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1、 Analytical Services Contents Preface 3 Chapter One Dimensions of Diversity in Agricultural Research:Geographic Regions,Research Fields,and Stakeholder Engagement 6 Geographic variation 6 Thematic diversity 10 Stakeholder engagement 15 Chapter Two Driving Forces of Agricultural Research:Government S

2、upport,International Collaboration,and Policy Impact 21 Governmental support 21 International collaboration 24 Policy impact 27 Corporate influence 30 Chapter Three Key to Understanding and Addressing Agricultural Challenges:Talent Cultivation and Interdisciplinary Research 33 Talent cultivation 33

3、Interdisciplinary development 36 Interdisciplinary approaches in research institutions 38 Chapter Four Future Trends:Innovation and Sustainability 41 TC.880 Gene Expression Profiling|Genetics|Expression Analysis 43 TC.357 Climate Change|Forestry|Vegetation 44 TC.458 Nutrition|Mediterranean Diet|Ener

4、gy Intake 44 TC.20 Soil Carbon|Agricultural Science|Climate Change 45 TC.144 Plant Diseases|Genetic Marker|Gene Expression Profiling 46 2 TC.1218 Climate Change|Agricultural Science|Irrigation 47 Summary 48 Appendix A 50 Appendix B 55 About 57 3 Preface Agriculture is a vital industry that is integr

5、al to human survival and health,and it is closely aligned with several of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals,such as eradicating poverty and achieving zero hunger.Given the contemporary context of climate change,the deceleration of globalization,and the rise of artificial intelligence,

6、conducting quantitative analysis of the current state and development trends in agricultural research through big data is of significant value.This report examines the impact of agricultural science and technological innovation on the global stage,considering aspects such as disciplinary characteris

7、tics,government support,and the intersection of diverse talents.Furthermore,it provides an outlook on the direction of future development.First,agriculture,in terms of its disciplinary and industry characteristics,exhibits a wide range of diversity in geographical distribution,research themes,and pa

8、rticipating institutions on a global scale.Even as the industry has evolved from the traditional relying on the weather for food production to the current understanding the weather for informed farming,it remains influenced by variations in water,heat,and soil conditions caused by factors such as la

9、titude and climate.These variations lead to significant differences in predominant crops,specialized industries,and research subjects across different regions,contributing to the high level of complexity in agriculture on a global scale.This complexity in agriculture is examined in Chapter One.Withi

10、n the context of agriculture as a complex system,strong support from government departments has played a crucial role in advancing agriculture.The most significant technological breakthroughs in agriculture,from zero to one,have originated from government support.4 By allocating funds,establishing i

11、nstitutions,formulating policies,and promoting international cooperation,governments incubate or import advanced technologies and expertise to address local agricultural challenges.Meanwhile,enterprises provide important supplementary contributions in the commercialization and practical application

12、of these technological achievements,facilitating their broader implementation and impact.The significance of governmental support and its various dimensions are detailed in Chapter Two.For the further development of agricultural research,talent cultivation and interdisciplinary integration are impor

13、tant driving forces.The analysis of the Worlds Top 2%Scientists featured in this report reflects,to some extent,the status of talent reserves,acquisition and migration across various institutions.Agriculture also faces numerous challenges such as climate change,water scarcity,and soil degradation.To

14、 achieve sustainable agriculture and ensure food security,there are greater expectations on the ability of talent to achieve technological breakthroughs,respond to policy impacts,and address problems through interdisciplinary approaches.The importance of talent cultivation and interdisciplinary inte

15、gration is elaborated in Chapter Three.Currently,the rapidly advancing 3S technologiesremote sensing,global positioning systems,and geographic information systemsfacilitate crop monitoring and environmental sensing,thereby supporting more efficient precision agriculture and unmanned farming.The use

16、of drones for pesticide application has been widely adopted in multiple regions globally,revolutionizing traditional agricultural practices.Looking forward,future research in the agricultural sector will encompass a range of critical and pioneering directions.These include gene editing at the micros

17、copic level to develop crops that are salt-tolerant,disease-resistant,and drought-resistant;addressing climate change and extreme weather conditions at the macroscopic level;achieving low carbon 5 emissions;and enhancing food nutrition within the broader scope of health,driven by rising living stand

18、ards.Chapter Four outlines several key research frontiers that warrant special attention.These areas are identified based on their potential to drive significant advancements in agricultural practices and technologies.Detailed analyses and recommendations are provided to guide future research effort

19、s and policy development.Through data analysis,research investigation and corresponding visualizations,the report presents an overview of global and regional research trends of agricultural science and technology.The report aims to provide a guide for strategic planning of scientific advancement to

20、facilitate the development of innovative technology,to support talent training,and to prompt changes in policy related to the field.Moreover,by showcasing the research trends and frontiers within the field,the report attempts to provide basic information for researchers to refer to and use.Like any

21、scientific publication,the report comes with its limitations,and we welcome comments and suggestions.6 Chapter One Dimensions of Diversity in Agricultural Research:Geographic Regions,Research Fields,and Stakeholder Engagement Geographic variation Agricultural research is influenced by diverse climat

22、ic conditions,agroecological zones,cropping systems,and cultural practices across different regions and countries.Research focus in agricultural research can vary between different countries and regions based on factors such as climate,soil conditions,agricultural practices,policy priorities,and soc

23、ietal needs,as shown in Figure 1.1.In tropical regions,research often focuses on crop diversity suited to that climate.Tropical regions also face unique challenges related to pests and diseases,leading to research on integrated pest management and disease-resistant crop varieties.As might be expecte

24、d,research in arid and semi-arid regions often focuses on water management,such as water-efficient irrigation techniques,drought-tolerant crops,and water conservation strategies.Moreover,research may explore sustainable farming practices in desert environments,such as soil improvement,water harvesti

25、ng,and drought-resistant crop varieties.Research in temperate regions may focus on precision agriculture technologies,data analytics,and digital farming solutions to optimize crop yields and resource use.In temperate regions,research may also address the impacts of climate change on agriculture,incl

26、uding shifting weather patterns,extreme events,and crop resilience strategies.7 Figure 1.1 A simplified map of the worlds climate zones.Source:Climate zones1(2022,July 19).Met Office.Contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0 The top five countries/regions in

27、research output on agriculture are China,the United States,the European Union,India and Brazil.The research focus in these countries/regions varies based on factors such as climate,soil conditions,agricultural practices,policy priorities,and societal needs.China conducts research on crop genetics,br

28、eeding techniques,and biotechnology applications to develop high-yielding,disease-resistant crop varieties suited to diverse agro-climatic conditions.Research in China also includes studies on traditional Chinese medicine cultivation,herbal plants,and medicinal crops,integrating traditional knowledg

29、e with modern agricultural practices.Moreover,China focuses on water-efficient irrigation techniques,water conservation strategies,and 1 https:/www.metoffice.gov.uk/weather/climate/climate-explained/climate-zones 8 sustainable water management practices to address water scarcity challenges in agricu

30、lture.The United States is a leader in agricultural biotechnology research,focusing on genetic engineering,gene editing,and biotechnological applications in crop improvement,pest resistance,and disease management.Research in the US also emphasizes precision agriculture technologies,data analytics,re

31、mote sensing,and GPS systems to optimize crop management,increase efficiency,and reduce input costs.Research in the EU focuses on agroecological approaches,biodiversity conservation,ecosystem services,and sustainable farming practices to enhance soil health,water quality,and crop diversity.EU resear

32、ch also addresses the impacts of climate change on agriculture,including extreme weather events,water scarcity,and shifting growing seasons,with a focus on adaptation strategies and resilience-building measures.Furthermore,EU research emphasizes food security,food safety,and quality control measures

33、 in the food supply chain,including traceability systems,consumer preferences,and sustainable food production.Research in India focuses on smallholder agriculture,access to inputs,market opportunities,and capacity-building initiatives to support small-scale farmers and improve their livelihoods.Indi

34、a also conducts research on climate-smart agriculture practices,resilience-building strategies,and adaptation measures to address the impacts of climate change on agriculture,including water management,crop diversification,and weather forecasting.Research in Brazil emphasizes tropical agriculture pr

