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1、ULI EAST CHINANET ZERO IMPERATIVE Technical Assistance Panel Report|MARCH 2024?East China?GBA?BeijingChina?2024 URBAN LAND INSTITUTETHIS REPORT IS SPONSORED BY:ULI East China,with financial support from a generous gift from Owen Thomas to the ULI FoundationON THE COVER:Xuhui Riverside is a relativel

2、y new development area with a lot of new commercial and residential buildings in Shanghai.ULI EAST CHINA NET ZERO IMPERATIVE|3 The Urban Land Institute is a global,member-driven organization comprising more than 45,000 real estate and urban development professionals dedicated to advancing the Instit

3、utes mission of shaping the future of the built environment for transformative impact in communities worldwide.ULIs interdisciplinary membership represents all aspects of the industry,including developers,property owners,investors,architects,urban planners,public officials,real estate brokers,apprai

4、sers,attorneys,engineers,financiers,and academics.Established in 1936,the Institute has a presence in the Americas,Europe,and Asia Pacific region,with members in 81 countries.ULIs extraordinary impact on land use decision-making is based on its members sharing expertise on a variety of factors affec

5、ting the built environment,including urbanization,demographic and population changes,new economic drivers,technology advancements,and environmental concerns.Peer-to-peer learning is achieved through the knowledge shared by members at thousands of convenings each year that reinforce ULIs position as

6、a global authority on land use and real estate.Drawing on its members work,the Institute recognizes and shares best practices in urban design and development for the benefit of communities around the globe.More information is available at uli.org.Follow ULI on Twitter,Facebook,LinkedIn,and Instagram

7、.About ULI ChinaThe ULI China National Council brings together real estate professionals,civic leaders,and the business community for educational programs,initiatives impacting the region,and networking events,all in the pursuit of advancing responsible and equitable land use throughout the region.A

8、s a nonpartisan organisation,ULI is recognised as one of Chinas most respected and widely quoted sources of objective information on urban planning,growth,and development.ULI China is active in Beijing,Shanghai and Greater Bay Area,and delivers regular content-rich events,product councils,and study

9、tours and delivers the widely-attended ULI East China Winter and Summer Meetings.ULI East China LeadershipDr.Kelvin Wong Head of China,Real Estate,Schroders Capital,ULI East China ChairABOUT THE URBAN LAND INSTITUTE ABOUT4|TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE PANEL REPORTABOUTULI Advisory Services:National and Glob

10、al ProgramsSince 1947,the ULI Advisory Services program has assembled well over 700 ULI-member teams to help sponsors find creative,practical solutions for complex land use challenges.A wide variety of public,private,and nonprofit organizations have contracted for ULIs advisory services.National and

11、 international panelists are specifically recruited to form a panel of independent and objective volunteer ULI member experts with the skills needed to address the identified land use challenge.The program is designed to help break through obstacles,jump-start conversations,and solve tough challenge

12、s that need an outside,independent perspective.Three-and five-day engagements are offered to ensure thorough consideration of relevant topics.Learn more at americas.uli.org/programs/advisory-services.The Net Zero ImperativeThanks to a generous gift from Owen Thomas,ULI has launched the Net Zero Impe

13、rative a multi-year initiative to accelerate decarbonization in the built environment.Additional gifts from Lynn Thurber,Joe Azrack,Franz Colloredo-Mansfeld,and Dan Cashdan further support and bolster the NZI programs scale and impact.Work to advance the initiative includes technical assistance pane

14、ls in five global cities each year,designed to help developers,building owners,cities,and other relevant constituents reduce carbon emissions associated with buildings,communities,and cities.The fundamental goal of the effort is to provide concrete ideas and strategies to real estate owners,public s

15、ector leaders,and the general public to eliminate carbon emissions from the built environment to reach net zero.Through its work,the initiative will create global resources(research,toolkits,and other tools)to help all ULI members accelerate decarbonization in their real estate operations and in the

16、ir cities.ULI Advisory Services identify creative,practical solutions for complex land use and development challenges.ULI EAST CHINA NET ZERO IMPERATIVE|5 ABOUTAbout the ULI NZI programmeThe ULI Net Zero Imperative(NZI)is a global,multi-year initiative to accelerate decarbonization in the built envi

17、ronment,and is a significant aspect of ULIs work to advance its net zero mission priority.The programme sponsors technical assistance panels in a select number of global cities per year and is designed to help building owners,cities,and other relevant constituents reduce carbon emissions associated

18、with buildings,communities,and cities.The 5-year program started in July 2021 and includes the following key components:Leveraging a 2-day technical assistance event in each city to help the public and private sector develop a“pathway to decarbonisation”Running long-term on-the-ground campaigns in g

19、lobal cities to accelerate decarbonisation of the built environment Building a global grouping that can receive ongoing technical assistance to refine on-the-ground campaigns,and work together to share best practices and lessons learned Creating global resources(research,toolkits,and other tools)to

20、help all ULI members accelerate decarbonisation in their real estate operations and in their cities.More information is available at https:/uli.org/netzeroimperative.Currently,ULI TAPs have been organised in the following cities:2021 Cohort Austin,Texas Beijing,China Kansas City,Missouri Los Angeles

21、,California Minneapolis,Minnesota San Jose,California Shenzhen,China Toronto,Canada2022 Cohort Atlanta,Georgia Charlotte,North Carolina Chicago,Illinois Berlin,Germany Hong Kong SAR Monterrey,Mexico Minneapolis,Minnesota2023/24 Cohort Melbourne,Australia Vancouver,Canada Berlin,Germany Los Angeles,C

22、alifornia(follow-up)Shenzhen,China(follow-up)Shanghai,China6|TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE PANEL REPORTULI would like to thank the following people for their assistance with the foundational research,information gathering,and local expert roundtable that helped make this study a success:ACKNOWLEDGMENTSJiann

23、Ming Bey ESG Director,GLPRaymond Chan OneClick LCAAlbert Chan Chief Sustainability Officer,Shui On GroupDandan Chen Founder and CEO,CaijianJason Chen Principal Engineer,ArupVickie Chen General Manager of Sustainable Development Department,Shui On LandXi Chen Director,Built Environment and Energy Res

24、earch Institute,China Academy of Building ResearchJoelle Chen Head of Sustainability,Asia Pacific,LaSalle Investment ManagementGiovanni Cossu Head of Sustainability,CapitaLand DevelopmentJianping Gu Chief Engineer,North Bund Development and Construction Management OfficeYvonne Huang Chief Representa

25、tive for Asia,GRESBABOUTRichard Hui Director,Technical Services and Sustainable Development,Chinese Mainland,Swire PropertiesHelix Lau Partner,TrashausGaspard Lemoine-Scelles Asia Business Development Director,TeraoGang Li Director of Technology,Design Management,East China,China Resources LandWei L

26、i Maanshan SteelJianfeng Liu Director of Technology,Saint-GobainYang Liu Practice Leader,ESG for Asia Pacific AECOMMichael Long Director of Sustainability,New World GroupJiangTao Ni Associate and Shanghai Head of Data and Sustainability,GenslerKenneth Rhee Chief Executive Officer,Integral VIMHansong

27、 Sun Head of ESG,White Peak ULI EAST CHINA NET ZERO IMPERATIVE|7 ABOUTRaefer Wallis Founder,RESETDr.Qiujian Wang Green Building,Energy Conservation,and Low Carbon Innovation Research Institute,Shanghai Research Institute of Building SciencesJingfeng WuSEE FoundationXuxuan Xiao General Manager,Right

28、SincerityDong Yang Project Director,CleanCO2Haifeng Zhang Chief Engineer,Shanghai Construction Building Materials Technology Group Co.,Ltd.Ying Zhang Assistant General Manager,Shanghai Research Institute of Building SciencesFang Zhou Green Building,Energy Conservation,and Low Carbon Innovation Resea

