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1、INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR CONSERVATION OF NATUREXiamen practice a case study of integrating Nature-based Solutions in coastal developmentEdited by Luo Ming,Zhang Yan,Hu Juntao,and Gao YanAbout IUCNIUCN is a membership Union uniquely composed of both government and civil society organisations.It provid

2、es public,private and non-governmental organisations with the knowledge and tools that enable human progress,economic development and nature conservation to take place together.Created in 1948,IUCN is now the worlds largest and most diverse environmental network,harnessing the knowledge,resources an

3、d reach of more than 1,400 Member organisations and some 16,000 experts.It is a leading provider of conservation data,assessments and analysis.Its broad membership enables IUCN to act as an incubator and trusted repository of best practices,tools and international standards.IUCN provides a neutral s

4、pace in which diverse stakeholders including governments,NGOs,scientists,businesses,local communities,Indigenous Peoples Organisations and others can work together to forge and implement solutions to environmental challenges and achieve sustainable development.Working with many partners and supporte

5、rs,IUCN implements a large and diverse portfolio of conservation projects worldwide.Combining the latest science with the traditional knowledge of local communities,these projects work to reverse habitat loss,restore ecosystems and improve peoples well-being.www.iucn.orghttps:/X.com/IUCN Xiamen prac

6、tice a case study of integrating Nature-based Solutions in coastal developmentEdited by Luo Ming,Zhang Yan,Hu Juntao,and Gao YanThe designation of geographical entities in this work,and the presentation of the material,do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IUCN or othe

7、r participating organisations concerning the legal status of any country,territory,or area,or of its authorities,or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.The views expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect those of IUCN or other participating organisations.IUCN is please

8、d to acknowledge the support of its Framework Partners who provide core funding:Ministry of Foreign Affairs,Denmark;Ministry for Foreign Affairs,Finland;Government of France and the French Development Agency(AFD);Ministry of Environment,Republic of Korea;Ministry of the Environment,Climate and Susta

9、inable Development,Grand Duchy of Luxembourg;the Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation(Norad);the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency(Sida);the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation(SDC)and the United States Department of State.IUCN,Gland,Switzerland in collaboration w

10、ith the Ministry of Natural Resources,Beijing,the Peoples Republic of ChinaIUCN China Country Office,Beijing,China 2024 IUCN,International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural ResourcesReproduction of this publication for educational or other non-commercial purposes is authorised without pri

11、or written permission from the copyright holder provided the source is fully acknowledged.Reproduction of this publication for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without prior written permission of the copyright holder.Luo,M.,Zhang,Y.,Gao,Y.,&Hu,J.(Eds.)(2024).Xiamen practice A case s

12、tudy of integrating Nature-based Solutions in coastal city development.IUCN and the Ministry of Natural Resources,Peoples Republic of China.Wu WeiZhang LuPublished by:Produced by:Copyright:Recommended citation:Cover photo:Layout by:ContentsAbstract.ivIntroduction.1The city.2The challenges.3Xiamen ca

13、se study:main milestones.4Measures and results.7Discussions.17Outlook.18References .19iiiivAbstractAs a typical coastal city,Xiamen,Fujian Province,faces serious societal challenges such as the impact of climate change,overexploitation of natural resources,and loss of biodiversity.Xiamen is implemen

14、ting Nature-based Solutions by strengthening ecological protection,promoting ecosystem restoration,building sponge city,supporting sustainable community development and green transformation of mines,while encouraging funding and diverse public participation.After more than 30 years of exploration an

15、d practice,the green development concept of harmonious coexistence between man and nature has been integrated into areas and processes of Xiamens economic and social development,making Xiamen practice a global example of excellence in Nature-based Solutions and a model for sustainable development of

16、 coastal cities.IntroductionNature-based Solutions(NbS)are defined by the International Union for Conservation of Nature(IUCN)as“actions to protect,sustainably manage,and restore natural or modified ecosystems,that address societal challenges effectively and adaptively,simultaneously providing human

17、 well-being and biodiversity benefits”.These actions leverage nature and the power of healthy ecosystems to protect people,optimise infrastructure and safeguard a stable and biodiverse future.The benefits of NbS can be seen in Xiamen,a coastal municipality in Fujian Province of China,which has under

18、gone significant planning and infrastructure changes over the last 36 years.Considerable effort on ecosystem protection,restoration,and management has also been undertaken in Xiamen,aiming to align Xiamen with Xi Jinping Thought on Eco-civilisation,enhancing its sustainable development and resulting

