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1、Report Writing TeamLeona ZhangDirector of Sustainable Development,International Cooperation Department,ChinaExtensive experience in sustainable development,green supply chains,and research on the plastic circular economyPetroleum and Chemical Industry Federation(CPCIF)Director of International Coope

2、ration Department,China Petroleum and Chemical Industry Federation(CPCIF)Deep expertise in international exchanges within the petrochemical industry and research on the plastic circular economyKathy ManSenior ReseacherLong-term researcher in environmental policy and environmental information platfor

3、m developmentIPEShen SunanGreen Supply Chain Senior Project OfficerSpecialized in the research and evaluation of corporate green and low-carbon procurement practices,with extensive experience in promoting green supply chain management.IPE Li MengDirectorFounder of Blue Map,dedicated to promoting env

4、ironmental protection and sustainable development for many yearsIPEMa JunSenior Young ScholarFocused on Advanced Research in Sustainable Development,Chemical Recycling Policies and Technologies,and the Circular Economy of PlasticsLuna HouForeword 1Standing Committee Member and Deputy Secretary Gener

5、al of China Petroleum and Chemical Industry FederationPang GuanglianIn the context of global environmental governance,plastic pollution has emerged as a critical issue that nations around the world must urgently address.As the largest producer and consumer of plastics globally,China faces unpreceden

6、ted challenges in balancing economic development with environmental protection.Effective control of plastic pollution has become a crucial matter that directly impacts ecological conservation and sustainable development.The China Petroleum and Chemical Industry Federation(CPCIF)has consistently comm

7、itted itself to exploring and promoting sustainable development strategies within Chinas petroleum and chemical industries,striving to find the optimal balance between environmental protection and industrial growth.In collaboration with the Institute of Public&Environmental Affairs(IPE),we have join

8、tly compiled and released the bilingual report,Building a Circular Ecosystem:Exploring Chinas Solutions for Post-Consumer Plastic Pollution Control.This report encapsulates the collective wisdom of the industry,focusing on the recycling of post-consumer plastics,and aims to provide practical recomme

9、ndations and solutions for plastic pollution control in both China and the global context.Since its inception,plastics superior properties and widespread applications have profoundly transformed human production and lifestyles.However,the surge in plastic usage has led to significant environmental p

10、roblems,making plastic pollution a major challenge that affects both ecological balance and public health.In light of these challenges,the effective combating of plastic pollution,particularly with regard to the recycling and disposal of post-consumer plastics,has become an urgent priority.Building

11、a Circular Ecosystem:Exploring Chinas Solutions for Post-Consumer Plastic Pollution Control was conceived in response to this urgent need.Through in-depth research and analysis,benchmarking against globally representative regions,the report systematically reviews the current state and challenges of

12、plastic pollution control in China and proposes innovative solutions,reflecting the industrys foresight and sense of responsibility.Embracing Green Transition and Adapting to the Times01Exploring Chinas Solutions for Post-Consumer Plastic Pollution ControlBuilding a Circular EcosystemForewordAt the

13、core of this report is the creation of a circular ecosystem that delivers both environmental and economic benefits.By thoroughly analyzing the current pain points in post-consumer plastic management,the report offers targeted solutions.During the writing process,we placed particular emphasis on ensu

14、ring that the proposed solutions are systematic,objective,and forward-looking,aiming to provide strategies that are well-suited to Chinas national conditions while also offering an international perspective.The report explores full-chain solutions,from source management to end-cycle recycling.The re

15、port underscores the importance of multi-party collaboration in tackling plastic pollution.Plastic pollution is not just a problem for one industry or country.it requires the concerted efforts of governments,businesses,the public,and research institutions.The CPCIF has always valued close cooperatio

16、n with all stakeholders,and this collaboration not only provides robust technical support for plastic pollution control but also injects new vitality into the industrys green transformation.Furthermore,we have drawn on international best practices and tailored them to Chinas unique circumstances,del

17、ving deeply into and proposing locally applicable pathways for plastic pollution governance.This offers constructive suggestions and insights for relevant policy formulation.Looking ahead,we aspire to build a more robust green ecosystem.In this ecosystem,the government and industry associations will

18、 continue to play guiding and regulatory roles,companies will strengthen their innovation and investment efforts,research institutions will provide cutting-edge technical support,and the public will become more actively engaged in environmental initiatives.Through the collective efforts of all parti

19、es,we are confident in achieving effective plastic pollution control and contributing to global sustainable development.As ecological prosperity leads to civilizations prosperity,so ecological decline leads to civilizations decline.The 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China and the T

20、hird Plenary Session have focused on building a Beautiful China,making significant plans for the reform of the ecological civilization system in the new era and journey.These efforts provide powerful momentum and institutional support for constructing a Chinese path to modernization characterized by

21、 harmonious coexistence between humanity and nature.The Opinions on Accelerating the Comprehensive Green Transformation of Economic and Social Development issued by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council in August 2024 clearly pointed out the need to vigorously d

22、evelop a circular economyto deeply promote circular economy actions that contribute to carbon reduction,to promote resource-circulating production models,to vigorously develop the resource recycling industry,to promote the high-quality development of the remanufacturing industry,to improve the quali

23、ty of recycled materials and products,and to expand the scale of substitution for virgin resources.To advance household waste sorting and enhance resource utilization rates.To improve the waste recycling system,strengthen waste classification,disposal,and recycling capabilities,and elevate the scale

24、,standardization,and precision of recycling system.By 2030,the annual utilization of bulk solid waste will reach approximately 4.5 billion tons,and the main resource output rate will increase by about 45%compared to 2020.The policy and social environment for building a circular ecosystem is already

25、in place,and we must forge ahead with determination.In conclusion,I would like to summarize our vision in one sentence:on the road to building a circular ecosystem,we are not only explorers but also practitioners;in the process of driving green development,we are not just witnesses but creators.The

26、Long March has only just begun,and now is the time to press forward.In the journey to combat plastic pollution,may we move forward together,steadfast and determined,braving the waves to achieve the grand goals of building a Beautiful China and global ecological civilization,contributing Chinese wisd

27、om and solutions to global environmental governance.Systematic,Objective,and Forward-Looking SolutionsCo-Creating a Green FutureMulti-Party Collaboration for Sustainable Development02Exploring Chinas Solutions for Post-Consumer Plastic Pollution ControlBuilding a Circular EcosystemForewordForeword 2

28、Exploring Innovative Chinese Solutions to Address Plastic PollutionInstitute of Public&Environmental AffairsMa JunSince its invention in the early 20th century,plastic has gained global popularity due to its low cost and advantageous properties.However,the risks that plastic waste poses to the envir

29、onment and human health have also escalated significantly.In recent years,the shocking images of marine plastic waste and the potential threats of microplastics have sparked widespread global concern,leading to calls for plastic reduction and plastic bans.In 2017,the United Nations Environment Assem

30、bly(UNEA)adopted a resolution to combat marine plastic pollution and microplastics,marking the formal launch of global initiatives to address plastic pollution.Solutions to end plastic waste must follow general principles,specifically the 3R principles of reduction,reuse,and recycling.A lifecycle an

31、alysis of plastics,from raw material extraction,production,and use to disposal,reveals that alternative materials could also have considerable environmental impacts.Additionally,many regions face challenges in sourcing raw materials and managing costs.Therefore,while promoting source reduction and a

32、lternatives,it is essential to also focus on plastic recycling and reuse.The European Union has taken the lead by introducing regulations such as A European Strategy for Plastics in a Circular Economy and the Packaging and Packaging Waste Directive,aiming to make all plastic packaging recyclable or

33、reusable by 2030.As major producers,users,and sources of plastic waste,companies have increasingly become the focal point of plastic reduction efforts.In October 2018,the New Plastics Economy Global Commitment was launched by the Ellen MacArthur Foundation in collaboration with the United Nations En

34、vironment Programme,attracting participation from numerous global companies.Several world-renowned brands made commitments to plastic reduction and recycling.However,our research has shown that many companies face significant challenges due to inadequate recycling infrastructure.Some companies have

35、attempted to establish their recycling systems,but these pilot programs often struggle with high costs and limited regional coverage,failing to create a closed-loop system.03Exploring Chinas Solutions for Post-Consumer Plastic Pollution ControlBuilding a Circular EcosystemForewordChinas initiatives

36、in plastic pollution control and recycling deserve attention as a potential solution to this dilemma.Chinas plastic waste recycling rate is among the highest in the world,reaching 30%in 2022,and the country has established a vast recycling processing capacity.To achieve the dual carbon goals,the Act

37、ion Plan for Carbon Dioxide Peaking Before 2030,issued by the State Council,calls for comprehensive plastic pollution control throughout the entire chain and the establishment of a resource recycling system.It also sets targets for the recycling of nine major types of recyclable resources,including

38、plastic waste,by 2025 and 2030.By 2025,the urban household waste sorting system should be substantially established,and by 2030,waste sorting should cover all urban areas,with the resource utilization rate increasing to 65%.To scientifically assess the current state of household waste sortingacross

39、cities,identify key issues,discover best practices,and assist municipal management departments in improving waste sorting management mechanisms,the Institute of Public&Environmental Affairs(IPE)and the Vanke Foundation,under the guidance of the Chinese Forum of Environmental Journalists,jointly laun

40、ched the“Take a Snapshot for Household Waste Sorting”initiative in 2020.With the support of over 60 organizations,including Green Jiangnan,Aniu Public Welfare,Zero Waste Alliance,and numerous netizens,the number of questionnaires with snapshots submitted by participants has reached 180,000,covering

41、over 100,000 communities across 328 cities.Evaluation results show that leading cities maintain high levels of waste sorting performance,with Suzhou and Shanghai scoring the highest,based on the stable operation of standardized systems as required by the 14th Five-Year Plan for Urban Household Waste

42、 Sorting and Treatment Facilities Development.Cities such as Beijing have also achieved waste sorting goals by relying on secondary sorting after establishing classification collection and disposal systems.However,our research has revealed that with the rapid expansion of new business models such as

43、 food delivery and e-commerce,the proportion of low-value plastics in household waste is gradually increasing,with most being mixed with other waste and either incinerated or landfilled,posing a significant shortfall in resource utilization.During the latter half of the 14th Five-Year Plan,some regi

