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1、Toward greener and more sustainable freight railComparing freight rail systems and services in the United States and ChinaZHENYING SHAO,TIANLIN NIU,JUNHENG YANJUNE 2024iICCT REPORT|TOWARD GREENER AND MORE SUSTAINABLE FREIGHT RAILACKNOWLEDGMENTSThe authors would like to thank all internal and externa

2、l reviewers of this paper.For their guidance and constructive comments,we thank Yan Ding(Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences),Junfang Wang(Vehicle Emission Control Center,Ministry of Ecology and Environment,China),Honglian Wei(Ministry of Ecology and Environment,China),Jianjun Liu(Gua

3、ngdong Provincial Academy of Environmental Science),Qiaofeng Yu(China Railway Economic and Planning Research Institute),Xiang Xu(China Railway Economic and Planning Research Institute),Xinjun Zhou(China Academy of Railway Science Corporation Limited),Baohua Mao(Beijing Jiaotong University),and Biqi

4、Zheng(Energy Foundation China).The authors are also grateful for generous support from Energy Foundation China;this support does not imply endorsement.Any errors are the authors own.International Council on Clean Transportation 1500 K Street NW,Suite 650 Washington,DC 20005communicationstheicct.org|

5、www.theicct.org|TheICCT 2024 International Council on Clean Transportation(ID 133)iiICCT REPORT|TOWARD GREENER AND MORE SUSTAINABLE FREIGHT RAILEXECUTIVE SUMMARYChina has invested in modal shift strategiesincluding road-to-railway and road-to-waterwayto address the countrys heavy reliance on road sh

6、ipping along with growing freight activity.As shown by previous ICCT analysis,there is significant potential for Chinas rail system to be the backbone of freight activity.This report reveals the opportunities and challenges facing Chinas freight railway in better accommodating the shipping needs of

7、various products,based on a comparison with the freight railway in the United States.The U.S.rail system,comprised primarily of six privately owned Class I railroad companies,has adapted to become a more efficient and effective freight system.Railway activityin terms of ton-miles of freight hauledha

8、s increased over 2.5 times in the past 60 years,even though the track length has been reduced by about half.This is reflective of a more efficient network.At the same time,the average hauling length has increased,indicating the critical role of U.S.railway in long-distance shipping.The number of loc

9、omotives and freight cars in operation has also decreased while accommodating increased freight activity,indicating higher weight loads on each train.The system has adapted service to meet the decreasing need for shipping bulk products and the increasing demand for intermodal shipping.In addition,th

10、e U.S.rail system is required to report its operational and economic information regularly to enable close tracking of performance.China Railway,a government-owned enterprise,has experienced rapid growth in recent decades,with freight activity increasing almost threefold in the past 30 years.China h

11、as made substantial investments in rail infrastructure and rolling stock,resulting in a strong increase in locomotives and railcars,in addition to track length.However,the average hauling length has decreased slightly,possibly due to an improved network resulting from the building of more railyards

12、and stations.As the rail system in China seeks approaches to improve its overall service and operation,and to reposition itself as the backbone of the freight system,the experiences of the United States could provide valuable insights.The upgrade of infrastructure,facilities,and equipment could be a

13、n approach to boost capacity in the rail system,including longer receiving and departure track length and heavier track axle loads.In addition,we identified that China could take proactive measures to upgrade shipping capacity and service,along with assessments of the potential use of intermodal tra

14、nsportation for select high-value commodities.In addition,data collection is essential for establishing a robust foundation for research and policy formulation.iiiICCT REPORT|TOWARD GREENER AND MORE SUSTAINABLE FREIGHT RAILTABLE OF CONTENTSExecutive summary.iiIntroduction .1Background.2Comparison of

15、 rail systems in the United States and China.4Overview of the U.S.rail system.4Key regulatory authorities.5Freight service.6Intermodal shipping.8Overview of Chinas rail system.14Key regulatory authorities.15Freight service.16Key indicators driving the differences between rail systems in the U.S.and

16、China .20Conclusions and recommendations.23References.25Appendix.281ICCT REPORT|TOWARD GREENER AND MORE SUSTAINABLE FREIGHT RAILINTRODUCTION Freight activity in China has increased significantly over the past decades.The freight system hauled over 50 billion tons of commodities and achieved 23 trill

17、ion ton-kilometers of activity in 2022(Ministry of Transport,2023).Freight demand is expected to increase 2.3%annually over the next 5 years(Ministry of Transport,2021a).Trucks have dominated freight transport since 2008,hauling about 70%of total freight(by weight)in 2022(Ministry of Transport,2023)

18、.The heavy reliance on trucking not only adds burdens on the road system,resulting in increased congestion and safety issues,but also increases carbon and criteria pollutant emissions from diesel-powered heavy-duty vehicles,leading to severe climate,air quality,and public health concerns.To achieve

19、a green,sustainable freight system,China has invested in modal shift strategies,including road-to-rail and road-to-waterway,aimed at reducing reliance on road shipping(Shao et al.,2022).However,even with the enactment of multiple central and sectoral policies intended to shift freight to rail and wa

20、terway,growth in hauling by rail remains slow;most growth has resulted from the transport of heavy,bulk products.The optimization of Chinas freight railwayto efficiently transport the increasing demand for higher-value productsremains a complex puzzle yet to be solved.Currently,50%of the products ha

21、uled by rail are coal,while the rest are mostly minerals and petroleum products(National Bureau of Statistics of China,2022).As China accelerates toward the countrys carbon neutrality targets,the demand for coal and other minerals primarily used in heavy manufacturing is poised to decline,paralleled

22、 by a rising demand for higher-value commodities.To help unlock the full potential of Chinas rail system in hauling higher-value products,this study provides an overview of the development of the freight rail systems in the United States and China.By comparing key elements of the two systems,we aim

23、to identify the opportunities and challenges facing Chinas freight railway in this transition phase.This work highlights the experiences and lessons learned to provide support for Chinas railway planning efforts and guide strategic upgrades to the freight system.This study is part of an ongoing seri

24、es on advancing the transition toward a greener and more sustainable freight system.Our previous analysis found significant potential for Chinas rail shipping based on a comparison with the United States on freight market and strategies(Shao et al.,2022).This study provides a deeper comparative anal

25、ysis focused specifically on freight railways.The experience of the U.S.system in optimizing its infrastructure,equipment,and service could provide relevant information for Chinas efforts to better position rail in the changing freight market.The study is based on the most reliable and representativ

26、e data available,including from the U.S.Bureau of Transportation Statistics(BTS),the U.S.Freight Analysis Framework(FAF),the Association of American Railroads(AAR),Chinas National Bureau of Statistics Yearbook,and direct communication with key experts.However,data gaps still exist,particularly for C

27、hina,highlighting a need to prioritize surveys and analysis to help understand freight characteristics and commodity flows.2ICCT REPORT|TOWARD GREENER AND MORE SUSTAINABLE FREIGHT RAILBACKGROUNDChina began promoting the use of railways in 2017 with the initiation of the countrys shipping structure s

28、trategy(Shao,2020;Shao et al.,2022).The strategys initial focus was shifting the transport of heavy,bulk products,specifically coal and iron ore,from trucks to rail.As a first step,coal products were not allowed to be shipped into and out of the ports of Tianjin,Tangshan,and Huangye by truck.In 2018

29、,the State Council,national ministries,local governments,and key enterprises formulated a series of policy documents on transport structure adjustment.The adjustment targeted moving more material by rail and waterway,and more use of intermodal transportation,with the goal of a 10%increase in tonnage

30、 shipped by rail by 2025 from the 2020 level(Ministry of Transport,2021b).China Railways Key Shipper Strategy prioritizes the shipping demands of heavy,bulk products.These key shippers handle over 1 million tons of goods or have contracts with over 50 million in shipping fares annually.There are cur

31、rently about 1,000 prioritized shippers,representing about 80%of freight hauled in Chinas rail system.China Railway offers customized contracts with prioritized services,flexible schedules,and competitive prices in return for a commitment to using the railway.China Railway has upgraded its network a

32、nd capacity to accommodate the shipping of heavy,bulk products.For example,the Datong-Qinhuangdao Railway was designed to offer railcars with capacities of up to 80 tons,the maximum capacity the China Railway can carry with a track axle load of 27 tons.The trains also depart at a frequency of every

33、1015 minutes to meet the needs of coal shipping(Peoples Daily,2010).The government further aimed to build industrial rail spurs connecting major industrial and mining enterprises with annual shipping needs of over 1.5 million tons(National Development and Reform Commission,2019).A recent analysis of

34、 the freight market identified trucks as the dominant shipping mode for six of the top nine essential bulk products(Chinese Academy of Environmental Planning,2022).Figure 1 summarizes the mode shares of these products(dots)and average hauling ranges(bars).Transport of coal was the exception,with rai

