2524.10.0000 Free.Amosite 2524.90.0010 Free.Chrysotile:Crudes 2524.90.0030 Free.Milled fibers,group 3 grades 2524.90.0040 Free.Milled fibers,group 4 and 5 grades 2524.90.0045 Free.Other 2524.90.0055 Free.Other,asbestos 2524.90.0060 Free.Depletion Allowance:22%(domestic),10%(foreign).Gover

193、nment Stockpile:None.Events,Trends,and Issues:Consumption of unmanufactured asbestos fiber in the United States has decreased significantly during the past several decades,from a record high of 803,000 tons in 1973 to 500 tons or less in each year since 2018.This decline has taken place as a result

194、of health and liability issues associated with asbestos use,leading to the displacement of asbestos from traditional domestic markets by substitutes,alternative materials,and new technology.The chloralkali industry is the only remaining domestic consumer of asbestos in mineral form.In 2023,asbestos

195、diaphragms were used in eight chloralkali plants in the United States,three of which were in the process of transitioning to alternative materials.In April 2022,the EPA proposed a rule that would ban the commercial use,distribution in commerce,import,manufacturing,and processing of chrysotile for al

196、l chrysotile-containing products that are still used in the United States:aftermarket automotive brakes and linings and other vehicle friction products,diaphragms used in the chloralkali industry,oilfield brake blocks,and sheet and other gaskets.The prohibitions on asbestos diaphragms and sheet gask

197、ets would take effect 2 years after the effective date of the final rule,and the prohibitions on other items would take effect 180 days after finalization.The EPA announced in July 2023 that it planned to issue the final rule by yearend.In 2019,the EPA banned all discontinued uses of asbestos from r

198、estarting without the EPA having an opportunity to evaluate each intended use and take any necessary regulatory action.Once finalized,the rule proposed in April 2022 would effectively prohibit all uses of asbestos in the United States.38 ASBESTOS U.S.Geological Survey,Mineral Commodity Summaries,Jan

199、uary 2024 In July 2023,the EPA finalized reporting requirements for asbestos under the Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976.Companies that imported,manufactured,or processed asbestos from 2019 through 2022 and sold more than$500,000 worth of products in any of those years would be required to disclo

200、se to the EPA the quantity of asbestos manufactured or processed and the types of products in which the asbestos was used by no later than May 2024.The rule applied to all types of unmanufactured asbestos fiber and asbestos-containing manufactured products,including articles that contained asbestos

201、as an impurity.Estimated worldwide consumption of unmanufactured asbestos fiber ranged from 1.1 million to 1.3 million tons per year from 2015 through 2023,a significant decrease from approximately 2 million tons in 2000.Global demand for asbestos will likely continue for the foreseeable future,part

202、icularly for use in cement pipe,roofing sheets,and other construction materials in Asia.World Mine Production and Reserves:Reserves for China were revised based on Government reports.Mine productione Reserves8 2022 2023 United States Small Brazil 9,10197,100 190,000 11,000,000 China 130,000 200,000

203、18,000,000 Kazakhstan 9250,100 260,000 Large Russia 750,000 630,000 110,000,000 World total(rounded)1,330,000 1,300,000 Large World Resources:8 Reliable evaluations of global asbestos resources have not been published recently,and available information was insufficient to make accurate estimates for

204、 many countries.However,world resources are large and more than adequate to meet anticipated demand in the foreseeable future.Resources in the United States are composed mostly of short-fiber asbestos for which use in asbestos-based products is more limited than long-fiber asbestos.Substitutes:Numer

205、ous materials substitute for asbestos,including calcium silicate,carbon fiber,cellulose fiber,ceramic fiber,glass fiber,steel fiber,wollastonite,and several organic fibers,such as aramid,polyethylene,polypropylene,and polytetrafluoroethylene.Several nonfibrous minerals or rocks,such as perlite,serpe

206、ntine,silica,and talc,are also considered to be possible asbestos substitutes for products in which the reinforcement properties of fibers are not required.Membrane cells and mercury cells are alternatives to asbestos diaphragms used in the chloralkali industry.eEstimated.Zero.1Source:U.S.Environmen

207、tal Protection Agency,2020,Risk evaluation for asbestos part IChrysotile asbestos:Washington,DC,EPA Document no.EPA740R18012,December,352 p.2Includes unmanufactured asbestos fiber(chrysotile)only;excludes asbestos contained in manufactured products.3Modified from reported U.S.Census Bureau data.Addi

208、tional chrysotile imports from China were reported in 2021(59 tons)and 2022(99 tons),but bill of lading information and data reported by the Government of China suggest that these shipments were misclassified.In 2023,imports of 2 tons from Poland were reported as of the end of September,but an asbes

209、tos ban in Poland suggests that these shipments were also misclassified.4No chrysotile was imported into the United States during the first 9 months of 2023.Final 2023 imports may differ significantly from the provided estimate because chrysotile imports typically do not follow a predictable pattern

210、 throughout the year.5Exports of unmanufactured asbestos fiber were reported by the U.S.Census Bureau but not listed in the Salient Statistics because those shipments likely consisted of materials misclassified as asbestos,reexports,and(or)waste products because asbestos has not been mined in the Un