35、actices,crop diversity,agroforestry systems,and sustainable farming techniques suited to tropical climates and diverse ecosystems.Brazil also specializes in livestock production research,including beef cattle,dairy farming,poultry,and swine production,with a focus on genetic 9 improvement,feed effic

36、iency,and animal health.Moreover,research in Brazil addresses environmental conservation,deforestation,and sustainable land use practices in the Amazon rainforest,promoting biodiversity,ecosystem restoration,and sustainable development.From a global research publications perspective,Figure 1.2 illus

37、trates that,over the five-year period from 2019 to 2023,the total scientific output and the output in the top 1%citation percentile have been increasing,with a compound annual growth rate(CAGR)of 5.4%.This growth underscores the importance and vitality of this research area.Across all 27 subject are

38、as,the field-weighted citation impact(FWCI)ranges from 0.96 to 1.11.Specifically,Agricultural and Biological Sciences have an FWCI of 0.99,indicating an upper/middle-level impact relative to other subject areas.Figure 1.2 Yearly total output,yearly output in the top 1%citation percentile,compound an

39、nual growth rate(CAGR),total citations and FWCI in the research area of Agricultural and Biological Sciences,2019-2023.10 Thematic diversity Agriculture addresses a broad spectrum of global challenges and SDG topics.Agricultural research has long-term implications for future generations,as it shapes

40、 the sustainability and resilience of agricultural systems over time.To be more specific,agriculture research is closely intertwined with the Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs),as agriculture plays a critical role in achieving several of the SDGs related to food security,poverty alleviation,environ

41、mental sustainability,and economic development.One of the aims of research in agriculture is to develop strategies,technologies,and policies that can ensure food security,environmental health,and economic prosperity for years to come.In SDG Goal 2 Zero Hunger,which aims to end hunger,achieve food se

42、curity,improve nutrition,and promote sustainable agriculture,agriculture research is essential as it focuses on increasing crop yields,enhancing food production,developing resilient crop varieties,and improving agricultural practices to ensure food security for all.Agriculture research is linked to

43、SDG Goal 1 No Poverty,which aims to eradicate poverty and promote shared prosperity.Research in agriculture focuses on sustainable livelihoods,income generation,market access for smallholder farmers,and rural development initiatives that lift people out of poverty and improve their economic well-bei

44、ng.Agriculture research plays a key role in addressing SDG Goal 13 Climate Action,which aims to combat climate change and its impacts.Research in agriculture focuses on climate-smart agriculture practices,sustainable land use,carbon sequestration,and resilience-building strategies to mitigate climat

45、e change effects and promote environmental sustainability.11 Agriculture research contributes to Goal 15 Life on Land,which aims to protect,restore,and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems.Research in agriculture focuses on biodiversity conservation,ecosystem restoration,soil health,and

46、 land management practices that support ecosystem services,wildlife habitats,and sustainable land use.Agriculture research is linked to Goal 6 Clean Water and Sanitation,which aims to ensure access to clean water and sanitation for all.Research in agriculture focuses on water management,water effici

47、ency,pollution control,and sustainable irrigation practices to protect water resources,enhance water quality,and promote water sustainability in agriculture.Agriculture research contributes to Goal 9 Industry,Innovation,and Infrastructure,which aims to promote inclusive and sustainable industrializa

48、tion and foster innovation.Research in agriculture focuses on developing new technologies,innovative solutions,and sustainable practices that drive agricultural productivity,efficiency,and resilience.By aligning agriculture research with the SDGs,researchers can contribute to global efforts addressi

49、ng key challenges related to food security,poverty reduction,environmental sustainability,climate action,and rural development.Scopus content is classified under the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs).Since 2018,Elsevier has generated SDG search queries to help researchers and instit

50、utions track and demonstrate progress toward the SDG targets.The analysis on SDG research in this report was based on the Elsevier 2023 SDGs Mapping2.An analysis of research institutions publications related to these goals reveals that in the field of agricultural research,these institutions are act

51、ively addressing a broad spectrum of critical issues.This encompasses a wide range of topics,including sustainable farming 2 https:/ 12 practices,food security,climate resilience,biodiversity conservation,and the development of innovative agricultural technologies.The proactive engagement of researc

52、h institutions in these areas underscores their commitment to advancing the SDGs and highlights the pivotal role of agricultural research in fostering sustainable development and addressing global challenges.Figure 1.3 presents research performance on SDG-related output for institutions with the hig

53、hest SDG output,including the count and the share of SDG output and the FWCI of SDG related output.From the perspective of output share of SDG-relevant publications,the Chines Academy of Sciences leads with an output of 21,234 being SDG related publications,amounting to 47%of its total output.These

54、publications have an FWCI of 1.51.The French National Center for Scientific Research(CNRS)follows closely with an SDG-relevant output of 10,684,accounting for 40%of its total outputs and an FWCI of 1.64.Among the listed institutions,four of them are Chinese institutions,including three governmental

55、institutions(Chines Academy of Sciences,Ministry of Agriculture of the Peoples Republic of China,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences)and one university(University of Chines Academy of Sciences).13 Figure 1.3 Top 10 institutions with the highest SDG-relevant output globally in Agricultural and B

56、iological Sciences,2019-2023 Among Chinese institutions as shown in Figure 1.4,three out of ten listed institutions are governmental,and the rest of them are universities.Among universities,University of Chines Academy of Sciences leads with the highest SDG-relevant output,at 9,178,accounting for 49

57、%of its total output.China Agricultural University follow closely with its 5,208 SDG-relevant outputs,representing 36%of its total output.Zhejiang University,Huazhong Agricultural University and China Agricultural University are top three schools that have the highest FWCI among these institutions,a

58、ll above 1.6.14 Figure 1.4 Top 10 institutions in China with the highest SDG-relevant output in Agricultural and Biological Sciences,2019-2023 Of these top institutions,the Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)plays a pivotal role in addressing SDG-related agricultural research through advanced biotechno

59、logy,precision agriculture,and sustainable practices.CAS develops high-yield,disease-resistant crops(SDG 2),optimizes resource use,and enhances productivity,contributing to SDGs like Zero Hunger(SDG 2)and Responsible Consumption and Production(SDG 12).Its research on efficient irrigation,water conse

60、rvation(SDG 6),and soil health(SDG 15)addresses Clean Water and Sanitation(SDG 6)and Life on Land(SDG 15)goals.CAS also focuses on climate-resilient agriculture and carbon sequestration,aligning with Climate Action(SDG 13).Additionally,CAS provides evidence-based policy recommendations and advocates

61、 for sustainable agricultural practices,driving progress towards global agricultural sustainability.China Agricultural University(CAU)plays a crucial role in advancing SDG-related agricultural research through its focus on crop science,animal science,agricultural engineering,and environmental sustai

62、nability.CAU develops high-yield,disease-resistant crop varieties(SDG 2),advances 15 livestock health and productivity(SDG 3),and enhances agricultural machinery and precision farming technologies(SDG 12).Its research on water-efficient irrigation and sustainable water management practices addresses

63、 Clean Water and Sanitation(SDG 6).CAU promotes sustainable farming practices and environmental conservation(SDG 15),integrating traditional knowledge with modern techniques.These efforts collectively contribute to food security,climate resilience,and sustainable agricultural development.Stakeholder

64、 engagement The diverse expertise of research institutions worldwide,including significant contributions from Chinese institutions,enhances global diversity and drives innovation in agricultural research.Worldwide,universities have expertise in differing agricultural areas due to a combination of re

65、gional factors,institutional priorities,faculty expertise,research partnerships,funding opportunities,academic programs,and research facilities.These differences contribute to global diversity and innovation in agricultural research,education,and development,addressing a wide range of agricultural c

66、hallenges and opportunities around the world.Figures 1.5 and 1.6 show that,within the top 100 output institutions in the world,Wageningen University&Research has the highest FWCI,at 2.00.Wageningen University&Research(WUR)is a public research university in Wageningen,Netherlands,specializing in life

67、 sciences with a focus on agriculture,technical and engineering subjects.WUR is known for its expertise in agri-food chain,plant sciences,animal sciences,agricultural economics and food technology.The universitys collaborative research environment,state-of-the-art facilities,and strong partnerships