35、l used for more than 70%of shipping needs.For most of the products,trucks were preferred over rail even for longer distances.For iron ore and aluminum,the average shipping distance by rail was even shorter than that of trucks.However,waterway claimed the longest average shipping distances for all pr

36、oducts.3ICCT REPORT|TOWARD GREENER AND MORE SUSTAINABLE FREIGHT RAILFigure 1 Shipping modes for the top nine bulk products in China0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%100%05001,0001,5002,0002,500TruckRailwayWaterwayTruckRailwayWaterwayTruckRailwayWaterwayTruckRailwayWaterwayTruckRailwayWaterwayTruckRailway

37、WaterwayTruckRailwayWaterwayTruckRailwayWaterwayTruckRailwayWaterwayMode shareShipping distance(km)Average shipping distanceShare by modesCEMENTCOKECOALLIMESTONESAND&GRAVELSTEELIRON OREBAUXITEALUMINUMData source:Chinese Academy of Environmental Planning(2022)THE INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL ON CLEAN TRANSP

38、ORTATION THEICCT.ORGWhile Figure 1 confirmed the effectiveness of the adjustment in shipping structure strategy,with rail becoming the preferred shipping mode for coal,it highlights that policy measures and strategies are needed to promote rail for the shipment of other goods.The average shipping di

39、stance for trucks and railways is somewhat consistent across all commodities,indicating a significant gap in the use of the rail system for long-distance hauling.Trucks carried almost half of all aluminum,for example,at an average shipping distance of over 1,200 km.The average shipping distance of a

40、luminum by rail was between 792 and 1,124 km.Rail had the lowest share among all three shipping modes with 26%of aluminum transported.While the predominant focus of the rail system is currently the transport of heavy,bulk products,the central government has promoted intermodal shipping for over a de

41、cade.The promotion of rail-to-water transport began in 2011,with the launch of six intermodal corridor pilot projects(China Waterborne Transport Research Institute,2021).Subsequent efforts at the national level have included additional intermodal pilot projects.Recently,the Ministry of Transport ann

42、ounced a goal of reaching an annual growth rate of over 15%for container rail-to-water intermodal shipping between 2021 and 2025(Ministry of Transport,2021b).China has further invested in infrastructure to enhance the efficiency of railway intermodal shipping,including building 18 container hubs,hun

43、dreds of logistic centers,and almost 8,500 railway spurs connecting industries,logistics parks,and ports(National Development and Reform Commission,2016).The government also aims to build industrial rail spurs connecting major ports and new logistics parks(National Development and Reform Commission,

44、2019).About 127 new rail spurs were built in 2020 to meet this goal,and an additional 166 are planned by 2025(National 4ICCT REPORT|TOWARD GREENER AND MORE SUSTAINABLE FREIGHT RAILDevelopment and Reform Commission,2021).However,utilization remains very low for at least one-third of the over 8,800 ra

45、il spurs,which span a track length of more than 30,000 km.1 This poses notable challenges and concerns regarding effective maintenance and operation.It remains unclear on how rail could better accommodate the shipping needs of various products in the freight system.Information is scarce on the impac

46、ts of policies promoting rail for heavy,bulk products and intermodal shipping.It is also uncertain whether rail has fully utilized the capacity to accommodate additional shipping demand from other types of products.However,with the demand for heavy,bulk products expected to be reduced in the future,

47、the rail system also needs to plan for accommodating other goods.Thus,Chinas rail system is facing the challenges of taking on a larger share of shipping of heavy,bulk products while also setting up a long-term strategy for the evolving shipping market.COMPARISON OF RAIL SYSTEMS IN THE UNITED STATES

48、 AND CHINAThis section provides an overview of the U.S.and China rail systems and compares selected parameters to represent capacity,efficiency,and service quality.The main purpose of the comparison is to understand how U.S.railroads have adapted to become the backbone of the freight system.This sec

49、tion also briefly describes the regulatory bodies in both countries and their respective responsibilities in the rail system,mainly focusing on data reporting and long-term strategy development.OVERVIEW OF THE U.S.RAIL SYSTEMOver 620 freight railroad companies operate in the U.S.freight rail system.

50、These railroads are categorized by the Surface Transportation Board into three classes based on revenue;the revenue thresholds change annually to accommodate inflation(Railroad Companies,2024).2 Class I includes freight railroads with annual operating revenues above the 2022 threshold of$1.03 billio

51、n(Federal Railroad Administration,2024a).These long-haul railroad companies typically operate with as few stops as possible.Class II,or regional railroads,have 2022 revenues of$46.3 million and$1.03 billion.Class III freight railroads have revenues of less than$46.3 million(Surface Transportation Bo

52、ard,n.d.-b).They typically operate short-haul routes.Class II and Class III railroads provide connections between Class I railroads and customers,performing first-and last-mile delivery by grouping smaller shipments on one train(Genesee&Wyoming Inc.,n.d.).In addition to the classes above,switching a

53、nd terminal railroads operate in ports and industrial areas to transfer freight between larger railroads.Our analysis focuses on the six Class I railroads in the United States,presented in Table 1.Class I railroads account for roughly 70%of U.S.freight rail mileage,over 90%of revenue,and about 40%of

54、 long-distance freight activity(Association of American Railroads,n.d.-b).Class I railroads own and maintain more than 140,000 miles(225,000 kilometers)of track across multiple states.BNSF and Union Pacific 1 Estimated based on a survey with Chinas railway experts.2 The revenue threshold of the rail

55、road classes was first set in 1992.Class I railroad companies were those with revenue greater than$250 million per year,Class II were those with revenue between$20 million and$250 million per year,and Class III were those with revenue less than$20 million per year.The threshold of revenue changes ev

56、ery year based on inflation.5ICCT REPORT|TOWARD GREENER AND MORE SUSTAINABLE FREIGHT RAILoperate have the most track,mostly west of the Mississippi River.Norfolk Southern and CSX operate on the East Coast.Canadian National connects the Midwestern United States and Canada.Canadian Pacific Kansas City

57、,formed by the merger of Kansas City Southern and Canadian Pacific in 2023,runs from southern Mexico to northwestern Canada.3 The rail companies,which build and maintain their respective tracks,collaborate through bilateral agreements to perform interchange services to ensure the smooth flow of frei

58、ght over the entire rail network.Table 1 Revenue and track miles for the six Class I railroad companies in the United StatesRegionCompanyRevenue in 2022(billions)Track network(thousand miles)WestBNSF$25.8 32.5Union Pacific$24.9 32.1EastCSX$14.9 20.0Norfolk Southern$12.7 19.5North and South National$

59、17.1 19.5Canadian Pacific-Kansas City$6.8 20.0Data sources:BNSF Railway Company(2024);Union Pacific(n.d.);CSX Corporation(n.d.);Norfolk Southern Corp.(n.d.);Canadian National Railway Company(n.d.);Canadian Pacific Kansas City(n.d.)KEY REGULATORY AUTHORITIESThe U.S.freight rail system is regulated at

60、 the federal level to ensure efficient,safe,and clean freight movement.The section below lists the major agencies at the federal level responsible for regulatory oversight of the rail system.State-level agencies also often work with railroad companies and federal agencies to ensure the implementatio

61、n of these policies and measures.The Surface Transportation Board(STB)oversees the economic regulation of the freight rail industry,although many regulatory restraints were removed after the Staggers Rail Act of 1980(Palley,2011).This independent federal agency regulates and settles disputes involvi

62、ng rates,construction,mergers,and line sales and abandonment.Adopted in 2016 and implemented in 2017,the United States Rail Service IssuesPerformance Data Reporting rule requires Class I railroad companies to file weekly performance reports to the STB(United States Rail Service Issues,2016).Since th

63、en,the STB has collected economic and service data from railroad companies and generated reports,studies,and databases for public access(see Appendix A).The agency also releases cost-related information and contract summaries for agricultural commodities.The STB collects and releases Carload Waybill

64、 Sample data,presenting rail traffic volumes and flows from railway companies with 4,500 or more revenue carloads annually(Surface Transportation Board,n.d.-a).Starting in 2021,railroads are required to report a sample rate of 20%,a considerable increase from the previous sample rate of 2.5%(Waybill

65、 Sample Reporting,2020).The Carload Waybill Sample database provides Class I railroad data on cars,revenues,miles shipped,equipment type and 3 On March 15,2023,the Surface Transportation Board approved a merger between Canadian Pacific Railway and Kansas City Southern Railway,resulting six Class I r

66、ailroads.6ICCT REPORT|TOWARD GREENER AND MORE SUSTAINABLE FREIGHT RAILowner,and shipment size.Because the information in the Carload Waybill Sample contains sensitive shipping and revenue information,STB shares different levels of information and detail with different types of users.4 In addition,th

67、e STB releases a publicly accessible database on an annual basis with anonymized information,which is valuable for various analyses.For more information on the Carload Waybill Sample data,see Appendix C.The Federal Railroad Administration(FRA)within the U.S.Department of Transportation is the main a