19、 in benefits for both people and nature.The effort of Xiamen began with restoring and strengthening the management of Yundang Lake from 1980s.Since these initiatives began,Xiamen has expanded its efforts,from small-scale local remediation to larger-scale integrated management approaches,shifting fro

20、m the business-as-usual grey infrastructure engineering approaches to piloting Nature-based Solutions,to address societal challenges,conserve biodiversity,and improve local resilience.Nature-based Solutions are now the foundation for economic and social development in Xiamen,and the Xiamen case stud

21、y is a noteworthy example of integrating NbS at scale in a coastal municipality to address sustainable development challenges.1.IUCN Members Assembly.(2016)2.Ecological civilisation is a set of values and development concepts enshrined in the Constitution of the Peoples Republic of China(PRC)in 2018

22、,which is simultaneously a philosophy,vision,and compass for a green and prosperous future.In an unprecedented fashion,this phrase links the primacy of ecological factors to other development elements.Hanson,A.(2019)1Xiamen is a coastal municipality comprising of Xiamen Island,the World Heritage sit

23、e of Gulangyu Island,and inland coastal areas that also include upstream catchments.It covers 1,699 km of land and an additional 333 km of sea.Over 5 million people are living in Xiamen,with approximately 90%of the population living in urban areas.Xiamen has a south subtropical oceanic monsoon clima

24、te,with over 80%of the total annual rainfall occurring during the rainy season.The rivers of Xiamen are all mountain streams that flow into the sea.Additionally,Xiamen is home to a wealth of marine biological resources,including nearly 2,000 marine species.The Pacific lancelet(Branchiostoma belcheri

25、)and the Chinese white dolphin(Sousa chinensis)are both listed as na tional first-class protected animals.2Figure 1.Map of Xiamen,Fujian Province(Hu Juntao)The cityThe challengesAs is the case with other coastal cities around the world,Xiamen,a beautiful city in southeastern China,was facing signifi

26、cant societal challenges,including the effects of climate change,rapid urbanisation,biodiversity loss,and ecosystem degradation.These challenges not only threatened the safety of the citys infrastructure,but also posed a direct challenge to the lives of its residents and its economic development.Fur

27、thermore,the remoteness of some mountain villages resulted in some rural populations experiencing poverty and developmental issues.34Xiamen case study:main milestones In December 1985,Xi Jinping,the Vice Mayor of Xiamen,recognised the necessity for more stringent regulations regarding quarrying and

28、sand mining activities on Xiamen Island during his tenure in Xiamen.He also emphasised the need to enhance the management,planning,and approval processes for the surrounding areas,including suburban counties.In 1986,Xiamen City introduced the Provisional Regulations on the Protection and Management

29、of Sand,Stone,and Soil Resources.These regulations require the preparation of quarrying and remediation programmes before any quarrying activity can take place,as well as strict adherence to these programmes.In April 1986,Xiamen government conducted an investigation in Baijiaoci Village and Junying

30、Village in Tongan District of Xiamen City to gain insights into the ecological and developmental challenges faced by mountainous communities,encompassing issues such as erosion,disaster risks,and poverty.The government then guided the local community in implementing locally adapted afforestation on

31、the hillsides,cultivation of fruits and tea at the foothills,as well as diversification of livelihood opportunities.In August 1986,the formulation of the Xiamen Economic and Social Development Strategy for 1985-2000 began and was completed in March 1988,making it the first development strategy in Ch

32、ina to include ecological environmental protection and management as a crucial objective of the development plan.Moreover,this plan served as a precedent for local economic and social development plans spanning over a period of 15 years,thereby exemplifying strategic long-term planning.5 In March 19

33、88,an integrated management scheme for Yundang Lake was proposed,which included key principles such as legal compliance in lake management,interception and treatment of sewage,dredging of silt,protection of shorelines,connection between lakes and rivers,and improvement of urban landscapes.In 1993,Xi

34、amen was selected by the Chinese government as an Integrated Coastal Management(ICM)demonstration site and has been implementing the ICM practice for over two decades.This approach has been strengthening the citys institution of coastal management,enhancing the effectiveness of ecological conservati

35、on and facilitating public participation.In 2018,the State Council has issued the Notice on Strengthening the Protection of Coastal Wetlands and Strictly Controlling Land Reclamation.Since then,Xiamen has completely ceased new reclamation projects except for major national strategic reasons.Over the