44、ons have begun attempting to address this shortfall through financial subsidies,but maintaining such systems in the long term remains a challenge.Based on the Extended Producer Responsibility(EPR)principle,we recommend pilot programs in cities such as Suzhou,Shanghai,Xiamen,and Beijing,where househo

45、ld waste sorting conditions are relatively mature,to incorporate with major generators of large-volume post-consumer plastic waste,such as delivery services,e-commerce platforms,and food&beverage companies,into the urban recycling system through multi-stakeholder collaboration.The basic approach is

46、as follows:taking plastic waste in household garbage as a starting point,fully utilize the existing foundation of Chinas waste sorting system and the relatively well-developed recycling industry chain to significantly reduce the cost of recycling and reuse.promote the implementation of corporate res

47、ponsibilities in plastic reduction,and build a sustainable closed-loop recycling system for post-consumer plastics.Currently,the global fight to end plastic pollution is urgent.In March 2022,the fifth United Nations Environment Assembly adopted a resolution on ending plastic pollution,and since then

48、,negotiations have been ongoing to finalize a legally binding global plastic treaty by the end of 2024.The Opinions of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council on Accelerating the Comprehensive Green Transformation of Economic and Social Development,released in Aug

49、ust 2024,explicitly emphasize active participation in the formulation of international rules in areas such as marine pollution control and plastic pollution control,highlighting the role of plastic pollution prevention and global rule-making in driving green transformation.Our cross-disciplinary res

50、earch with CPCIF aims to bring attention to the significant progress China has made in household waste sorting and its immense potential in post-consumer plastic recycling.We also seek to identify global best practices that can be used as a reference,laying the foundation for the collaborative const

51、ruction of a circular recycling system for post-consumer plastics.By exploring innovative solutions that are both ecologically viable and economically sustainable,we hope to collectively address the global challenge of plastic pollution control.04Exploring Chinas Solutions for Post-Consumer Plastic

52、Pollution ControlBuilding a Circular EcosystemForewordExecutive SummaryThe United Nations Development Programme(UNDP)has long emphasized that the production-consumption-disposal linear economic model exacerbates plastic pollution.Plastic recycling not only reduces environmental pollution but also pr

53、ovides valuable recycled resources,which has been recognized globally as a win-win solution.China is actively building a plastic circular ecosystem,exploring a path that aligns with its interests and maximizes its advantages.This report provides a detailed analysis of the economic and ecological fea

54、sibility of the plastic circular business model,aiming to provide effective solutions for the post-consumer plastic pollution control for China.The report delves into three key initiatives driving the construction of a circular ecosystem:policy incentives,information transparency,and the development

55、 of an evaluation system.The evaluation system is to assess and compare brands performance in plastic circularity initiatives.This system not only offers companies a roadmap for action,helping them formulate strategies,set goals,and implement effective measures,but also encourages systematic partici

56、pation in the construction of the plastic circular ecosystem.Through this report,we hope to provide both theoretical foundations and practical guidance for building a green,circular plastic ecosystem,contributing to the resolution of plastic pollution in China and globally.Figure 1 Overview of the R

57、eports Structure010203Building a Circular Ecosystem-Exploring Chinas Solutions for Post-Consumer Plastic Pollution ControlEcological Feasibility-Building a Closed-Loop SystemFeasibility Validation of Business ModelKey lnitiatives Empowering Ecolodical DevelopmentThemeEconomic Feasibility-Unlocking a

58、 Profitable ModelEnd-to-end Recycled Plastics Pricing2023-Cost Reduction+Compliance Cost-Carbon Reduction BenefitsVirgin Plastics Pricing2023+Climate Risk CostPolicylnformation DisclosureEvaluation SystemDesignSorting and CollectionRecyclingUtilization05Exploring Chinas Solutions for Post-Consumer P

59、lastic Pollution ControlBuilding a Circular EcosystemExecutive SummaryAs one of the most important inventions of the 20th century,plastics have significantly enhanced modern life.However,the improper treatment of plastic products has led to severe environmental issues.Ending plastic pollution lies a

60、t the intersection of slowing climate change,curbing environmental pollution,and preserving biodiversity,making it a focal point of global attention.The long-standing production-consumption-disposal linear economic model has exacerbated plastic pollution.The recycling of post-consumer plastics(herea

61、fter referred to as PCR)not only reduces pollution but also provides substantial recycled resources,becoming a globally recognized win-win solution.In recent years,the environmental impact of plastic waste has increased dramatically.These impacts include challenges in plastic waste treatment,the pot

62、ential threats of microplastics to ecosystems and human health,and difficulties in resource recovery and reuse.According to the OECDs Global Plastics Outlook,global annual plastic production surged from 234 million tons in 2000 to 460 million tons in 2019,with plastic waste increasing from 156 milli

63、on tons to 353 million tons.Ultimately,only 9%of plastic waste is recycled,19%is incinerated,nearly 50%is landfilled,and the remaining 22%is neither adequately managed nor effectively disposed of,often leaking into the environment.The figure below illustrates this:Figure 2 Global Waste Plastic Treat

64、ment Flows in 2019iglobal annual plastic production surged frommillion tons in 2000234with plastic waste increasing frommillion tons156tomillion tons in 2019460tomillion tons353Estimation for 2019 flowsEstimation for accumulatedstocks(1970-2019)Process lossesPlastic scrapIncineratrdLandfilledLitter

65、clean-upRecyclingresiduesCollectedfor recyclingMismanaged&litteredPlasticwastePlasticsusePrimaryplasticsSecondaryplasticsFossil-basedplasticsBiobasedplastics4Mt33Mt22Mt55Mt67Mt174Mt3Mt82Mt353Mt460Mt431Mt29Mt429Mt2MtACCUMULATEDSTOCK OF PLASTICS IN ECONOMYPLASTICS PRODUCTION&WASTEPLASTIC WASTE3120Mti

66、OECD,Global Plastic OutlookR.2022Exploring Chinas Solutions for Post-Consumer Plastic Pollution ControlPromoting Consensus on Plastic RecyclingBuilding a Circular Ecosystem07At the global level,the United Nations Development Programme(UNDP)stresses that the linear economic model exacerbates plastic

67、pollution,highlighting the urgent need for a transition to a circular economy.At the regional level,the European Union has pioneered regulations such as A European Strategy for Plastics in a Circular Economy,the Single-Use Plastics Directive,and the Packaging and Packaging Waste Directive,aiming to

68、achieve recyclability for all plastic packaging by 2030 and reduce the use of single-use plastic products.California in the United States has enacted the Plastic Pollution Prevention and Packaging Producer Responsibility Act(SB54),one of the most comprehensive plastic legislations passed based on fe

69、edback from businesses,environmental organizations,and waste management groups.ASEAN countries are also collectively developing action plans to reduce marine plastic litter.At the corporate and societal levels,the Ellen MacArthur Foundation,in collaboration with the United Nations Environment Progra

70、mme,launched the“New Plastics Economy Global Commitment”in 2018.This initiative has seen the participation of numerous internationally renowned brands,each setting ambitious plastic reduction targets.This commitment not only reflects a proactive response to environmental and social responsibilities

71、but also addresses market and policy pressures,meets consumer demand,and drives economic benefits.As the worlds largest consumer,producer,and exporter of plastics,China is actively participating in global negotiations on plastic treaties.Facing the pressing challenges of climate change,pollution con

72、trol,and ecological protection,China has adopted a circular economy approach as a critical strategy to achieve synchronized pollution reduction and carbon mitigation.Since the 1980s,China has established an extensive and large-scale post-consumer plastic collection system and a complete industrial c

73、hain for recycling.According to the China Plastics Recycling Association of China National Resources Recycling Association,Chinas post-consumer plastic recycling rate reached 30%in 2022.It is projected that by 2030,recycled plastic utilization will likely surpass incineration and landfill as the pri

74、mary treatment method.The urgency to end plastic pollution globally is escalating.We call for heightened attention to Chinas deep exploration and innovative solutions in various stages of plastic recycling.By fostering multi-stakeholder collaboration,we can build a circular ecosystem for post-consum

75、er plastics,effectively prevent post-consumer plastics from leaking into the environment,and collectively address the complex challenge of plastic pollution control.This report aims to explore how to construct a circular ecosystem for plastics from a full lifecycle perspective and to establish a bra

76、nd-based plastic evaluation system.It focuses on four critical stages:design,collection,regeneration,and utilization.Among these,the collection stage particularly emphasizes household plastic waste,which,due to its large volume,complex categorization,long recycling chain,multiple industry stakeholde

77、rs,and varied collection scenarios,represents the biggest challenge in achieving effective post-consumer plastic recycling and utilization.Scope of the ReportChinas plastic waste recycling rate reachedin 202230%Exploring Chinas Solutions for Post-Consumer Plastic Pollution ControlPromoting Consensus

78、 on Plastic RecyclingBuilding a Circular Ecosystem08Addressing plastic pollution requires more than just technological innovation and policy support;it necessitates a deep exploration and transformation of business models.The business model for constructing a plastic circular ecosystem must balance

79、ecological feasibility with economic viability.This chapter will comprehensively evaluate the ecological feasibility of four key stages:design,collection,regeneration,and utilization.Additionally,by analyzing factors such as the pricing of end-to-end recycled plastics,compliance costs,and green prem

80、iums,this chapter aims to explore the economic feasibility of these models.The goal is to identify pathways for achieving a commercially viable plastic circular ecosystem and to explore effective solutions for plastic pollution control tailored to Chinas needs.Building a Sustainable PCR Plastic Circ

81、ular Ecosystem in China10Exploring Chinas Solutions for Post-Consumer Plastic Pollution ControlBuilding a Circular EcosystemEcological Feasibility StudyThe PCR plastic circular ecosystem primarily encompasses four key stages:design,collection,regeneration,and utilization.Both international and domes

82、tic efforts have been made in these areas.When benchmarking against practices in major global economies,China still has room for improvement in certain stages,while demonstrating unique strengths in others.The following analysis will detail the ecological feasibility of these four stages from the pe

83、rspectives of current status,challenges,and recommendations.The table below compares the maturity of plastic circular ecosystems across major global economies(including North America,Europe,and Asia-Pacific)and China1.1The maturity of a plastic circular ecosystem is assessed across four key stages i

84、n the lifecycle of PCR plastics:design,collection,regeneration,and utilization.This assessment evaluates the maturity levels in different regions or countries,identifies current weak points,and outlines directions for improvement.The objective is to advance the PCR plastic circular ecosystem towards