68、uthority working on safety and network development for both freight and passenger rail.The staff at FRA are responsible for regulations and inspections concerning railroad safety.The agency also works with railroad companies and other stakeholders on network planning and improvement,offering various

69、 grants and loans.For example,the recent Bipartisan Infrastructure Law provides FRA with about$102 billion in funding over the next five years to improve the U.S.rail system(Federal Railroad Administration,2024b).However,most of the funding will support the development of passenger rail instead of f

70、reight.The U.S.Environmental Protection Agency(EPA)has the authority to regulate criteria pollutants and GHG standards for new and remanufactured locomotives.Tailpipe emission standards were first issued in 1998.The latest standard,Tier 4,was adopted in 2008 and implemented in 2015(U.S.Environmental

71、 Protection Agency,2024).Although the agency does not require the control of in-use GHG emissions,it does require the reporting of these emissions from locomotives in the United States.In addition to federal efforts to reduce emissions from new and remanufactured locomotives,some state agencies can

72、regulate the in-use fleettargeting how the fleet operates in the statethrough authority granted by the Clean Air Act,if the state rule is approved by the EPA.For example,the California Air Resources Board(CARB)recently adopted an In-Use Locomotive Regulation,which requires switch,industrial,and pass

73、enger locomotives built after 2030 and line-haul(Class I)locomotives built after 2035 to operate with zero-emissions in the state(California Air Resources Board,2023).CARB further set an age limit of 23 years for locomotives operating in California to accelerate the turnover of old diesel engines us

74、ed in the sector(California Air Resources Board,2023).Other states could follow Californias approach to manage the emissions from locomotives operating within their borders.FREIGHT SERVICEThe railroad companies,including Class I railroads and short lines,and other rail stakeholders have coordinated

75、to create a competitive freight shipping system over time.About 2.5 trillion ton-km(1.5 trillion ton-miles)was shipped by rail in 2020,accounting for about one-third of U.S.freight activity.The commodities hauled by rail cover a wide variety of types,as shown in Figure 2,including over 3 million car

76、loads of coal,1.9 million carloads of chemicals(plastics,fibers,drugs,and soaps),2 million carloads of construction materials(steel,stone,sand,and gravel),0.8 million carloads of motor vehicles and parts,2.1 million carloads of farm products,and about 14 million units of container and trailer shipme

77、nts(electronics,home goods,and clothing)(Union Pacific,2021).The container and trailer shipments were mostly for intermodal transport,based on the service data from the STB.4 The five classes of users are defined as:1)railroads,2)federal agencies,3)states,4)transportation practitioners,consulting fi

78、rms,and law firms in specific proceedings,and 5)other users.7ICCT REPORT|TOWARD GREENER AND MORE SUSTAINABLE FREIGHT RAILFigure 2 Freight traffic on U.S.Class I railroads,2021 Containersand trailers51%Coal and coal products 13%Farm and forest products 8%Construction materials 8%Chemicals 7%Minerals

79、4%Motor vehicles and parts 3%Petroleum products 2%All other 4%Note:Carloads(shown here by type of commodity hauled)accounted for 49%of all freight traffic.Intermodal units(containers and trailers)accounted for 51%of traffic.Data source:Association of American Railroads(2023)THE INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL

80、 ON CLEAN TRANSPORTATION THEICCT.ORGConsistent with the commodities hauled,the approximately 1.6 million railcars in the fleet are mostly covered or uncovered hoppers,tank cars,flatcars,and gondolas,as shown in Figure 3.Hoppers are used mostly for dry bulk commodities,including stone,sand,agricultur

81、al products,and coal.Tank cars are typically used for compressed or liquid commodities.Boxcars are for crated or palletized freight,such as paper,packaged goods,and beverages.Flatcars and gondolas carry large commodities,including machinery,tractors,pipe,lumber,and logs.In addition,well cars(not inc

82、luded in Figure 3,about 130,000 in total)haul intermodal containers with a wide variety of goods,such as electronics and refrigerated products.8ICCT REPORT|TOWARD GREENER AND MORE SUSTAINABLE FREIGHT RAILFigure 3 U.S.Class I railcar fleet,2019Data source:Statista Research Department(2023)THE INTERNA

83、TIONAL COUNCIL ON CLEAN TRANSPORTATION THEICCT.ORGINTERMODAL SHIPPINGOne reason for the success of U.S.freight rail development is that the system has adjusted service to accommodate changing shipping needs.This includes embracing intermodal transport to compensate for the reduced demand for heavy,b

84、ulk commodities.U.S.rail intermodal volume surged from 5.6 million containers and trailers in 1990,to 9 million in 2000,11.1 million in 2010,and a record 14.5 million in 2018 before falling slightly to 14.1 in 2021(Association of American Railroads,2020).Intermodal volume was 13.5 million units in 2

85、022,accounting for almost 30%of railroad revenue and ranking first in revenue by traffic segment(Association of American Railroads,2023).In 2021,about half of the freight rail traffic in the U.S.consisted of intermodal units,as shown in Figure 4.These shipping containers hold consumer goods and othe

86、r miscellaneous products(Federal Railroad Administration,2020).About half of the intermodal shipping volume was imports or products bound for export.The cost-effectiveness and environmental and social benefits of intermodal shipping have made it the fastest-growing segment in U.S.freight rail transp

87、ort(Brown&Hatch,2002).Boxcars 6%Gondolas 12%Hoppers 7%Covered hoppers 35%Flatcars 13%Tank cars 27%9ICCT REPORT|TOWARD GREENER AND MORE SUSTAINABLE FREIGHT RAILFigure 4U.S.Class I railroad traffic by type,19892021Freight rail trafc(millions)198919911993199519971999200120032005200720092011201320152017

88、2019202105101520253035CarloadsIntermodal unitsData source:Bureau of Transportation Statistics(2024)THE INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL ON CLEAN TRANSPORTATION THEICCT.ORGImprovements in facilities and infrastructure have continuously enhanced freight rail capacity and intermodal service(Brown&Hatch,2002).For

89、example,the higher speed of intermodal transport presents a measure of improved service from railroad companies facing declined shipping needs from coal and other bulk products.The average speed of intermodal trains is over 30 miles per hour to better accommodate time-sensitive,high-value shipping(F

90、igure 5).In contrast,the hauling speeds of other products,including coal,farm products,and motor vehicles,are around 20 to 25 miles per hour.Containers loaded on intermodal trains also normally share the same destinations,making it strategically unnecessary to stop along routes.Figure 5 Average trai

91、n speed in the United States by commodity20142015201620172018201920202021202220230 5 10 15 20 25 30 35Average train speed(mph)AutomotiveGrainCoalIntermodalCrude oilManifestEthanolOtherData source:U.S.Department of Agriculture(n.d.)THE INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL ON CLEAN TRANSPORTATION THEICCT.ORG10ICCT R

92、EPORT|TOWARD GREENER AND MORE SUSTAINABLE FREIGHT RAILFederal and state governments have supported U.S.railroads in developing and enhancing intermodal service with intermodal connector projects to improve railway usage and freight efficiency.The Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century(TEA-21

93、)first highlighted the importance of developing intermodal connectors(Federal Highway Administration,2017).The Department of Transportation conducted a Freight Intermodal Connectors Study in 2017.The National Freight Strategic Plan,released in 2020,includes a focus on improving the U.S.intermodal fr

94、eight system(U.S.Department of Transportation,2020).The plan prioritizes federal support for projects that improve intermodal connectivity and enhance freight flows.Railroad companies have invested in intermodal connectors at about 200 terminals to improve the transfer of containers and trailers bet

95、ween railcars and other modes(Federal Highway Administration,2020).Railroad companies have also invested in capacity at both rail-to-truck and seaport terminals to enhance intermodal service(American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials AASHTO,2018).In 2020,there were about 200

96、intermodal container terminals in the United States,accounting for about 10%of all rail terminals(Rodrigue,2024).Most of them are located close to a railroads main line to allowing timely and seamless access to maintain rail schedules(Prince,2013).These terminals tend to be large and located in key

97、economic centers to boost efficiency(International Union of Railways,2009).About 20 terminals are located on or near seaport docks to enable direct hauling from ports(Rodrigue,2024).The clearance along the track and loading gauge in the terminal is raised to allow double-stack trains for more effici

98、ent container hauling.Railroad companies have offered diverse solutions and extended connections to accommodate the different needs of heavy bulk products and intermodal shipping.For those shipping many large loads(mostly bulk products),railroad companies collaborate with industry and other stakehol

99、ders to build or revitalize spur tracks.For others,mostly involving intermodal shipping and transloading,railway companies work with logistics companies to provide smooth access to the railroads.5 In addition,investments in rail corridors have enhanced the cost-effectiveness of intermodal transport.