211、ited States since 2002.6To account for year-to-year fluctuations in chrysotile imports owing to cycles of companies replenishing and drawing down stockpiles,consumption was estimated as a 5-year rolling average of imports for consumption.Information regarding the quantity of industry stocks was unav

212、ailable.7Defined as imports exports.The United States has been 100%import reliant since 2002.All domestic consumption of unmanufactured asbestos fiber was from imports and unreported inventories.8See Appendix C for resource and reserve definitions and information concerning data sources.9Reported.10

213、Asbestos production in Brazil was permitted for export purposes only.The value shown is reported country exports of asbestos because production data were unavailable.39Prepared by Michele E.McRae(703)6487743,mmcraeusgs.gov BARITE(Data in thousand metric tons unless otherwise specified)Domestic Produ

214、ction and Use:In 2023,three companies mined barite in Nevada.Mine production increased,but data were withheld to avoid disclosing company proprietary data.An estimated 2.5 million tons of barite(from domestic production and imports)was sold by crushers and grinders operating in nine States.Typically

215、,more than 90%of the barite sold in the United States is used as a weighting agent in fluids used in the drilling of oil and natural gas wells.The majority of Nevada crude barite was ground in Nevada and then sold to companies drilling in the Central and Western United States.Because of the higher c

216、ost of rail and truck transportation compared to ocean freight,offshore drilling operations in the Gulf of Mexico and onshore drilling operations in other regions primarily used imported barite.Barite also is used as a filler,extender,or weighting agent in products such as paints,plastics,and rubber

217、.Some specific applications include use in automobile brake and clutch pads,in automobile paint primer for metal protection and gloss,as a weighting agent in rubber,and in the cement jacket around underwater petroleum pipelines.In the metal-casting industry,barite is part of the mold-release compoun

218、ds.Because barite significantly blocks X-ray and gamma-ray emissions,it is used as aggregate in high-density concrete for radiation shielding around X-ray units in hospitals,nuclear powerplants,and university nuclear research facilities.Ultrapure barite is used as a contrast medium in X-ray and comp

219、uted tomography examinations of the gastrointestinal tract.Salient StatisticsUnited States:2019 2020 2021 2022 2023e Production:Sold or used,mine 414 W W W W Ground and crushed1 2,350 1,410 1,670 2,200 2,500 Imports:2 For consumption 2,500 1,480 1,660 2,330 2,500 General 2,330 869 1,440 1,890 2,400

220、Exports3 38 48 62 86 84 Consumption,apparent(crude and ground)4 2,880 W W W W Price,average unit value,ground,ex-works,dollars per metric ton 179 183 167 145 150 Employment,mine and mill,numbere 480 360 330 380 390 Net import reliance5 as a percentage of apparent consumption 86 75 75 75 75 Recycling

221、:None.Import Sources(201922):India,36%;China,6 30%;Morocco,17%;Mexico,13%;and other,4%.Tariff:Item Number Normal Trade Relations 123123 Ground barite 2511.10.1000 Free.Crude barite 2511.10.5000$1.25 per metric ton.Barium compounds:Barium oxide,hydroxide,and peroxide 2816.40.2000 2%ad valorem.Barium

222、chloride 2827.39.4500 4.2%ad valorem.Barium sulfate,precipitated 2833.27.0000 0.6%ad valorem.Barium carbonate,precipitated 2836.60.0000 2.3%ad valorem.Depletion Allowance:14%(domestic and foreign).Government Stockpile:None.40 BARITE U.S.Geological Survey,Mineral Commodity Summaries,January 2024 Even

223、ts,Trends,and Issues:Historically,rig counts have been a good indicator of barite consumption.Through October 2023,the world annual average rig count excluding the United States was 1,120,an increase of 9%compared with that in 2022.In all countries or localities except for Canada,however,the average

224、 annual rig count remained below average counts in 2019,before the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic.Increases in worldwide rig counts contributed to an estimated 3%increase in world barite production.In the United States,the annual average rig count decreased slightly in 2023,and the month

225、ly average rig count decreased throughout the year.Despite the slowing pace of domestic drilling activity,barite sales were estimated to have increased by more than 10%.World Mine Production and Reserves:In response to concerns about dwindling global reserves of 4.2-specific-gravity barite used by t

226、he oil-and gas-drilling industry,the American Petroleum Institute issued an alternate specification for 4.1-specific-gravity weighting agents in 2010.Estimated reserves data were included only if developed since the adoption of the 4.1-specific-gravity standard.Reserves for China,Iran,and Turkey wer

227、e revised based on Government reports.Mine productione Reserves7 2022 2023 United States W W NA China 1,900 1,900 92,000 India 2,700 2,700 51,000 Iran 300 300 38,000 Kazakhstan 650 600 85,000 Laos 8303 600 NA Mexico 8316 260 NA Morocco 1,200 1,200 NA Russia 250 250 12,000 Turkey 250 250 NA Other cou

228、ntries 394 430 NA World total(rounded)98,260 98,500 NA World Resources:7 In the United States,identified resources of barite were estimated to be 150 million tons,and undiscovered resources contributed an additional 150 million tons.The worlds barite resources in all categories were about 2 billion