29、rch Institute,Shanghai Research Institute of Building SciencesYun Zhou Assistant Chief Engineer,Shanghai Construction Building Materials Technology Group8|TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE PANEL REPORTTECHNICAL ASSISTANCE BRIEFING PANEL AND PROJECT STAFFPanel MembersJiann Ming BeyESG DirectorGLPVickie Chen Gener

30、al Manager of Sustainable Development DepartmentShui On LandGiovanni Cossu Head of SustainabilityCapitaLand DevelopmentYvonne Huang Chief Representative for AsiaGRESBRichard Hui Director,Technical Services and Sustainable Development,Chinese MainlandSwire PropertiesMichael LongDirector of Sustainabi

31、lityNew World GroupJiangTao Ni Associate and Shanghai Head of Data and SustainabilityGenslerLiu Yang Practice Leader,ESG for Asia Pacific AECOMKenneth Rhee Project Leader,CEO,Integral VIMJenny Zhang Director,ESG&Decarbonization,ULI Asia PacificProject StaffKenneth Rhee Project Leader,CEO,Integral VI

32、MAbel XuDirector,Integral VIMJenny Zhang Director,ESG&Decarbonization,ULI Asia PacificColin Galloway Report Author,ULI Asia PacificMay Chow Senior Vice President,ULI Asia PacificShirley Shao Acting Executive Director,ULI ChinaOlivia Luo Senior Associate,ULI East ChinaChris Perkes Senior Manager,Gree

33、nprint+Net Zero Imperative,ULICeleste SmithSenior Associate,Greenprint+Net Zero Imperative,ULIDiwa Law Senior Manager,Centre of Excellence,ULI Asia PacificLawreane Jamie de los Santos Designer,Marketing,ULI Asia PacificABOUT ULI EAST CHINA NET ZERO IMPERATIVE|9 CONTENTSCONTENTSIntroduction 10Shangha

34、i NZI Study Scope 10China and Embodied Carbon 10Quantifying Embodied Carbon 13Challenge#1:Inconsistent and Inadequate Standards 13Challenge#2:Few Carbon Calculation Tools 17Challenge#3:Limited Understanding of EPDs and Poor Data Integrity 21Recommendations 21Reducing Embodied Carbon 24Focus Mainly o

35、n Steel and Concrete 24Low-Carbon Alternatives 27Challenge#4:Uncertain Transition Roadmap for Materials Suppliers 28Challenge#5:Lack of Understanding of Embodied Carbon Across the Industry 28Recommendations 3010|TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE PANEL REPORTINTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTIONAny analysis of measures to red

36、uce operational or embodied carbon in Chinese real estate must be seen in the context of the commitment made by the Chinese government in September 2020 to reach peak carbon dioxide(CO2)emissions before 2030,and carbon neutrality by 2060(the“30/60 targets”).Largely due to its large population,rapid

37、urbanisation,and manufacturing and export-oriented economy,China is the worlds biggest producer and consumer of energy,with energy-related CO2 emissions that amount to 28 percent of the global total.The need to balance economic development with emission reduction goals creates significant challenges

38、.The Shanghai NZI consisted of a half day forum and around 20 in-person interviews of relevant industry participants(developers,consultants,construction companies,and materials manufacturers),followed by two in-person workshops held in March 2023.The brief was to:Advise how to improve the efficiency

39、,transparency,and accuracy of embodied carbon calculation for both new-build and remodeling projects.Recommend ways to reduce building embodied carbon through design,construction,and material selection in China.This report summarises the conclusions drawn from those interviews and workshops,and prop

40、oses a number of long-term strategies that can help achieve those goals.China and Embodied CarbonAt some 12.3 billion tonnes per year,according to the World Resources Institute,China is by far the worlds biggest emitter of CO2.While this has long made it a focus of climate-change mitigation efforts,

41、however,only relatively recently has its building sector thought to account for about a quarter of domestic emissions come under real scrutiny as a potential source of output reduction.This is perhaps surprising given the huge amounts of both operational and embodied carbon contained in Chinas exist

42、ing buildings,as well as the fact that increasing per capita wealth,combined with ongoing urbanisation,promises to generate demand for new construction featuring levels of operational and embodied carbon that will dwarf those seen in todays building stock.Although the pace has slowed,China continues

43、 to construct new buildings faster than any country in the world,accounting for nearly half the global total according to a 2018 report in the journal Nature Energy.Shanghai NZI Study ScopeThis is the third NZI panel hosted in Mainland China,following those held in Beijing and in Shenzhen in 2022.Bo

44、th previous panels focused on the development of long-term strategies to reduce emissions of operational carbon(i.e.,arising from functions such as lighting and heating/cooling equipment)from buildings in China.This panel,however,addresses the issue of embodied carbon1 in China.Embodied carbon refer

45、s to carbon released during the entire life-cycle of a building,including in extraction,transport,and manufacturing of construction materials,as well as in the construction process and the buildings eventual demolition and disposal.ULI EAST CHINA NET ZERO IMPERATIVE|11 INTRODUCTIONBuilders,developer

46、s,materials suppliers,and regulators therefore need to consider as a priority how best to maximise building carbon efficiency,especially in light of currently low levels of awareness across relevant industries.For years,emission-mitigation efforts in China(including by regulators)have focused mainly

47、 on buildings operational emissions.Recently,however,attention has turned increasingly to the issue of embodied carbon.One reason for this is that many building owners have already addressed the low-hanging fruit of replacing inefficient lighting and aircon equipment.Another is that the impact of em

48、bodied carbon is front-loaded to the beginning of a buildings lifespan,giving it more importance in the context of emissions reduction targets that must meet a 2030 deadline.Finally,there is also a growing realisation that embodied carbon in China represents a much larger percentage of building sect

49、or emissions(i.e.,more than 55 percent,according to a 2020 estimate by the China Association of Building Energy Efficiency),than it does in developed markets such as the USA(where it represents just 15 percent,according to the US Energy Information Administration).This discrepancy is largely due to

50、the significantly larger volume of new construction versus existing building stock in China,its carbon-intensive material manufacturing processes,and the large quantities of fossil fuels EMBODIED CARBONAs opposed to operational carbon,which relates to carbon emitted by a building during the course o

51、f day-to-day use and operations(primarily by the energy it consumes),embodied carbon refers to emissions caused across the supply chain during building construction.It includes materials extraction and manufacturing,its transportation to the work site,all construction activity,building maintenance,a

52、nd,ultimately,its demolition and disposal.A more detailed assessment of embodied carbon can be found here carbonleadershipforum.orgused before building materials reach construction sites.As a result,the potential benefits of reducing embodied carbon levels in Chinese real estate are greater than the

53、y are elsewhere.While progress on this issue has been slow,awareness of the need to address carbon emissions is growing in China,supported by the governments 30/60 targets and the evolution of a new regulatory landscape that includes emissions trading pilot programmes and implementation from 2025 of

54、 emissions quotas for several carbon-intensive industries,including steel and cement.In relation specifically to embodied carbon,progress remains limited,but is now being led by a rising number of developers,especially from Hong Kong and internationally,beginning to estimate embodied carbon as part

55、of their development planning and then demanding low-carbon building materials from local manufacturers.There are various reasons for this slow progress,but in broad terms they boil down to lack of local(i.e.,mandarin speaking)technical expertise in life cycle analysis,measurement of embodied carbon

56、 in materials,and investment pathways to reducing embodied carbon.Two areas in particular stand out:How to quantify embodied carbon levels,How to reduce embodied carbon during the construction process.12|TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE PANEL REPORTINTRODUCTIONBackgroundOn June 4,2024,the“Implementation Plan fo

57、r Establishing a Carbon Footprint Management System”was jointly issued by 15 ministries,including the Ministry of Ecology and Environment and the National Development and Reform Commission.The plan aims to establish a preliminary carbon footprint management system in line with international standard