100、These corridors,with raised clearance for double stacking,are normally more than 700 miles long and serve highly congested metropolitan areas and highway routes(Casgar et al.,2003).Although total infrastructure investment could add up to billions of dollars,corridors with sufficient rail volume for

101、full intermodal trains offer economic returns and public benefits.Railways have closely collaborated with other companies to adapt to the growing needs of just-in-time logistics,including the trucking industry.For example,J.B.Hunt Transport Services Inc.,one of the largest trucking companies in the

102、United States,has partnered with BNSF to provide pick-up at rail terminals for first-and last-mile delivery service(We Build Value Digital Magazine,2020).A similar approach has been applied to equipment management,as many railroads have outsourced railcar management to a third party,particularly fla

103、tcars and well cars used for intermodal shipping.The approach standardizes the equipment used and reduces costs for rail companies and shippers(AASHTO,2018).The approach further paves the way for implementation of double-stack wagons because it does not require investments by individual railroad com

104、panies,which doubles container shipping productivity.5 With transloading,products are loaded from trucks directly to railcars,while with intermodal,products are transferred between trucks and railcars in the same containers or trailers.11ICCT REPORT|TOWARD GREENER AND MORE SUSTAINABLE FREIGHT RAILTh

105、e U.S.freight rail system prioritizes intermodal shipping with enhanced shipping efficiency.Class I railroads treat intermodal shipping as a premium service,offering faster shipping speed compared to other commodities,as shown in Figure 6(AASHTO,2018).The average speed of trains performing intermoda

106、l shipping reached over 32 miles per hour,around 40%50%percent higher than other products,and the on-time rates are much higher than those of other services(AASHTO,2018).As a result,intermodal shipping,particularly for long-haul movement,has become the fastest-growing rail traffic segment over the p

107、ast 25 years(Association of American Railroads,n.d.-b).U.S.railway intermodal shipping patternsShipping patterns in the United States confirm that rail has increased involvement in intermodal shipping.As shown in Figure 6,truck and rail have contributed to about 53%of the intermodal shipping value,6

108、4%of intermodal shipping weight,and 73%of intermodal shipping tons per mile traveled in 2017,much more than other intermodal approaches.In addition,rail and water also play an important role in intermodal shipping,as rail and water were responsible for almost 40%of the total value and 15%of the weig

109、ht share in 2017.Figure 6 U.S.freight activity by type of intermodal shipping,2017ValueTonsTon-miles53%7%38%3%64%20%15%1%73%17%9%2%Truck and railOther multiple modesTruck and waterRail and waterData source:Bureau of Transportation Statistics(n.d.)THE INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL ON CLEAN TRANSPORTATION THE

110、ICCT.ORG12ICCT REPORT|TOWARD GREENER AND MORE SUSTAINABLE FREIGHT RAILU.S.railroads and intermodal service have become key elements in the freight system,particularly for long-distance shipping.Among all surface shipping modes,rail performs the majority of longer-distance hauling,as indicated in Fig

111、ure 7.While trucks dominate shorter-distance shipping of less than 250 miles(402 km),rail leads in shipping for distances over 500 miles(805 km).Intermodal shipping also has a significant presence,especially for distances of over 2,000 miles(3,219 km).Figure 7 Shipping share for different distance b

112、ands by mode,20210%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%100%Below 100 miles100249 miles250499 miles500749 miles750999 miles1,0001,499 miles1,5002,000 milesOver 2,000 milesTruckRailWaterIntermodalData source:Oak Ridge National Laboratory(n.d.)THE INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL ON CLEAN TRANSPORTATION THEICCT.ORGThe U.S

113、.rail industry and its intermodal connections have been used for almost all types of commodities,particularly for long-distance hauling.Figure 8 highlights the shipping activity(ton-mile)share by mode for commodities with an average shipping distance of over 500 miles.The commodities are listed in o

114、rder of average shipping distance,with textiles/leather having the longest shipping distance(1,064 miles)and other agriculture products having the shortest shipping distance(505 miles)(Bureau of Transportation Statistics,2016).Each of the flows represents the percentage share in freight activity(ton

115、-mile)for the product by shipping mode.Although trucking still made up a large share of activity,railroads and intermodal shipping have played a competitive role in higher-value products such as textiles/leather,precision instruments,transport equipment,plastics/rubbers,electronics,and pharmaceutica

116、ls.13ICCT REPORT|TOWARD GREENER AND MORE SUSTAINABLE FREIGHT RAILFigure 8 U.S.shipping patterns for commodities with an average shipping distance of over 500 miles,2020Live animals/fishTruckRailAirIntermodalOther ag productsWaterAnimal feedTobacco productsBasic chemicalsPharmaceuticalsChemical produ

117、ctsPlastics/rubberPaper articlesPrinted productsTextiles/leatherArticles-base metalElectronicsTransport equipmentPrecision instrumentsFurnitureMisc.manufactured productsData source:Oak Ridge National Laboratory(n.d.)THE INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL ON CLEAN TRANSPORTATION THEICCT.ORG14ICCT REPORT|TOWARD GR

118、EENER AND MORE SUSTAINABLE FREIGHT RAILIn summary,U.S.railroads have adapted to become more efficient and effective in the freight system.Rail activity has increased over 2.5 times in the past 60 years,with some fluctuations in recent decades,even though total track length has been reduced by about

119、half,illustrating a more efficient network(Figure 9).At the same time,the average hauling distance has increased,indicating the critical role of the U.S.rail network in long-distance shipping.While the number of locomotives and freight cars has decreased,rail ton-miles have been increasing,which ind

120、icates more freight weight loaded on each train.In addition,the rail industry has adapted service to meet the decreased shipping need for bulk products and increased intermodal demand.Figure 9 Evolution of the U.S.freight rail system,19602020 0%50%100%150%200%250%300%350%1960197019801990200020102020

121、LocomotivesFreight carsTrack lengthAverage length of haulRailway activity(ton-miles)THE INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL ON CLEAN TRANSPORTATION THEICCT.ORGOVERVIEW OF CHINAS RAIL SYSTEMChina State Railway Group Co.,Ltd.(China Railway)oversees the railway system in China.The company,established with the approv

122、al of the State Council,is a state-owned company managed by the central government.Chinas railways were originally managed by the Ministry of Railways.In 2013,the Ministry of Railways was abolished and its administrative responsibilities for development planning and policy were transferred to the Mi

123、nistry of Transport with the establishment of the National Railway Administration.Other functions of the former Ministry of Railways were transferred to the newly formed China Railway Corporation.In 2019,China Railway Corporation was restructured and became China State Railway Group Co.,Ltd.China Ra

124、ilway and its regional bureau companies are responsible for planning,operating,and maintaining the rail system,covering locomotives,railcars,tracks,and railyards.China Railway is primarily responsible for daily business management,overall dispatching,coordination and command,construction project man

125、agement,asset management,financial management,formulation of relevant regulations and measures,and undertaking public welfare transportation tasks stipulated by the state.Each of the 18 regional bureaus oversees an individual operational jurisdiction,and each is responsible for passenger and cargo t

126、ransportation management,local dispatching and command,local facility maintenance and repair,and other management and business 15ICCT REPORT|TOWARD GREENER AND MORE SUSTAINABLE FREIGHT RAILduties.6 China Railway also runs three specialized transportation companies(container,special cargo,express)and

127、 14 enterprises and institutions engaged in scientific research,survey and design,press and publishing,investment,and other related functions.In addition to China Railway,there are seven corporate railways that transport bulk materials such as coal.Appendix C provides more information on these corpo

128、rate railways and their managing companies.KEY REGULATORY AUTHORITIESThe rail system is regulated mostly by the central government with support from China Railway and local governments.The National Peoples Congress is a legislative body that does not participate in the direct management and operatio

129、n of Chinas railways.The Congress reviewed and adopted The Railway Law of the Peoples Republic of China,which makes corresponding provisions on the operation,construction,and safety of railways.The State Council manages China Railway directly and is responsible for final research,reviews,and decisio

130、n-making processes for railway planning and guidance documents;approval of major project construction;and other related administrative duties.For example,the State Council released a set of policies as a shipping structure adjustment strategy with the support of various ministries.The National Devel

131、opment and Reform Commission operates within the State Council,with elevated management responsibilities and status compared to other departments.While the State Council oversees the administrative affairs of the China Railway,the National Development and Reform Commission governs many business func

132、tions,including development planning,project approval,and price policies.Thus,the National Development and Reform Commission provides direct guidance and counsel to China Railway,and presents railway plans,projects,and policies to the State Council for final decision-making.The National Railway Admi

133、nistration,Ministry of Transport was formed after railway governance and enterprises were separated.The agency falls under the management of the Ministry of Transport and is tasked with various administrative duties previously handled by the Ministry of Railway.While it does not directly oversee Chi

134、na Railway,the National Railway Administration drafts laws,regulations,and rules for railway supervision and management.Specifically,the agency formulates and implements measures for rail transportation safety,engineering quality safety,and equipment quality safety.The agency also develops policies