68、with industry and international organizations contribute to its reputation as a leading institution in agricultural research.16 The University of Oxford has the second highest FWCI in agricultural research.While the University of Oxford may not be traditionally known as an agricultural university,it

69、s strengths and expertise in agricultural research lie in its interdisciplinary approach and focus on sustainability and environmental impact,policy analysis and governance,climate change and food security,and technology and innovation.These specialties set Oxford apart in the field of agricultural

70、research and contribute to its global reputation as a leading research institution addressing agricultural challenges and opportunities.King Saud University has a notably high FWCI,showing its research impact within agriculture,particularly in the context of the Middle East region.Some of its key sp

71、ecialties and expertise in agricultural research compared with other universities worldwide include desert agriculture,date palm research,water management,sustainable agriculture and livestock production.Peking University is the only Chinese university in the top 10 FWCI institutions globally.Within

72、 the context of China and east Asia,Peking University excels in plant genetics research and crop improvement,focusing on developing high-yielding,disease-resistant crop varieties suited to the diverse agro-climatic conditions in China and East Asia.Peking University also has expertise in traditional

73、 Chinese agriculture practices,including organic farming,traditional crop varieties,herbal medicine cultivation,and sustainable agricultural techniques rooted in Chinese agricultural traditions.Furthermore,Peking University conducts research on rural development,poverty alleviation,and sustainable l

74、ivelihoods in rural areas in China and beyond.17 Figure 1.5 Top 10 research institutions globally,grouped by FWCI.Institutions were selected from the 100 research institutions in the world with the highest output in Agricultural and Biological Sciences,2019-2023 Figure 1.6 FWCI,share of top 1%highly

75、 cited publications,and average citations per paper for 10 global research institutions with the highest FWCI in Agricultural and Biological Sciences.Institutions were selected from among the 100 research institutions globally with the highest output in Agricultural and Biological Sciences,2019-2023

76、 Figure 1.7 illustrates that,within China,Peking University achieves the highest field-weighted citation impact(FWCI)for its agricultural research outputs.However,China Agricultural University,Jiangsu University and Zhejiang University also demonstrate significant research impact,with their FWCI sco

77、res placing them in the second tier of institutions.China Agricultural University is a premier institution in agricultural research,addressing a broad spectrum of areas to advance agricultural 18 science and technology.Key research focuses include the development of high-yield,disease-resistant crop

78、s through advanced breeding and genetic engineering;enhancement of livestock health and productivity via innovative animal genetics and nutrition research;and the improvement of agricultural machinery and precision farming technologies for efficiency and sustainability.Additionally,CAU investigates

79、soil health,water management,and irrigation techniques to optimize resource use and environmental protection,while advancing food safety,processing technologies,and nutritional quality.The university also promotes sustainable agricultural practices and environmental conservation,alongside studying t

80、he socioeconomic aspects of agriculture,rural development,and policy to support sustainable growth.Jiangsu University has a strong focus on rice research,given the importance of rice cultivation in Jiangsu Province and China.Researchers at Jiangsu University study rice genetics,breeding,cultivation

81、techniques,pest management,and disease resistance to develop high-yielding,resilient rice varieties suited to local growing conditions.Jiangsu University also specializes in aquaculture and fisheries research,focusing on sustainable aquaculture practices,seafood production,aquatic resource managemen

82、t,and marine ecology.Zhejiang University has a strong focus on tea research,given the importance of tea cultivation in Zhejiang Province and China.Researchers at Zhejiang University study tea genetics,cultivation techniques,processing methods,tea quality,and health benefits to support the tea indust

83、ry and promote sustainable tea production.Zhejiang University also specializes in sericulture and silk production research,focusing on silkworm genetics,mulberry cultivation,silk reeling techniques,silk quality,and silk product development.19 Figure 1.7 Top 10 Chinese research institutions with the

84、highest FWCI in Agricultural and Biological Sciences,grouped by FWCI.Institutions were selected from among the 100 Chinese research institutions with the highest output in Agricultural and Biological Sciences,2019-2023 Figure 1.8 reveals that,in China,the top 10 institutions by research output compr

85、ise eight universities and two governmental institutes.Among the universities,China Agricultural University(CAU)ranks second in terms of research output.As one of the leading universities specializing in agricultural research and education in China,CAU in known for its expertise in various subfields

86、 in agricultural areas,particularly in crop sciences,soil science,food science,animal sciences,rural development,and agricultural engineering,which contribute to addressing agricultural challenges and opportunities in China and globally.CAUs research contributions play a significant role in advancin

87、g sustainable agriculture,food security,and rural development,making it a prominent institution in the agricultural research landscape.20 Figure 1.8 Total output and compound annual growth rate(CAGR)of the top 10 research institutions in China by output in Agricultural and Biological Sciences,2019-2

88、023 21 Chapter Two Driving Forces of Agricultural Research:Government Support,International Collaboration,and Policy Impact Government support Globally,governmental support is crucial for agricultural research,with the largest output coming from governmental bodies addressing nationally focused chal

89、lenges.The government sector plays a pivotal role in the field of agricultural research,significantly contributing to the volume and impact of research publications.One aspect of its involvement is establishing specialized research institutions focused on agriculture.These institutions,such as agric

90、ultural research centers and governmental institutes,are dedicated to advancing agricultural science and technology.Figure 2.1 shows that 90%of publications in Agricultural and Biological Sciences originate from institutions within the academic sector,underscoring that sectors central role in scient

91、ific research.However,governmental institutions contribute 30%of the total publications,highlighting significant governmental support in this domain.Moreover,the FWCI of publications from governmental institutions surpasses those of academic institutions,indicating a higher level of research impact

92、generated by research from the governmental sector.22 Figure 2.1 Total output,output share,and share of publications in the top 1%most highly cited,by sector,for publications published by institutions in the academic,corporate,government,medical and other sectors in Agricultural and Biological Scien

93、ces,2019-2023.(Other indicates institutions cannot be categorized as Academic,Government,Corporate and Medical sector due to limitation of database.)Figure 2.2 shows that globally,8 of the top 10 institutions by output in Agricultural and Biological Sciences are governmental institutions of China,Fr

94、ance,the United States,Spain and Russia.These governmental institutions allocate funding specifically for agricultural research through agricultural departments,research institutions,and specialized programs focused on farming,livestock,and rural development.This sector-specific funding enables targ

95、eted research initiatives to address the unique challenges faced by the agricultural sector.The primary research areas of these countries major government agencies reflect the national priorities of those countries:Ministry of Agriculture of the Peoples Republic of China:food science;plant science;a

96、gronomy and crop science United States Department of Agriculture:agronomy and crop science;ecology,evolution,behavior and systematics;plant science.23 Spanish National Research Council:ecology,evolution,behavior and systematics;plant science;aquatic science French National Research Institute for Agr

97、iculture,Food and Environment:plant science;ecology,evolution,behavior and systematics;food science Russian Academy of Sciences:ecology,evolution,behavior and systematics;plant science;aquatic science It is worth mentioning that University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and China Agricultural Un

98、iversity,which rank 6th and 10th respectively out of the top 10 institutions by output,are the only two universities in the top 10.This suggests that these two schools have notable scientific influence in the field of agriculture.Except for the United States Department of Agriculture,all institution

99、s have positive CAGR in scientific publication output,demonstrating the constant development in this area.The Ministry of Agriculture of the Peoples Republic of China has the biggest CAGR of the top 10 institutions by output.Five of these top 10 research institutes are located in China,indicating th

100、at researchers from Chinese universities and institutes pioneering scientific advancements in the field of agriculture by publishing significant number of high-impact papers in prestigious scientific journals.These publications contribute to the global body of knowledge and set new benchmarks for ag

101、ricultural research.24 Figure 2.2 Total output and compound annual growth rate(CAGR)of top 10 research institutions in the world by output in Agricultural and Biological Sciences,2019-2023 International collaboration Governments support collaborative research initiatives and partnerships with other