58、s by 2027 and supports goals outlined in several key policy documents,including the“2030 Carbon Peak Action Plan”.Objectives1.2027 Targets:Publish national standards for product carbon footprint accounting.Develop approximately 100 key product carbon footprint accounting standards.Create a prelimina

59、ry product carbon footprint factor database.Implement initial product carbon footprint certification and grading systems.2.2030 Targets:Complete the carbon footprint management system and add new application scenarios.Expand standards to about 200 key products.Improve the product carbon footprint da

60、tabase to include a wider range of products with better data quality influenced by international practice.Complete product carbon footprint certification and grading systems.Align domestic carbon footprint rules with international standards and actively participate in global carbon footprint rule-ma

61、king.Key Tasks1.System Establishment:Standards Development:Formulate national and industry standards for carbon footprint accounting,focusing on key industries including the energy,steel,and automotive sectors.Database Construction:Build and maintain a national product carbon footprint factor databa

62、se.Certification and Labeling:Develop management methods for product carbon labeling and certification.Information Disclosure:Encourage phased corporate disclosure of carbon footprint data.2.Stakeholder Engagement:Integrate carbon footprint requirements into trade,fiscal,financial,and industrial pol

63、icies.Support the inclusion of carbon footprint criteria in green supply chain evaluations.Foster local and sector-specific pilot programs and encourage leading enterprises to adopt carbon footprint management practices.3.International Cooperation:Monitor and respond to international carbon trade po

64、licies.Promote mutual recognition of carbon footprint standards with key trading partners and Belt and Road Initiative countries.Participate in the development of international carbon footprint standards,enhancing Chinas role in global governance.4.Capacity Building:Train professionals in carbon foo

65、tprint accounting and management.Establish and regulate professional services for carbon footprint evaluation and certification.Strengthen the quality,security,and traceability of carbon footprint data.The plan signifies a comprehensive approach by the Chinese government to integrate carbon footprin

66、t management into its broader environmental and economic policies,aligning with global standards and contributing to the countrys carbon neutrality goals.CHINA IMPLEMENTS A CARBON FOOTPRINT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM ULI EAST CHINA NET ZERO IMPERATIVE|13 Quantifying Embodied CarbonChallenge#1:Inconsistent an

67、d Inadequate StandardsOne of the main obstacles to accurately calculating buildings embodied carbon lies in the shortcomings of the regulatory framework.To date,understanding of embodied carbon in materials in China has been led by legislation in European economies and supported by European companie

68、s,with the result that demand for low-carbon building materials has been driven from the outside,rather than via demand from state-owned enterprises or local regulation.Currently,two standards are commonly used:the first is a 2019 national domestic standard(i.e.,GB/T 51366-Standard for Building Carb

69、on Emission Calculation),while the other(i.e.,EN 15978-Sustainability of construction works Assessment of environmental performance of buildings Calculation method)began as a European framework but now functions as a de facto global standard for calculating building life cycle assessments,adopting t

70、he RICS standard of building components and datasets like Gabi or Ecoinvent.Most governments globally recognize these methods as default standard practices without formulating their own detailed guidelines.QUANTIFYING EMBODIED CARBON SCOPE 1,2 AND 3 EMISSIONSThe Greenhouse Gas Protocol which provide

71、s the most widely recognised accounting standards for greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions categorises GHG emissions into three scopes that have been widely adopted to calculate total emissions of individual corporate or operational entities.Scope 1 emissions are GHGs a company puts into the atmosphere with

72、 its own property,including vehicles.For instance,when a company burns oil or gas to heat its buildings,the heating fuels create greenhouse gases that are categorised within scope 1.Scope 2 emissions come from generation of electricity a company buys and consumes via off-site power plants using the

73、electric grid.Scope 3 emissions include all other indirect sources of greenhouse gases from a companys operations.These cover a very wide range of activities that are outside the control of a reporting company,and often represent the largest portion of its GHG emissions inventory.They include materi

74、als and supplies a company buys,such as steel used to construct a building.They also include emissions from purchased services,such as from petrol used for transportation of materials by a third-party contractor.14|TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE PANEL REPORTQUANTIFYING EMBODIED CARBON Regulatory standardsThe

75、entire building life cycle is divided into different life cycle stages from A to DUpfront carbonCradleGateSitePractical completionEnd of lifeGraveBeyond lifeOperational carbonEmbodied carbonWhole life carbonProductRaw material supplyProductProductTransportConstruction and installation processesUseBu

76、ilding material production&transportationConstructionOperationDemolitionThe entire building life cycle is divided into the stages of building material production and transportation,construction and demolition,and building operation.Raw material mining and processingBuilding material productionBuildi

77、ng material transportationConstructionOperation(HVAC,lighting,domestic hot water,elevators,renewable energy,etc.)Carbon footprint management systemDemolitionBuilding waste transportationMaintenanceRepairReplacementRefurbishmentDeconstruction and demolitionTransportWaste processingDisposalBenefits an

78、d loadsReuse Recovery RecyclingA1B1B2B3B4B5B6Operational energyB7Operational waterC1C2C3C4DA2A3A4A5ConstructionIn-useEnd of lifeBeyond life cycle ULI EAST CHINA NET ZERO IMPERATIVE|15 Although the Chinese and international standards are broadly similar,they are also in some ways incompatible.In part

79、icular,the Chinese standard provides specific guidelines and requirements for conducting environmental impact assessments in buildings overall,setting out both a framework and datasets.In addition,it is more prescriptive than its international counterpart,while also featuring less granularity and sc

80、ope.One major difference relates to the calculation methodology,with GB/T 51366 adopting a unified method based on Chinese standards,while EN 15978 follows a European standard methodology established by the International Organization for Standardization(ISO).Another difference involves the scope of

81、the assessment.While both standards seek to target whole life-cycle emissions,GB/T 51366 omits several processes included in EN 15978 and is therefore considered incomplete,leading to carbon emissions assessments that can be several percentage points lower than those produced under the international

82、 framework.QUANTIFYING EMBODIED CARBON StandardGB/T51366EN15978Scope of buildingsCivil buildingsAll buildingsBuilding typesNew,refurbishment,and extension worksNew,refurbishment,and extension worksCalculation methodsEmission factor methodEmission factor methodImpact categoriesSingle category of clim

83、ate changeVarious impact categories*System boundaryWhole life cycle,some processes are excluded(maintenance,renovation,water)Whole life cycleData qualityStrict requirementStrict requirementReportingNot specifiedSpecifiedScenario descriptionNot detailedDetailedAccounting for the gross amountNot speci

84、fiedConsideration of losses due to multiple factors(transport,processing,design,etc.)*Impact categories,such as acidification,eutrophication,ecotoxicity,particulate matter,etc.Source:“Comparing the Standards of Life Cycle Carbon Assessment of Buildings:An Analysis of the Pros and Cons”https:/doi.org

85、/10.3390/buildings13102417Regulatory standards 2Comparison of GB/T51366 and EN15978.16|TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE PANEL REPORTQUANTIFYING EMBODIED CARBON Additionally,there may be differences in data sources and assumptions used in the assessments,with the local standard adopting(sometimes impractical)Chi

86、nese-specific data and assumptions,while EN 15978 uses European-specific data and assumptions.In particular,the domestic standard differs from international norms in that it does not reference items such as electronics,building services,MEP equipment,prefabricated components,and insulation materials

87、.In addition,panellists who took part in the workshop noted Chinas lack of a regularly updated comprehensive carbon emission factor database,with the current version dating from 2019 including limited building materials and transportation categories.In general,because current local standards were fo

88、rmulated before China embraced recent international initiatives to reduce carbon emissions,the existing regime is regarded as out of date,as well as out of step with international best practice.Both national and local authorities in China are in the process of formulating updated embodied carbon sta