85、 higher levels of maturity.Table 1 Comparison of Plastic Circular Ecosystem MaturityPlastics Circular Ecosystem DevelopmentMajor global Ecomomies Current SituationsCurrent Situations in ChinaDesign Major global economies,international organizations,and brand enterprises have reached a consensus to p

86、romote the sustainable development of the plastic recycling industry chain through strict design standards,and have achieved certain results.Some economies,such as North America,EU,Australia,Japan,and Singapore,have established design guidelines or standards based on the characteristics of their pla

87、stic recycling systems.Chinas ecological design standards system is still in the process of being established and improved,requiring more time and the accumulation of practical experience.At the same time,it is necessary to strengthen collaboration across the entire industry chain,promote communicat

88、ion and cooperation at all stages,and ensure that standards cover the entire industry chain.Collection The differences among countries are significant.Some countries have implemented a combination of waste sorting systems,Extended Producer Responsibility(EPR),and deposit schemes,leading to higher re

89、cycling rates.Under the current recycling model(a combination of formal and informal channels),the overall recycling rate is high,with the recycling rate of PET bottles being world-leading.However,the recycling of low-value plastic packaging remains the biggest shortcoming.The existing recycling mod

90、el needs optimization to achieve sustainability.RegenerationMechanical Recycling Developed countries have strict environmental protection requirements,and the physical recycling industry chain has already relocated.The mechanical recycling industry in China has entered a phase of rapid growth,charac

91、terized by a large number of market players and a relatively fragmented competitive landscape.Companies like Kingfa Science&Technology and INTCO Recycling have achieved profitability through comprehensive strategic deployments.Chemical Recycling Progress on large-scale commercial projects has slowed

92、 due to technical and economic constraints.In Europe,there are projects under construction,and several industrial demonstration units are successfully operating.Due to technical,economic,and regulatory factors,large-scale commercial chemical recycling projects are still in the early stages in China.

93、In recent years,many leading enterprises have initiated chemical recycling trials,and some companies are preparing to accelerate commercialization.Utilization Due to limitations in usage scenarios,recycling processing capabilities,and market capacity,the cascade utilization system is incomplete.Some

94、 countries can achieve bottle-to-bottle recycling,while others can only downgrade recycled plastics for use.A complete cascade utilization system has been formed.However,due to limitations in technology,economics,and policy,the current focus is primarily on downgraded utilization,and the potential f

95、or end-to-end utilization remains to be further explored.maturesproutBuilding a Sustainable PCR Plastic Circular Ecosystem in China11Exploring Chinas Solutions for Post-Consumer Plastic Pollution ControlBuilding a Circular EcosystemDesign Stage:International Representative Recycling Design Standards

96、Mature recycling design standards have already been established in Europe and the United States,while China is gradually developing green transformation design standards.Product eco-design integrates environmental concerns into the design phase,aiming to reduce resource extraction and minimize envir

97、onmental impact from the outset.This concept drives product design to consider the entire lifecycle,promoting the use of recycled materials and reusable models,and reducing dependence on single-use products.For plastic products,eco-design is a core element in realizing a circular economy,as it ensur

98、es that products can seamlessly enter the recycling stream after use,transforming into new raw materials.This concept has gained widespread recognition across the entire industrial chain,requiring upstream and downstream enterprises to consider the recyclability of products from the design stage.Maj

99、or global economies,international organizations,and brands have reached a consensus on this approach and are advancing the sustainable development of the plastic circular industry chain through stringent design standards,achieving significant results.Several countries and regions,including North Ame

100、rica,Europe,Australia,Japan,Singapore,and other parts of the Asia-Pacific,have established design guidelines or standards tailored to their respective plastic recycling systems.These are outlined below:North American StandardsThe Association of Plastic Recyclers(APR)in the United States has issued t

101、he APR Design Guide for Plastics Recyclability,a comprehensive set of guidelines developed through extensive feedback from across the value chain.This guide assists packaging designers in creating packaging that is easier to recycle and regenerate,thereby contributing to the production of high-quali

102、ty PCR that meet preferred design criteria.European StandardsIn Europe,Plastics Recyclers Europe(PRE)and RecyClass have published design guidelines that focus on optimizing the recyclability of plastic products.The PRE guidelines cover every stage from product design to recycling and processing,prov

103、iding detailed technical specifications and operational guidance to ensure that new product designs can seamlessly integrate into existing recycling systems.Asia-Pacific StandardsIn the Asia-Pacific region,countries such as Japan and Singapore have developed their own design standards based on their

104、 unique recycling systems.These standards consider local recycling capacities and market demands,ensuring that the designed plastic products can be efficiently processed and utilized within the local recycling infrastructure.Current LandscapeBuilding a Sustainable PCR Plastic Circular Ecosystem in C

105、hina12Exploring Chinas Solutions for Post-Consumer Plastic Pollution ControlBuilding a Circular EcosystemGlobal Institutions and Brand Enterprises:The CGFs Golden Design RulesPackaging design plays a crucial role in reducing unnecessary packaging materials and ensuring the reuse and recyclability of

106、 plastic packaging.In recent years,the rise of technical design guidelines has highlighted the urgent need for globally harmonized design principles to drive the circular plastic economy forward.In response to the New Plastics Economy Global Commitment,jointly led by the Ellen MacArthur Foundation a

107、nd the United Nations Environment Programme,the Consumer Goods Forum(CGF)has developed nine Golden Design Rules that cover the majority of plastic packaging.These principles are based on existing eco-design guidelines,including those issued by the Association of Plastic Recyclers and Plastics Recycl

108、ers Europe,as well as recommendations from experts and recycling associations,with input from coalition members,some of whom have already implemented portions of these rules.Thirty-three leading multinational companies have endorsed these principles,committing to apply the Golden Design Rules to the

109、ir plastic packaging portfolios by 2025.These principles can be extended across global value chains and are compatible with technical packaging guidelines in various regions and countries,significantly advancing the development of the circular plastic economy.Table 2 Golden Design Rules Aligned with

110、 the New Plastics Economy Global CommitmentEliminate problematic or unnecesary packagingEnhance the recycing value of packaging types that are not yet widely recycled but wil be in future systemsIncrease the recycling value of packaging types that are already widely recycled in the current systemlmp

111、rove the environmental performance of B2B packagingEnhance consumer communication Rule 2:Remove Problematic Elements from Packaging Rule 3:Eliminate Excess Headspace Rule 4:Reduce Plastic Overwraps Rule 5:Increase Recycling Value for PET Thermoformed Trays and Other PET Thermoformed Packaging Rule 6

112、:Increase Recycling Value in Flexible Consumer Packaging Rule 1:Increase Value in PET Recycling Rule 7:Increase Recycling Value in Rigid HDPE and PP Rule 8:Reduce Virgin Plastic Use in Business-to-Business Plastic Packaging Rule 9:Use On-Pack Recycling InstructionsGlobalcommitment to the New Plastic

113、s EconomyGolden Design Rules0102030405Building a Sustainable PCR Plastic Circular Ecosystem in China13Exploring Chinas Solutions for Post-Consumer Plastic Pollution ControlBuilding a Circular EcosystemEstablishment of Green Circular Eco-Design Standards in ChinaChina is gradually constructing a gree

114、n circular eco-design standard system,and the concept of green design is widely applied in policies related to plastic pollution prevention,waste management,and the circular economy.However,there is currently a lack of dedicated policies specifically for green design principles,and green design has

115、not been explicitly recognized as an independent measure to reduce plastic pollution.Although some policies and technical documents advocate for green design in plastic products,overall,China is still in the early stages regarding the definition,standard system,and certification of green product des

116、ign.Understanding and standardization of design fundamentals across the industry chain need further alignment.Meanwhile,China is actively exploring the development of a green design system and standards suited to national conditions.Several standards have been established for the design of plastic p

117、roducts,some of which have been elevated to national standards.The Double E Design System is a representative practice among these.The Double E Design SystemThe Plastic Products Easy-to-Recycle and Easy-to-Regenerate Design System(referred to as the Double E Design System)was jointly released by the

118、 China Petroleum and Chemical Industry Federation(CPCIF)and the China National Resources Recycling Association(CRRA).It encompasses standards,certification,and testing systems.Its goal is to enhance the recyclability and regenerability of plastic products by considering lifecycle management during t

119、he design phase through the formulation of technical standards and industry norms.The key to waste plastic recycling and regeneration lies in having a well-established recycling system and regeneration capabilities at the backend.To address the issues of difficult recycling and regeneration of PCR p

120、lastics,the Double E design standard starts from the end-of-life recycling and regeneration,emphasizing the need to fully consider recyclability and regenerability at the design stage,hence the name Easy-to-Recycle and Easy-to-Regenerate(Double E).The Double E design concept is derived from the 3R p

121、rinciples of the circular economy and focuses on three core pain points of plastic recycling:difficulty in front-end collection,high recycling costs,and low regeneration value.Based on these pain points and incorporating the latest technological advancements,the Double E design system introduces the

122、 new 3A concept,which stipulates that technical processes and business models must be feasible(Available),socially,environmentally,and economically acceptable(Acceptable),and the costs associated with eco-design and green transformation must be affordable(Affordable).Easy recyclability and regenerab

123、ility are fundamental to achieving the circular use and sustainable value of plastic waste.Building a Sustainable PCR Plastic Circular Ecosystem in China14Exploring Chinas Solutions for Post-Consumer Plastic Pollution ControlBuilding a Circular EcosystemFigure 3 Double E Design StandardsThe Double E

124、 design standard employs a combination of general principles and specific guidelines.Based on the common and characteristic principles of ecological design for plastic products,it initially categorizes plastic products into four major application segments:primary packaging,secondary packaging,engine

125、ering,and agricultural construction.Each segment is further subdivided into specific application directions,with detailed Double E evaluation guidelines developed for each.Through a comprehensive analysis of the current state of plastic ecological design domestically and internationally,it is eviden

126、t that recyclable and reusable plastic design has evolved into a mature conceptual framework and widely accepted tool in major global economies,international institutions,and brand enterprises.Simultaneously,in Life Cycle Assessment(LCA)analyses,the end-of-life treatment method for products is recyc

127、ling rather than incineration,which also shows significant carbon reduction benefits in Scope 3.Therefore,in understanding the implications and logic of recyclable and reusable design,it is crucial to draw from and compare with global best practices to help develop a globally unified recyclable and