135、and measures to regulate the rail transportation and engineering construction markets,along with monitoring and analyzing railway operation conditions and other responsibilities.The functions of the National Railway Administration are limited and focused on safety and market supervision.China Railwa

136、y retains key authority in railway supervision and 6 The 18 railway bureaus are:China Railway Harbin Group Co.,Ltd.;China Railway Shenyang Group Co.,Ltd.;China Railway Beijing Group Co.,Ltd.;China Railway Taiyuan Group Co.,Ltd.;China Railway Hohhot Group Co.,Ltd.;China Railway Zhengzhou Group Co.,Lt

137、d.;China Railway Wuhan Group Co.,Ltd.;China Railway Xian Group Co.,Ltd.;China Railway Jinan Group Co.,Ltd.;China Railway Shanghai Group Co.,Ltd.;China Railway Nanchang Group Co.,Ltd.;China Railway Guangzhou Group Co.,Ltd.;China Railway Nanning Group Co.,Ltd.;China Railway Chengdu Group Co.,Ltd.;Chin

138、a Railway Kunming Group Co.,Ltd.;China Railway Lanzhou Group Co.,Ltd.;China Railway Urumqi Group Co.,Ltd.;and China Railway Qinghai-Tibet Group Co.,Ltd.Each bureau is responsible for dispatching trains on specific lines within its jurisdiction,while the China Railway Group is responsible for overall

139、 dispatching and coordination.16ICCT REPORT|TOWARD GREENER AND MORE SUSTAINABLE FREIGHT RAILmanagement,including improving and revising rules and regulations on operation,dispatching,maintenance,safety management,construction,and finance.Local governments and development and reform commissions have

140、the authority to regulate corporate railways operating in their respective regions.Chinas leading energy and smelting companies have invested in corporate railways to meet their own production and transportation needs.These railways are supervised and managed by the appropriate local governments or

141、local development and reform commissions.However,these trains must comply with the national transportation,loading,and safety standards if they access and use national rail facilities.FREIGHT SERVICEChina has experienced rapid growth in freight activity over the past decades.The railway carried almo

142、st 5 billion tons in 2022(Figure 10),with over 3.5 trillion ton-km in freight activity.Even with some decline in 20152016,an average growth rate of over 5%was achieved annually between 2000 and 2020.The share of corporate railways has also increased over time,accounting for about 22%of the market(by

143、 weight)in 2022.Figure 10 Tons of railway freight in China,2000202220002002200420062008201020122014201620182020202220012003200520072009201120132015201720192021Rail freight(billion tons)0123456Other railroadsChina Railway Data source:National Bureau of China(2023)THE INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL ON CLEAN TR

144、ANSPORTATION THEICCT.ORG17ICCT REPORT|TOWARD GREENER AND MORE SUSTAINABLE FREIGHT RAILCoal accounted for about half of the commodities by weight hauled by China Railway,playing an important role in the rail market(Figure 11).Other bulk products,including metallic and nonmetallic ores and constructio

145、n materials,were responsible for another 30%of the products hauled.Containers contributed about 15%of the freight weight,but their share may be higher if tracked by carloads.Figure 11 Commodities hauled by China Railway by weight,2022 Coal,49%Oil,3%Steel and nonferrous metals,6%Phosphate rock 0.4%Wo

146、od 0.4%Coke 0.2%Cement 0.5%Metal ore,13%Non-metallicores,2%Mining construction materials,3%Food,2%Containers,15%Data source:National Bureau of China(2023)THE INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL ON CLEAN TRANSPORTATION THEICCT.ORGConsistent with the products transported,over 70%of freight cars are designed for hau

147、ling heavy products,as shown in Figure 12.Almost 0.9 million railcars were in the fleet as of 2019.Gondolas,which haul heavy bulk commodities such as construction materials,sand,copper,coal,and iron ore,were the majority of railcars.Boxcars,used mostly for crafted or palletized products,and flatcars

148、,including container flatcars for containers(about 42,000 total),each contributed to about 13%of the fleet.Tank cars and other types of cars combined made up about 10%of the fleet.18ICCT REPORT|TOWARD GREENER AND MORE SUSTAINABLE FREIGHT RAILFigure 12 China railcar fleet,2019Boxcars 13%Gondolas 63%F

149、lat cars(incl.containerflatcars)13%Tank cars 5%Others(incl.special carsfor ore,grain,and cement)6%Data source:China State Railway Group(2023)THE INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL ON CLEAN TRANSPORTATION THEICCT.ORGAlthough the previous charts show that rail transport includes container shipping,information abou

150、t performance remains uncertain,particularly for intermodal shipping,due to limited or unavailable data and the lack of reporting systems.Rail-water intermodal transport(including sea-rail intermodal)has presented robust growth according to the limited historical data,as shown in Figure 13.However,d

151、ata on other intermodal modes(e.g.,truck-rail,truck-water)remains scarce.There is inconsistency in tracking intermodal transport in the freight system,as China Railway primarily tracks container shipping by twenty-foot equivalent units(TEU),as illustrated in Figure 13.19ICCT REPORT|TOWARD GREENER AN

152、D MORE SUSTAINABLE FREIGHT RAILFigure 13 China rail-water intermodal development,2010202202,0004,0006,0008,00010,000Freight volume(thousand TEU)2010201120122013201420152016201720182019202020212022Rail-water intermodalData source:Ministry of Transport(2023)THE INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL ON CLEAN TRANSPORT

153、ATION THEICCT.ORGIn summary,China Railway has experienced rapid growth in recent decades.Rail freight activity has increased by almost three times in the past 30 years(Figure 14).The decline around 2015 was reversed with the implementation of the shipping structure adjustment strategy,although the i

154、ncrease in activity has recently slowed,possibly due to the Covid lockdown.Meanwhile,China has made substantial investments in rail infrastructure and rolling stock,resulting in a strong increase in locomotives,railcars,and track length.The average hauling distance has decreased slightly,possibly du

155、e to the improved network with more railyards and stations built.Figure 14 Evolution of China Railway,1990202019901995200020052010201520200%50%100%150%200%250%300%350%LocomotivesChina railway activity(ton-km)Track lengthFreight carsAverage length of haulTHE INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL ON CLEAN TRANSPORTAT

156、ION THEICCT.ORG20ICCT REPORT|TOWARD GREENER AND MORE SUSTAINABLE FREIGHT RAILKEY INDICATORS DRIVING THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN RAIL SYSTEMS IN THE U.S.AND CHINA Railways in both the United States and China have witnessed remarkable growth over the past decades and play an important role in their respec

157、tive freight systems.However,significant differences exist between the two systems.This section compares key parameters of the rail systems in the two countries,spotlighting those elements that could enable China to better utilize rail capacity and upgrade service.Railway activity in China is higher

158、 than that in the United States,with similar or even less infrastructure,which creates challenges in maintaining and increasing service(Figure 15).U.S.railroads were responsible for about 2.4 trillion ton-km of freight activity in 2020,moving about 30%of all freight.Chinas railways moved about 3 tri

159、llion ton-km in 2020,accounting for less than 20%of total freight shipments.Although U.S.freight rail has occupied a larger share of the freight system,Chinas freight railway has moved more ton-kilometers with lower track lengths,shorter train lengths,and lower train capacity,indicating a much highe

160、r frequency of service.7 In addition,with a similar number of railyards,the average hauling length in China is less than half of that in the United States.Further,it is essential to highlight that more than 70%of Chinas railways are electrified,resulting in a cleaner and more energy-efficient rail s

161、ystem compared to the United States,which has an electrification share of less than 10%.7 Track length does not include the distance of double tracks.Over 70%of Chinas railway tracks are double-tracked,while only 20%of U.S.railway tracks are double-tracked.Double tracks have considerably higher capa

162、city than single tracks,as trains going in opposite directions can pass each other without diverting onto sidings.(Sogin et al,2013).However,it is beyond this study scope to calculate the equivalent track length with double tracks.21ICCT REPORT|TOWARD GREENER AND MORE SUSTAINABLE FREIGHT RAILFigure

163、15Comparison of U.S.and China rail systems and performance,2020ChinaUnited States2.4 trillion ton-km250,000 km2,2701,646 meters36 tons130 tons7%3.1 trillion ton-km100,000 km2,750850 meters25 tons80 tons72%Axle loads1,688 km670 kmAverage hauling lengthTrack lengthFreight activityReceiving/departuretr

164、ack lengthRailcar gross vehicleweight(GVW)Locomotive fleetElectrification65-200+42Railcars hauled in on train23,54421,854Rail yards252,400912,735Railcar fleetTHE INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL ON CLEAN TRANSPORTATION THEICCT.ORGSeveral key indicators in Figure 16 highlight the difference in infrastructure an

165、d railway management in the two countries,suggesting potential avenues for greater operational efficiency within Chinas freight rail system based on the experiences of the United States.The receiving/departure track length is over 1,600 km in the United States,on average,which allows 200 or more rai