229、tons,but only about 740 million tons were identified resources.Substitutes:Owing to technical and economic factors,there are no large-scale alternatives to barite in oil-and gas-drilling fluids.Calcium carbonate,hematite,ilmenite,and manganese tetroxide are the most common alternatives used in speci

230、fic circumstances.Some technical literature and patents also mention use of celestite,iron carbonate,and strontium carbonate,but these are not estimated to be widely used.eEstimated.NA Not available.W Withheld to avoid disclosing company proprietary data.1Imported and domestic barite,crushed and gro

231、und,sold or used by domestic grinding establishments.2Includes data for the following Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States codes:2511.10.1000,2511.10.5000,and 2833.27.0000.General imports and imports for consumption data differ because of barite processed in free trade zones.General impor

232、t data reports the form of imported barite at the time it entered the United States,whereas imports for consumption data reports crude barite processed in free trade zones as ground.Imports for consumption may not be immediately reported depending on processing time.3Includes data for the following

233、Schedule B codes:2511.10.1000 and 2833.27.0000.4Defined as mine production(sold or used)+imports for consumption exports.5Defined as imports for consumption exports.6Includes Hong Kong.7See Appendix C for resource and reserve definitions and information concerning data sources.8Reported.9Excludes U.

234、S.production.41Prepared by Adam M.Merrill(703)6487715,amerrillusgs.gov BAUXITE AND ALUMINA1(Data in thousand metric dry tons unless otherwise specified)Domestic Production and Use:In 2023,a limited amount of bauxite and bauxitic clay was produced for nonmetallurgical use in Alabama,Arkansas,and Geor

235、gia.Production statistics were withheld for bauxite and estimated for alumina to avoid disclosing company proprietary data.In 2023,the reported quantity of bauxite consumed was estimated to be 1.8 million tons,17%less than that reported in 2022,with an estimated value of about$58 million.About 78%of

236、 the bauxite was refined by the Bayer process for alumina or aluminum hydroxide,and the remainder went to products such as abrasives,cement,chemicals,proppants,and refractories,and as a slag adjuster in steel mills.Alumina production was estimated to be 780,000 tons,15%less than that in 2022.About 6

237、8%of the alumina produced went to primary aluminum smelters,and the remainder went to nonmetallurgical products,such as abrasives,ceramics,chemicals,and refractories.Salient StatisticsUnited States:2019 2020 2021 2022 2023e Bauxite:Production,mine W W W W W Imports for consumption2 4,620 3,760 3,880

238、 3,630 3,100 Exports2 16 16 13 10 12 Stocks,industry,yearende,2 300 250 200 200 240 Consumption:Apparent3 W W W W W Reported 3,680 3,330 2,790 2,170 1,800 Price,average unit value of imports,free alongside ship(f.a.s.),dollars per metric ton 32 30 31 32 30 Net import reliance4 as a percentage of app

239、arent consumption 75 75 75 75 75 Alumina:Production,refinerye,5 1,400 1,300 1,000 920 780 Imports for consumption5 1,930 1,340 1,550 1,880 1,300 Exports5 200 153 180 174 140 Stocks,industry,yearend5 275 234 202 213 230 Consumption,apparent3 3,130 2,530 2,410 2,620 1,900 Price,average unit value of i

240、mports,f.a.s.,dollars per metric ton 472 394 462 518 500 Net import reliance4 as a percentage of apparent consumption 55 49 58 65 59 Recycling:None.Import Sources(201922):Bauxite:2 Jamaica,64%;Turkey,9%;Guyana,8%;Australia,6%;and other,13%.Alumina:5 Brazil,61%;Australia,13%;Jamaica,12%;Canada,4%;and

241、 other,10%.Tariff:Item Number Normal Trade Relations 123123 Bauxite,calcined(refractory grade)2606.00.0030 Free.Bauxite,calcined(other)2606.00.0060 Free.Bauxite,crude dry(metallurgical grade)2606.00.0090 Free.Aluminum oxide(alumina)2818.20.0000 Free.Aluminum hydroxide 2818.30.0000 Free.Depletion All

242、owance:22%(domestic),14%(foreign).Government Stockpile:None.Events,Trends,and Issues:In 2023,one domestic alumina refinery produced alumina from imported bauxite.A 1.2-million-ton-per-year alumina refinery in Gramercy,LA,produced alumina for aluminum smelting and specialty-grade alumina.A 500,000-to

243、n-per-year alumina refinery in Burnside,LA,was temporarily shut down in August 2020 and remained idle in 2023.No plans were announced regarding its reopening.The average prices,f.a.s.,for U.S.imports for consumption of crude dry bauxite and metallurgical-grade alumina during the first 8 months of 20

244、23 were$32 per ton and$501 per ton,3%more and 8%less than those in the same period in 2022,respectively.42 BAUXITE AND ALUMINA U.S.Geological Survey,Mineral Commodity Summaries,January 2024 A U.S.primary aluminum producer acquired a majority stake in a company operating a bauxite mine and a 1.4-mill

245、ion-ton-per-year alumina refinery located in Jamaica.In Europe,high energy costs in 2022 led to the closure and curtailment of alumina refineries,aluminum smelters,and aluminum product manufacturers,which continued into 2023.Ukraines 1.7-million-ton-per-year alumina refinery remained closed owing to

