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1、1Unified Data Highways(UDH):The next frontier of Digital Public Infrastructure(DPI)October 2024Note:This is an AI generated image.Image generated using Adobe FireflyUnified Data HighwaysThe Next Frontier of Digital Public InfrastructurevJICA is an agency of the Government of Japan which extends Offi

2、cial Development Assistance(ODA)in 150+partner countries over six decades.JICA DXLab,in a partnership with BCG,is a flagship initiative of JICA that spearheads digital transformation in its ODA programs for accelerating the socioeconomic impacts to thrive in the digital age.One of the focuses of JIC

3、A DXLab is the development and deployment of Digital Public Infrastructure(DPI)and Digital Public Goods(DPGs).The unique approach of JICA DXLab is to leverage JICAs ODA programs implemented across sectors and countries for wider and deeper adoption of DPI and DPGs in agile collaboration with governm

4、ents,private sector,academia and civil societies.Boston Consulting Group partners with leaders in business and society to tackle their most important challenges and capture their greatest opportunities.BCG was the pioneer in business strategy when it was founded in 1963.Today,we work closely with cl

5、ients to embrace a transformational approach aimed at benefiting all stakeholdersempowering organizations to grow,build sustainable competitive advantage,and drive positive societal impact.Our diverse,global teams bring deep industry and functional expertise and a range of perspectives that question

6、 the status quo and spark change.BCG delivers solutions through leading-edge management consulting,technology and design,and corporate and digital ventures.We work in a uniquely collaborative model across the firm and throughout all levels of the client organization,fueled by the goal of helping our

7、 clients thrive and enabling them to make the world a better place.TABLE OF CONTENTSFOREWORD0504EXECUTIVE SUMMARY32SECTORAL PERSPECTIVE ON UDH03Value creation across sectorsLeading and lagging sectorsExplaining the sectoral maturity of UDHClimate action:The promise of UDH3.1 3.2 3.3 Box 3:3336394548

8、54THE ROAD AHEAD FOR UDH044.14.24.3Box 4:49505253Harnessing the power of AINeed for collaborationCall to actionJapan and JICAs outlook on UDHAPPENDIX54565859Appendix 1:AcknowledgementsAppendix 2:GlossaryAppendix 3:MethodologyAppendix 4:Further ReadingUNIFIED DATA HIGHWAYS(UDH)011.1 1.21.3 Box 1:1314

9、1516What are UDH?The core idea digital highways connecting data silosEvolving paradigms of data sharingUDH in practice-ABDM and X-Road case studies20UNLOCKING THE IMPACT OF UDH022.1 2.2 Box 2:212330Impact potential Guiding principles:Governance,technology,and execution Overcoming the challenges of a

10、doptionThe next frontier of Digital Public Infrastructure(DPI)124Unified Data Highways:The Next Frontier of Digital Public InfrastructureJICABoston Consulting GroupYushi NaganoHead of JICA DXLabSaibal ChakrabortyManaging Director and PartnerAtsushi YamanakaSenior Digital AdvisorAbhik ChatterjeeManag

11、ing Director and PartnerVarad PandePartner&DirectorForeword Throughout history,roads and highways have connected distant towns,transforming isolated localities into bustling hubs of commerce and culture by enabling people to pool their expertise and resources,fostering collective prosperity.Without

12、these highways,each locality remained a silo of its own assets,stifling innovation and missing out on lucrative business prospects.Today,in the age of digitization and in this seemingly interconnected world,we still have data lying in isolated databases,disconnected platforms,and proprietary systems

13、,locking out the broader ecosystem from innovating and creating new business opportunities by harnessing the power of data.Just as highways are physical commons constructed to connect people from different towns,Unified Data Highways(UDH)can be considered the digital commons for a data driven world.

14、UDH are data sharing networks built on Digital Public Infrastructure(DPI)technology principles and a robust governance framework which enable an open ecosystem to create innovative and inclusive services for public good.While the Identity and Payments pillars of DPI have been the subject of many dis

15、cussions,UDH have not received comparable levels of attention.This relative obscurity belies the economic potential of UDH.Our research shows that,through data sharing,UDH have the potential to unlock economic value of USD 3 to 4 trillion1 in emerging nations annually by 2030,representing 5-6%of the

16、ir collective GDP.This report,co-authored by Japan International Cooperation Agency(JICA)and the Boston Consulting Group(BCG),unpacks the why,what and how of data exchanges,the third pillar of digital public infrastructure(DPI)that we call Unified Data Highways(UDH),by focusing on four areas-Underst

17、anding UDH:What are UDH?How has the concept of data sharing evolved over the years?What are some of the case studied of successful case studies in UDH?Unlocking the impact of UDH:What is the impact potential of UDH for emerging nations?What are the guiding principles observed across successful globa