128、reusable design system and achieve consensus on circular economy goals across the industry chain.General principleRules in placeUnder developmentWinding filmPneumaticColumn BagsThermosShrink FilmCourier BagsTrayCommodityPackagingLogistics packagingBuilding MaterialsElectronic andelectricalappliances

129、AutomobileMulchPlastic GratingGreenhousefilmGeomembraneForage FilmDrip irrigation tapeAgricultural FilmCivil ProtectionFood and Pharmac-eutical PackagingBeveragebottlesDairyPackagingDaily ChemicalPackagingHeavy Duty BagsEisai PackagingLubricantPackagingFood Soft PackagingRice&Noodle PackagingTakeawa

130、yCatering KitsDaily necessitiespackagingIndustrial PackagingSecondaryPackagingEngineeringAgricultural constructionPrimary PackagingBuilding a Sustainable PCR Plastic Circular Ecosystem in China15Exploring Chinas Solutions for Post-Consumer Plastic Pollution ControlBuilding a Circular EcosystemDespit

131、e notable progress in Chinas plastic ecological design standards,several challenges and issues persist when compared to internationally mature standards:Issues and RecommendationsInternational recycling design guidelines,such as the APR in the United States and PRE in Europe,have achieved a high lev

132、el of maturity and broad influence through years of practice and optimization.In contrast,Chinas standards system is still in the process of establishment and refinement,requiring additional time and practical experience to mature.Maturity of the Standards SystemInternational design guidelines often

133、 rely on feedback and consensus from the entire industry chain.Chinas efforts in coordinating and unifying these aspects still need enhancement.There is a need to further promote communication and cooperation across various stages of the industry chain to ensure comprehensive implementation of stand

134、ards.Industry-Wide CoordinationWhen formulating design standards,China must consider local recycling capabilities and market demands to ensure that plastic products can be efficiently processed and reused within the local recycling system.Additionally,standards must be continuously updated and optim

135、ized to keep pace with rapid market and technological advancements.Alignment of Technology and MarketBuilding a Sustainable PCR Plastic Circular Ecosystem in China16Exploring Chinas Solutions for Post-Consumer Plastic Pollution ControlBuilding a Circular EcosystemRecommendations to Address These Iss

136、ues:Enhance International Cooperation and CommunicationActively adopt and integrate mature international design standards and best practices,tailored to local conditions,to develop recycling design guidelines suited to the Chinese market.Enhancing international cooperation will help elevate the matu

137、rity and impact of these standards.Policy Support and IncentivesThe government should advance the implementation of ecological design standards through legislative and policy support.For instance,adopting elements from the EUs Eco-design Directive to mandate environmental considerations in product d

138、esign and encourage businesses to incorporate circular economy principles at the design stage.Promote Technological Innovation and Standard OptimizationContinuously pursue technological innovation to improve the design and recycling capabilities of plastic products.Update and refine design standards

139、 in response to market and technological developments to ensure they remain relevant in a rapidly evolving environment.Raise Public Awareness and Market DriveEnhance public understanding and acceptance of ecological design and the circular economy.Leverage market demand to encourage companies to con

140、sider ecological design principles during the design phase,resulting in more products that meet sustainable development requirements.Facilitate Industry-Wide Collaborative DevelopmentEstablish communication and coordination mechanisms across sectors and industries to strengthen cooperation among gov

141、ernment,enterprises,research institutions,and industry associations.This collaborative approach will drive the development and implementation of standards,ensuring that green design leads the entire industry chain.Building a Sustainable PCR Plastic Circular Ecosystem in China17Exploring Chinas Solut

142、ions for Post-Consumer Plastic Pollution ControlBuilding a Circular EcosystemCollection Stage:Learning from Leading Countries to Pilot Multi-stakeholder Collaboration ModelsIn 2022,China produced over 60 million tons of waste plasticii,with a recycling volume of approximately 18 million tonsiii,resu

143、lting in a comprehensive recycling rate of 30%.This rate is higher than that of Europe(26.9%iv),Japan(21.84%v),and the United States(8.65%).However,there is considerable variation in recycling rates among different categories and sources.For instance,high-value post-consumer plastics,such as PET(Pol

144、yethylene Terephthalate)bottles,have a high recycling rate.PET bottles account for about 22%of the total post-consumer plastic recycling volume,making it the largest single category by recycling volumeiii,with a recycling rate of approximately 95.4%vi.This rate exceeds that of Japan(86.0%in 2021vii)

145、,Europe(75%in 2022viii),and the United States(38.1%in 2022ix),placing China at the forefront internationally.Conversely,low-value post-consumer plastics,represented by low-value plastic packaging(including non-PET plastic bottles,express packaging,other packaging films,various commodity plastic pack

146、aging,and food containers),account for the highest proportion of post-consumer plastic.In 2022,the usage of low-value plastic packaging was 50.66 million tons,with a recycling volume of 8.25 million tons,resulting in a recycling rate of only 16.3%x.This represents the most significant shortcoming in

147、 post-consumer plastic recycling.Current Landscape:The collection of low-value plastic packaging remains a significant challengeii國家發展和改革委員會宏觀經濟研究院經濟體制與管理研究所.廢塑料化學循環綜合性研究報告 R.2024.03iii China Plastic recycling Association of CPRA.Development Report of China plastic Recycling Industry 2023R.2024.05iv

148、 Plastics Europe.The circular Economy for Plastics-A European Analysis 2024R.2024-05v GPRG.從全球到中國 塑料生產、消費、廢棄、回收利用 R.2022.06.vi BI Y Y,LIU J Y,DONG L,et al.Study on the production and recovery level of waste PET drinking bottles in ChinaJ.Journal of Environmental Engineering Technology,2022,12(1)185-

149、190.vii The Council for PET Bottle Recycling.Recycling Rate of PET BottlesEB/OL.https:/www.petbottle-rec.gr.jp/english/actual2.htmlviii Plastics Recyclers Europe,Natural Mineral Waters Europe,PETCORE Europe,UNESDA,ICIS.PET Market in Europe State of Play Production,Collection&Recycling Data 2022R.htt

150、ps:/www.unesda.eu/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/PET-plastic-Market-in-Europe-State-of-Play-Production-Collection-Recycling-Data_2022.pdfix Association of Plastic Recyclers.2022 U.S.Post-Consume Plastic Recycling Data DashboardEB/OL.https:/ 國家發展和改革委員會宏觀經濟研究院,經濟體制與管理研究所.中國低值可回收物回收利用現狀研究報告 R.2023.12 Build

151、ing a Sustainable PCR Plastic Circular Ecosystem in China18Exploring Chinas Solutions for Post-Consumer Plastic Pollution ControlBuilding a Circular EcosystemThe large volume,complex categories,long recycling chain,numerous stakeholders,and varied collection scenarios of household plastic waste pres

152、ent significant challenges.Therefore,this report focuses on the collection of household plastic waste,primarily PET bottles and low-value plastic packaging.PET BottlesLow-Value Plastic PackagingThe extremely high recycling rate of PET bottles in China benefits from a parallel model of recycling chan

153、nels formed by scavengers and private waste collection stations,along with channels established by the government and recycling companies.In many cases,the former even plays a dominant role.This market-driven,flexible,and low-cost model faces challenges such as poor compliance,inefficiency in logist

154、ics,and limited traceability.With stricter environmental enforcement,advancements in household waste sorting,and changes in labour structures,the scavenger population is decreasing,which may impact the PET bottle recycling rate.Simultaneously,driven by policies supporting carbon neutrality and circu

155、lar economy,formal recycling systems are being accelerated,and the rise of Internet+Recycling models is improving system efficiency and meeting the recycling industrys demand for high-quality,traceable PET bottles,albeit with increased system costs.Currently,only a few leading cities in household wa

156、ste sorting are supporting the collection of low-value plastic packaging.However,challenges remain,including heavy government subsidy burdens,poor integration of low-value recyclable material channels led by recycling enterprises with the household waste sorting management system,and suboptimal oper

157、ation of intelligent sorting and collection systems.At its core,Chinas low-value plastic packaging recycling faces three key challenges:First,plastic packaging design does not adequately consider recyclability,leading to incineration or landfill treatment after single-use.Second,the return on invest

158、ment is low,with collection,sorting,and recycling of low-value plastic packaging struggling to be profitable.It is categorized as other waste in the current household waste sorting system,with ineffective sorting and lack of large-scale collection,making it difficult to establish a market-based recy

159、cling chain.Third,chemical recycling,a promising method for low-value plastic packaging,requires a relatively stable and concentrated raw material supply.However,current recycling rates for low-value plastic packaging do not meet the requirements for chemical recycling,and chemical recycling project

160、s have yet to achieve effective implementation and scalability,with limited demand stimulation.Addressing these issues requires the implementation of green design standards and,concurrently,the development of an economic feasibility mechanism.This involves enhancing household waste sorting to ensure

161、 effective segregation and establishing a collaborative,cost-sharing collection system that enables efficient,large-scale,and intelligent sorting,thus providing stable,high-quality raw materials for mechanical and chemical recycling.IssuesBuilding a Sustainable PCR Plastic Circular Ecosystem in Chin

162、a19Exploring Chinas Solutions for Post-Consumer Plastic Pollution ControlBuilding a Circular EcosystemRecommendations:Leveraging Household Waste Sorting to Develop a Multi-stakeholder Collaboration Recycling SystemReferring to the experiences of Germany,Japan,South Korea and other countries with goo

163、d performance in collecting waste plastics from household sources,it can be found that all of them take mandatory separation of household waste as a precursor,supplemented by the EPR system and deposit scheme.Effective household waste sorting significantly reduces the mixing of waste plastics with o

164、rganic waste,improving collection volume and cleanliness,and enhancing sorting efficiency.EPR systems provide financial support for recycling systems,reducing government subsidy pressures,ensuring recycling rates,and promoting upstream packaging reduction,reuse,and recyclable design.EPR is widely re

165、garded as an effective recycling mechanism and is increasingly accepted by stakeholders in various countries and regions,though the system design and implementation have considerable complexity.Deposit schemes not only offer financial support but also establish independent collection channels for pa

166、ckaging containers like PET bottles,enabling traceability of recycled materials and meeting market demand for food-grade recycled materials.However,setting up collection infrastructure requires significant initial investment,and the allocation of costs needs to be evaluated.Based on the current stat