89、ndards.Doing so,however,is a complex exercise given,among other things,the wide range of issues they need to address,and the lack of comprehensive datasets or historical precedents to inform the revision process.As a result,and although pilot programmes may be launched in individual cities(including

90、 Shanghai)as early as mid-2025,a comprehensive national standard for embodied carbon is not expected before 2026,according an official from the Shanghai Building Research Center who took part in the NZI workshop.This lack of a consistent and/or comprehensive body of standards means the Chinese build

91、ing industry is struggling to align embodied carbon practices in their materials procurement and building construction processes.To be sure,this is also an issue globally,but it is more problematic in China for two reasons.First,compared especially to Europe,China lacks an overarching policy framewo

92、rk for embodied carbon transition in both the financial and regulatory arenas(where departmental silos can hamper efficient decision-making).Second,the sheer size of Chinas steel and cement manufacturing industries industries(where the vast majority of the construction sectors embodied carbon is gen

93、erated)makes change more difficult to achieve,given especially their significance in terms of jobs creation and economic output.As a result,major reductions in carbon emissions from these industries will be hard to achieve you unless compelled by government policy mandates.Environmental product decl

94、arations(EPDs)are documents provided by materials manufacturers as an assessment of the environmental impact of a specific product.This includes emissions assessments of everything from mining and extraction to transport and factory processes.Life cycle assessments(LCAs)are considered the gold stand

95、ard in tracking and benchmarking the environmental impact of a whole building over the course of its useful life.LCAs are a scientific approach to performing carbon footprint calculations of buildings,using information provided by the building design and databases of EPDs to consolidate and quantify

96、 total impact.Many LCA tools and consultants available for use in real estate offer a range of services throughout the design stages of a project.ULI EAST CHINA NET ZERO IMPERATIVE|17 Challenge#2:Few Carbon Calculation ToolsAt the most basic level,the formula for calculating total embodied carbon in

97、 a building is simple:the sum of the amount of building materials used times embodied carbon per unit of each building material.In addition,emissions from other sources must also be quantified,including those used in transporting materials,as well as energy consumed in the construction process.Howev

98、er,obtaining accurate emissions data for thousands of different components sold by a multitude of different factories(often designated in different units of measurement)is a challenging exercise that is further complicated by the fact that Chinese materials manufacturers usually lack accurate embodi

99、ed carbon data of their products.This is because market demand for the data has never been strong,and the government has so far taken no steps to compel manufacturers to publish it.As a result,data collectors often resort to guesswork,which inevitably undermines data accuracy since different regions

100、 have different grid intensities,manufacturing processes,and transportation methods.Instead of the actual emission level of,say,a particular brand of concrete,an industry average will be used instead.Averages may also be taken from international sources if no data on local products can be found.To f

101、acilitate calculations,developers can use embodied carbon calculator tools.In the West,a variety of these are available,each employing its own methodology to create a library of embodied carbon data contained in different building material types.One of the most prominent is the US-based Embodied Car

102、bon Calculator in Construction(EC3)a free,open-access tool offering a large database of carbon emissions statistics sourced from manufacturers Environmental Product Declarations(EPDs).These allow developers to benchmark and assess the embodied carbon in materials(for example,from an individual steel

103、 rebar manufacturer)in both the design and procurement phases.The tool also allows owners and policymakers to analyse supply chain data in order to craft overarching EPD requirements and set embodied carbon limits and reductions at both construction material and project scales.In China,however,relat

104、ively few carbon calculator tools are available,and those that have emerged are often handicapped in collecting data by an enduring culture of commercial secrecy that acts as a disincentive to sharing information.This arises in part because of the lack of any comprehensive database,and in part becau

105、se the institutes that usually hold this data often want to use it to perform consulting work and thereby profit from it.That said,demand for EPDs in China is growing.This is due not only to an understanding that the government will sooner or later issue rules,but also because regulators internation

106、ally are increasingly requiring EPDs for imported products.Chinese car-makers for example,are eying global markets as an outlet for the countrys huge oversupply of electric vehicles,but exports are only possible in some markets(and especially in Europe)if manufacturers provide EPDs.Car manufacturers

107、 based in China are therefore already requiring steel producers to provide EPDs and in a few cases are asking for low-carbon steel to make their cars.QUANTIFYING EMBODIED CARBON 18|TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE PANEL REPORTQUANTIFYING EMBODIED CARBON Broadly speaking,carbon calculator tools used in China fal

108、l into two categories.First are those that cater to the local standards regime(see graphic Calculator Tools,left column),which include in their annexes a large number of pre-determined emissions factors for different building materials.This makes them straightforward to access,but because the inform

109、ation was compiled as long as 10 years ago and is not specific to particular manufacturers,it is often inaccurate.The result can therefore be used to provide a ballpark figure to inform,for example,estimated project-level carbon,but is not granular enough to distinguish“greener products”from specifi

110、c manufacturers.The other option is to use an international tool adhering to international standards(in practice,these are often used in parallel with Chinese standards).Many foreign tools are available,and because they use up-to-date information sourced from individual companies for their data,they

111、 tend to be more accurate.For obvious reasons,a foreign tool would be a requirement for products destined for export.One international tool that has become increasingly visible in China is One Click LCA,a subscription service offered by a Helsinki-based company.Because the database actively scrapes

112、and collects carbon emissions factors across the supply chain both internationally and in China,it offers the possibility to meet both local and international standards at the same time,as well as to compare carbon emissions from projects in China with those in other markets on an apples-to-apples b

113、asis.Because Chinese data can be difficult to source,however,the LCA tool will often estimate carbon emissions factors for any given material or manufacturer based on a standardised Domestic|GB/T51366-2019International|EN15978&ISO 14044Donghe,a whole-building-life-cycle carbon footprint analysis sof

114、tware developed by Chinas Southeast University in 2021Based on the national standard GB/T51366-2019Data:GB/T51366-2019 Appendix A-EApplicable to the calculation of carbon emissions of buildings using the national standardA whole-building-life-cycle carbon footprint analysis software developed by One

115、 Click LCA Ltd based in Helsinki Complies with international standards EN15978 and ISO14044Data:Ecoinvent,Gabi,other national databases,and EPDsStrong practicability in ChinaA whole-building-life-cycle carbon footprint analysis software developed by PKPM,affiliated to China Academy of Building Resea

116、rch,in 2021Based on the national standard GB/T51366-2019Data:GB/T51366-2019 Appendix A-EApplicable to the calculation of carbon emissions of buildings using the national standardA whole-building-life-cycle carbon footprint analysis software developed by eToolGlobal in AustraliaComplies with internat

117、ional standards EN15978 and ISO14044Data:Ecoinvent,Gabi,other national databases,and EPDsAverage practicability in China eFootprint,a carbon footprint and whole-life-cycle assessment tool developed by IKEComplies with international standards ISO14040 and ISO14044Data:CLCD(China),EcoinventApplicable

118、for the calculation of carbon emissions of both industrial products and buildingsAthena Research Institute,United StatesSelf-built database(building materials in North America)Suitable for new construction and renovation projects of any building types in North AmericaNot applicable in ChinaCalculato

119、r Tools ULI EAST CHINA NET ZERO IMPERATIVE|19 approximation,either for China or by reference to similar products internationally.This is not ideal,but the data collection process will usually still be more accurate than that mandated by existing local standards.This is not only because it is as far

120、as possible product/manufacturer specific,but also because governments in the West(in particular the UK and Northern Europe)are now increasingly engaged in establishing guidelines and encouraging manufacturers to publish EPDs,greatly accelerating the process of creating comprehensive models for a to

121、p-down product emissions database.Foreign tools will often also offer plugins providing customised analysis for individual users,such as comparative estimates of emissions levels of different building types using a variety of different materials.QUANTIFYING EMBODIED CARBON GLP has developed a compre