36、 past two decades,Xiamen has actively pursued and promoted opportunities for international marine cooperation,especially by hosting the World Ocean Week.Since its initial efforts,Xiamen has continued to enhance ecosystem and natural resource management,ensuring the long-term provision of ecosystem s

37、ervices within the municipality.3.ICM is a natural resource and environmental management system that employs an integrative,holistic approach and an interactive planning process in addressing complex management issues in coastal areas.It aims at addressing major sustainable development challenges:wa

38、ter use and supply management,food security and livelihood management,pollution reduction and waste management,natural and man-made hazard prevention and management,habitat protection restoration and management by protecting the functional integrity of these natural resource systems.PEMSEA.(2011).4.

39、Yuting,H.,Yidan,X.,&Xiongzhi,X.(2021).Figure 2.Aerial photo of Yundang Lake,Xiamen(Wu Wei)6A range of nature-based actions have been implemented in Xiamen to protect biodiversity,improve urban resilience,address climate change,and enhance peoples well-being.Strengthening protection through spatial p

40、lanning and Ecological Red LinesXiamen has developed a spatial planning system that takes a holistic and systemic view of communities and ecosystems.The Beautiful Xiamen Strategic Plan(2013)integrates an understanding of the landscapes ecological systems,encompassing mountains,bodies of water,forest

41、s,agricultural lands,lakes,grasslands,and oceans.Xiamen has delineated the Ecological Red Lines(ERLs)covering an area of 303,69 km for both land and sea.Forests,rivers,lakes,wetlands and other ecologically sensitive areas are given the highest degree of protection to preserve the ecology of the muni

42、cipality while providing benefits to people and biodiversity.For example,the hilly and mountainous area in the northwestern part of Xiamen,where 10 various types of protected areas are located,plays a pivotal role in biodiversity conservation and source water protection,and has therefore been includ

43、ed in the ERLs with a primary focus on preservation.Furthermore,the coastal ERLs have also been established and can serve as an effective measure to restrict further land reclamations.7Measures and results5.The term red line in Chinese is defined as the bottom line.The ERL system physically delineat

44、es zones that have been scientifically recognised for their high levels of biodiversity,critical ecological functions,or extreme ecological sensitivity.For these delineated ERLs,human activities are subject to restrictions,and land conversions are prohibited.Gao,J.,Zou,C.,Zhang,K.,Xu,M.,&Wang,Y.(202

45、0).8Restoring natural processes by removing seawalls,dykes,and infrastructureSince the 1950s,seven seawalls were constructed in Xiamen.However,these seawalls have disrupted the natural hydrological processes,leading to siltation in the mangrove forests and blocking the movement of the Chinese white

46、dolphins.The development of coastal areas,through large-scale aquaculture,has led to a decline in biodiversity.The removal of all seven seawalls in Xiamen has been undertaken to restore the flow within the estuary and the sea,enhancing connectivity and water exchange,and providing increased habitat

47、for coastal fauna,including the Chinese white dolphins.In 2017,the Xiamen Ecological Blue Line Management Measures for Water Systems(Trial)mandated that urban development zones should establish a water ecological buffer that is at least 30 metres wide on each side.By removing original bank hardening

48、 features and restoring the natural curvature of the river shoreline,deep pools,shallow beaches,and floodplains,it has successfully restored the ecology of Xiamens nine major streams spanning a total length of 465 kilometres.Figure 3.Aerial photo of before and after the removal of seawalls and dikes

49、 in Wuyuan Bay(Publicity Department of the Xiamen Municipal Party Committee)9Restoring coastal wetlandsYundang lake,a coastal brackish wetland in Xiamen,was threatened by habitat loss and pollution from development and seawall construction.The introduction of a policy in 1988 aimed to enhance the en

50、forcement of environmental regulations in Yundang Lake,effectively manage wastewater,restore the shoreline,revitalize the water body,and improve the overall aesthetics.Furthermore,the policy had been extended to all other lakes and rivers of Xiamen.The government has actively promoted the management

51、 of mariculture,the establishment of artificial wetlands,the remediation of shorelines,and the development of wetland protected areas in order to restore natural ecosystems and enhance urban landscapes.The management approach for Yundang Lake aligns well with the four main categories of restoration

52、activities along the restorative continuum outlined in the Standards of Practice to Guide Ecosystem Restoration recently published by the United Nations Decade on Ecosystem Restoration(see Fig 4).10Figure 4.Four major categories of restoration activities along the restorative continuum 66.Gann,G.D.,