167、e of household waste plastic collection in China and international experience,we recommend adopting an EPR-like system,fully utilizing the existing household waste sorting infrastructure,and developing a multi-stakeholder,eco-friendly collection model.This approach aims to explore economically feasi

168、ble recycling pathways and improve the recycling rate of household waste plastics,particularly low-value plastics.Since 2019,China has been implementing a nationwide waste sorting system,which has established a solid foundation.Some cities have implemented effective waste sorting management models,a

169、chieving high levels of community participation;others,although residents have not fully adopted self-sorting,have built waste sorting and transportation systems with a no sorting,no collection requirement,pushing secondary sorting at waste disposal sites,and ensuring sorting effectiveness.Several l

170、eading cites in waste-sorting have developed directories for low-value recyclable materials,including low-value plastic packaging,supporting the construction and operation of collection points and sorting centers for these materials,thus facilitating the sorting and collection of low-value plastic p

171、ackaging.Some cities have also developed mature digital management models for household waste,enhancing sorting and resource recovery management,and laying the groundwork for traceability certification.We seek to establish a scientifically reasonable cost-sharing mechanism among brands and other sta

172、keholders within an appropriate cooperation framework to jointly explore the construction of a household waste plastic recycling system.Initially,we recommend selecting regions with a strong foundation in household waste sorting or low-value recyclable material collection,such as Suzhou,Shanghai,Xia

173、men,and Beijing.The proposed collaborative model involves multiple brands jointly funding the closed-loop waste collection in areas where the waste sorting system is already well-established.This includes detailed sorting and transportation of plastic waste,with cooperation from property management

174、companies,communities,recycling enterprises,and government.Brands producing and using similar plastic products can establish consistent sorting requirements,enhancing the input-output efficiency of collection in all pilot areas.Building a Sustainable PCR Plastic Circular Ecosystem in China20Explorin

175、g Chinas Solutions for Post-Consumer Plastic Pollution ControlBuilding a Circular EcosystemTable 3 Multi-stakeholder Collaboration ModelThe principles for funding allocation in the collaborative model should consider that brands whose products or packaging predominantly use low-value plastics bear t

176、he major share of the costs.Brands whose products or packaging predominantly use high-recycling-rate categories,such as PET,should contribute based on the proportion of their environmental leakage.Brands using other types of plastics or paper-plastic composite packaging should jointly support recycl

177、ing efforts in pilot areas.It is important to note that the feasibility of these allocation principles and the management of funds will require extensive discussion among stakeholders including the government,brands,recycling companies,communities,and property management entities during actual imple

178、mentation.The multi-stakeholder collaborative model facilitates brands in fulfilling their plastic commitments,boosts the confidence of recycling and regeneration enterprises,encourages property management to engage in plastic waste collection,and promotes front-end waste sorting.It also aids in col

179、lecting plastics that have leaked into the environment.The dialogue mechanisms formed among various stakeholders foster mutual understanding,enhance trust,and improve the coordination and development of the recycling system.The experience gained from the pilot operation of the collaborative model wi

180、ll provide valuable insights for the top-level design and implementation of EPR systems in the plastic recycling sector in China.Additionally,this model can alleviate the financial strain on government subsidies for low-value recyclable materials,enable sustained recycling of low-value plastics in m

181、ore cities,achieve economies of scale,reduce recycling costs,and enhance the quality and recycling rate,thereby establishing a solid foundation for subsequent regeneration processes.StakeholderResponsibilitiesBenefitsGovernmentImplement household waste sorting;support the development of low-value re

182、cyclable materials collection systems;facilitate multi-stakeholder pilot projectsReduced subsidy expenditures;plastic pollution controlled;achievement of circular economy goalsConsumer Brands&E-commercePromote eco-design;participate in the development and operation of plastic sorting and collection

183、systems;establish sorting requirements for plastic wasteFulfillment of plastic commitments;acquisition of high-quality recycled plastics;access to policy support,consumer endorsement,and investor recognitionProperty Management&CommunitiesManage waste sorting;educate and guide residents;perform neces

184、sary sorting tasksIncentives for collecting low-value recyclable materials;improved performance in waste sorting;enhanced community environmentRecycling CompaniesCollect and sort waste plastics according to requirementsStable financial support for the development of recovery points and sorting capab

185、ilities.RegeneratingCompaniesRegenerate PCR plasticsAccess to a stable,sufficient,high-quality,and traceable supply of PCR plasticsSocial OrganizationsAdvocate for policies;conduct public education and raise awareness;empower grassroots organizations;evaluate brands;coordinate among stakeholdersAchi

186、eve the public interest of reducing plastic pollutionAcademic Sector&tanksConduct research;advocate for policiesResearch findings;achieve the public interest of reducing plastic pollutionBuilding a Sustainable PCR Plastic Circular Ecosystem in China21Exploring Chinas Solutions for Post-Consumer Plas

187、tic Pollution ControlBuilding a Circular EcosystemAccording to OECD forecasts,by 2060,the global recycling rate of waste plastics(primarily achieved through mechanical and chemical recycling technologies)is expected to reach 60%,making it the predominant treatment method surpassing incineration and

188、landfilling.The following is a comparison of waste plastic treatments:Refers to the direct landfilling of plasticsRefers to the direct incineration of plasticsRefers to plastics that are collected,sorted,cleaned,ground into flakes,sorted again,and then melted into small pellets for use in the manufa

189、cture of new productsWaste plastics are converted through a series of chemical processes into components such as plastic monomers,which in turn create new plastics or other valuable chemical products Low Disposal Difficulty Low Disposal Difficulty Reduction of environmental pollution(land,sea,air,et

190、c.)and reduction of greenhouse gas emissions New renewable products Reduction of environmental pollution(land,sea,air,etc.)and reduction of greenhouse gas emissions Reduced recycling restrictions Maintains high quality of new recycled products Causes land encroachment and pollution Causes environmen

191、tal pollution and increases CO2 emissions Wasteful consumption of fossil fuels Requires front-end sorting and is difficult to separate and recycle Recycling costs are relatively high Difficult to guarantee the quality of new products and cannot be used in specific areas High technical difficulty Sca

192、le-up not yet realized Economy needs to be improved Recycling cost is relatively highThe recycling stage is primarily divided into mechanical and chemical recycling.China has made significant progress in mechanical recycling,establishing a relatively comprehensive industry chain and demonstrating a

193、leading position globally.Concurrently,chemical recycling technologies also show immense potential,although they are still in the early stages of development both globally and within China.Table 4 Comparison of Waste Plastic TreatmentxiWaste Treatment MethodsLandfillMechanicalRecyclingIncinerationCh

194、emicalRecyclingAdvantagesDisadvantagesxi中國石油和化學工業聯合會,羅蘭貝格.廢塑料化學循環白皮書 R.2021-04 Regeneration Stage:Mature Mechanical Recycling Industry in China with Significant Potential for Chemical RecyclingBuilding a Sustainable PCR Plastic Circular Ecosystem in China22Exploring Chinas Solutions for Post-Consume

195、r Plastic Pollution ControlBuilding a Circular EcosystemCurrent LandscapeMechanical Recycling:The Industry Chain in China is Relatively MatureChemical Recycling:Promising Technological BreakthroughsMechanical recycling involves processing waste plastics through mechanical routes to produce reusable

196、raw materials.This process includes steps such as cleaning,shredding,melting,and pelletizing.Currently,mechanical recycling in China has become the most developed segment in the field of plastic recycling.Leveraging a robust manufacturing base and technological innovation,China has made significant

197、progress,and the mechanical recycling industry chain is now in a rapid development phase.Represented by companies such as Kingfa Sci.&Tech.and InnoPlast,China has achieved notable advancements in mechanical recycling.These companies utilize advanced production lines and stringent quality controls to

198、 achieve large-scale production and continually optimize cost structures,enabling mechanical PCR plasticsto compete with virgin plastics in the market.Kingfa Sci.&Tech.,a global leader in PCR plastics production,has established an efficient production process by adopting advanced equipment and techn

199、ologies,ensuring the quality and performance of PCR plastics.Similarly,InnoPlast,through independent research and technological innovation,has improved the market competitiveness of PCR plastics while reducing production costs.The successful practices of these companies highlight Chinas significant

200、potential and global competitiveness in mechanical recycling.The development of the mechanical recycling industry in China is driven not only by technological and production advancements but also by the improvement of the industry chain and broad market acceptance.Chinese recycled plastic companies,

201、through continuous technological innovation and rigorous quality control,have managed to produce recycled products with performance and quality comparable to virgin plastics.These products are widely welcomed in the market,further accelerating the rapid development of the mechanical recycling indust

202、ry.Chemical recycling involves the transformation of waste plastics into basic chemical raw materials or fuels through chemical reactions.Compared to mechanical recycling,chemical recycling offers the potential to process a variety of complex plastics that are difficult to recycle mechanically,parti

203、cularly mixed and heavily contaminated plastics.However,due to its technical complexity,high costs,and limitations in policy and market acceptance,chemical recycling has not yet seen widespread commercialization in China.The advantages of chemical recycling lie in its ability to handle complex and m

204、ixed waste plastics,which is crucial for improving the overall plastic recycling rate.Additionally,chemical recycling can produce high-quality chemical raw materials,providing new pathways for the high-value utilization of waste plastics.With ongoing technological advancements and progress in commer

205、cialization,chemical recycling is poised to become a significant component of the plastic circular economy.Currently,chemical recycling technology in China is still in its nascent stages but has already demonstrated significant potential.Several pilot projects and research initiatives are underway,w

206、ith leading companies such as Sinopec accelerating their efforts to commercialize this technology.Through collaboration with research institutions,these companies are addressing technical challenges,reducing production costs,and enhancing the economic feasibility of chemical recycling.In the future,

207、with advancements in technology and supportive policies,chemical recycling is expected to see broader application across China.Building a Sustainable PCR Plastic Circular Ecosystem in China23Exploring Chinas Solutions for Post-Consumer Plastic Pollution ControlBuilding a Circular EcosystemIssues and

208、 RecommendationsDespite the significant progress China has made in the field of plastic recycling,the industry continues to face several challenges.In the relatively mature area of mechanical recycling,industry concentration remains low,with a predominance of small,fragmented enterprises.This fragme

209、ntation drives up raw material prices and leads to phenomena such as the displacement of high-quality materials by lower-quality ones.Additionally,the broad range of waste plastic sources,types,and colors increases the complexity and difficulty of recycling processes,making the establishment of unif