122、hensive guidebook for conducting standardized Life Cycle Assessment(LCA)in our logistics real estate projects,including those involving development,expansion,and refurbishment work.The guidebook offers standardized methodologies and best practices to evaluate the environmental impacts of our project

123、s throughout their lifecycles,demonstrating our commitment to carbon reduction.In China,we incorporated international and domestic standards(EN15978 and GB/T 51366)into the LCA guidebook together with a toolkit,providing detailed guidance on defining the scope and boundaries,utilizing databases,and

124、identifying required parameters.Additionally,we conducted training sessions for our teams to ensure consistent application of these methodologies across projects.Challenges1.Incomplete Data Collection:Initially,our approach involved providing the construction team with a template to fill out necessa

125、ry information.However,this often resulted in incomplete data submissions,with missing quantities or components.This significantly increased communication costs due to the need for repeated clarifications.2.Complex Material Categorization:Categorization and unit alignment of materials in the Bill of

126、 Quantities(BOQ)posed a significant challenge.Materials such as pre-cast modular panels,which consist of multiple layers such as concrete,steel,and waterproofing materials,lacked Environmental Product Declarations(EPDs)from manufacturers.This created problems in segregating materials and converting

127、units into databases expressed in different units(such as CO2e per kilogram,per square meter,or per cubic meter).Solutions1.Enhanced Data Collection Tools:To address incomplete data submissions,we collaborated with our internal QS team to align templates into the usual BOQ format.We developed a tool

128、 to import the Quantity Surveyor(QS)data sheet directly into the LCA computation.Aligning all quantities and types of building materials with CASE STUDY REDUCING EMISSIONS OF EMBODIED CARBON IN LOGISTICS REAL ESTATE PROJECTS THROUGH STANDARDIZED LCA METHODOLOGYBy Jiann Ming Bey,ESG Director,GLP20|TE

129、CHNICAL ASSISTANCE PANEL REPORTQUANTIFYING EMBODIED CARBON the templates adopted by the QS team was crucial to ensure accurate information capture.2.Material Segregation and Categorization Tool:We established a multi-step tool to facilitate input of data for project materials into proper categories.

130、Some segregation needs to be completed manually,and the tool converts data into compatible formats for different databases,allowing accurate calculation of carbon emissions factors.The tools format is also compatible with online platforms like OneClick LCA,allowing direct uploads and generating resu

131、lts quickly.FindingsOur LCA studies identified several variables that significantly affect the results of the assessments:1.Construction Technology:The choice between pre-cast and cast-in-situ construction methods impacts the carbon footprint.Pre-cast methods tend to have lower emissions due to fact

132、ory efficiencies,while emissions using cast-in-situ methods may vary depending on site-specific conditions.In addition,choosing to use either steel or concrete and rebar structures also results in differing carbon footprints.2.Seismic Level:Projects located in higher seismic level zones require addi

133、tional materials and construction techniques to ensure structural integrity,leading to higher carbon footprints.Results may vary significantly across projects in different geographical regions.3.Building Height and Storeys:The number of storeys in a building influences material usage intensity.Talle

134、r buildings generally require more structural materials,increasing the overall carbon footprint per square meter.Additionally,ramps for heavy trucks typically required for multistorey warehouses also necessitate more materials usage.Achievements1.Baseline Establishment:We plan to establish the compa

135、nys embodied carbon baseline within two years,with current projects showing results ranging from 300 to 800 kgCO2/m across 10 projects and over 20 buildings in different regions of China.All projects are computed on a per-block building basis,providing a solid foundation for future monitoring and be

136、nchmarking.2.Performance Improvement:We successfully identified environmental hotspots and were able to implement targeted improvement measures,such as adopting low-carbon concrete and sourcing steel with higher recycled content and lower carbon emission factors.This approach,which is currently unde

137、r study,is expected to lead to signification reductions in the carbon footprint of our projects.The standardized LCA methodology has improved our ability to communicate environmental performance transparently to stakeholders.It also enhances the completeness of Scope 3 emissions reporting and demons

138、trates our commitment to responsible environmental management.Our LCA guidebook positions us to comply with both existing and future regulations.We are encouraged by the recent announcement of the governments recently-issued“Implementation Plan for the Establishment of a Carbon Footprint Management

139、System”,and will continue to monitor the development of domestic EPD databases.Addressing challenges in ways set out above has allowed GLP China to significantly improve the accuracy and efficiency of our LCA processes,helping us meet our overall carbon reduction goals and positioning us as a leader

140、 in sustainable logistics real estate development.ULI EAST CHINA NET ZERO IMPERATIVE|21 Challenge#3:Limited Understanding of EPDs and Poor Data IntegrityA final obstacle to the accurate calculation of embodied carbon emissions is an overall lack of awareness throughout real estate industry,compounde

141、d by both poor access to data and a lack of integrity in the data that does exist.These issues have in turn hindered the emergence of embodied carbon baselines for different building types,leaving developers and building owners with few comparables to tap when constructing their own projects.One exa

142、mple that illustrates these difficulties is the way developers in China often adopt very different approaches when accounting for materials used in constructing basements in commercial buildings.Because basement space in China is not covered by floor-to-area ratio restrictions,there is a tendency to

143、 create large basements that often extend to multiple underground levels.Digging deep requires use of large amounts of steel and concrete,however,creating correspondingly large carbon footprints.The negative implications of this practice in terms of consequently high embodied carbon emissions are th

144、en compounded by the fact that many developers opt not to include the basement space as part of their emissions estimates,basing calculations instead on above-ground space only,and creating what are often large discrepancies compared to the declared embodied carbon values of other developers with es

145、sentially identical structures who disclose emissions data accurately.In this context,lack of transparency and accuracy in embodied carbon data,combined with a flawed regulatory approach,have compounded difficulties outlined in the previous section of this report.In this context,the concept of a bas

146、eline becomes meaningless,leaving the industry with no incentive to gravitate towards a new status quo whereby embodied carbon can be properly quantified.This knowledge/information deficit applies across the real estate industry,but is especially notable among those who hold the financial purse stri

147、ngs at the top of the food chain in particular investors and developers.Boosting knowledge at that level therefore incentivises awareness across the rest of the ecosystem,as mandates trickle down to contractors,sub-contractors,and materials manufacturers.Recommendations In the long run,the most effe

148、ctive way to promote greater transparency of embodied carbon data is via government regulation that will require manufacturers to publish EPDs,as well as by mandating the establishment of private or public databases to host them.Indeed,one workshop participant commented that the cement and steel ind

149、ustries are already acutely aware that embodied carbon regulation is pending,and in many cases are moving forward to publish EPDs on a voluntary basis.In the meantime,the panel recommended that new-building construction in China should continue to follow existing local standards,while also referenci

150、ng international standards in cases where the local framework is unclear or incomplete.In addition,relevant authorities should publish specific building materials carbon emissions databases that can be used when calculating embodied carbon emissions.Government and the real estate industry should wor

151、k together to set precedents for the format and use of EPD databases for projects in China.They should also encourage manufacturers to publish EPDs.In the short term,training programmes(including via case studies)should be set up for industry participants to improve their understanding of embodied c

152、arbon issues.These should be aimed especially at the steel and cement industries,where the vast majority of real estate carbon emissions originate.QUANTIFYING EMBODIED CARBON 22|TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE PANEL REPORTQUANTIFYING EMBODIED CARBON Over the medium term(i.e.2025-2030),access to finance for rea

153、l estate development should be tied to compliance with specified embodied carbon criteria.This approach has already been adopted in a related context by some private equity investment funds(especially from Europe),who require potential investment targets in the Asia Pacific to meet designated thresh

154、olds in terms of ESG performance.Embodied carbon disclosure could be added to that checklist.Banks(either domestic or international)being tapped by investors to provide leverage for such deals,or to provide green lending facilities,or who may be considering refinancing existing loans,could also impo