53、McDonald,T.,Walder,B.,Aronson,J.,Nelson,C.R.,Jonson,J.,Hallett,J.G.et al.(2019).Drawing on their experience restoring the Yundang Lake,in 2005,Xiamen began the restoration of Wuyuan Bay.This involved removing two seawalls and restoring tidal fluctuations in the bay.Additionally,the 3-hectare breedin

54、g site of the blue-tailed bee-eater(Merops philippinus)has been fully protected.The ecological restoration of Wuyuan Bay also had a focus on making it a recreational venue for the city,taking advantage of the natural ecosystems.Figure 5.Before and after coastal restoration and development in Xinglin

55、 Bay(Lin Zhijie)11Furthermore,Xiamen adopted the customised approaches for different bays as their respective challenges and contexts,and successfully carried out marine ecological protection and restoration projects in Xinglin Bay,Haicang Bay,Tongan Bay,Maluan Bay,and other areas.Figure 6.Before an

56、d after implementing wetland protection and restoration projects in Maluan Bay(Publicity Department of the Xiamen Municipal Party Committee)1213Fostering sustainable community developmentHistorically,communities in the mountainous areas of northwestern Xiamen relied on the mountain forests for livel

57、ihoods,and cut down trees on mountains to burn charcoal.With the support of local government and businesses,the communities have successfully restored mountain forests and established thriving fruit and tea plantations.This has helped to lift people out of poverty and enhance their well-being,while

58、also reducing soil erosion.In addition,the tea plantations in Junying Village,covering an area of 381 hectares,were included in the carbon trade project and the carbon credits got sold for CNY 6 per tonne.Additionally,they have effectively developed eco-tourism initiatives,including forest recreatio

59、n tours,wetland bird watching tours,and agricultural experience tours.As a result of these efforts,there has been a remarkable increase in their per capita annual income from just over CNY 200 in 1986 to more than CNY 40,000 by 2023.Figure 7.The tea plantation located in Junying Village(Publicity De

60、partment of the Xiamen Municipal Party Committee)1415Community-based sustainable development has encouraged communities to engage in ecosystem restoration and led to poverty alleviation.It has also been disseminated across Xiamens rural areas by policies such as the 2015 Opinions on Accelerating the

61、 Transformation of the Mode of Agricultural Development and the Opinions on Further Promoting the Development of Leisure Agriculture.These policies have expanded the role of productive landscapes beyond a single production function to include multi-functional aspects such as recreation and tourism,a

62、gricultural experiences,ecological protection,and cultural heritage.It has led to enhanced sustainable management of rural areas and enhanced the diversity,stability,and sustainability of ecosystems in those areas.Rehabilitating mining sites and sup-porting their green transformationXiamen has a rel

63、atively rich deposit of granite resources,with stone slab production being a traditional industry.However,quarrying has led to destruction of vegetation and soil erosion.Since the 1980s,remediation plans have been required by the municipal government before mining could commence.This occurred over 2

64、0 years prior to the national policy introducing similar requirement.Artificial restoration,natural rehabilitation(with moderate artificial assistance),and transformation and re-utilisation have been applied in the remediation of over 100 abandoned mining sites in Xiamen,accounting for nearly 100%of

65、 such sites.Xiamen Industrial District is an example of mining rehabilitation and transformation.The district was built through reusing an abandoned quarry site after reforestation and restoration of lake.16Diversifying financing and public participation models Multiple approaches have been adopted

66、in Xiamen for financing and engaging stakeholders and the public in ecological protection and restoration.Xiamens public budget has established a dedicated fund to finance restoration projects,ensuring a sustainable source of funding for these initiatives.Moreover,Xiamen has successfully attracted p

67、rivate capital through Public-Private Partnership(PPP)model,franchising model,green credit,and an insurance system for disasters.These innovative financing mechanisms have not only provided additional financial resources but also encouraged active participation from private entities in ecological pr

68、otection and restoration efforts.In addition,Xiamen has established the countrys first marine carbon trading platform and agricultural carbon trading platform,initiated the establishment of the countrys first blue carbon fund,and successfully implemented the first marine fishery carbon trading schem

69、e in China.It has achieved a cumulative total of 140,000 tonnes in marine carbon trading,accounting for over 50%of the national market share in blue carbon trading.Xiamen has also achieved 270,000 tonnes of agricultural carbon trading,and its success story has been widely recognised as a national mo