166、lcars to be loaded and unloaded(Safety Advisory,2023).This significantly increases the railcars in each train to over 200 in the United States,compared to 42 in China.The average capacity or gross vehicle weight of railcars in the United States is 286,000 pounds(130 tons).These railcars are supporte

167、d by 36-ton heavy track axle loads,significantly larger than the average in China.Hence,the railcars and trains in the United States can haul heavier amounts of commodities than those in China.22ICCT REPORT|TOWARD GREENER AND MORE SUSTAINABLE FREIGHT RAILReceiving/departure track and longer trainsCl

168、ass I railroads in the United States operate longer trains to increase efficiency(U.S.Government Accountability Office,2019).Train length has increased over time,reaching a median of 5,400 feet(1,646 m)(Association of American Railroads,n.d.-a).About 10%of trains were longer than 9,800 feet(2,987 m)

169、,the share of which has increased over the past decade(U.S.Government Accountability Office,2019;Association of American Railroads,n.d.-a).Less than 1%of trains were longer than 14,000 feet(4,267 m)(Association of American Railroads,2024).Although there are concerns regarding safety issues with oper

170、ating trains over 7,500 feet(2,286 m),there are no regulatory limits on the length of freight trains(Federal Railroad Administration,2023).Thus,the length of receiving/departure tracks are much longer in the United States to accommodate the longer trains operating in the network.Many tracks have bee

171、n extended from 6,100 or 7,400 feet(1,859 or 2,256 m)to about 10,000 feet(3,048 m)to hold the entire train on a single track,reducing or eliminating the demand for car switching(Stagl,2015).This allows U.S.Class I trains to operate with up to 200 railcars or more attached.For example,the City of Lon

172、g Beach is planning to extend receiving/departure tracks to 10,000 feet at the port by 2025 to add on-dock capacity for longer train operations(Port of Long Beach,n.d.).The average receiving/departure tracks in China range between 650 m and 1,050 m.For the Datong-Qinhuangdao Railway,the receiving/de

173、parture tracks are 1,700 to 2,800 m to accommodate the large shipping need for coal.However,most of the receiving/departure tracks in China are still shorter than 1,050 m,accommodating up to 42 railcars attached to one train in most cases.Heavy axle loads and 286,000-lb railcarsThe axle load of U.S.

174、tracks was gradually upgraded to 36 tons in the 1990s to enable the use of 286,000-lb railcars.Strengthening tracks to allow larger,heavier cars has been a critical topic concerning the U.S.rail system for improving shipping productivity(Martland,2013).The maximum axle load,which defines the total w

175、eight bearing of tracks,increased from 22 tons in the 1950s to 36 tons in the 1990s to accommodate the need for rapidly growing volumes of coal out of the Powder River Basin in Wyoming(Stone,1993).The Heavy Axle Load research program undertaken between 1988 and 2000 to understand the limits and bene

176、fits of increasing railcar loads confirmed that increasing axle loads to 36 tons to accommodate 286,000 GVW railcars was the most cost-effective option for railways(Martland,2013).According to 2019 North American freight car fleet data,286,000-lb railcars have been widely adopted across the U.S.rail

177、 network,accounting for the majority of cars in use.Coal hauling shifted to these larger railcars almost immediately,achieving 100%adoption in a decade(Association of American Railroads,2020).For intermodal shipping,the adoption rate is about 30%.In China,the heavy axle loads are set to 25 tons.Chin

178、as National Railway Administration released and adopted Heavy Haul Railway Design Specifications in 2017,allowing upgrades on rail infrastructure to accommodate growing hauling needs(National Railway Administration,2017).The specifications allow the use of axle loads up to 30 tons for hauling heavie

179、r products in the network.So far,most of the upgrades were targeted for coal-hauling needs.For example,the heavy axle loads for Datong-Qinhuangdao Railway were upgraded to 27 tons for larger rail cars,meeting the high shipping needs of coal.23ICCT REPORT|TOWARD GREENER AND MORE SUSTAINABLE FREIGHT R

180、AILCONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONSThis comparison of the China and U.S.freight railways focused on the managing structure,physical infrastructure,and major policy guidance of the two systems.While the network and facilities are relatively similar,notable differences exist in their managing framework

181、.Six private companies oversee the main freight railroads in the United States,so business profit is prioritized.The rail industry has upgraded its infrastructure and facilities,enabling the operation of longer trains and larger railcars to enhance service efficiency.This strategic focus aligns with

182、 the growing needs of intermodal shipping,particularly in response to the declining demand for heavy,bulk products in the United States.As the rail system in China seeks approaches to improve its overall service and operations,and to reposition itself as the backbone of the freight system,the experi

183、ence of freight rail in the United States could provide valuable insights.The following recommendations could be considered in future efforts to improve Chinas freight railways.Proactive measures to plan and invest in shipping capacity and service upgrades could be taken to accommodate the evolving

184、dynamics of the freight market.The experience in the United States indicates that the rail system should consider proactively planning and investing in intermodal transport service due to the expected decrease in shipping demand for heavy,bulk products.Rail companies in the United States have upgrad

185、ed their services with higher speed and improved efficiency to accommodate intermodal shipping.Although China has initiated efforts to use rail shipping for more types of commodities,additional actions can be taken to ensure service and capacity upgrades meet the shipping needs of the freight market

186、.Collaboration with various industries and companies could enhance understanding and analysis of the gaps in Chinas rail network with the aim of better serving the freight market.Assessments of the potential use of intermodal transportation for select high-value commodities could lay the groundwork

187、for subsequent surveys of freight patterns across sectors.The data reporting and collection system in the United States,including the freight flow survey and Carload Waybill Sample,allows for the comprehensive tracking of freight market trends and commodity shipping patterns.Drawing from the intermo

188、dal patterns observed in the United States,commodities like textiles/leather,precision instruments,transport equipment,plastics/rubbers,electronics,and pharmaceuticals could be strong candidates for railway intermodal shipping.China could prioritize in-depth analyses of these specific products to id

189、entify the opportunities for industry-wide recommendations and policy measures aimed at promoting intermodal shipping.Implementing such practices would serve as a precursor to launching comprehensive freight flow surveys in China,enabling preliminary testing and evaluation before full-scale promotio

190、n efforts.Upgrading of infrastructure,facilities,and equipment could be considered to boost capacity and position the rail sector as the backbone of the freight system.U.S.railroads have undertaken significant investments to modernize the freight system and accommodate market needs.These upgrades in

191、clude enabling the adoption of longer trains capable of loading more products,improving service efficiency for hauling higher-value products,and improving connectivity to facilitate intermodal shipping.The continuous efforts have solidified U.S.rail as the backbone of the freight system,which could

192、offer valuable insights for increasing the use of Chinas railways,24ICCT REPORT|TOWARD GREENER AND MORE SUSTAINABLE FREIGHT RAILparticularly for long-distance hauling.The upgrading of heavy axle loads and use of bigger rail cars on designated coal shipping lines have proven to be successful in meeti

193、ng growing hauling demand.Applying improved infrastructure and equipment across the rail network could be considered to increase overall shipping capacity.Increasing data collection with improved public access could help provide a robust foundation for research and policy formulation.U.S.rail compan

194、ies are required to report and publish a wide array of operational and financial data,in addition to an industrial statistics survey that offers comprehensive insights into the functioning of the rail system.This wealth of information,along with the open platform,can be used to assess and monitor ra

195、il system performance,identify existing bottlenecks,and forecast future shipping requirements for various commodities.Such insights can be invaluable for guiding long-term infrastructure investments and policy formulation.While China has initiated efforts to understand shipping patterns for certain

196、products,more comprehensive data collection could be used to gain a deeper understanding of shipping demand and railway capacity.Insufficient measurement metrics on infrastructure utilization and intermodal shipping can also hinder market development tracking.Additional statistics and analysis could

197、 be used to assess how the current rail system serves the freight market and scope plans for future investment and development.Continued efforts in this area can be instrumental in informing strategic decision-making and fostering the development of the railway sector in China.25ICCT REPORT|TOWARD G

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220、n.(2021).關于加快推進2022-2023年鐵路專用線等重點項目建設的通知(2021)-1746 Notice on accelerating the construction of key projects such as dedicated railway lines in 2022-2023.Central Government of the Peoples Republic of China.National Railway Administration.(2017).National Railway Administration released heavy haul rail

221、way design specifications.Ministry of Transport of the Peoples Republic of China.Retrieved from https:/ Southern Corp.(n.d.).Our rail network.Retrieved April 30,2024,from https:/ Ridge National Laboratory.(n.d.).freight analysis framework version 5-Domestic transportation total.U.S.Department of Ene

222、rgy.https:/faf.ornl.gov/faf5/dtt_total.aspxPalley,J.(2011).Impact of the Staggers Rail Act of 1980.Federal Railroad Administration,U.S.Department of Transportation.https:/railroads.dot.gov/sites/fra.dot.gov/files/fra_net/1645/STAGGER_%20RAIL_ACT_OF_1980_updated_31811.pdf Peoples Daily.(2010,December

223、 27).大秦鐵路年運量破4億噸 刷新世界鐵路重載新紀錄 The annual transportation volume of the Daqin Railway exceeds 400 million tons,setting a new world railway heavy load record.Central Government of the Peoples Republic of China.http:/ REPORT|TOWARD GREENER AND MORE SUSTAINABLE FREIGHT RAILPort of Long Beach.(n.d.).Pier B

224、 on-dock support facility.Retrieved April 30,2024,from https:/ Terminals.National Center for Intermodal Transportation,the University of Denver.https:/rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/28372 Stagl,J.(2015,November).Canadian Pacific modifies Minnesota hump yard to handle longer trains.Progressive Railroadin

225、g.https:/ geography of transport systems:Sixth edition.Routledge.https:/transportgeography.orgSafety Advisory 2023-03;Accident Mitigation and Train Length.88 F.R.27570(published May 2,2023).https:/railroads.dot.gov/elibrary/safety-advisory-2023-03-accident-mitigation-and-train-length Shao,Z.,(2020).