18、l implementations?How can UDH overcome adoption challenges?Sectoral perspectives on UDH:What is the value creation potential of UDH across sectors?What are the factors that can explain the variation in maturity of UDH across these sectors?The Road ahead for UDH:How can the integration of Artificial

19、Intelligence and UDH unlock exponential impact?What are the roles of various stakeholders in the UDH journey,and how can a collaborative action advance the development of UDH?1.For additional information,please refer to the Impact Potential section of the report Lead authors 5Executive SummaryExecut

20、ive Summary Imagine a world where moving to a new city feels like a breeze.Need a loan to finance relocation costs?You can readily compare the best offerings across financial service providers and easily share your financial information with your lender of choice to swiftly obtain a loan.With just a

21、 few clicks,you can share all the relevant documentation and academic records to get your child enrolled to a new school.You can grant your new healthcare provider access to your medical history,ensuring continuous and informed care.No longer do you have to frantically search for misplaced documents

22、 and provide the same information multiple times when accessing different services.For daily commute,you can access bus,metro,taxi,and rideshare options along with their precise ETA to help you pick the most cost-effective option and plan multi-modal routes.At home,you can easily monitor your energy

23、 consumption,receive customized savings tips,and readily switch to a more economical and reliable energy supplier.This is what the future could look like with Unified Data Highways(UDH)as it promises to take the DPI led approach of development further to significantly simplify the life of citizens,s

24、aving them time,money,and and effort,transforming everyday life as we know it.Digital Public Infrastructure(DPI)2 is a set of shared digital systems that are secure and interoperable,built on open standards,to provide equitable access to public and private services at scale.DPI comprises three pilla

25、rs Identity,Payments,and Data Sharing infrastructure,which we call UDH.While we see considerable literature on the first two pillars,UDH have not been written about in depth.UDH are data sharing networks built on DPI principles to enable open ecosystems that create innovative and inclusive services

26、for public good.In other words,UDH are the digital plumbing that enable the move to a new city described above feel like a breeze.UDH have only recently begun to gain traction.The shift towards UDH is driven by the growing recognition of data as the backbone of the digital economy and the increasing

27、 accumulation of data in siloed systems,highlighting the need for a data-sharing network accessible to all ecosystem players.The transition from open data platforms to UDH illustrates the evolving paradigm of data sharing.There were two major shifts characterizing the evolution of data sharing as il

28、lustrated in the Exhibit above.The first major shift in data sharing occurred when data was digitized and stored in centralized registries leading to the birth of open data platforms.UDH represent the second major shift in data sharing by connecting federated data,enabling seamless interoperability,

29、and being built with a strong focus on citizen centric use-cases.We believe UDH are the future of data sharing and several nations are already launching initiatives to unlock the potential of their data through UDH.Unified Data Highways(UDH):The next frontier of Digital Public Infrastructure(DPI)2.D

30、efined at the G20 2023 conference 6Unified Data Highways:The Next Frontier of Digital Public InfrastructureIn India,the Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission(ABDM)serves as the cornerstone of the nations integrated digital health infrastructure.It enhances operational efficiencies in the digital healthcar

31、e system through the adoption of longitudinal health records,streamlines financial procedures such as health insurance claims,and enables consent-based sharing of patient data with healthcare providers.This facilitates easy access to a wide range of services,thereby enhancing patient outcomes.The tr

32、ansition from open data platforms to Unified Data Highways illustrates the evolving paradigm of data sharingExhibitConnects federated data registriesSeamless interoperability through an open API ecosystemExposes data to the ecosystem to build citizen centric use-casesUnified Data HighwaysCentralized

33、 data storageLack of an open API ecosystemMay offer data download options without a strong use case focusOpen Data PlatformsFor instance,X-Road is a pioneering UDH in Estonia that effectively integrates disparate IT systems,facilitating interoperability among over 1000 public and private sector inst

34、itutions.This integration gives citizens seamless digital access to more than 99%of government services7Executive SummaryThis would be enabled by a paradigm shift in data sharing,helping these nations transition from disconnected data silos to an integrated,data-driven future designed for innovation

35、 and inclusive socio-economic development.By simplifying data discovery and access,UDH can promote an open innovation ecosystem.They can ensure seamless interoperability by securely connecting fragmented data registries,converting untapped assets into public goods.UDH can increase market competition

36、 by lowering barriers for smaller participants to access data and innovate.Furthermore,by promoting transparency and giving users more control over their data through active consent management systems,UDH can develop citizen trust in data sharing.Finally,UDH can reduce the cost and friction of servi

37、ce delivery,thus improving public service accessibility and affordability.To lay the foundations for success,UDH should be built on the fifteen guiding principles of governance,technology,and execution.All three elements must go hand in hand to ensure the development and successful operations of a U