210、ied quality standards and evaluation systems particularly crucial.Furthermore,fluctuations in policy and market conditions introduce uncertainty for the recycling industry,necessitating ongoing policy support to ensure that the industry remains flexible in the face of these changes.In summary,as glo

211、bal environmental awareness grows and policies continue to evolve,Chinas PCR plastics industry is on the brink of new development opportunities.Advances in the regenerating stage can enhance upstream eco-design and regeneration processes,while also paving the way for high-value utilization technolog

212、ies and commercialization in downstream applications.Establish a Waste Plastic Recycling System Aligned with Regeneration and Utilization RequirementsAccelerate the Commercialization of Regenerating TechnologiesPromote Sustainable Plastic Packaging DesignEstablish a Traceable Management System for P

213、CRPlastics are often mixed with household waste,leading to the wastage of valuable resources.It is advisable for regions with the capability to revise their current household waste sorting systems by removing low-value recyclable plastics from the other waste category and establishing a directory fo

214、r low-value recyclables that includes these plastics.Additionally,we suggest providing dedicated plastic recycling containers,and encouraging the development of plastic sorting centers to enhance sorting efficiency and recycling rates.Current regenerating technologies demonstrate potential for scali

215、ng-up but require further validation and refinement of key technical aspects.It is recommended to optimize sorting and pretreatment technologies for plastics in household waste to enhance regeneration efficiency,upgrade mechanical recycling technologies,and promote the dissemination and improvement

216、of chemical recycling technologies to achieve more efficient regeneration.Some plastic packaging poses safety risks due to harmful additives such as phthalates and bisphenols,which impact recycling efficiency and safety.It is recommended to adopt easy-to-recycle and easy-to-regenerater design princi

217、ples,reduce the use of composite packaging,and encourage the widespread use of high-strength mulch films and soft plastic packaging.To ensure the authenticity and reliability of PCR plastics,a comprehensive traceability management system should be established.Modern information technologies such as

218、big data and blockchain can facilitate compliant,controllable,and traceable management of the entire process of plastic waste collection,regeneration,and utilization,ensuring data accuracy and reliability.To address these challenges,the following recommendations are proposed:2The current methods of

219、dealing with “other waste”are incineration or landfill,where low-value recyclable plastics are not being recycled.Building a Sustainable PCR Plastic Circular Ecosystem in China24Exploring Chinas Solutions for Post-Consumer Plastic Pollution ControlBuilding a Circular EcosystemCurrent LandscapeOver t

220、he past decades,China has leveraged its vast plastics industry to establish a complete PCR plastics utilization system.PCR plastics are extensively used across various sectors including textiles,automotive,packaging,consumer electronics,agriculture,and construction materials.This comprehensive syste

221、m not only ensures 100%domestic utilization of plastic waste but also managed to handle 106 million tons of plastic waste from the European Union,the United States,and other regions from 1992 to 2018,converting it into recycled plastic materials and making a significant contribution to global plasti

222、c pollution management.xii Zhang Deyuan et.al.Plastic Pollution Prevention and Control in China:Principles and PracticeR.Economic Science Press.2022This comprehensive system not only ensures 100%domestic utilization of plastic waste but also managed to handlemillion tons of plastic waste from the Eu

223、ropean Union106Chinas post-consumer plastic recycling system is characterized by its cascading utilization approach.Cascading utilization involves processing and converting PCR plastics into intermediate or final products with different properties and uses through a series of steps,maximizing the us

224、e of PCR plastics and promoting sustainable resource utilization.Within this cascading utilization system,the process begins with end-to-end utilization.High-quality post-consumer plastics,which are clean and well-sorted with low impurity levels,high purity,good modifiability,and high value,are recy

225、cled into new products with performance or functionality comparable to virgin plastics.These include plastic packaging materials,household items,consumer goods,and plastic components in automobiles and electronics,with“bottle-to-bottle”recycling being a notable example of same-level utilization.Foll

226、owing this is downgraded utilization,where PCR plastics are recycled into products for gardening,landscaping,construction materials,and recycled fiber textiles.Finally,as a fallback,heavily contaminated,difficult-to-clean,or compositionally complex plastics are subjected to chemical recycling,extrac

227、ting products like pyrolysis oil.With ongoing advancements in chemical recycling technology,efforts are also being made to explore the refinement of low-value plastics into monomers for end-to-end utilization,turning low value into high value.China boasts the worlds most comprehensive range of plast

228、ics industry sectors and the most diverse applications for PCR plastics.The cascading utilization system optimally matches PCR plastics with their best applications scenarios,not only extending the life cycle of plastics but also generating additional economic value.It also helps control the overall

229、 cost of plastic recycling within socially acceptable limits,enhancing the scale and environmental benefits of PCR plastics.For China,the cascading utilization system represents a significant advantage in addressing plastic waste pollution and should remain a long-term strategy.However,due to techno

230、logical,economic,policy,and regulatory factors,the current primary focus of Chinas PCR plastics cascading utilization is on downgraded utilization,resulting in low product added value and a saturated low-end product market.To increase the value of PCR plastics,enhance the level of PCR plastic recycl

231、ing,and achieve industry upgrades,further exploration of end-to-end utilization potential is needed.Utilization Stage:Comprehensive Cascading Utilization System,with Significant Potential for end-to-end UtilizationBuilding a Sustainable PCR Plastic Circular Ecosystem in China25Exploring Chinas Solut

232、ions for Post-Consumer Plastic Pollution ControlBuilding a Circular EcosystemIssues and RecommendationsExploring the potential of end-to-end utilization faces several structural challenges:The current inadequacies in waste sorting and plastic recycling systems result in significant contamination of

233、plastics.Mechanical recycling processes,which dominate the industry,have limited capability in addressing surface contaminants,affecting the quality of recycled materials.The regeneration industry is primarily composed of small and medium-sized enterprises,with a significant number of informal produ

234、cers still in operation.This leads to inconsistent product quality and stability.Systematic investigations into the safety of using recycled plastics in food-contact materials,concerning both the final products and and the efficiency of decontamination processes,has not yet been conducted.The evalua

235、tion systems for such safety concerns are still under development.Same-level utilization,particularly in applications involving food-contact materials,demands high standards of traceability for PCR plastics.However,current traceability policies are weak,and there is insufficient motivation for busin

236、esses to participate.Additionally,consumer awareness,recognition,and acceptance of traceability systems need improvemen.xiii There is a lack of clear regulations governing the use of PCR plastics,leading to instability in the scale of recycling.Furthermore,the absence of sufficient incentives for PC

237、R plastics at the consumer level diminishes market demand for recycled products.Despite advancements in technology,the cost of converting PCR plastics into products with equivalent or superior quality compared to virgin plastics remains high.Combined with consumer concerns about the performance and

238、safety of recycled products,this limits the further adoption of end-to-end utilization.xiii Du Huanzheng,Lu Sha,Sun Jian.et.al.Construction of High-value Plastics Tracing SystemJ.China Plastics,2021,35(08):37-43.DOI:10.19491/j.issn.1001-9278.2021.08.006.Building a Sustainable PCR Plastic Circular Ec

239、osystem in China26Exploring Chinas Solutions for Post-Consumer Plastic Pollution ControlBuilding a Circular EcosystemThe United States,the European Union,Japan,and South Korea have established relatively mature management measures for recycled plastics used in food contact materials,with targeted co

240、ntrol based on risk assessment.Since the repeal of the Licensing and Review Rules to Produce Plastic Packaging,Containers,Tools and Other Products for Food issued by the former Ministry of Health in 2018,China has lacked specific measures for recycled plastics used in food contact materials.Only one

241、 company has been approved by the former General Administration of Quality Supervision,Inspection and Quarantine and the former Ministry of Health to produce rPET(recycled PET)for food contact use.Learning from Leading CountriesTable 5 Management Measures for Recycled Plastics Used in Food Contact i

242、n the EU,USA,Japan,and South Korea*XING Hang,ZHANG Hong,LI Qianyun,ZHU Lei.Research and analysis on management mode of recycled plastics for food contact at home and abroad.J.Chinese Journal of Food Hygiene,2022,34(06):1179-1184.RegionRegulationsSafety Assessment AgencyEntities Under ManagementEUREG

243、ULATION(EC)No 1935/2004 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 27 October 2004 on materials and articles intended to come into contact with food and repealing Directives 80/590/EEC and 89/109/EEC;Commission Regulation(EU)No 10/2011 of 14 January 2011 on plastic materials and articles inten

244、ded to come into contact with food;Commission Regulation(EU)2022/2016 of 15 September 2022 on recycled plastic materials and articles intended to come into contact with foods,and repealing Regulation(EC)No 282/2008European Food Safety AuthorityOnly recycled plastics produced by appropriate recycling

245、 technologies may be used for food contact,including rPET produced by physical recycling processes(however,different process flows still require separate authorization)and closed-loop recycled plastics from production lines(different process flows do not require separate authorization).All other new

246、 technologies must be evaluated before use.USANo specific regulations for recycled plastics used in food contact,requiring recycled plastics to meet the same requirements as virgin plastics(21 Code federal regulation,21 CFR);Guidance for industry:preparation of premarket submissions for food contact

247、 substances(chemistry recommendations)provides guidance for companies to voluntarily apply for safety evaluation of recycled plastic materials to the FDAFood and Drug AdministrationLevel 1 products(scraps not entering the market within the factory)are considered to pose acceptable risks to consumers

248、 and do not require special safety evaluation.Level 2(produced by mechanical recycling processes like crushing,washing,and melting without changing the basic polymer type)and Level 3(produced by chemical recycling processes like hydrolysis,methanolysis,or glycolysis that depolymerize plastic product

249、s into monomers and re-polymerize them)recycled plastics should undergo safety evaluation.rPET and rPEN produced by Level 3 processes do not need safety evaluation.JapanGuidelines on the Use of Recycled Plastic Materials in Food Utensils,Containers,and Packaging:It is required that recycled plastics

250、 comply with the provisions of the Food Sanitation Law,meaning they must meet the same standards as virgin plastics.Ministry of Health,Labour and WelfareMechanical recycling processes should choose level 1(scraps recycled from production lines)and level 2(post-consumer food-grade containers that hav

251、e not been contaminated)raw materials;chemical recycling processes are not restricted by raw material types.KoreaStandards and Specifications for Utensils,Containers,and PackagingMinistry of Food and Drug SafetyrPET produced by mechanical recycling processes and recycled plastic materials and produc