226、Environmental impacts of modal shift to rail in Tangshan.International Council on Clean Transportation.https:/theicct.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Tangshan-modal-shift-to-rail-03172020.pdfShao,Z.,He,H.,Mao,S.,Liang,S.,Liu,S.,Tan,X.,Gao,M.,&Xin,Y.(2022).Toward greener and more sustainable freight s

227、ystems:Comparing freight strategies in the United States and China.International Council on Clean Transportation.https:/theicct.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/China-US-freight_final.pdf Sogin,S.L.,Lai,Y.-C.,Dick,C.T.,&Barkan,C.P.L.(2013).Analyzing the incremental transition from single to double tra

228、ck railway lines.Rail Transportation and Engineering Center(RailTEC),University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign.https:/railtec.illinois.edu/wp/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Sogin%20et%20al%202013b%20IAROR.pdfStatista Research Department.(2023).North American freight rail cars in service from 2009 to 2020,

229、by car type Chart.Statista.https:/ developments and requirements for heavy haul railways.In:Kalker,J.J.,Cannon,D.F.,Orringer,O.(Eds.).Rail Quality and Maintenance for Modern Railway Operation.Springer.https:/doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-8151-6_2 Surface Transportation Board.(n.d.-a).Carload Waybill Sa

230、mple.Retrieved April 30,2024,from https:/prod.stb.gov/reports-data/waybill/Surface Transportation Board.(n.d.-b).Economic data.Retrieved April 30,2024,from https:/www.stb.gov/reports-data/economic-data/Surface Transportation Board.(n.d.-c).Rail service data.Retrieved April 30,2024,from https:/www.st

231、b.gov/reports-data/rail-service-data/Railroad Companies,49 C.F.R.1201(2024).https:/www.ecfr.gov/current/title-49/subtitle-B/chapter-X/subchapter-C/part-1201 Union Pacific.(2021).How much freight ships by rail in the US?https:/ Union Pacific.(n.d.).Intermodal services.Retrieved April 30,2024,from htt

232、ps:/ of Agriculture.(n.d.).Train speeds.Retrieved April 30,2024,from https:/agtransport.usda.gov/Rail/Train-Speeds/2wy9-nmz4/data United States Rail Service IssuesPerformance Data Reporting.81 F.R.87472(published December 5,2016)(to be codified at 49 C.F.R.1250)https:/www.federalregister.gov/documen

233、ts/2016/12/05/2016-29131/united-states-rail-service-issues-performance-data-reportingU.S.Department of Transportation.(2020).National Freight Strategic Plan.https:/www.transportation.gov/sites/dot.gov/files/2020-09/NFSP_fullplan_508.pdf U.S.Environmental Protection Agency.(2024).Regulations for emis

234、sions from locomotives.Retrieved April 2,2024,from https:/www.epa.gov/regulations-emissions-vehicles-and-engines/regulations-emissions-locomotives U.S.Government Accountability Office.(2019).Rail safety:Freight trains are getting longer,and additional information is needed to assess their impact.htt

235、ps:/www.gao.gov/assets/gao-19-443.pdfWaybill Sample Reporting,85 F.R.54936(effective date January 1,2021)(codified at 49 CFR 1244).https:/www.federalregister.gov/documents/2020/09/03/2020-19195/waybill-sample-reporting#:text=The%20Surface%20Transportation%20Board%20(Board)%20adopts%20a,for%20intermo

236、dal%20shipments%2C%20and%20eliminating%20the%20manual We Build Value Digital Magazine.(2020,October 6).History of the US railroads and the relation with U.S.economic development.https:/ 28ICCT REPORT|TOWARD GREENER AND MORE SUSTAINABLE FREIGHT RAILAPPENDIX A:REQUIREMENTS FOR ECONOMIC DATA AND SERVIC

237、E DATA REPORTING The STB has established detailed requirements for locomotive companies filing information with the agency.The information can be publicly accessed at the STB website.Economic dataThe STB requires Class I railroad companies to submit a wide range of economic information at different

238、time intervals using a standard reporting format.The companies submit an R-1 form containing financial information and operational statistics to the agency annually.Commodity statistics and wage information are reported on a quarterly and annual basis.Revenue,expenses,income,employment and wages,and

239、 fuel consumption and costs are reported every quarter,while the average number of employees by job type is reported monthly.Table B1 summarizes the reporting requirements and submission frequency(Surface Transportation Board,n.d.-b).Table B1 Summary of reporting requirements for Class I railroad co

240、mpaniesReportFrequencyMain contentR-1 formAnnuallyFinancial and operating statistics for developing rate of return on net investment for use in revenue adequacy determinationsCars loaded and terminated AnnuallyNumber of cars loaded and terminated,by car typesRevenue,earnings,and incomeQuarterlyOpera

241、ting revenues,operating expenses,and incomeCondensed balance sheetQuarterlyBalance for the current and prior year of assets and liabilities,gross capital expenditures,and revenue tonsCommodity statisticsQuarterly and annuallyCar loadings and total revenues by commodity codes,for use in developing wa

242、ybills databaseWages Quarterly and annuallyNumber of employees,service hours,compensation,and mileage run by employee groupFuel cost,consumption,and surchargeQuarterlyTotal fuel cost,fuel consumed,changes of fuel cost,and revenue from fuel surchargesEmploymentMonthlyAverage number of employees at mi

243、dmonth by employee groupNote:Employee group is defined as executives,officials,and staff assistants;professional and administrative;maintenance of way and structures;maintenance of equipment and stores;transportation other than train and engine;and transportation,train and engine.The STB processes t

244、he economic data to monitor the financial health of the freight rail industry and for other regulatory purposes.The public can directly access information such as R-1 reports,revenues and earnings,carloads and volumes,employment and wages,and fuel surcharges for each Class I company.STB reviews info

245、rmation,such as revenue and cost of capital,to determine the class of the railway company,set cost benchmarks,and evaluate revenue for the assessment of reasonable hauling rates.Service dataAs of late 2016,STB requires Class I railway companies to submit service performance data weekly for better re

246、al-time visibility into the performance of the railway industry(Surface Transportation Board,n.d.-c).The service performance data provides a standard metric to monitor service conditions and identify regional or national service disruptions.The weekly data from each rail company is released to the p

247、ublic,along with Class I railroad consolidated service information generated by STB.The information 29ICCT REPORT|TOWARD GREENER AND MORE SUSTAINABLE FREIGHT RAILcan help shippers and other stakeholders plan operations and make informed decisions based on their analysis of performance trends over ti

248、me.Performance data shared by Class I railroad companies include:System average train speed by train type,and overall system train speed Weekly average terminal dwell time and overall system dwell time Cars in service by car typeWeekly average dwell time at origin for unit train by train type8 Weekl

249、y average number of trains held per day by train type and cause Weekly average number of loaded and empty cars not moved in 48 hours or more Weekly total grain cars loaded and billed by state and service Grain cars:cars ordered,car orders filled,and cars past due Grain trains:planned versus performa

250、nce Coal trains:planned versus performance Weekly carload origin and destination by commodity8 A unit train refers to a train hauling a single type of commodity.30ICCT REPORT|TOWARD GREENER AND MORE SUSTAINABLE FREIGHT RAILAPPENDIX B:CARLOAD WAYBILL SAMPLEThe Carload Waybill Sample can be used for i

251、dentifying market trends,analyzing commodity shipping patterns,and shaping business strategies(Glauber,2023).The U.S.freight rail industry hauls a wide range of goods,covering agriculture,minerals,coal,petroleum,and manufacturing products.Figure C1 summarizes the carloads,revenue,and tonnage percent

252、age of commodities hauled by U.S.freight railroads in 2008 and 2022.The numbers around the ring correspond to a 2-digit standard transportation commodity classification(STCC)code identifying a category of product,listed below.We categorized the commodity categories by colors to show the associated i