102、countries to leverage expertise,resources,and best practices in agricultural research.Agricultural research often involves international collaboration to address global challenges such as climate change,biodiversity loss,food security and plant genetics.Figure 2.3 provides data on international coll

103、aboration from the top 10 global and Chinese institutions with the highest share of international collaboration,including the count of internationally collaborative publications,the share of outputs that are international collaborations,and the FWCI of the international collaborative publications.Ki

104、ng Saud University leads in share of international output,with 4,946 internationally collaborative outputs,representing 85.7%of its total output,and an FWCI of 1.98.The University of Oxford and the University 25 of Copenhagen demonstrate notably high FWCI for their international collaborations.As fo

105、r Chinese institutions,as shown in Figure 2.4,Peking University stands out with 1,515 internationally collaborative outputs,representing 37.7%of its total output,with a notable FWCI of 2.42.Sun Yat-Sen University follows closely with 1,545 internationally collaborative outputs,accounting for 35.8%of

106、 its output,and an FWCI of 1.88.With the exception of the Chinese Academy of Sciences,all listed institutes are universities.These data show that Chinese research institutions have a lower international collaboration rate in Agriculture compared to European research institutions.This might be due to

107、 governmental funding mechanisms,which in China may be more focused on domestic initiatives and projects in agricultural area,limiting resources and opportunities available for international collaborations.Furthermore,Chinese research institutions may have a more domestic focus on addressing nationa

108、l agricultural challenges/agendas and priorities,whereas European research institutions may have a more international outlook and engagement with global agricultural issues.This difference in research focus can impact the willingness and ability to engage in international collaboration.Increasing in

109、ternational collaboration in Agriculture for Chinese research institutions may require addressing these challenges,fostering a culture of openness to global partnerships,and leveraging opportunities for knowledge exchange and cooperation with international partners.In these circumstances,government

110、plays a vital role in providing national priorities,allocating funding dedicated to international collaborations and supporting collaborative research initiatives and partnerships.26 Figure 2.3 Output,share and FWCI of internationally collaborative publications of the top 10 global research institut

111、ions by international collaboration share in Agricultural and Biological Sciences,2019-2023 Figure 2.4 Output,share and FWCI of internationally collaborative publication of top 10 Chinese research institutions by international collaboration share in Agricultural and Biological Sciences,2019-2023 27

112、Policy impact Governments play a key role in shaping policy and regulations that impact agricultural research.Governments shape policies,regulations,and priorities that impact agricultural research.They establish frameworks for research funding,intellectual property rights,and environmental standard

113、s that guide research activities.Government policies help establish research priorities and agendas for the agricultural sector.To be more specific,government policies determine the allocation of funding for agricultural research through budgetary decisions,grants,and support for research institutio

114、ns.Funding priorities set by government policies can direct resources towards specific research areas,technologies,or initiatives within the agricultural sector.In turn,research findings can also affect government policymaking.When research papers are cited in policy documents,reports,or guidelines,

115、they can influence policy decisions related to agriculture.Policymakers may rely on scientific evidence and recommendations from research papers to inform agricultural policies,regulations,and programs.Accordingly,accruing policy citations is an indicator of the relevance and impact of an agricultur

116、al research publication and a sign of its practical implications and real-world applications.These citations highlight how researchers findings can contribute to policy objectives,address societal challenges,and support evidence-based decision-making in the agricultural sector.At the same time,polic

117、y citations can increase the visibility and recognition of research papers within the academic community,policymaking circles,and stakeholder groups.Being cited in policy documents can enhance the credibility and impact of research publications,raising the profile and influence of a research institu

118、tion in the agricultural research landscape.28 Figure 2.5 presents data on policy citations for institutions with the highest share of outputs cited by policy documents,including the number of outputs cited by policy documents and the share of outputs cited by policy documents.The United States Geol

119、ogical Survey and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration lead with 26%each in terms of the share of their outputs cited by policy documents,with a total of 3,520 and 3,093 policy citations,respectively.Among Chinese institutions as shown in figure 3.6,Peking University has 392 policy ci

120、tations,and 112 of its outputs were cited by policy documents,which accounts for a 3%share of outputs cited.Other institutions show varying levels of policy citation counts and their corresponding shares of outputs cited by policy documents,ranging from 1%to 2%.3 Because the database for policy cita

121、tions primarily reflects English-language policy documents,this share likely significantly underrepresents the uptake of Chinese research in policy documents.These data suggest that Chinese institutions pay less attention to their influence in the aspect of policy citations compared with global inst

122、itutions.But this may be due to the combination effect of database bias and less influential of Chinese institutions on policy making.In order to increase the ability of influencing policy decisions and enhance relevance research impact,researchers may highlight how their findings can contribute to

123、policy objectives,address societal challenges,and support evidence-based decision-making in the agricultural sector.3 Most of the policy documents indexed by the database are in English,which is one reason Chinese institutions are underrepresented in policy citations.29 Figure 2.5 Policy citation co

124、unt,outputs cited by policy documents,and share of outputs cited by policy documents of top 10 research institutes by the share of outputs cited by policy documents in the world in Agricultural and Biological Sciences,2019-2023 Figure 2.6 Policy citation count,outputs cited by policy documents,and s

125、hare of outputs cited by policy documents of top 10 research institutes by the share of outputs cited by policy documents in China in Agricultural and Biological Sciences,2019-2023 30 Corporate influence Corporate influence serves as a supplementary force,driving innovation,accelerating technology a

126、doption,and enhancing productivity.Collaboration between corporations,research institutions,policymakers,and stakeholders can help leverage the strengths of each sector to address complex agricultural challenges and opportunities.Corporations involved in agriculture,such as agrochemical companies,se

127、ed companies,and biotechnology firms,may drive research and development efforts to create new products,such as crop varieties,pesticides,fertilizers,and agricultural machinery.These products can enhance productivity,sustainability,and profitability in the agricultural sector.Moreover,corporations ca

128、n facilitate technology transfer from research institutions to the agricultural industry by licensing research findings,patents,and technologies.This transfer of knowledge and innovations can accelerate the adoption of new practices and tools by farmers,leading to improved agricultural outcomes.Ther

129、efore,partnerships between academic and corporate institutions can leverage the expertise,resources,and infrastructure of both the corporate and research sectors.Data from publications from corporate sectors and research collaboration also corroborate those benefits.Figure 2.7 shows that 2%of worldw

130、ide publications in agriculture come from the corporate sector.Although the scale is smaller,these publications have the highest FWCI,at 1.26,and a relatively higher share of outputs in the top 1%citation percentile across all sectors,suggesting that scientific collaboration between academic and cor

131、porate sectors is a way to improve scientific impact of publications.Additionally,the table below provides data on academiccorporate collaboration for institutions with the highest academic-corporate collaboration rate,including the count and the share of academic 31 corporate collaboration output a

132、nd the FWCI of the academiccorporate collaboration output.University of Copenhagen leads with 571 academic corporate collaboration outputs,representing 8.6%of its total output,with an FWCI of 2.29.Following closely is Wageningen University&Research with 766 academiccorporate collaboration outputs,ac

133、counting for 8.1%of its output,and an FWCI of 2.40.Among Chinese institutions as shown in Figure 2.8,Chinese Academy of Sciences leads with 590 academiccorporate collaboration outputs,accounting for 1.4%of its output,and an FWCI of 2.28.University of Chinese Academy of Sciences and China Agricultura

134、l University follow with 177 and 150 academiccorporate collaboration outputs each,representing 0.9%and1.0%of their total output,with an FWCI of 2.22 and 1.81.Besides Chinese Academy of Sciences,the Ministry of Natural Resources of the Peoples Republic of China is also listed as a governmental instit

135、ute.Generally,Chinese institutions have fewer academic-corporate collaborations and low shares of such collaboration.This might be due to a weaker industry-academia linkage.More specifically,the level of industry-academia linkages and collaboration mechanisms in Chinas agricultural sector may be les

136、s developed compared to those in European and US contexts.Stronger connections between academia and industry can facilitate collaborative research projects,technology transfer,and knowledge exchange.Meanwhile,differences in funding mechanisms and incentives for academic corporate collaborations may