252、ts produced by chemical recycling processes.Building a Sustainable PCR Plastic Circular Ecosystem in China27Exploring Chinas Solutions for Post-Consumer Plastic Pollution ControlBuilding a Circular EcosystemWe recommend the prompt establishment of comprehensive technical standards,safety assessment

253、criteria,and traceability certification systems for PCR plastics.These measures will provide the necessary technical and safety assurances for both government supervision and industrial production.To stimulate market demand,it is advisable to implement measures such as setting PCR plastics content t

254、argets,providing tax incentives,and establishing government green procurement standards.Moreover,it is essential to ensure full transparency throughout the traceability process,including methods,standards,and certification procedures.Engaging consumers in the traceability value chain will enhance th

255、eir awareness and participation in plastic product traceability,while also leveraging public oversight.xiiiGovernment and leading brands should actively work to raise consumer recognition and acceptance of PCR plastics.For usage in food contact materials,it is recommended to initiate pilot projects

256、to refine practices,enhance the recycling system,and progressively develop regulations and standards.This approach will establish a market entry and regulatory framework to address food safety risks and support the domestic use of food contact PCR plastics and related products.As can be seen from th

257、e above analysis,to promote end-to-end utilization,it is essential to further enhance the plastic circular economy and foster close collaboration among upstream and downstream industries,government,and the public.The expansion of end-to-end recycling and the healthy development of the PCR plastics i

258、ndustry hinge on establishing economically viable models that ensure PCR plastics of comparable quality to virgin plastics are competitively priced.Currently,achieving this goal is both realistic and feasible.The Blue Circle marine plastic recycling project in China has pioneered a comprehensive tra

259、ceability system using IoT and blockchain technologies to create a from ocean to shelf visual tracking network.This system records every stage of the marine waste processfrom collection and sorting to transportation,recycling,and final saleeffectively addressing the challenges of marine plastic cert

260、ification and enhancing the added value of recycled plastics and products.The Blue Circle initiative has been implemented across nine counties and districts in Zhejiang Province.It has engaged over 60,000 participants and more than 10,000 fishing vessels in the collection of marine waste,resulting i

261、n over 10,000 tons of recovered marine debris,including more than 2,000 tons of marine plastic waste.The project has connected over 230 upstream and downstream enterprises,including recycled plastic processing factories,textile mills,and apparel brands.In recognition of its achievements,the Blue Cir

262、cle project was awarded the Champion of the Earth award by the United Nations Environment Programme in 2023.Case Study:Traceable Marine PlasticsThe project has connected over230upstream and downstream enterprisesBuilding a Sustainable PCR Plastic Circular Ecosystem in China28Exploring Chinas Solutio

263、ns for Post-Consumer Plastic Pollution ControlBuilding a Circular EcosystemEconomic Feasibility StudyUnder the global consensus on environmental protection and sustainable development,Chinas PCR plastics industry is at a critical turning point,facing challenges such as difficulty in front-end collec

264、tion,high recycling costs,and low regenerating value.These issues significantly impact and limit the development and economic viability of the industry.In the process of building a plastic circular economy,economic feasibility is crucial.This article will delve into the price structure of PCR plasti

265、cs and future price trends,exploring the economic feasibility of the plastic circular business model through quantitative research,with the aim of establishing a profitable model across the entire value chain and ultimately achieving a truly sustainable plastic circular economy.Price Composition of

266、Recycled PlasticFigure 4 Price Composition of End-to-end Recycled Plastic33Downgraded utilization yields low profits,and the market is becoming saturated.This chapter uses the economic model of end-to-end recycling as an example to explore how to achieve economic viability.Figure 4 is based on the m

267、echanical recycling process.DefinitionEnd-to-end recycled plastics are produced through special processing techniques,such as compatibility modification,enhancement,or blending of different types of recycled plastics pellets.The production process of this type of recycled plastics is more complex th

268、an that of primary recycled plastics,aiming to improve the performance of recycled plastics so that they can be used in the same or similar applications as virgin plastics.Primary recycled plastics are processed directly from the recycled waste plastics.The process typically involves washing,crushin

269、g,and melting the collected waste plastics,then processing them into pellets through extrusion or other forms.Primary recycled plastics are characterized by a relatively simple processing procedure,mainly used for recycling single-type or high-quality PCR plastics.Price Composition of End-to-end Rec

270、ycled PlasticMain Cost ComponentsScrap Plastics CostsPrimary Recycled Particle Costs Level of Contamination Plastic Material Quality Status of Collection System lnfrastructure Government Financial Support Brand involvement and Collaborative Efforts Promotion of Multi-Party Collaborative Collection S

271、ystemsPretreatment costsVarious subsidiesProduction costs(10%)Performance Enhancement Costs(15%)Gross profit(15%)Breakdown of componentsDriving Factors+011.11.21.3020304Raw material costs(60%)Building a Sustainable PCR Plastic Circular Ecosystem in China29Exploring Chinas Solutions for Post-Consumer

272、 Plastic Pollution ControlBuilding a Circular EcosystemRaw Material Cost(Approximately 60%)Raw material cost constitutes the largest portion of the total cost of end-to-end recycled plastics,typically exceeding 60%.This cost includes the direct procurement cost of waste plastics and the pre-treatmen

273、t cost.Subsidies for Raw Materials:In the cost structure of recycled plastics,the cost of the collection(pre-treatment)process occupies a significant proportion.Currently,this portion of the cost is partially offset by government subsidies.Drawing from excellent practices both domestically and inter

274、nationally,here are two important sources of subsidies:The price of waste plastics fluctuates significantly,ranging from a few hundred to several thousand RMB per ton,depending on the material and level of contamination.For example,PET is often priced higher than PE(Polyethylene)due to its superior

275、performance and wide range of applications.At the same level of contamination,the price of waste PET may be higher than that of PE.Additionally,the procurement cost of waste plastics is largely influenced by their source,quality,and market supply-demand conditions.For instance,waste plastics from in

276、dustrial and commercial sources are typically of higher quality and less contaminated,thus commanding a higher procurement price compared to waste plastics from residential sources.Currently,due to the lack of a systematic traceability mechanism in waste plastic collection and trading,the inconsiste

277、ncy in raw material standards increases the uncertainty in procurement costs and makes accurate quality assessment of waste plastics challenging.The price of waste plasticsPre-treatment costs include steps such as washing,crushing,sorting,and resorting,which are essential for removing impurities and

278、 ensuring the quality of recycled plastic pellets.For lower-quality waste plastics,pre-treatment is particularly complex and relatively costly.In some cases,pre-treatment costs account for more than half of the raw material costs,especially for mixed or heavily contaminated waste plastics.Therefore,

279、building a profitable recycling model can effectively enhance the economic viability of the plastic circular economy.Subsidies for Raw MaterialsTo promote circular economy and environmental projects,government-provided subsidies can directly reduce the production cost of end-to-end recycled plastics

280、.At present,these subsidies are implemented only in selected pilot areas,with forms and amounts varying by region.Expanding and standardizing these subsidy policies will significantly enhance the economic competitiveness of recycled plastics.Government SubsidiesPre-treatment costsBuilding a Sustaina

281、ble PCR Plastic Circular Ecosystem in China30Exploring Chinas Solutions for Post-Consumer Plastic Pollution ControlBuilding a Circular EcosystemAn urban district government launched a low-value recyclables disposal project to improve the recycling rate of low-value recyclables.This project aims to s

282、elect qualified third-party companies through government procurement to be responsible for the collection,sorting,storage,packaging,transportation,and resource reuse of low-value recyclables.Project Budget:The total budget is RMB 4 million.Service Term:The contract period is 2 years,covering 18 subd

283、istricts and townships in the district.Subsidy Targets:The focus is on general low-value recyclables(such as waste glass,waste textiles,low-value waste plastics,paper-based composite packaging,etc.)as well as special low-value recyclables(such as takeout plastic containers and utensils,low-value dis

284、carded electrical and electronic products).Overall Requirements:During the project execution,all target recyclables must be effectively handled,ensuring comprehensive collection.Sites and Methodologies:The successful bidding company must set up disposal points,equip them with necessary facilities an

285、d personnel,and carry out sorting,storage,packaging,transportation,and resource reuse.The district government is responsible for organizing relevant departments to collect and transport the recyclables to the processing bases designated by the bidding company.Expected Recycling Target:Based on preli

286、minary research,the project is expected to recycle approximately 8,030 tons of low-value recyclables annually,aiming to significantly increase the recycling resource utilization rate of waste through the implementation of this project.The low-value recyclables disposal project in this urban district

287、 not only demonstrates the governments commitment to environmental protection and resource recycling but also indicates that subsidy policies and practical measures in the environmental field will continue to be optimized and expanded in the future.Case Study:Low-Value Recyclables Disposal Project i

288、n an Urban District Project BackgroundGovernment SubsidiesSpecific RequirementsPolicy Direction and Future TrendsAs analyzed in section 2.1.2 regarding the recycling stage,the coordinated cooperation of stakeholders such as brands,government,recycling enterprises,and communities,especially in areas

289、with a strong foundation of waste sorting,can promote the refinement of waste sorting and collection channels,further improving the efficiency and quality of post-consumer plastic collection.Multi-stakeholder participation in the construction of a collection system,through subsidies or joint efforts

290、 in the raw material stage,can effectively reduce the costs in the preprocessing stage,improving the economic viability and market competitiveness of recycled plastics.Overall,multi-stakeholder collaboration contributes to establishing a sustainable circular economy system,reducing the pressure on g

291、overnment subsidies,while encouraging enterprises to fulfill their social responsibilities,ultimately achieving long-term sustainable development of plastic recycling.Multi-stakeholder Collaborative ModelBuilding a Sustainable PCR Plastic Circular Ecosystem in China31Exploring Chinas Solutions for P

292、ost-Consumer Plastic Pollution ControlBuilding a Circular EcosystemProduction Cost(Approximately 10%)Production cost involves transforming pre-treated plastics into plastic pellets through processes like high-temperature melting and extrusion.This process includes energy consumption,equipment deprec

293、iation,and maintenance.Energy costs constitute a significant portion of production costs,especially in regions with high electricity and fuel prices.Additionally,with increasingly stringent environmental regulations,investments in environmental protection equipment are becoming an increasingly impor