246、 the conflict between Russia and Ukraine.A China-based aluminum producer acquired an Indonesia-based miner with mining rights to three bauxite mines in the Kalimantan Province of Indonesia;one mine has estimated bauxite reserves of 68 million tons of bauxite.Chinas Shanghai Futures Exchange began se

247、lling alumina future contracts after receiving approval from Chinas securities regulatory commission.World Alumina Refinery and Bauxite Mine Production and Bauxite Reserves:Reserves for Australia,India,and Russia were revised based on company and Government reports.Alumina production5 Bauxite produc

248、tion Bauxite reserves6 2022 2023e 2022 2023e United States e920 780 W W 20,000 Australia 19,500 19,000 102,000 98,000 73,500,000 Brazil e10,000 10,000 e30,000 31,000 2,700,000 Canada 1,360 1,600 China 81,900 82,000 e90,000 93,000 710,000 Germany e1,000 720 Greece 861 860 e1,200 1,200 Guinea 340 330

249、e100,000 97,000 7,400,000 India e7,500 7,300 e24,000 23,000 650,000 Indonesia e1,200 1,200 e21,000 20,000 1,000,000 Ireland 1,630 1,200 Jamaica 634 1,500 4,370 6,000 2,000,000 Kazakhstan 1,340 1,300 4,400 4,300 160,000 Russia 3,080 2,400 5,780 5,800 480,000 Saudi Arabia e1,900 1,800 e4,800 4,600 180

250、,000 Spain 1,340 640 Turkey 300 290 2,800 2,000 63,000 Ukraine 300 United Arab Emirates 2,430 2,300 Vietnam 1,430 1,400 e3,900 3,700 5,800,000 Other countries 1,200 880 5,900 5,600 5,100,000 World total(rounded)140,000 140,000 8400,000 8400,000 30,000,000 World Resources:6 Bauxite resources are esti

251、mated to be between 55 billion and 75 billion tons,distributed in Africa(32%),Oceania(23%),South America and the Caribbean(21%),Asia(18%),and elsewhere(6%).Domestic resources of bauxite are inadequate to meet long-term U.S.demand,but the United States and most other major aluminum-producing countrie

252、s have essentially inexhaustible subeconomic resources of aluminum in materials other than bauxite.Substitutes:Bauxite is the only raw material used in the production of alumina on a commercial scale in the United States.Although currently not economically competitive with bauxite,vast resources of

253、clay are technically feasible sources of alumina.Other raw materials,such as alunite,anorthosite,coal wastes,and oil shales,offer additional potential alumina sources.Synthetic mullite,produced from kaolin,bauxitic kaolin,kyanite,and sillimanite,substitutes for bauxite-based refractories.Silicon car

254、bide and alumina zirconia can substitute for alumina and bauxite in abrasives but cost more.eEstimated.W Withheld to avoid disclosing company proprietary data.Zero.1See also the Aluminum chapter.As a general rule,4 tons of dried bauxite is required to produce 2 tons of alumina,which,in turn,can be u

255、sed to produce 1 ton of aluminum.2Includes all forms of bauxite,expressed as dry equivalent weights.3Defined as production+imports exports adjustments for industry stock changes.4Defined as imports exports adjustments for industry stock changes.5Calcined equivalent weights.6See Appendix C for resour

256、ce and reserve definitions and information concerning data sources.7For Australia,Joint Ore Reserves Committee-compliant or equivalent reserves were 1.6 billion tons.8Excludes U.S.production.43Prepared by Brian W.Jaskula(703)6484908,bjaskulausgs.gov BERYLLIUM(Data in metric tons,beryllium content,un

257、less otherwise specified)Domestic Production and Use:One company in Utah mined bertrandite ore and converted it,along with imported beryl,into beryllium hydroxide.Some of the beryllium hydroxide was shipped to the companys plant in Ohio,where it was converted into metal,oxide,and downstream berylliu

258、m-copper master alloy,and some was sold.Estimated beryllium apparent consumption in 2023 was 150 tons and was valued at about$205 million based on the most recent beryllium price estimate.Based on sales revenues,approximately 25%of beryllium products were used in industrial components,17%in aerospac

259、e and defense applications,14%in automotive electronics,10%in telecommunications infrastructure,7%each in consumer electronics and energy applications,1%in semiconductor applications,and 19%in other applications.Beryllium alloy strip and bulk products,the most common forms of processed beryllium,wer

260、e used in all application areas.Most unalloyed beryllium metal and beryllium composite products were used in defense and scientific applications.To ensure current and future availability of high-quality domestic beryllium to meet critical defense needs,the U.S.Department of Defense,under the Defense

261、 Production Act,Title III,invested in a public-private partnership with the leading U.S.beryllium producer to build a primary beryllium facility in Ohio.Construction of the facility was completed in 2011.Salient StatisticsUnited States:2019 2020 2021 2022 2023e Production,mine shipments 160 165 175