137、impact the collaboration rate in the agricultural area.European and US research institutions may have more established funding programs,grants,and incentives to support collaborative research initiatives with corporate partners.Therefore,strengthening the innovation ecosystem and collaborative netwo

138、rks,promoting technology transfer and research-32 commercialization pathways,and enhancing industry-academia partnerships can help increase collaboration rates in Agriculture.Figure 2.7 Output,share and FWCI of academic-corporate collaborations of the top 10 research institutes by academic-corporate

139、 share in the world in Agricultural and Biological Sciences,2019-2023 Figure 2.8 Output,share and FWCI of academic-corporate collaboration publication of the top 10 research institutes by academic-corporate share in China in Agricultural and Biological Sciences,2019-2023 33 Chapter Three Key to Unde

140、rstanding and Addressing Agricultural Challenges:Talent Cultivation and Interdisciplinary Research Talent cultivation Researchers face great expectations to achieve technological breakthroughs,respond to policy impacts,and address problems through interdisciplinary approaches.Talent is crucial in dr

141、iving research and technology innovation in agriculture.Agricultural research often requires a multidisciplinary approach that integrates expertise from various fields such as biology,ecology,agronomy,economics,engineering,and social sciences.Talented individuals in agriculture research must possess

142、 a diverse skill set,be able to collaborate across disciplines,and apply knowledge from different areas to address complex agricultural challenges.Moreover,in agriculture research,talent is essential for translating scientific discoveries and technological innovations into practical applications tha

143、t benefit farmers,food producers,and agricultural systems.Talented individuals in agriculture research must have a strong focus on real-world implications,sustainable practices,and technology transfer to drive innovation and impact in the agricultural sector.Agriculture research has global relevance

144、,as agriculture is a fundamental sector that impacts food production,environmental health,economic development,and social well-being worldwide.Agricultural researchers must have a global perspective,understanding of diverse agricultural systems,and awareness of cultural,economic,and environmental 34

145、 factors that influence agricultural practices around the world.In addition,agricultural research intersects with policy development,governance,and regulatory frameworks that shape agricultural practices and food systems.Researchers must engage with policymakers,stakeholders,and communities to infor

146、m evidence-based policies,advocate for sustainable practices,and promote responsible agricultural development.As talent is crucial to agricultural research,the report highlights institutions with a significant number of influential scientists in the agricultural field to help guide talent cultivatio

147、n efforts.Figure 3.1 displays the top 10 institutions with the highest count of authors on the list of Worlds Top 2%Scientists4 among the top 100 institutions by output.The United States Department of Agriculture tops the list with 243 scientists,followed by the University of California at Davis wit

148、h 119.Two Chinese institutions are ranked among the top 10 globally for number of scientists on the list:Chinese Academy of Sciences,with 77,and China Agricultural University,with 58.4 The Worlds Top 2%Scientists list,published by Prof.John P.A.Ioannidis team at Stanford University in collaboration

149、with international academic publisher Elsevier,is based on the number of citations to the papers of about 10 million scientists worldwide,the H-index(which is used to assess the quantity and level of scholarly output of researchers),the co-author-adjusted HM index,the number of citations of individu

150、al or first-author articles,and other comprehensive parameters,reflecting the amount of output and academic influence of scientists from 22 disciplines and 176 sub-disciplines ranked in the top 2%of global scientists.35 Figure 3.1 Top 10 institutions with the highest count of authors on the list of

151、Worlds Top 2%Scientists,selected from among the top 100 institutions in the world by output in Agricultural and Biological Sciences,2023 Figure 3.2 shows the number of scholars from Chinese institutions.Following the Chinese Academy of Science and China Agricultural University,Nanjing Agriculture Un

152、iversity ranks third with 54 scientists,followed closely by Northwest Agriculture and Forest University with 47.The number of Worlds Top 2%Scientists in China is comparatively lower than the United States and some European countries,indicating that cultivating and increasing talents in agriculture i

153、n China is critical to driving research and technology innovation.Although talent development is a long-term endeavor,specific strategies can be implemented to speed up this process:Investing in state-of-the-art research facilities,laboratories,and technology platforms to support cutting-edge resear

154、ch in agriculture;encouraging interdisciplinary collaboration among researchers from different disciplines such as agronomy,biology,economics,engineering,environmental science,and social sciences;fostering collaborations with industry partners,agricultural organizations,36 government agencies,and in

155、ternational institutions to provide researchers with opportunities to engage in applied research,technology transfer,and industry-relevant projects;attracting top research talents to the field of agriculture by recruiting renowned scientists,experts,and scholars with expertise in key agricultural di

156、sciplines.Figure 3.2 Top 10 institutions with the highest count of authors on the list of Worlds Top 2%Scientists,selected from among the top 100 institutions in China by output in Agricultural and Biological Sciences,2023 Interdisciplinary development Interdisciplinary solutions are required to add

157、ress agricultures grand challenges,including climate change,food security,water scarcity,soil degradation,and biodiversity loss.Agriculture is a complex and interconnected system that involves interactions between biological,environmental,economic,and social factors.Therefore,agricultural research o

158、ften involves an interdisciplinary approach,combining knowledge from various fields 37 such as biology,ecology,genetics,soil science,economics,engineering,and social sciences.This interdisciplinary approach is necessary to address complex agricultural challenges that span biological,environmental,ec

159、onomic,and social dimensions.Interdisciplinary collaboration is also necessary because it fosters innovation by integrating knowledge,methodologies,and technologies from different fields to develop novel solutions in agriculture.By combining insights from diverse disciplines,researchers can leverage

160、 new approaches,tools,and techniques to enhance agricultural productivity,sustainability,and resilience.Figure 3.3 shows that agriculture areas have impact on almost every other research area,indicating its significant interdisciplinary feature.Subject areas with the most important linkages and impa

161、cts include biochemistry,genetics,and molecular biology;environmental science;medicine;immunology and microbiology;chemistry.Figure 3.3 Subject areas of references cited by publications in Agricultural and Biological Sciences and subject areas of publications citing Agricultural and Biological Scien

162、ces,2019-2023 38 Interdisciplinary approaches in research institutions By embracing interdisciplinary approaches,research institutions can enhance the impact,contributing to multifaceted challenges in agriculture.The disciplinary diversity of references(DDR)of a publication is computed based on the

163、material cited by the publication and reflects the diversity of knowledge that is being integrated into the publication.The indicator considers(a)the number of different subfields that are being cited,(b)the distribution of those citations across the cited subfields,and(c)the intellectual proximity

164、of those subfields to one another.To some extent,DDR score represents a publications interdisciplinarity and its diversity of knowledge.Moreover,the share of an entitys publications among the top 10%with the highest DDR score in the world is computed,better exhibiting an entitys interdisciplinarity

165、when an entity is benchmarking with others.Figure 3.4 presents 10 institutions in the world,from the top 100 institutions by output,with the highest share of publications in the top 10%by DDR score.Harvard University leads the list with a share of 12%of its publications among the top 10%,followed cl

166、osely by Wageningen University&Research,University of Oxford and University of Cambridge,all of them having a share of 11%.Two prominent Chinese universities as Ocean University of China and Jiangsu University also showcase strong interdisciplinary performance,with share of 9%.As a case in point,Har

167、vards interdisciplinary approach to agriculture research can be observed in various initiatives and collaborations that intersect with agriculture and related fields.The Harvard University Center for the Environment is an interdisciplinary research center that brings together faculty,researchers,and

168、 students from various disciplines to address environmental challenges,including those related to agriculture,climate change,sustainability,and ecosystem health.The 39 Program on Science,Technology,and Society at the Harvard Kennedy School explores the social,political,and ethical dimensions of scie

169、nce and technology,including their impact on agriculture and food systems.Researchers at the Harvard T.H.Chan School of Public Health conduct interdisciplinary research on global health,environmental health,nutrition,and food systems.Studies at the School of Public Health may intersect with agricult

170、ure research through investigations into food safety,nutrition policies,agricultural sustainability,and public health implications of agricultural practices.The Harvard Business School offers an agribusiness program that explores the intersection of business,technology,and agriculture.Through collab