155、se conditions tied to embodied carbon emissions.ESTIMATED TYPICAL UPFRONT EMBODIED CARBON COMPARISONS,GLOBAL AND CHINA,ARUPBy Jason Chen,Total Sustainable and Digital Design(TSDD)Team Manager,ArupBased on Arup data from more than 1,000 projects,average embodied carbon levels amount to approximately

156、30%of whole life cycle carbon emissions worldwide.Over time,ongoing decarbonization of electricity grids will cause operational carbon emissions to fall,thereby increasing embodied carbon as a proportion of the whole.Current trends indicate that targeted embodied carbon reductions of 40%by 2030 will

157、 not be met,with additional global emissions reduction efforts required.GlobeForecast Whole Life Carbon emissions(Whole-life-carbon-assessment at global scale:A case study,by Arup)This chart represents a typical breakdown of upfront embodied carbon based on a business-as-usual scenario in Europe.Sta

158、tistics have been obtained from One Click LCA,which has compiled a database with embodied carbon data for 3,737 European building projects.For office buildings,there is an average value for structure and skin layers of about 450 kgCO2e/m2,which is consistent with assumed levels for all layers of abo

159、ut 800 kgCO2e/2,including emissions from stages A4-A5(transport and construction).Estimated typical upfront embodied carbon A1-A5(Net-zero buildings-Halving construction emissions today,by WBCSD and Arup)Year of HandoverAverage Embodied Carbon(kgCO2e/m2)Average Operational Carbon(kgCO2e/m2)Forecast

160、whole lifecyclecarbon reducing by 40%Forecast embodiedcarbon reducing by 30%5,0004,0003,0002,0001,000020232024202620252028202920302027Structure(incl.Foundation)SkinSpace planStuffServices800kgCO2e/m250%20%5%10%15%ULI EAST CHINA NET ZERO IMPERATIVE|23 QUANTIFYING EMBODIED CARBON Based on a case study

161、 of a 250 metre-high office building in China,the design approach prioritizes efficiency and uses standard,rather than low-carbon,materials.A1-A5 embodied carbon(construction materials,transport,and construction)accounts for approximately 27%of the buildings overall life cycle emissions.If B2-B5(mai

162、ntenance,repair,replacement and refurbishment)stages are included,embodied carbon levels rise to around 35%.However,the standard currently used in China does not account for these factors when calculating embodied carbon.Currently,Environmental Product Declarations(EPDs)are not widely available in t

163、he China supply chain,meaning that carbon factors are primarily derived from China standard and industry reference values.As a result,structure and foundation components contribute nearly two-thirds of A1-A5 embodied carbon emissions.The Structure,Foundation,and Space Plan(including partitions and p

164、lastering)components make up 60%-70%of the A1-A5 embodied carbon(comprised of cement,concrete,and steel(including reinforcement)of typical projects in China.Meanwhile,faade elements(such as aluminum and glass)account for an additional 10%-20%.Therefore,decarbonizing these five materials would signif

165、icantly impact the buildings embodied carbon emissions at A1-A5 stages.A typical 250m typical office building in ChinaChinaStructureFoundationSkinSpace planServicesA1-A5 Embodied CarbonB6,B7Operational Carbon880kgCO2e/m215%8%18%12%47%27%73%Estimated typical upfront embodied carbon A1-A5Source:Arup24

166、|TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE PANEL REPORTREDUCING EMBODIED CARBON Reducing Embodied CarbonFocus Mainly on Steel and ConcreteAlthough quantifying total embodied carbon from the thousands of different components used in constructing buildings is an important first step,in reality the biggest culprits are eas

167、y to identify,with steel and concrete together accounting for as much as 70-90%of total building materials emissions,depending on building type.It is therefore logical to focus on these inputs as the main sources of carbon reduction.Steel contains negligible levels of carbon in physical terms,but cr

168、eates substantial emissions during the manufacturing process.Currently,steel produced in China features relatively high levels of embodied carbon compared to overseas counterparts because the vast majority of Chinese mills still use conventional coal-fueled Basic Oxygen Furnaces(BOFs).These consume

169、mostly iron ore rather than recycled scrap metal as a raw material.More modern mills,known as Electric Arc Furnaces(EAFs),use as much as 90 percent scrap to produce steel and emit between 10-30 percent less carbon than in traditional steelmaking.In the U.S.and Europe,most steel is produced using EAF

170、s,but in China the proportion was only 10 percent as of 2023,according to consultants Wood Mackenzie.In addition,the latest steel-making technology is now being introduced in China,involving creation of pellet-based feedstock known as the hydrogen-direct reduced iron(H2-DRI)process.Although output o

171、f H2-DRI steel is still limited,the new feedstock(which is used in EAFs)promises to reduce embodied carbon intensity by as much as 95 percent from the level of current BOFs.In terms of cost,the average premium payable for Chinese“green”steel produced using EAFs is around US$100 per tonne,or about 20

172、 percent higher than that produced in BOFs,according to a 2023 Transition Asia report.Given the benefits that accompany use of low-carbon steel,this relatively modest increase seems likely to be digestible to developers and builders in China.While the cost of steel produced using the H2-DRI process(

173、at a presumed H2 price of$5 per kilogram)is currently$225 per tonne,according to a July 2024 Transition Asia factsheet,this still represents only a small fraction of the total construction cost of a residential building.Momentum in favour of low-carbon steel is therefore growing,helped also by the f

174、ollowing factors:The increasing availability of scrap steel in China in the form of incentives such as tax cuts and financial aid.Significant growth in Chinese renewable energy capacity as fuel for steel and hydrogen production.On-site construction indirect ECs 1.7%Steel 56.2%Cement 19%Aluminum 17.5

175、%On-site construction direct ECs 4.5%Wood 1%Glass 0.1%Material indirect ECs 93.8%Composition of Chinas building embodied carbon emissionsSource:2023 Embodied Carbon Emissions in Chinas Building Sector:Historical Track from 2005 to 2020 ULI EAST CHINA NET ZERO IMPERATIVE|25 REDUCING EMBODIED CARBON P

176、robable near-term expansion of domestic emissions trading to cover steel and other raw materials affected by the EUs Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism(CBAM),which will tax emissions on imported steel starting in 2026.At a carbon price of$15 per tonne(compared to a global average price per tonne of$

177、75 per tonne recommended by the IMF)steel produced using the H2-DRI process will be around 10 percent lower,according to Transition Asia projections(see Figure below).The falling cost of hydrogen for creating H2-DRI feedstock.The recent implementation of CBAM means that Chinas ambition to sell some

178、of its huge stock of surplus steel to major international markets is likely to be conditional on that steel being low carbon.Regulatory pressure has intensified following the introduction in June 2024 of a National Action Plan,by Chinas National Development and Reform Commission that aims to reduce

179、total 53 million tonnes of CO2 emissions in 2024-2025 compared to 2023.The Plan also announced restrictions in the export of high energy-intensity iron and steel products,again discouraging BOF steel production.Chinese sales of finished products such as electric vehicles to international markets are

180、 also increasingly likely to be subject to tariffs if low-carbon steel is not used.Source:Transition Asia Levelized Cost of Steel($per tonne crude steel)with varied levelized costs of H2 at different carbon prices in ChinaLevelized cost of steel(US$/t crude steel)Levelized cost of H2(US$/kg H2)80075

181、07006506005505004504003503001.01.52.03.04.05.02.53.54.5Green H2-DRI-EAF(CO2=$0)Green H2-DRI-EAF(CO2=$15)Green H2-DRI-EAF(CO2=$30)Green H2-DRI-EAF(CO2=$50)NG-DRI-EAF(CO2=$0)NG-DRI-EAF(CO2=$50)BF-BOF26|TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE PANEL REPORTREDUCING EMBODIED CARBON Cement is a similar story.China is again t