262、175 190 Imports for consumption1 49 48 49 39 25 Exports2 37 25 30 61 75 Shipments from Government stockpile3 3 7 9 NA Consumption:Apparent4 167 196 196 187 150 Reported,ore 160 170 170 170 170 Price,annual average unit value,beryllium-copper master alloy,5 dollars per kilogram of contained beryllium

263、 620 620 680 660 1,400 Stocks,ore,consumer,yearend 35 30 35 10 Net import reliance6 as a percentage of apparent consumption 4 16 11 6 E Recycling:Beryllium was recovered from new scrap generated during the manufacture of beryllium products and from old scrap.Detailed data on the quantities of beryll

264、ium recycled are not available but may account for as much as 20%to 25%of total beryllium consumption.The leading U.S.beryllium producer established a comprehensive recycling program for all its beryllium products,recovering approximately 40%of the beryllium content of the new and old beryllium allo

265、y scrap.Import Sources(201922):1 Kazakhstan,44%;Latvia,22%;Japan,16%;Canada,7%;and other,11%.Tariff:Item Number Normal Trade Relations 123123 Beryllium ores and concentrates 2617.90.0030 Free.Beryllium oxide and hydroxide 2825.90.1000 3.7%ad valorem.Beryllium-copper master alloy 7405.00.6030 Free.Be

266、ryllium-copper plates,sheets,and strip:Thickness of 5 millimeters(mm)or more 7409.90.1030 3%ad valorem.Thickness of less than 5 mm:Width of 500 mm or more 7409.90.5030 1.7%ad valorem.Width of less than 500 mm 7409.90.9030 3%ad valorem.Beryllium:Unwrought,including powders 8112.12.0000 8.5%ad valorem

267、.Waste and scrap 8112.13.0000 Free.Other 8112.19.0000 5.5%ad valorem.Depletion Allowance:22%(domestic),14%(foreign).44 BERYLLIUM U.S.Geological Survey,Mineral Commodity Summaries,January 2024 Government Stockpile:7 FY 2023 FY 2024 Material Potential acquisitions Potential disposals Potential acquisi

268、tions Potential disposals Metal(all types)7 7 Events,Trends,and Issues:Apparent consumption in 2023 decreased by 20%from that in 2022 owing primarily to a 36%decrease in estimated beryllium imports and a 23%increase in estimated exports.The decrease in imports reflected a large reduction in berylliu

269、m-copper master alloy imports from Kazakhstan.During the first 6 months of 2023,the leading U.S.beryllium producer reported that net sales of its beryllium alloy strip and bulk products and beryllium metal and composite products were 21%higher than those during the first 6 months of 2022.Net sales o

270、f beryllium products increased primarily in the aerospace and defense market.Because of the toxic nature of beryllium,various international,national,and State guidelines and regulations have been established regarding beryllium in air,water,and other media.Industry is required to carefully control t

271、he quantity of beryllium dust,fumes,and mists in the workplace.World Mine Production and Reserves:Mine production8,9 2022 2023e United States 175 190 Brazil e40 40 China e70 74 Madagascar e1 1 Mozambique 25 24 Rwanda e1 1 Uganda e1 1 World total(rounded)313 330 World Resources:10 The worlds identifi

272、ed resources of beryllium have been estimated to be more than 100,000 tons.About 60%of these resources are in the United States;by tonnage,the Spor Mountain area in Utah,the McCullough Butte area in Nevada,the Black Hills area in South Dakota,the Sierra Blanca area in Texas,the Seward Peninsula in A

273、laska,and the Gold Hill area in Utah account for most of the total.Substitutes:Because the cost of beryllium is high compared with that of other materials,it is used in applications in which its properties are crucial.In some applications,certain metal matrix or organic composites,high-strength grad

274、es of aluminum,pyrolytic graphite,silicon carbide,steel,or titanium may be substituted for beryllium metal or beryllium composites.Copper alloys containing nickel and silicon,tin,titanium,or other alloying elements or phosphor bronze alloys(copper-tin-phosphorus)may be substituted for beryllium-copp

275、er alloys,but these substitutions can result in substantially reduced performance.Aluminum nitride or boron nitride may be substituted for beryllium oxide.eEstimated.E Net exporter.NA Not available.Zero.1Includes estimated beryllium content of imported ores and concentrates,oxide and hydroxide,unwro

276、ught metal(including powders),beryllium articles,waste and scrap,beryllium-copper master alloy,and beryllium-copper plates,sheets,and strip.2Includes estimated beryllium content of exported unwrought metal(including powders),beryllium articles,and waste and scrap.3Change in total inventory from prio

277、r yearend inventory.If negative,increase in inventory.Beginning in 2023,Government stock changes no longer available.4Defined for 201922 as production+imports exports adjustments for Government and industry stock changes.Beginning in 2023,Government stock changes no longer included.5Calculated from

278、gross weight and customs value of imports;beryllium content estimated to be 4%.Rounded to two significant figures.6Defined for 201922 as imports exports adjustments for Government and industry stock changes.Beginning in 2023,Government stock changes no longer included.7See Appendix B for definitions

279、.8In addition to the countries listed,Kazakhstan and Portugal may have produced beryl ore,but available information was inadequate to make reliable estimates of output.Other nations that produced gemstone beryl ore may also have produced some industrial beryl ore.9Based on 4%beryllium content of ber