171、orations across disciplines and schools,Harvard University demonstrates its commitment to interdisciplinary approaches that address agricultural issues within broader contexts such as environmental sustainability,public health,business,and global development.Figure 3.4 Top 10 research institutions i

172、n share of publications in the top 10%for DDR,grouped by DDR score.Institutions were selected from the 100 institutions globally with the highest output in Agricultural and Biological Sciences,2019-2023 Figure 3.5 presents 10 institutions in China,from the 100 highest-output institutions,with the hi

173、ghest share of publications among the top 10%in DDR score.Generally,Chinese institutions have a lower interdisciplinary performance than the top interdisciplinary institutions in Figure 3.5,suggesting improving interdisciplinary research is essential for Chinese research institutions to address the

174、complexity of agricultural systems.Strategies to enhance interdisciplinary research in agriculture include establishing interdisciplinary research centers,promoting cross-40 departmental collaboration,developing joint research projects and supporting interdisciplinary research networks.Figure 3.5 To

175、p 10 Chinese research institutions in share of publications in the top 10%for DDR,grouped by DDR score.Institutes were selected from the 100 Chinese research institutions with the highest output in Agricultural and Biological Sciences,2019-2023 41 Chapter Four Future Trends:Innovation and Sustainabi

176、lity Research in agriculture reflects its importance as a fundamental sector that sustains life,supports communities,and shapes the future of food production,environmental stewardship,and rural development.Identifying key and advanced topics in agricultural research is crucial for ensuring strategic

177、 resource allocation,driving innovation,and enhancing productivity and sustainability.By addressing global challenges like food security and climate change,it provides a solid scientific foundation for informed policymaking and strategic decisions.This focus fosters international collaboration and k

178、nowledge dissemination,contributing to economic growth,rural development,and public health improvements.Additionally,it promotes sustainable practices and environmental protection while guiding educational curricula and training programs to prepare the next generation of agricultural scientists.Furt

179、hermore,it maintains global competitiveness,positioning researchers and institutions as leaders in addressing future agricultural challenges.Figure 4.1 represents the top 10 topic clusters in agriculture research output,representing a common and advanced research interest in the scientific research

180、community worldwide.42 Figure 4.1 Total output,citations per publication and FWCI of top 10 topic clusters by output(prominence percentile 90)in Agricultural and Biological Sciences,2019-2023.Among the top 50 output topic clusters,gene editing,climate change,precision agriculture,and nutrition and h

181、ealth are key frontier research areas in the future of agriculture.On a micro scale,through gene editing,it is anticipated that challenges such as salinity tolerance,disease resistance,and drought resilience in cropsissues that are difficult to address through conventional methodscan be effectively

182、tackled,thereby contributing to stable and high yields.On a macro scale,climate change encompasses aspects such as extreme weather events,agricultural disasters,and low-carbon emission reductions.It serves as the backdrop for numerous current research endeavors in agriculture,significantly influenci

183、ng food security.This field is highly interdisciplinary.Utilizing advanced technologies such as remote sensing,GPS,and Internet of Things,precision agriculture aims to enhance farm efficiency and productivity by providing real-time data for informed decision-making.43 This approach addresses issues

184、of resource optimization,reducing waste and improving crop management,and is essential for sustainable agricultural practices.From the perspective of nutrition and health,with rising living standards,the focus on food nutrition within the broader context of health is becoming increasingly prominent.

185、This area is directly related to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal of Good Health and Well-being and is closely linked to topical areas such as ready-to-eat meals and food delivery,which pertain to food safety and healthy lifestyles.These areas will attract increasing attention from so

186、ciety.The following sections provide a detailed elaboration of each of these areas.TC.880 Gene Expression Profiling|Genetics|Expression Analysis This topic cluster is about the diverse aspects of plant growth and development,including gene expression,root development,protein regulation,floral organ

187、patterning,and cellular responses to environmental stimuli.This aspect of research is important when addressing key challenges in food production and sustainability,providing research support on improving crop productivity,enhancing crop quality,developing sustainable agriculture practices,adapting

188、crops to changing environmental conditions,enhancing disease and pest resistance and optimizing breeding programs.Key aspects of the research include:Plant cell responses,root development,and gene regulation in Arabidopsis and other plant species.Gene expression and sequence analysis in plant growth

189、 and wax production.Floral organ development,meristem patterning,and gene expression in plant flowers.44 Root cuttings,grafting,and growth responses in various plant species.TC.357 Climate Change|Forestry|Vegetation This Topic Cluster is about the diverse patterns and interactions within ecological

190、communities,encompassing species distribution,environmental influences,and community assembly.It explores the impact of species diversity,environmental factors,and ecological relationships.This aspect of research is critical for understanding climate change impacts,developing climate-resilient crops

191、,optimizing resource management,mitigating greenhouse gas emissions and supporting the adoption of climate-smart agricultural practices.Key aspects of the research include:Exploring the impact of weak interactions on community structure and the variability of species effects.Investigating the relati

192、onship between species richness and environmental factors,such as climate variability and geographic ranges.Analyzing the patterns of phylogenetic,taxonomic,and functional diversity within ecological communities.Evaluating the role of predator-prey relationships and body size in driving species rich

193、ness gradients at a broad scale.Understanding the metacommunity structures and their associations with environmental gradients in diverse ecosystems.TC.458 Nutrition|Mediterranean Diet|Energy Intake This Topic Cluster is about the impact of dietary intake,consumption patterns,risk associations,and h

194、ealth effects,focusing on nutrition 45 labeling and consumer behavior.Research related to nutrition in agriculture is crucial for addressing global challenges related to food security,malnutrition,and public health,improving food quality and nutritional value,promoting dietary diversity,addressing h

195、idden hunger,supporting sustainable food systems and preventing diet-related diseases.Key aspects of the research include:Examining the use,understanding,and regulatory frameworks of nutrition labeling,functional foods,and micronutrient recommendations across Europe.Exploring the association between

196、 dietary patterns,risk factors,and health outcomes,including the Mediterranean diets impact on cardiovascular risk.Assessing dietary intake and nutrient validity through self-administered questionnaires and dietary recalls in different populations.Investigating consumption patterns,breakfast habits,

197、and sugar-sweetened beverage intake among adolescents and their impact on health.Studying the effects of dietary interventions,fructose consumption,and high-fat diets on weight,glucose metabolism,and health outcomes.TC.20 Soil Carbon|Agricultural Science|Climate Change This Topic Cluster is about im

198、proving soil analysis methods to enhance accuracy and efficiency in estimating soil properties,such as organic carbon content,salinity,and degradation.It also explores the impact of factors like climate,vegetation,and tillage on soil quality and crop yield.Research related to these aspects in agricu

199、lture is essential for 46 sustainable land management,crop productivity,and environmental conservation,providing support on enhancing soil health,preventing soil degradation,developing precision agriculture and promoting sustainable land use planning.Key aspects of the research include:Studying the

200、influence of vegetation,climate,and microbial activity on soil organic carbon turnover and aggregate-associated carbon.Enhancing accuracy of soil organic carbon estimation using spectral reflectance and machine learning algorithms.Exploring the effects of different tillage,crop rotation,and fertiliz

201、er application methods on soil quality and crop yield.Assessing the impact of various phosphorus sources,organic matter,and manure on soil phosphorus availability.Investigating the spatial distribution of soil salinity and evaluating uncertainty in outcome predictions.TC.144 Plant Diseases|Genetic M

202、arker|Gene Expression Profiling This Topic Cluster is about the mechanisms of plant disease resistance,including genetic markers,pathogen response,and environmental stress factors.This research is meaningful as by advancing knowledge of plant-pathogen interactions,developing disease-resistant crop v

203、arieties,and improving disease management strategies,researchers can help farmers mitigate the impact of plant diseases and secure healthy and productive agricultural systems for the future.Regenerate response Key aspects of the research include:Protein-protein interactions and gene expression in pl

204、ant defense mechanisms.47 Identification of grapevine cultivars using molecular markers and SSR analysis.Genetic markers and resistance genes in plant-pathogen interactions.Impact of planting density and soybean genotypes on yield and disease resistance.Effect of leaf litter species on insect commun