70、del.In addition,Xiamen has implemented a citizen lake-chief model since 2020 to facilitate public engagement in river and lake protection,thereby fostering greater environment awareness among the general public.The voluntary lake-chiefs have knowledge of aquatic ecology,as well as about mangroves,pl

71、ankton and benthic organisms.They are using this knowledge in the responsibility of conducting inspections around the lake and disseminating knowledge to the public.17Discussions A comprehensive planning system and a holistic and integrated approach can guide nature conservation and sustainable deve

72、lopment.Xiamens strategic planning,territorial spatial planning,sponge city,and other specialized plans were among the first of such plans in China.The spatial planning system effectively coordinated multiple interests and proposed holistic spatial control measures to guide ecological protection and

73、 restoration in harmony with citys sustainable development.Having a good vision can moblise support and resources to advance nature conservation,restoration,and citys sustainable development.Xiamens vision is to promote harmonious coexistence between human and nature and develop the city as a model

74、for high-value eco-friendly city.This vision facilitated collaboration among stakeholders and leveraged society-wide support and resources.Incorporating socioeconomic factors into ecological protection and restoration can better achieve sustainable development in harmony with nature.Xiamen practice

75、includes concrete examples about ecological restoration placing communities and sustainable development at the core,ranging from the tea plantations in mountainous areas to the transformation of the quarry into an eco-friendly high-tech industrial district,as well as building a recreational place at

76、 the Wuyuan Bay.Ecological conservation and restoration with a view to build a“community of life for man and nature”can make it more effective and sustainable.In Xiamen practice,interactions between ecosystems have been emphasised from a comprehensive perspective that includes various ecosystems spa

77、nning from mountain to sea.Issues facing the seas were addressed in connection with those on land.Climate risks are addressed in association with ecosystems and their services.This approach ensured long-term benefits and achieved a good balance between conservation and development.18OutlookThe futur

78、e of Xiamens ecological conservation and restoration as well as sustainable coastal development will prioritise the enhancement of public participation and involvement in decision-making processes,thereby fostering a stronger sense of ownership among stakeholders.Various interests from multiple stak

79、eholder groups for development and conservation could also be better balanced and optimised,to address the trade-off between the need for space for development and conservation purposes,and to cope with climate change with stronger capacity and resilience.Furthermore,it is crucial to promote private

80、 investments by implementing additional policies and incentives,as well as fostering partnerships between governments,research institutions,civil society,and local communities.The challenges of climate change and other factors are unprecedented.However,the determination of Xiamen towards nature-base

81、d approaches and ecological civilisation will never be impaired.References Gao,J.,Zou,C.,Zhang,K.,Xu,M.,&Wang,Y.(2020).The establishment of Chinese ecological conservation redline and insights into improving international protected areas.Journal of Environmental Management,264,110505.https:/doi.org/

82、10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110505 Gann,G.D.,McDonald,T.,Walder,B.,Aronson,J.,Nelson,C.R.,Jonson,J.,Hallett,J.G.et al.(2019).International principles and standards for the practice of ecological restoration.Second edition.Restoration Ecology,27(S1),S1S46.https:/doi.org/10.1111/rec.13035 Hanson,A.(2019).E

83、cological civilisation:values,action,and future needs.Asian Development Bank.https:/doi.org/10.22617/wps190604-2International Union for Conservationof Nature(lUCN),MembersAssembly.(2016).Resolution 6.069:Defining Nature-based Solutions.WCC 2016 Res 069.https:/portals.iucn.org/library/node/46486Partn

84、erships in Environmental Management for the Seas of East Asia(PEMSEA).(2011).Guidebook on the State of the Coasts Reporting for Local Governments Implementing Integrated Coastal Management in the East Asian Seas Region.https:/pemsea.org/publications/manuals-guides-and-webinars/guidebook-state-coasts

85、-reporting-local-governmentsYuting,H.,Yidan,X.,&Xiongzhi,X.(2021).The Evolution of ICM Practices in Xiamen:Lessons and Challenges.Coastal Management,49(2),133156.https:/doi.org/10.1080/08920753.2021.1875283 19INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR CONSERVATION OF NATUREIUCN China Country Office5-1-72 Tayuan Diplomatic Compound1 Xindong Lu,Chaoyang DistrictBeijing China 100600TEL:+86 10 85322699FAX:+86 10 85322693www.iucn.org www.iucn.org/resources/publications