280、trandite and beryl sources.10See Appendix C for resource and reserve definitions and information concerning data sources.Reserves10 The United States has very little beryl that can be economically hand sorted from pegmatite deposits.An epithermal deposit in the Spor Mountain area in Utah is a large

281、bertrandite resource,which is being mined.Proven and probable bertrandite reserves in Utah total about 19,000 tons of beryllium content.World beryllium reserves are not available.45Prepared by Amy C.Tolcin(703)6484940,atolcinusgs.gov BISMUTH(Data in metric tons unless otherwise specified)Domestic Pr

282、oduction and Use:The United States ceased production of primary refined bismuth in 1997 and is highly import reliant.Bismuth is contained in some lead ores mined domestically.However,the last domestic primary lead smelter closed at yearend 2013;since then,all lead concentrates have been exported for

283、 smelting.Most domestic bismuth consumption was for chemicals used in cosmetic,industrial,laboratory,and pharmaceutical applications.Bismuth use in pharmaceuticals included bismuth subsalicylate(the active ingredient in over-the-counter stomach remedies)and other compounds used to treat burns,intest

284、inal disorders,and stomach ulcers.Bismuth compounds such as bismuth nitrate,bismuth oxychloride,and bismuth vanadate are also used in industrial applications for the manufacture of ceramic glazes,crystalware,high-performance pigments,and pearlescent pigments.Bismuth has a wide variety of metallurgic

285、al applications,including use as an additive to improve metal integrity of malleable cast iron in the foundry industry and as a nontoxic replacement for lead in brass,free-machining aluminum alloys and steels,and solders.The use of bismuth in brass for pipe fittings,fixtures,and water meters increas

286、ed after 2014 when the definition of“lead-free”under the Safe Drinking Water Act was modified to reduce the maximum lead content of“lead-free”pipes and plumbing fixtures to 0.25%from 8%.The melting point of bismuth is relatively low at 271 degrees Celsius,and it is an important component of various

287、fusible alloys.These bismuth-containing alloys can be used in holding devices for grinding optical lenses,as plugs for abandoned oil wells,as a temporary filler to prevent damage to tubes in bending operations,as a triggering mechanism for fire sprinklers,and in other applications in which a low mel

288、ting point is ideal.Bismuth-tellurium-oxide alloy film paste is used in the manufacture of semiconductor devices.Salient StatisticsUnited States:2019 2020 2021 2022 2023e Production:Refinery Secondary(scrap)e 80 80 80 80 80 Imports for consumption,metal,alloys,and scrap:Containing more than 99.99%bi

289、smuth,by weight NA NA NA 754 540 Other NA NA NA 2,340 1,300 Total1 2,340 1,650 1,980 3,090 1,800 Exports,metal,alloys,and scrap:Containing more than 99.99%bismuth,by weight NA NA NA 144 180 Other NA NA NA 359 340 Total2 636 699 1,010 502 520 Consumption:Apparent3 1,690 1,210 1,030 2,610 1,400 Report

290、ed 548 513 597 724 NA Price,average,4 dollars per pound 3.18 2.72 3.74 3.90 4.10 Stocks,yearend,consumer,bismuth metal 443 271 297 356 340 Net import reliance5 as a percentage of apparent consumption 95 93 92 97 94 Recycling:Recycled bismuth-containing alloy scrap was thought to compose 3%to 8%of U.

291、S.bismuth apparent consumption for the years 201923.Import Sources(201922):China,6 68%;Republic of Korea,20%;Belgium,2%;Mexico,2%;and other,8%.Tariff:Item Number Normal Trade Relations 123123 Bismuth and articles thereof,including waste and scrap:Containing more than 99.99%of bismuth,by weight 8106.

292、10.0000 Free.Other 8106.90.0000 Free.Depletion Allowance:22%(domestic),14%(foreign).Government Stockpile:None.46 BISMUTH U.S.Geological Survey,Mineral Commodity Summaries,January 2024 Events,Trends,and Issues:The estimated annual average price for bismuth(in-warehouse,Rotterdam)in 2023 was$4.10 per

293、pound,a 5%increase from that in 2022 and the highest annual average price since 2018.Bismuth metal prices in China,the leading producer and exporter of bismuth,reached a 5-year high in September reportedly owing to high feedstock prices as competition for bismuth ore increased among domestic smelter

294、s,despite lower exports.Bismuth metal exports from China(Harmonized System code 8106)through August 2023 were 2,510 tons,about 40%less than exports during the same periods in 2021 and 2022.In March 2023,the Liyang Zhonglianjin E-commerce commodity exchange platform began trading 99.99%bismuth.Estima

295、ted world production of bismuth was essentially the same in 2023 as in 2022;reported bismuth production data were unavailable for most countries.World Refinery Production and Reserves:Refinery productione 2022 2023 United States Bolivia 40 Bulgaria 50 50 China 15,500 16,000 Japan 490 500 Kazakhstan

296、190 160 Korea,Republic of 810 850 Laos 81,940 2,000 World total(rounded)19,000 20,000 World Resources:7 Bismuth reserves data were generally not reported at a mine or country level and thus difficult to quantify.Bismuth minerals rarely occur in sufficient quantities to be mined as principal products