182、he worlds largest producer,accounting for some 60 percent of global output(as well as 68 percent of its cement-related emissions),according to the IFC.Together with concrete,cement production and use represents about 10 percent of all carbon emissions worldwide,as well as some 19 percent of embodied

183、 carbon in Chinas buildings.However,in a similar way to steel,recent changes in the way cement is produced and used have led to significant increases in per-ton carbon efficiencies.To start with,fuelling the production process(which accounts for about half of cement carbon emissions)can now be accom

184、plished using a number of alternatives,from renewable energy delivered by the grid,to biomass,and even green hydrogen(although the latter will not be commercially viable until around 2035).Carbon capture and storage which captures CO2 from industrial emissions and either recycles it or stores it und

185、erground is another innovation that could potentially cut emissions in half.The complexity and expense of this option makes it unpractical at this point,however,and at the least would require substantial subsidies and tax incentives,at least before 2035,according to the IMF.Otherwise,most of the rem

186、ainder of cement industry emissions arise due to chemical reactions during production.Again,various techniques have emerged to mitigate emitted carbon,including replacing carbon-intensive clinker,cements main input ratio,using supplementary cementitious materials such as fly ash,slag,or silica fume,

187、and replacing limestone with substitutes.“Alternative Cements”,which feature materials with lower carbon emissions such as belite clinker,have also appeared.Finally,cements carbon content can also be reduced by mixing in low-carbon materials,such as natural aggregates like gravel,or waste products s

188、uch as coal ash,when creating concrete.New World Development(NWD)has approved various science-based targets,committing to achieving the following reductions by FY2030 against a FY2019 baseline:Absolute Scope 1 and 2 greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions by 46.2 percent Scope 3 GHG emissions from capital good

189、s by 22.0 percent per square metre of construction floor area Scope 3 GHG emissions from downstream leased assets by 29.8 percent per square metre of gross floor areaNWD has been reporting on Scope 3 emissions since FY2023 and is constantly enhancing its data quality and accuracy by replacing estima

190、ted emissions with actual emissions,despite the challenge posed by the complexity and diversity of the supply chain and operations.Embodied carbon in construction materials is one of NWDs key sources of Scope 3 emissions.NWD tracks the embodied carbon of its construction projects in Hong Kong by usi

191、ng the Construction Industry Council Carbon Assessment Tool,as well as by obtaining embodied carbon footprint data from suppliers in Mainland China.Where primary NEW WORLD DEVELOPMENTS PRACTICES IN CALCULATION AND REDUCTION OF EMBODIED CARBONBy Miranda Wong,Assistant General Manager Sustainability,N

192、ew World Development Company Limited ULI EAST CHINA NET ZERO IMPERATIVE|27 Low-Carbon AlternativesAnother way to mitigate carbon-intensity in buildings is by designing them in ways that replace steel and/or concrete components as far as possible with low-carbon inputs.Glass is an obvious example,alt

193、hough using more glass in the building fabric also comes with a corresponding trade-off in terms of operational carbon efficiency(see for example,ULIs“The Carbon Sweet Spot”report,published in May 2024).Wood is another possibility.Cross-laminated timber(CLT)is an innovative mass timber material made

194、 from forest waste that is lightweight,strong,and cheap that has gained some traction in the commercial real estate sector in the USA,and to a lesser extent in Europe.While uptake has been slow in the Asia Pacific,at least two projects using CLT have been undertaken in Sydney.However,although buildi

195、ng with wood components is thought to emit much less carbon than using conventional building materials,CLT remains a controversial topic.For one,there is little clarity over how to estimate the true level of CLT carbon emissions for the purposes of a buildings life-cycle assessment(LCA)due to the co

196、mplexity of managing and harvesting forest ecosystems.A number of recent studies have suggested that the carbon savings of CLT have therefore been over-estimated.A second problem is that local building codes do not easily accommodate new materials or construction technologies,and pose challenges in

197、particular in terms of fire code compliance.REDUCING EMBODIED CARBON data are not available,NWD references the National Standard for Building Carbon Emission Calculation(GBT 513662019),together with international standards and databases such as ISO 14067:2018 Carbon Footprint of Products and the Bat

198、h Inventory of Carbon and Energy.NWD continues to conduct life cycle assessments(LCAs)to gain a comprehensive understanding of major components of building structures such as concrete and steel,and also to enable analysis of embodied carbon footprints in line with green building certification requir

199、ements.These assessments have also been embedded into NWDs tender requirements to contractors.The results enable NWD to develop its own embodied carbon data bank and tool,which can benchmark its performance,set reduction targets,and track progress.NWD actively engages with suppliers and other stakeh

200、olders to review production processes and raw material selection to identify opportunities to lower embodied carbon.A prime example is the adoption of“C130”concrete in the New World Canton Centre,and the New Canton Mansion in the Greater Bay Area,which was the result of technological research and de

201、velopment collaboration with China Construction Eighth Engineering Division Corporation Limited,the South China University of Technology,and other partners.This high-strength concrete resulted in various environmental benefits:i)Minimisation of pollution and any associated impacts to the natural hab

202、itat by the use of manufactured sandii)Lower embodied carbon through substantial reduction in the quantity of structural material used,andiii)Maximised land use efficiency through reduced structural material volume.NWD continues to explore innovative solutions to reduce embodied carbon and enhance t

203、he sustainability of its developments,including adoption of AI-based software tools to optimise and automate concrete structure designs.28|TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE PANEL REPORTREDUCING EMBODIED CARBON Finally,given the sheer scale of demand for commercial real estate in China,even if CLT is accepted as

204、a viable alternative for LCA purposes,it will never be more than a niche product given its lack of availability currently,far fewer than 0.1 percent of commercial buildings worldwide are constructed using mass timber materials.Challenge#4:Uncertain Transition Roadmap for Materials SuppliersWhile opp

205、ortunities to reduce carbon intensity in both steel and cement production processes in China are real,transitioning from the current polluting infrastructure to a low-carbon model faces significant hurdles:Most obviously,cost,given that Chinese production capacity in each industry represents more th

206、an half the global total and that upgrades needed to transition to a low-carbon model are substantial.Difficult transition pathway so far,adoption by Chinese steel makers of transformative EAF and H2-DRI production technologies has been slow,largely due to the huge cost of replacing Chinas relativel

207、y young fleet of BOF furnaces.Nonetheless,there are signs of increasing political momentum to reduce carbon intensity in Chinas steel industry,and experience has shown that such initiatives can rapidly gain traction.In particular,the government issued no new permits for coal-based steelmaking in the

208、 first half of 2024 the first time that has occurred since China unveiled its“dual carbon”goals in September 2020.With China projected to cut 200 million tonnes of CO2 from the steel industry by 2025(according to the Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air),the potential remains for faster-than-

209、expected transition to carbon-efficient infrastructure.Lack of clarity over market demand,given higher product costs.That said,the impending reality of international tariffs for carbon-intensive raw materials(and eventually finished products too),as well as upcoming domestic regulations that will im

210、pose low-carbon mandates allowing China to achieve its stated decarbonisation goals means this uncertainty is rapidly diminishing.Efforts from within the industry to drive greater production of low-carbon materials can certainly have an impact,but given currently limited capacity of EAF furnaces,as

211、well as the fact that some 35 percent of domestic steel output is used by the real estate industry,large-scale availability of low-carbon raw materials will be dependent primarily on the existence of political will to mandate policy change at the central government level.Challenge#5:Lack of Understa

212、nding of Embodied Carbon Across the IndustryAs outlined in Challenge#3 above in relation to the quantification of embodied carbon,pervasive lack of understanding across the supply chain from steel producers to builders is also undermining efforts to reduce carbon emissions during building constructi

213、on.The problem is probably worse in this area,however;first,because the Chinese steel and cement industries have historically been seen as large-scale employers within the planned economy and are therefore resistance to the impact of market forces,and second because lack of either knowledge of or mo