253、ndustry.The comparison of 2008 and 2022 Carload Waybill Sample data demonstrates the transformative shift within the U.S.rail system in adapting to the decreasing shipping demand for coal products.Coal(commodity#11)dominated rail shipping tonnage and revenue in 2008 when the consumption and producti

254、on peaked,the share of which surpassed other commodities by a wide margin.However,with the decline in coal demand,U.S.railroads began vying for market share in other product categories.Intermodal shipping(commodity#46)held the top spot in carload share in 2008,but its revenue share lagged far behind

255、 that of coal.In 2022,intermodal shipping had the highest revenue share,despite its carload share remaining consistent with 2008 levels.31ICCT REPORT|TOWARD GREENER AND MORE SUSTAINABLE FREIGHT RAILFigure B1Percentage of carloads,revenue,and tonnage by commodity type in the United States,2008 and 20

256、22 1101114202324252628293032333435363740414246474910%20%30%0%1101114202324252628293032333435363740414246474915%30%45%0%1101114202324252628293032333435363740414246474910%20%30%0%110111420232425262829303233343536374041424647495%10%15%0%1101114202324252628293032333435363740414246474910%20%30%0%11011142

257、0232425262829303233343536374041424647498%16%24%0%Carloads percentage20082022Revenue percentageTonnage percentageCarloads percentageRevenue percentageTonnage percentageAgricultureMineralsCoalPetroleumManufacturingOtherTHE INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL ON CLEAN TRANSPORTATION THEICCT.ORG32ICCT REPORT|TOWARD G

258、REENER AND MORE SUSTAINABLE FREIGHT RAILStandard transportation commodity classification(STCC)code1Farm products32Clay,concrete,glass or stone products10Metallic ores33Primary metal products,including galvanized;except coating11Coal34Fabricated metal products;except ordnance14Nonmetallic minerals;ex

259、cept fuels35Machinery;except electrical(see major industry group 36)20Food or kindred products36Electrical machinery,equipment,or supplies23Apparel,or other finished textile products or knit apparel37Transportation equipment24Lumber or wood products;except furniture40Waste or scrap materials not ide

260、ntified by producing industries25Furniture or fixtures41Miscellaneous freight shipments26Pulp,paper or allied products42Containers,carriers or devices,shipping,returned empty28Chemicals or allied products46Miscellaneous mixed shipmentsa29Petroleum or coal products47Small packaged freight shipments30

261、Rubber or miscellaneous plastics products49Hazardous materialsNote:Includes trade with Mexico and CanadaData source:Surface Transportation Board(n.d.-a)a Miscellaneous mixed shipments normally refers to intermodal freight composed of shipping containers on flatbed railcars(Bureau of Transportation S

262、tatistics,2012).The presence of diverse metrics in the Carload Waybill Sample allows a richer and more comprehensive analysis of railroad performance and commodity shipping patterns.For example,the inclusion of the carload metric improves the assessment of manufacturing commodities which are usually

263、 higher-value products that are not heavy or bulk.The carloads chart indicates that intermodal shipping(commodity#46)played a vital role in U.S.freight rail in 2008,even though the tonnage share was negligible at that time.The carload chart further revealed other notable industries,such as transport

264、ation equipment(commodity#37)and empty containers(commodity#42),in U.S.freight rail development.A similar observation can be made regarding the revenue metric,with which we can identify the most profitable commodities for the railroads.In addition to intermodal,which had highest revenue share of ove

265、r 14%,hazardous materials(commodity#49),coal(commodity#11),transportation equipment(commodity#37),chemicals and allied products(commodity#28),food and kindred products(commodity#20),and farm products(commodity#1)had revenue shares of more than 8%in 2008 and 2022.These products were not necessarily t

266、he ones with the highest shares in weight but were mostly consistent in their percentage of carloads,which indicates the importance of reviewing the rail market by different metrics.In addition,the comparison reveals a widening distribution of revenue sources over time,suggesting that the U.S.railro

267、ads have enhanced their service to cater to a broader customer base.33ICCT REPORT|TOWARD GREENER AND MORE SUSTAINABLE FREIGHT RAILAPPENDIX C:CORPORATE RAILWAY COMPANIES IN CHINAThe seven corporate railway companies(introduced below in alphabetical order)in China share about one fifth of the freight

268、rail market(by weight)and are mainly used for meeting the shipping needs of heavy,bulk products.ANHUI HUAIBEI MINING GROUPHuaibei Mining(Group)Co.,Ltd.is a large-scale enterprise group with diversified operations,mainly producing coal and coal chemical products,generating electric power,and manufact

269、uring construction materials,medicine,and machinery,among many others.Formerly known as Huaibei Mining Bureau,it was restructured into Huaibei Mining(Group)Co.,Ltd.in March 1998 and is now directly supervised by the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission of the Peoples Governme

270、nt of Anhui Province.The groups internal dedicated railway line spans the cities of Huaibei,Suzhou,and Bozhou,with a total track length of 503 km.HENAN PINGMEI GROUPChina Pingmei Shenma Energy and Chemical Group Co.,Ltd.is a large state-owned company affiliated with the Peoples Government of Henan P

271、rovince.The group is headquartered in Pingdingshan City in Henan Province and is the largest producer of coke in the country.The groups mining railway plays a pivotal role in facilitating various transportation activities,including coal transportation,delivery of construction materials to mining sit

272、es,and the transportation of raw coal to four coal washing plants and four coking plants within the group.With a total of 28 railway stations spread across the mining area,the railway network spans over 310 km in length,with the main line extending more than 130 km.Serviced by 29 diesel locomotives,

273、1,716 self-owned trucks of various types,and 16 passenger cars,the railway infrastructure includes advanced large-scale mechanized tamping machines,rescue vehicles,and other road protection and maintenance equipment.HENAN YONGMEI GROUPYongcheng Coal and Electricity Group Co.,Ltd.is a large state-own

274、ed enterprise in Henan Province.Its industries include coal,chemicals,nonferrous metals,and equipment manufacturing.The Yongmei Special Railway,under construction since 1989,spans a track length of 120 km.It is mainly responsible for coal,local cargo,and commuter passenger transportation for the pro

275、duction mines at the headquarters.The annual railway transport volume is more than 8 million tons.INNER MONGOLIA YITAI GROUPInner Mongolia Yitai Group Co.,Ltd.is a prominent energy enterprise,with a core focus on coal production,transportation,and sales.The company currently operates and maintains t

276、hree main railways:Zhundong Railway(192 km),Huzhun Railway(238 km),and Suancigou Coal Mine Railway Special Line(29 km).The company has three additional railways under construction:Malaysia Railway,Talahao Coal Mine railway line,and Hongqinghe Coal Mine railway line.34ICCT REPORT|TOWARD GREENER AND M

277、ORE SUSTAINABLE FREIGHT RAILJIUQUAN IRON AND STEEL GROUPJiuquan Iron and Steel(Group)Co.,Ltd.is the fourth steel conglomerate initially planned and constructed by the country.It is also the earliest and largest diversified modern enterprise group in northwestern China,with a focus on black and nonfe

278、rrous metals.The Logistics Center of Jiuquan Iron and Steel Group Corporation operates more than 800 km of Class C special railways,which are connected to multiple Lanzhou-Xinjiang Railway and Linha Railway stations.The Group owns 55 diesel locomotives and 1,000 C70E gondolas.The company also operat

279、es road and rail transport logistics parks in the ports of Xian,Lanzhou,Jiayuguan,Urumqi,Ejina,and Ceke,with a total area of 2.64 million square meters.NATIONAL ENERGY GROUPNational Energy Group(State Energy Investment Group Co.,Ltd.)was formed by the merger and reorganization of the China Guodian C

280、orporation and Shenhua Group Co.,Ltd.The company,officially established on November 28,2017,is a state-owned enterprise directly managed by the central government.National Energy Group inherited the coal transportation network of the former Shenhua Group and owns the Shuohuang,Shenshuo,and Baoshen r

281、ailways,in addition to other self-operated systems.With an operational mileage spanning 2,408 km,the National Energy Group has a transportation capacity of 483 million tons and is supported by a fleet of over 800 locomotives and more than 50,000 drayage trucks.As such,it stands as the second-largest

282、 railway operator in China.SHAANXI COAL AND CHEMICAL INDUSTRY GROUPShaanxi Railway Logistics Group Co.,Ltd.,a subsidiary of Shaanxi Coal and Chemical Industry Group,is responsible for the construction and operation of the companys branch railways,facilitating the transportation of bulk commodities a

283、nd materials including coal,chemicals,steel,and cement.The company oversees the management of six holding companies:Jingshen Railway,Hongning Railway,Yuheng Railway,Fenghong Railway,Xiping Logistics,and Shenda Logistics.www.theicct.org communicationstheicct.orgtheicct.org B E I J I N G|B E R L I N|N E W D E L H I|SA N F R A N C I S CO|SO PAU LO|WAS H I N GTO N D C