297、;bismuth is produced most often as a byproduct during the processing of lead ores.In China and Vietnam,bismuth is also produced as a byproduct or coproduct of tungsten and other metal ore processing.In Japan and the Republic of Korea,bismuth is produced as a byproduct or coproduct of zinc ore proces

298、sing.The Tasna Mine in Bolivia,which has been inactive since 1996,and a mine in China are the only mines where bismuth has been the primary product.Substitutes:Bismuth compounds can be replaced in pharmaceutical applications by alumina,antibiotics,calcium carbonate,and magnesia.Titanium-dioxide-coat

299、ed mica flakes and fish-scale extracts are substitutes in certain pigment uses.Cadmium,indium,lead,and tin can partially replace bismuth in low-temperature solders.Resins can replace bismuth alloys for holding metal shapes during machining,and glycerin-filled glass bulbs can replace bismuth alloys i

300、n triggering devices for fire sprinklers.Free-machining alloys can contain lead,selenium,or tellurium as a replacement for bismuth.Bismuth is an environmentally friendly substitute for lead in plumbing and many other applications,including fishing weights,hunting ammunition,lubricating greases,and s

301、oldering alloys.eEstimated.NA Not available.Zero.1Includes data for the following Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States codes:8106.00.0000(201921),and 8106.10.0000 and 8106.90.0000(202223).2Includes data for the following Schedule B numbers:8106.00.0000(201921),and 8106.10.0000 and 8106.90

302、.0000(202223).3Defined as secondary production+imports exports adjustments for industry stock changes.4Prices are based on 99.99%-purity metal at warehouse(Rotterdam)in minimum lots of 1 ton.Source:Fastmarkets.5Defined as imports exports adjustments for industry stock changes.6Includes Hong Kong.7Se

303、e Appendix C for resource and reserve definitions and information concerning data sources.8Reported.Reserves7 Quantitative estimates of reserves were not available.47Prepared by Amanda S.Brioche(703)6487747,abriocheusgs.gov BORON(Data in thousand metric tons unless otherwise specified)Domestic Produ

304、ction and Use:Two companies in southern California produced borates in 2023,and most of the boron products consumed in the United States were manufactured domestically.Estimated boron production increased in 2023 compared with 2022 production.U.S.boron production and consumption data were withheld t

305、o avoid disclosing company proprietary data.The leading boron producer mined borate ores,which contain the minerals kernite,tincal,and ulexite,by open pit methods and operated associated compound plants.Kernite was used to produce boric acid,tincal was used to produce sodium borate,and ulexite was u

306、sed as a primary ingredient in the manufacture of a variety of specialty glasses and ceramics.A second company produced borates from brines extracted through solution-mining techniques.Boron minerals and chemicals were principally consumed in the north-central and eastern United States.In 2023,the g

307、lass and ceramics industries remained the leading domestic users of boron products,accounting for an estimated 65%of total borates consumption.Boron also was used as a component in abrasives,cleaning products,insecticides,insulation,and in the production of semiconductors.Salient StatisticsUnited St

308、ates:2019 2020 2021 2022 2023e Production W W W W W Imports for consumption:Refined borax 161 174 232 168 170 Boric acid 41 39 54 48 42 Colemanite(calcium borates)42 18 3 1 1 Ulexite(sodium borates)38 41 49 38 17 Exports:Boric acid 251 257 280 240 250 Refined borax 598 594 607 651 640 Consumption,ap

309、parent1 W W W W W Price,average unit value of imports,cost,insurance,and freight,dollars per metric ton 373 380 394 485 620 Employment,number 1,370 1,330 1,330 1,400 1,400 Net import reliance2 as a percentage of apparent consumption E E E E E Recycling:Insignificant.Import Sources(201922):All forms:

310、Turkey,90%;Bolivia,5%;Chile,1%;and other,4%.Tariff:Item Number Normal Trade Relations 123123 Natural borates:Sodium(ulexite)2528.00.0005 Free.Calcium(colemanite)2528.00.0010 Free.Boric acids 2810.00.0000 1.5%ad valorem.Borates,refined borax:Anhydrous 2840.11.0000 0.3%ad valorem.Non-anhydrous 2840.19

311、.0000 0.1%ad valorem.Depletion Allowance:Borax,14%(domestic and foreign).Government Stockpile:None.Events,Trends,and Issues:Elemental boron is a metalloid with limited commercial applications.Although the term“boron”is commonly referenced,it does not occur in nature in an elemental state.Boron combi

312、nes with oxygen and other elements to form boric acid or inorganic salts called borates.Boron compounds,chiefly borates,are commercially important;therefore,boron products are priced and sold based on their boric oxide(B2O3)content,varying by ore and compound and by the absence or presence of calciu

313、m and sodium.Four borate mineralscolemanite,kernite,tincal,and ulexiteaccount for 90%of the borate minerals used by industry worldwide.Although borates were used in more than 300 applications,more than three-quarters of world consumption was used in ceramics,detergents,fertilizers,and glass.48 BORON

314、 U.S.Geological Survey,Mineral Commodity Summaries,January 2024 China,India,Mexico,Malaysia,and Japan,in decreasing order of tonnage,are the countries that imported the largest quantities of refined borates from the United States in 2023.Domestic shipments of boric acid were sent to China,the Nether