205、ities and nitrogen assimilation.TC.1218 Climate Change|Agricultural Science|Irrigation This Topic Cluster is about the development and application of agricultural systems,sustainable practices,climate impact on crop yield,technology adoption,and farmer decision-making.This research is critical for u

206、nderstanding and mitigating the impacts of changing climatic conditions on crop production and food security,addressing challenges of adapting crop production to changing climate,ensuring food security,developing climate-smart agriculture and supporting policy and decision-making.Key aspects of the

207、research include:Studying the effects of climate change on crop production and yield.Enhancing farmer decision-making and technology adoption for sustainable agriculture.Modeling crop yield,water use,and nitrogen management for sustainable agriculture.Analyzing factors influencing technology adoptio

208、n and farm decision-making.Investigating the impact of temperature and water on rice and other crop yields.48 Summary Agricultural research is shaped by a multitude of factors,including diverse climatic conditions,agroecological zones,cropping systems,and cultural practices across different regions

209、and countries.This diversity necessitates tailored approaches to address the unique challenges faced by each region.Agriculture plays a critical role in addressing a wide spectrum of global challenges and Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs),such as climate change,food security,and environmental sust

210、ainability.Researchers are expected to achieve technological breakthroughs,respond to policy impacts,and tackle problems through interdisciplinary approaches,making it essential to integrate knowledge from various fields to address complex agricultural issues.The global landscape of agricultural res

211、earch is enriched by the diverse expertise of research institutions worldwide.Chinese institutions,in particular,have made significant contributions in crop genetics and biotechnology,developing high-yield,disease-resistant crop varieties suited to diverse agro-climatic conditions.Governmental suppo

212、rt is crucial for these endeavors,with the largest output often coming from governmental bodies focused on nationally relevant challenges.Additionally,governments worldwide support collaborative research initiatives and partnerships with other countries to leverage expertise,resources,and best pract

213、ices in agricultural research.Corporate influence also serves as a supplementary force,driving innovation,accelerating technology adoption,and enhancing productivity.Future research in agriculture will likely continue to embrace interdisciplinary approaches to address grand challenges such as climat

214、e change,food security,water scarcity,soil degradation,and biodiversity loss.Advanced technologies such as precision agriculture,49 remote sensing,and artificial intelligence will play a crucial role in optimizing resource use and enhancing productivity.Innovations in biotechnology,such as CRISPR an

215、d gene editing,will enable the development of high-yield,disease-resistant crops.Additionally,vertical farming and controlled environment agriculture will offer solutions for urban food production and resource efficiency.Cultivating talent within the agricultural research community will be critical,

216、ensuring the next generation of scientists is equipped to address complex challenges.By fostering interdisciplinary collaboration,leveraging advanced technologies,and prioritizing talent development,research institutions can drive advancements that promote resilience,sustainability,and productivity

217、in agriculture,contributing to long-term global agricultural sustainability.50 Appendix A Indicators Altmetrics Altmetrics(derived from the term alternative metrics)is a set of methods to measure the visibility of peer-reviewed scientific publications in traditional news outlets and policy documents

218、 and on social media.These mentions are usually tracked through document identifiers such as DOI,PMID and the URL of the article.This report presents findings on citations and mentions of publications outside of Scopusfor example,in repositories of policy-related literature(such as the UK Parliament

219、ary Office of Science and Technology),online news portals(such as The Conversation or the New York Times),or social media platforms(e.g.,Wikipedia).Our analysis captures discussion of research findings outside the academic community,among policymakers or government scientists,scientific educators,an

220、d a broad audience of the science-news-reading public.When we refer to news or journalistic mentions,we define this as content generated by journalists,or scientific news aggregators with editorial oversight.Policy-related documents made up of technical advice and evidence syntheses are known as syn

221、optic science documents.We use the PlumX and Overton databases(see Appendix B for details)to produce our altmetrics indicators.Both databases mix automated coding and parsing methods with some manual curation to link peer-reviewed publication records to those from selected online repositories and ag

222、gregators.Author Author refers to any individual listed in the author byline of a Scopus-indexed publication.Bibliometrics The quantitative data used in Chapter 1 of this report are analysed using bibliometric techniques.Bibliometrics is a set of methods that use data from databases indexing records

223、 of scientific publications and patents,as well as other R&I outputs of growing interest,such as designs and trademarks,to derive new insights into these outputs corresponding funding and performance.Within bibliometrics,the branch of scientometrics examines the records of research publications to m

224、easure scientific activity.Increasingly,it also examines related types of outputs such as research data sets and protocols.The branch of technometrics focuses on patent records as a proxy measure for innovation.It is being actively expanded to cover other forms of innovation that are not well captur

225、ed by patents,such as those covered by designs and trademarks.51 Citation A citation is a formal reference in a research journal publication to earlier work.Citations are used to credit the published source of an idea or finding.The number of citations received by a publication from subsequently pub

226、lished articles in the scientific literature is used as a proxy for the influence or impact that publication has had.In this report,citations refer to citations by any Scopus-indexed publications,whereas citations made by other types of documents(e.g.,policy documents)specifically reference the type

227、 of document that the citation was made in(e.g.,as policy citations or citations in policy documents).Compound annual growth rate The compound annual growth rate(CAGR)is defined as the year-over-year constant growth rate over a specified period of time.Starting with the first value in any series and

228、 applying this rate for each of the time intervals yields the amount in the final value of the series.Collaboration Research collaboration is measured by counting publications resulting from the efforts of two or more authors.Such publications are referred to as co-publications throughout the report

229、.Collaboration can be categorized into various types;in this report,we focus on the following two:International collaborationco-publication in which the affiliations listed by the authors of a publication include institutions from two or more countries or regions.Academiccorporate collaborationco-pu

230、blication in which the affiliations listed by the authors of a publication include institutions or organizations from both academia and the corporate sector;this is a type of intersectoral collaboration.Field-weighted citation impact Field-weighted citation impact(FWCI)is an indicator of the citatio

231、n impact of a publication.It is calculated by comparing the number of citations actually received by a publication with the number of citations expected for a publication of the same document type,publication year and subject.An FWCI of more than 1.00 indicates that the entitys publications have bee

232、n cited more than would be expected based on the global average for similar publications;for example,a score of 2.11 means the entitys publications have been cited 111%more than the world average.An FWCI of less than 1.00 indicates that the entitys publications have been cited less than would be exp

233、ected based on the global average for similar publications;for example,an FWCI score of 0.87 means the publications have been cited 13%less than the world average.The FWCI is always defined with reference to a global baseline of 1.0 and intrinsically accounts for differences in citation accrual over

234、 time,differences in citation rates for different document ages(e.g.,older documents are expected to have accrued more citations than recently published documents),document types(e.g.,reviews typically 52 attract more citations than research articles),as well as subjects(e.g.,publications in Medicin

235、e accrue citations more quickly than publications in Mathematics).The FWCI uses an unweighted variable 5-year window.The mean FWCI value for 2012 publications,for example,is calculated for documents published in 2012 using their citations from 2012 to 2017.For recent output with less than five years

236、 since publication,all citations available at the date of data extraction are used in the calculation.For instance,if an article is published in 2016,and the data are extracted in 2018,the articles FWCI is calculated using the articles 20162018 citations.Interdisciplinarity(knowledge integration)Int

237、erdisciplinary research is that which combines two or more academic disciplines into one activity(e.g.,a research project).In this report,research interdisciplinarity is measured using disciplinary diversity of authors(DDA)and disciplinary diversity of references(DDR).Disciplinary diversity of autho

238、rs(DDA)The DDA reflects the diversity of the prior disciplinary backgrounds of a papers co-authors.This indicator was developed to account for the number of distinct disciplines,the cognitive distance that separates them,and the balance between them.A paper co-authored by authors whose previous pape

239、rs were distributed across subfields of science in a similar pattern(i.e.,having similar relative frequency across subfields)would score lower than papers bringing together authors with different backgrounds(as measured by the subfields from their prior publications),even if those authors,individual

240、ly,have published in a less diverse set of subfields.In other words,it is having differences between the backgrounds of each co-author that increases multi-disciplinary integration and not having individual authors with more diverse backgrounds.Nevertheless,authors having diverse backgrounds may be