214、tivation to reduce embodied carbon is most entrenched among those who directly control materials selection and construction processes(ie,general contractors and sub-contractors).Particular issues identified by panellists include:Unfamiliarity with use/cost benefits of low-carbon materials Lack of ba

215、seline standards agreed by stakeholders Lack of EPDs for building materials Difficulties in certifying/sourcing low-carbon materials Lack of guidance and any common language for low-carbon materials among stakeholders and policy makers ULI EAST CHINA NET ZERO IMPERATIVE|29 REDUCING EMBODIED CARBON C

216、ASE STUDY EMBODIED CARBON ASSESSMENT&REDUCTION IN WAREHOUSESBy Gaspard Lemoine-Scelles,Asia Business Development Director,Terao Type:Warehouse Certification:LEED BD+C v4 Platinum Gross Floor Area:110,000 sqm Location:Shanghai,China Scope:LCA Calculation to measure and reduce embodied carbon Sustaina

217、bility Consultant:TERAO AsiaTeraos Client,a specialist in office,activity,and logistics real estate,built a new logistics facility located in the heart of Minhang District,Shanghai that is operated by a prestigious international luxury retail group.This project has a total surface area of 110,000 sq

218、uare metres and includes two three-storey automated warehouses dedicated to e-commerce.ChallengesThe construction industry has become increasingly focused on sustainability and reduction of carbon emissions.From the start this project aimed to achieve LEED Platinum Certification.In addition,the TERA

219、O team used LCA(Life Cycle Analysis)calculations to measure and optimize embodied carbon for the whole site.SolutionsThe LCA was carried out using LEED standard requirements and covered the entire building envelope and its structural elements,including materials components in footings and foundation

220、s,structural wall assemblies(from cladding to interior finish),structural floors and ceilings(not including finishes),and roof assemblies.With an assumed building life of 60 years,One Click LCA was used as a carbon calculator tool to model both baselines and the proposed building itself.The followin

221、g life cycle stages(using the EN 15804(2012)standard)were included:A1-A3 Construction Materials A4 Transport to site B1-B5 Maintenance and material replacements C1 C4 DeconstructionLife cycle stages3-Building Bkg C2e3-Building A3-Building A ramp05M15M25M10M20M30MC2 Waste transportC3 Waste processing

222、C3 Waste disposalA1-A3 MaterialsA4 TransportA4-leg2 Transport leg 2B3 RepairB4-B5 ReplacementSource:Terao Asia30|TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE PANEL REPORTREDUCING EMBODIED CARBON RecommendationsFacilitate collaboration among real estate developers,construction companies,and building material manufacturersCu

223、rrently,demand for low-carbon steel in China has been driven by locally-based car manufacturers,who have struck a number of long-term offtake agreements(albeit mostly forward-dated)with domestic steel producers.By contrast,the Chinese real estate industry has been slow to act,even though demand for

224、steel in Chinese buildings is around seven times that for car making.Given that government regulatory action aimed at reducing embodied carbon emissions seems unlikely in the near term,real estate companies should follow the auto industry example by working with raw materials producers to promote sh

225、aring of EPDs and stimulate the market for low-carbon steel and cement.In particular,prominent local and international developers who are already actively seeking to procure low-carbon components for their individual projects(often from international sources)can greatly benefit by collaborating to n

226、ormalise provision of compliant raw materials from domestic suppliers As can be seen from the diagram,construction materials(including the extraction process,transport,and production)account for 95%of life-cycle embodied carbon emissions totalling 74,584 tons CO2e for two warehouses,the ramp,and the

227、 truck court.In particular,structural steel and concrete (which provide important ground reinforcement of the site)account for more than 80%of the embodied emissions.In terms of materials quantities,most of the buildings embodied carbon emissions are represented by the foundations:Ground reinforceme

228、nt,concrete D700mm pile,with 13%cement:58 km,PHC Piling D600,concrete and rebar:24 km.Foundation work can be divided into two parts:The entire foundation process accounts for more than 26%of total emissions.This includes the PHC piling(representing 20%of total emissions).Reinforcement work,represent

229、ing 23%of total emissions,or 7,317 tons CO2e.In addition,construction work includes ramps and elevated parking spaces for trucks,which are made from steel rebar,and concrete structures and beams.In total,this generates 11,800 tons CO2e or 18%of total emissions of the two buildings.Several strategies

230、 were implemented to reduce embodied carbon,including using carbon-efficient concrete(i.e.,replacing CEM I by CEM III),and steel with higher recycled content.In addition,structural optimization during the design and construction stage succeeded in lowering the amounts of materials used.Embodied carb

231、on reduction required extensive collaboration between project owner,architect,general contractor,and sustainability consultant.ConclusionThe LCA revealed that the most significant contributors to the warehouses embodied carbon were concrete and steel,primarily due to their energy-intensive productio

232、n processes.The study also identified transportation as a notable factor,emphasizing the importance of sourcing materials locally where possible.Various embodied carbon reduction strategies were identified,including use of low-carbon concrete mixes,recycled steel,and optimization of building materia

233、ls quantities.ULI EAST CHINA NET ZERO IMPERATIVE|31 and support the creation of a roadmap for industry transition to low-carbon production.Creating such a group would incentivise steel producers to invest in green technologies and enable its members to secure access to initial volumes of low-carbon

234、steel in what remains an undersupplied market.A similar collaborative strategy should be used to promote low-carbon construction within the real estate industry,allowing developers,investors,and consultants to share experience and data.In particular,embodied carbon analysis should begin at the desig

235、n stage.This can be done using Building Information Modelling(BIM)software platforms like Revit,which generate digital twins of buildings physical and functional characteristics.In conjunction with carbon calculator tools such as One Click LCA,users can specify different types of building materials

236、in their models and then interrogate BIM to provide a variety of insights,including buildings total embodied carbon values,together with values using alternative materials and different designs.Because BIM collects and analyses data at the beginning of the construction process rather than at the mid

237、dle or end,it delivers lower embodied carbon values both by maximising efficiency in materials use and by minimising wastage due to potential design clashes or redundancies.Use Industry Organisations to Push for Change In the West,industry organisations,including national Green Building Councils,hav

238、e acted successfully as catalysts for greater awareness of embodied carbon issues and to push materials suppliers to produce low-carbon products.In this case,the China Green Building Council(CGBC)could also be leveraged to develop technical working groups comprised of members,industry,and government

239、 to promote better understanding of how to fast track local alternatives.The CGBC could also play a critical role in further integrating low-carbon construction materials into their existing Green Building Label scheme,together with explanations for how such materials should be used.Advocate for App

240、ropriate Baseline Standards and Building CodesISupport creation of agreed and consistent baseline standards(for example,in relation to the construction of deep basement levels discussed in the“Challenge#3:Limited Understanding of EPDs and Poor Data Integrity”subsection above).In particular,revisions

241、 to building codes would play an important role in delineating allowable design/construction techniques and in certifying use of low-carbon construction materials.In addition,real estate companies should work together to:Encourage and facilitate EPD disclosure of building materials.Encourage develop

242、ers to promote traceability by using low-carbon procurement schedules in their tender documents.Promote sharing of technical information and pricing for low-carbon materials so that the green premium cost can be transferred down the supply chain to willing buyers.Provide guidance and establish a com

243、mon language for low-carbon materials among stakeholders and policy makers,such as standardised low-carbon material specifications documentation during the procurement process.Support training and education of the supply chain,especially for the Procurement/Design and Development Construction management teams.Create industry case studies showing the cost benefits of different low-carbon materials.REDUCING EMBODIED CARBON 2F,Ascendas Innovation Place,686 Jiujiang Road,Huangpu District,Shanghai Chinauli.org china.uli.org?East China?GBA?BeijingChina?