315、lands,the Republic of Korea,Japan,and Taiwan,in decreasing order of tonnage.Because China has low-grade boron reserves and demand for boron is anticipated to rise in that country,imports from the United States were expected to remain steady during the next several years.Interests and investments in

316、boron derivatives increased domestically and abroad.The National Defense Authorization Act for fiscal year 2024 included an amendment to study boron supply chains,particularly in regard to ferroboron and boron carbide production.The Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and Sustainment was expe

317、cted to complete the report by the first quarter of 2024.Turkey opened its first boron carbide facility in March and began construction of a ferroboron facility in September 2022.Boron carbide is produced in only five countries in the world.Turkeys new boron carbide facility has a capacity of 1,000

318、tons per year.Boron carbide is used in the manufacturing of body armor and ferroboron is used in the production of permanent magnets.Continued investment in new borate refineries and the continued rise in demand were expected to fuel growth in world production for the next few years.Two Australian-b

319、ased mine developers previously confirmed that production of high-quality boron products would be possible from their projects in California and Nevada,respectively.These companies continued to make progress on their respective projects by acquiring some of the permits and funding necessary to begin

320、 and continue construction.The project in California continued construction as it neared the completion of its first phase.This project was expected to have a focus on specialty boron products for industries related to global decarbonization and food security once production starts.These companies h

321、ave the potential to become substantial boron producers when their projects are fully developed.The project in Nevada was offered a conditional commitment loan of up to$700 million with a 10-year term from the U.S.Department of Energy to fund the project.If work begins at the Nevada project,it was a

322、nticipated to create 600 construction jobs and up to 300 operation positions.World Production and Reserves:Reserves data for China,Turkey,and the United States were revised based on Government and company reports.ProductionAll formse Reserves3 2022 2023 United States W W 48,000 Argentina,crude ore 1

323、30 130 NA Bolivia,ulexite 170 170 NA Chile,ulexite 360 360 35,000 China,boric oxide equivalent 200 200 20,000 Germany,compounds 60 60 NA Peru,crude borates 200 200 4,000 Russia,datolite ore 80 80 40,000 Turkey,refined borates 2,200 2,200 950,000 World total4 XX XX XX World Resources:3 Deposits of bo

324、rates are associated with volcanic activity and arid climates,with the largest economically viable deposits in the Mojave Desert of the United States,the Alpide belt along the southern margin of Eurasia,and the Andean belt of South America.U.S.deposits consist primarily of tincal,kernite,and borates

325、 contained in brines,and to a lesser extent,ulexite and colemanite.About 70%of all deposits in Turkey are colemanite,primarily used in the production of heat-resistant glass.At current levels of consumption,world resources are adequate for the foreseeable future.Substitutes:The substitution of other

326、 materials for boron is possible in detergents,enamels,insulation,and soaps.Sodium percarbonate can replace borates in detergents and requires lower temperatures to undergo hydrolysis,which is an environmental consideration.Some enamels can use other glass-producing substances,such as phosphates.Ins

327、ulation substitutes include cellulose,foams,and mineral wools.In soaps,sodium and potassium salts of fatty acids can act as cleaning and emulsifying agents.eEstimated.E Net exporter.NA Not available.W Withheld to avoid disclosing company proprietary data.XX Not applicable.1Defined as production+impo

328、rts exports.2Defined as imports exports.3See Appendix C for resource and reserve definitions and information concerning data sources.4World totals cannot be calculated because production and reserves are not reported in a consistent manner by all countries.49Prepared by Emily K.Schnebele(703)6484945

329、,eschnebeleusgs.gov BROMINE(Data in metric tons,bromine content,unless otherwise specified)Domestic Production and Use:Bromine was recovered from underground brines by two companies in Arkansas.Bromine is one of the leading mineral commodities,in terms of value,produced in Arkansas.The two bromine c

330、ompanies in the United States account for a large percentage of world production capacity.The leading global applications of bromine are for the production of brominated flame retardants(BFRs)and clear brine drilling fluids.Bromine compounds are also used in a variety of other applications,including

331、 industrial uses,as intermediates,and for water treatment.U.S.apparent consumption of bromine in 2023 was estimated to be less than that in 2022.Salient StatisticsUnited States:2019 2020 2021 2022 2023e Production W W W W W Imports for consumption,elemental bromine and compounds1 56,300 30,700 27,20

332、0 36,500 51,000 Exports,elemental bromine and compounds2 29,300 36,600 27,900 19,400 34,000 Consumption,apparent3 W W W W W Price,average unit value of imports(cost,insurance,and freight),dollars per kilogram,bromine content 2.31 2.67 2.85 3.29 3.10 Employment,numbere 1,050 1,050 1,050 1,050 1,050 N

333、et import reliance4 as a percentage of apparent consumption 25 E E 25 25 Recycling:Some bromide solutions were recycled to obtain elemental bromine and to prevent the solutions from being disposed of as hazardous waste.For example,hydrogen bromide is emitted as a byproduct of many organic reactions;this byproduct can be recycled with virgin bromine brines and used as a source of bromine production