294、tant part of production costs.Performance Enhancement Cost(Approximately 15%)To achieve performance standards similar to virgin plastics,recycled plastic materials need to be enhanced by adding compatibilizers,reinforcements,and other chemical additives.These costs depend on the required performance

295、 standards and the prices of additives,which can vary significantly depending on the type of additives used.Gross Profit Margin(Approximately 15%)Based on data from representative companies in the plastic recycling industry,the gross profit margin for primary recycled plastic materials is less than

296、15%.However,for end-to-end recycled plastics,the gross profit margin can reach 15%-20%,reflecting their higher market value compared to primary recycled materials.the gross profit margin for primary recycled plastics is less thanHowever,for end-to-end recycled plastics,the gross profit margin can re

297、ach15%15%-20%Building a Sustainable PCR Plastic Circular Ecosystem in China32Exploring Chinas Solutions for Post-Consumer Plastic Pollution ControlBuilding a Circular EcosystemPCR Pricing Trend ForecastThe economic feasibility of recycled plastics depends on the total cost that consumers are willing

298、 to pay,which must not exceed the cost of virgin plastics.As climate risks and sustainability factors increasingly affect corporate revenues and costs,we reasonably predict that by 2030,the price composition of recycled plastics and virgin plastics will be determined by the following factors(the lef

299、t side of the inequality represents the price composition of end-to-end recycled plastics by 2030,while the right side represents the price composition of virgin plastics by 2030).By exploring ways to narrow or even eliminate the price gap between end-to-end recycled plastics and virgin plastics,we

300、can promote the economic viability of recycled plastics.Figure 5 The Price Trend Forecast for End-to-end Recycled PlasticsNo Price GapClimate Risk CostComplianceCost(Economic ViabilityAchieved)End-to-end Recycled Plastics Pricing(2023)End-to-end Recyled Plastics Pricing(2030)Virgin Plastic Pricing(2

301、030)Cost ReductionFinancial ComplianceCarbon Reduction BenefitsPrice GapSupply Chain ComplianceEnd-to-end Recycled Plastics Pricing2023Virgin Plastics Pricing2023Climate Risk CostCost ReductionCompliance CostCarbon Reduction BenefitsPrice Trend Forecast for End-to-end Recycled PlasticsIndicativeBuil

302、ding a Sustainable PCR Plastic Circular Ecosystem in China33Exploring Chinas Solutions for Post-Consumer Plastic Pollution ControlBuilding a Circular EcosystemExplanationRapid growth in demand will drive improvements in recycling systems and production scale effects,significantly reducing raw materi

303、al procurement and production costs for recycling companies.Cost ReductionThe carbon reduction benefits from using recycled plastics can be realized through carbon trading or government subsidies,effectively reducing the total cost for companies.Carbon Reduction BenefitsTo meet increasingly stringen

304、t legal and environmental standards for recycled plastics,companies will incur additional expenses,mainly referring to financial and supply chain compliance.Compliance CostsThe extensive use of virgin plastics faces financial impacts from regulatory policies,market risks,and reputational risks assoc

305、iated with transition risks,such as plastic bans and packaging taxes,leading to increased procurement costs.Climate Risk CostsBuilding a Sustainable PCR Plastic Circular Ecosystem in China34Exploring Chinas Solutions for Post-Consumer Plastic Pollution ControlBuilding a Circular EcosystemCost Reduct

306、ionThe cost composition of recycled plastics is approximately 60%raw material costs,10%production costs,15%performance enhancement costs,and 15%gross profit margin.To effectively reduce costs,it is crucial to address the following key areas:Lowering Raw Material Costs:Multi-stakeholder Collaborative

307、 ModelReducing raw material costs is the core of cost reduction in the plastic recycling industry.This requires the establishment of a Multi-stakeholders Collaborative system among governments,recycling companies,and brands to achieve lower costs in obtaining and pre-treating waste plastics:Through

308、Multi-stakeholder Collaborative Model and joint efforts from all parties,the raw material costs of waste plastics can be effectively reduced,significantly enhancing the price competitiveness of recycled plastics.Continuously implement waste sorting,promote the construction of sorting centers and mul

309、ti-stakeholder collaborative systems,and enhance recycling efficiency and quality through policy incentives and financial support,empowering recycling companies.GovernmentStrengthen cooperation with upstream and downstream enterprises in the industrial chain,establish long-term partnerships to stabi

310、lize raw material sources,further reduce the cost of waste plastics,and improve the quality of recycled plastics.At the same time,optimize processes to increase the precision and efficiency of waste plastic sorting,reduce energy consumption and production losses,directly lowering the pre-treatment c

311、osts of waste plastics,and ensure the efficient utilization of waste plastic resources.Recycling CompaniesAt the product design stage,brands should consider the use of recycled plastics,promoting designs that are easy to recycle and regenerate,reducing the complexity of plastics used,and lowering su

312、bsequent treatment costs.Additionally,they should participate in the multi-stakeholder collaborative recycling system to support the sustainable and high-quality development of the recycling system.BrandsBuilding a Sustainable PCR Plastic Circular Ecosystem in China35Exploring Chinas Solutions for P

313、ost-Consumer Plastic Pollution ControlBuilding a Circular EcosystemReducing Production and Performance Enhancement Costs:Technological AdvancementProduction costs and performance enhancement costs account for 10%and 15%of the total cost of recycled plastics respectively.Technological advancements ca

314、n significantly reduce these costs:Adopting more efficient production processes and equipment can improve the production efficiency of recycled plastics.For example,optimizing the melting and extrusion process can reduce energy consumption and material waste.Applying automation technology can furthe

315、r reduce labor costs,thus lowering overall production costs.Modification technology is key to improving the performance of recycled plastics.Introducing advanced modification techniques,such as efficient blending,toughening,and reinforcement,can enhance the performance of recycled plastics,making it

316、 suitable for a wider range of applications.This not only increases the market value of recycled plastics but also reduces additional processing and handling costs due to inadequate performance.Production CostPerformance Enhancement CostBuilding a Sustainable PCR Plastic Circular Ecosystem in China3

317、6Exploring Chinas Solutions for Post-Consumer Plastic Pollution ControlBuilding a Circular EcosystemIncreasing Gross Profit Margin:Based on Demand GrowthAs market demand for recycled plastics grows,companies will gain more pricing power and profit margins.The scale economies brought about by demand

318、growth will further reduce unit costs and increase overall gross profit margins.The Ellen MacArthur Foundation launched the New Plastics Economy Global Commitment,aiming for an average of 25%of plastic packaging to be composed of recycled plastics by 2025.Many brands have joined this commitment.Howe

319、ver,2022 data indicate that there is still a significant gap between the current level and this target.This means that major brands face a substantial demand gap in achieving their goals,further driving the rapid growth of recycled plastics market demand.In summary,as demand for recycled plastics gr

320、ows rapidly,the improvement of recycling systems,technological advancements,and production scale expansion will effectively reduce raw material and production costs,driving the plastic recycling industry towards greater economic efficiency.Figure 6 New Plastics Economy Global Commitment 2018-2022 Pr

321、ogress vs.2025 TargetsNestleHenkelMarsSC JohnsonDR.Krieger pepperUnileverDiageoDanoneAxiomtekZippo PrincessPepsiColgateLOrealKelloggsLOccitaneCoca-ColaReckitt BenckiserBeiersdorfEVERYTHINGFrieslandVerne&Metz GroupSchwartz Group0%20%40%60%80%100%Recycled Materials for Plastic Packaging 2022Targets fo

322、r 2025Building a Sustainable PCR Plastic Circular Ecosystem in China37Exploring Chinas Solutions for Post-Consumer Plastic Pollution ControlBuilding a Circular EcosystemCompliance CostAs global demands for sustainable production continue to rise,industry compliance has become a critical issue.This i

323、ncludes not only improved financial transparency but also stringent supply chain management,both of which can significantly increase costs.Although these compliance requirements increase operational complexity and costs in the short term,they also drive the industry toward a more equitable and susta

324、inable direction.Companies must balance the increasingly stringent compliance requirements while maintaining competitiveness.In the recycled plastics supply chain,issues such as non-standard invoice management have been prevalent,particularly among small and medium-sized enterprises(SMEs),including

325、tax transparency issues or false transaction records.These practices have led to reduced trust from governments and partners.As government regulation intensifies,the entire industry is likely to undergo financial compliance reform.SMEs will need to allocate more resources to improve financial system

326、s and auditing processes,ensuring that every transaction is correctly recorded and reported.These necessary investments and adjustments will inevitably increase operational costs.With the growing focus on social responsibility and sustainability worldwide,brand owners increasingly demand rigorous st

327、andards for human rights protection,environmental protection,and material traceability within their supply chains.For instance,they may require suppliers to prove that the plastics used were recycled under legal and ethical conditions without violating labor rights.Moreover,brand owners want to ensu

328、re that raw materials are not sourced from suppliers who pollute or damage ecosystems.These demands prompt companies to conduct stricter supplier audits and introduce more complex monitoring systems to trace the origin of raw materials.For example,IQTC is developing a method to detect recycled conte

329、nt,combining machine learning algorithms with actual test results to verify the recycled content in materials.This process requires technological investment and may affect procurement strategies.Furthermore,recycled plastic products must pass specific certifications,such as the Global Recycle Standa

330、rd(GRS),which entails additional costs.Financial ComplianceSupply Chain ComplianceBuilding a Sustainable PCR Plastic Circular Ecosystem in China38Exploring Chinas Solutions for Post-Consumer Plastic Pollution ControlBuilding a Circular EcosystemCarbon Reduction BenefitsClimate Risk CostBy using recy

331、cled plastics to replace virgin plastics and implementing energy-saving and emission reduction measures,companies can gain economic benefits in the carbon emission trading market or through government incentive policies.For example,companies can obtain carbon credits,subsidies,or tax incentives by r

332、educing carbon emissions.As the carbon market becomes more mature,these measures are expected to provide new revenue sources for companies while further reducing the actual cost of recycled plastics.Extensive use of virgin plastics faces severe climate risks in the current and future business enviro

333、nment.These risks include not only direct financial outlays but also broader transition risks,such as the long-term impacts of regulatory policies,market risks,and reputational risks.According to the report Circular Economy:The Other Half of the Blueprint for Addressing Climate Change,recycling 1 ton of plastic compared to producing 1 ton of plastic from fossil raw materials can reduce carbon diox