241、more likely to increase the multi-disciplinary integration of one paper,but only if this diversity is sufficiently different from the subfields of the remaining authors.As a result of this approach,a single-author publication,no matter the diversity of its authors background,will always receive the

242、minimum score,because the indicator is intended to capture diversity across different authors.In this report,the share of an entitys papers with a DDA score in the top 10%is measured and normalized to the average of all papers worldwide published in the same subfield and same year.Disciplinary diver

243、sity of references(DDR)The DDR of a publication is computed based on the material cited by the publication and reflects the diversity of knowledge that is being integrated into the publication.The indicator considers(a)the number of different subfields that are being cited,(b)the distribution of tho

244、se citations across the cited subfields,and(c)the intellectual proximity of those subfields to one another.For example,a paper that draws on knowledge from four different subfields would have a higher DDR score than a paper that draws on only three.Similarly,a paper that cites one subfield 90%of the

245、 time and the other subfields only 10%of the time would have a lower score than a paper that 53 cites its various subfields in roughly equal measure.Finally,a paper that integrates knowledge from biology and from chemistry would have a lower score than a paper that integrates knowledge from biology

246、and the performing arts,because the former pair is more intellectually proximate than the latter pair.In this report,the share of an entitys papers among the top 10%with the highest DDR in the world is computed and the DDR score is adjusted to the average of all papers worldwide published in the sam

247、e subfield and same year.Keyphrase SciVal uses the Elsevier Fingerprint Engine to extract distinctive keyphrases within a given research area.Text mining is done through applying a variety of Natural Language Processing techniques to the titles and abstracts of the documents in the research area in

248、order to identify important concepts.These concepts are matched against a set of thesauri spanning all major disciplines.For each document the distinctive keyphrases are selected based on Inverse Document Frequency(IDF),by incorporating a factor that diminishes the weight of words that occur frequen

249、tly in the document set and that increases the importance of words that occur rarely.Each keyphrase is given a relevance between 0 and 1,with 1 given to the most frequently occurring keyphrase.Remaining keyphrases are given a value based on their relative frequency.Publication Publication(unless oth

250、erwise indicated)denotes the main types of peer-reviewed documents published in journals:articles,reviews,and conference papers.Scholarly output In this report the terms output,articles and publications refer to peer-reviewed articles,reviews and conference papers published in journals and conferenc

251、e proceedings and indexed in the Scopus database.Research Topics and Topic Cluster A collection of articles that share a common research interest,meaning that the research content has the same focus.In the Scopus database,all publications are categorized into approximately 96,000 research topics by

252、an algorithm based on direct citation.Publications within the same research topic are strongly related to each other through citation while publications with a weaker citation tie will be grouped into a different topic.Topics can grow or decline(year on year),be large or small,new or old and are oft

253、en multidisciplinary.A publication can only belong to one Topic and one Topic Cluster.Each week new publications are allocated to the existing Topics and Topic Clusters.A detailed schematic for research topic clustering is listed below.Topic Clusters are formed by aggregating Topics with similar res

254、earch interest together to form a broader,higher-level area of research.These Topic Clusters can be used to 54 get a broader understanding of the research being done by a country,institution(or group)or researcher(or group),before drilling into the more niche underlying Topics.Each of the 94,000 Top

255、ics have been matched with one of the 1,500 Topic Clusters.As with Topics,a researcher or institution can contribute to multiple Topic Clusters,but a Topic can only belong to one Topic Cluster and a publication can only belong to one Topic(and therefore one Topic Cluster).Topic Clusters are formed u

256、sing the same direct citation algorithm that creates the Topics.When the strength of the citation links between Topics reaches a threshold,a Topic Cluster is formed.Circles indicate articles,solid arrows indicate strong citation relationships,and dashed arrows indicate weak citation relationships.Ar

257、ticles with strong citation relationships are grouped under the same research topic,and articles with weak citation relationships are grouped under different research topics.Prominence Calculating a Topics Prominence combines 3 metrics to indicate the momentum of the Topic:Citation Count in year n t

258、o papers published in n and n-1 Scopus Views Count in year n to papers published in n and n-1 Average CiteScore for year n Year n is the last complete year We look at all publications in the Topic from that year,identify the journals and use their CiteScore values If there are 2 articles from year n

259、 from 1 journal in the Topic,that journals CiteScore is counted twice Prominence gives an indication of momentum and is not a quality indicator.Due to the nature of certain research fields,there are Topics which will never become Prominent,however this is not mutually exclusive with the Topic not be

260、ing important.55 Appendix B Data sources and analytical platforms Elsevier Fingerprint Engine Based on state-of-the-art Natural Language Processing(NLP)techniques,the Elsevier Fingerprint Engine is a back-end software system that extracts information from the unstructured text of scientific document

261、s.It applies a domain-relevant thesaurus to each scientific publication to map text to semantic fingerprints or collections of weighted key concepts.By identifying and extracting new concepts,the Elsevier Fingerprint Engine can enrich each thesaurus and generate new vocabularies,so it continuously i

262、mproves the insights it delivers to researchers and funding bodies.It can be used as a back-office processing component of applications or as a stand-alone service.See https:/ Overton Overton is the worlds largest searchable index of policy documents,guidelines,think-tank publications and working pa

263、pers.Its database consists of more than 1.65 million policy documents,with data collected from 182 countries and over a thousand sources worldwide.These policy documents include white papers from international multilateral organisations,as well as guidelines from city councils,parliamentary transcri

264、pts and other classes of the so-called grey literature.Around half of these documents make citations to academic or scholarly publications.More than 2 million distinct journal-based publications are cited by at least one policy document in the database.See https:/www.overton.io/PlumX PlumX Metrics p

265、rovide insights into the ways people interact with individual pieces of research output in the online environment.Examples include research being mentioned in the news or Wikipedia.These metrics are divided into five categories(citations,usage,captures,mentions,social media)to help make sense of the

266、 huge amounts of data involved and to enable analysis by comparing like with like.See https:/ SciVal is a web-based analytics solution with unparalleled flexibility that provides access to the research performance of over 20,000 academic,industry and 56 government research institutions and their ass

267、ociated researchers,output and metrics.SciVal allows users to visualise research performance,benchmark relative to peers,develop strategic partnerships,identify and analyse emerging research trends,and create uniquely tailored reports.See Scopus Scopus is Elseviers expertly curated abstract and cita

268、tion database with content from over 7,000 publishers to help track and enhance researcher and institutional data and discover global research in all fields.Scopus covers over 84 million items from more than 26,000 serial titles,240,000+books and 10.4 million+conference papers connected through a ro

269、bust data model including over 94,000 affiliation and 17 million author profiles.Scopus coverage is multilingual and global:approximately 46%of the titles in Scopus are published in languages other than English(or published in both English and another language).In addition,more than half of Scopus c

270、ontent originates from outside North America,representing countries across Europe,Latin America,Africa and the Asia-Pacific region.See 57 About This report was prepared by Elseviers Analytical Services in collaboration with China Agricultural University,who funded this project.Analytical Services is

271、 part of Elseviers Research Intelligence portfolio of products and services,which serve research institutions,government agencies and funders.Whether your institution is conducting research or funding it,Research Intelligence provides the objective and analytical insight needed to improve your abili

272、ty to establish,execute and evaluate national and institutional research strategy.For more information about Elseviers Research Intelligence portfolio,please visit: About Elsevier Elsevier,a global leader in information and analytics,helps researchers and healthcare professionals advance science and

273、 improve health outcomes for the benefit of society.Growing from our roots in publishing,we have supported the work of our research and health partners for more than 140 years.Elsevier offers knowledge and valuable analytics that help our users make breakthroughs and drive societal progress.Digital

274、solutions such as ScienceDirect,Scopus,SciVal,ClinicalKey and Sherpath support strategic research management,R&D performance,clinical decision support and health education.Elsevier publishes over 2,650 digitised journals,including The Lancet and Cell;our 42,000 eBook titles;and our iconic reference works,such as Grays Anatomy.Elsevier is part of RELX,a global provider of information-based analytics and decision tools for professional and business customers.See