38、DH as illustrated in the Exhibit below.Sustainable governance involves creating and enforcing policies and regulations on personal data protection and cybersecurity,to minimize risks and build trust among users.An accountable apex body should be established to manage and regulate the network,ensure

39、clear institutional mandates,and drive use-cases.It is essential to promote universal access through targeted actions to include marginalized communities minimizing the digital divide and extending the benefits of services to all citizens.UDH should be co-created with an active ecosystem involvement

40、 to minimize deployment and ongoing costs,ensure the relevance of data to the ecosystems needs,and help drive the use-cases efficiently.UDH must also enable frameworks and mechanisms such as consent artefacts and maintaining data transaction audit logs,to ensure regulatory compliance and reinforce t

41、rust within the network.3.USD 3-4 Trillion represents the annual social and economic value to be unlocked through data sharing across different sectors across 49 emerging nations in 2030.It does not imply an annual GDP boost of 5-6%but rather indicates that the value generated from UDH would approxi

42、mate 5-6%of their projected GDP in 2030.This estimation draws on the European Data Market Study 2021-23 by the European Commission,which assesses the impact of the Data Economy on the GDP of EU countries.Our calculation assumes that the impact on GDP(as a%of GDP)is influenced by a states ability to

43、drive digital transformation and data sharing at scale.Consequently,the potential value unlocked as a%of GDP will vary between emerging nations and EU nations.To contextualize this data from EU to emerging nations,we have used the World Banks GovTech Maturity Index(GTMI)as an adjustment factor.We as

44、sume that a higher GTMI score suggests a greater potential for a country to unlock value through data sharing.The World Bank GTMI index includes 48 indicators such as government cloud,interoperability framework,accessibility of government services online,open data,open government portal,and more.Con

45、sidering the substantial state involvement required for the development of UDH,we selected the GTMI index as an adjustment factor.Given that UDH are typically state-led initiatives,the states capacity for digital transformation is a crucial determinant of the value that can be created through UDH.Ou

46、r calculation also assumes that UDH would be able to unlock the potential of the data economy in emerging markets.UDH lift barriers to participation in the data market,create friction-free access to data for all authorized parties,ensure privacy,safeguard against data manipulation and unregulated us

47、e of data,thus enabling nations to realize the potential of their data economy.Unlocking the impact of UDHUDH can unlock between USD 3-4 trillion dollars3 of economic value annually for emerging nations by 20308Unified Data Highways:The Next Frontier of Digital Public InfrastructureTechnological pri

48、nciples for UDH include enabling interoperability through open standards and APIs to establish seamless communication between disparate systems.Embracing modular and minimalist design allows for rapid,iterative development and adaptability to changing requirements.Building for scalability ensures th

49、at the network can expand to meet future needs,without needing a major overhaul of existing systems.Connecting federated data registries helps maintain data autonomy while reducing the security risks that are inherent to having a single point-of-failure.Adopting a Privacy by Design architecture,with

50、 consent mechanisms for access control and the use of encryption algorithms and digital signatures to prevent unauthorized access ensures safeguards for privacy and data security.Successful UDH should also follow five execution principles to ensure a solid foundation.UDH must prioritize a use-case f

51、irst approach to define the value proposition for end-users and build solutions to critical citizen pain points to build early momentum.ExhibitUDH should be built in alignment with the fifteen guiding principles of governance,technology and executionGovernanceTechnologyExecutionCreate Enabling Polic

52、ies and RegulationsEnable InteroperabilityPrioritize a Use-case First ApproachEmbrace Modular and Minimalist DesignDevelop a Sustainable Business ModelBuild for ScalabilityFoster a Strong Business Case for the EcosystemConnect Federated Data RegistriesEngage the ecosystem earlyDefine Accountable&Emp

53、owered InstitutionsPromote Universal AccessDrive Co-CreationEnable Frameworks to Safeguard Privacy and Data SecurityAdopt a Privacy by Design ArchitectureMaintain Strong Leadership OversightWhile UDH can initially be financed by the public sector,development funders,and philanthropies,it is crucial

54、to consider a self-sustaining model for long-term operations9Executive SummaryFor instance,Account Aggregators charge Financial Information Users(FIUs)a small fee for every data transaction.The UDH must foster a compelling business case for the private ecosystem allowing them to generate substantial

55、 return on investment,hence promoting sustainable use.Engaging a wide range of ecosystem players,including potential users,technology providers,CSOs,think tanks,and academia early on,facilitates the development of a robust network that meets the data needs of the builder ecosystem,addresses critical

56、 concerns,and promotes inclusivity.Maintaining strong leadership oversight ensures a top-down push for execution and assurance of financial resources.These early actions collectively ensure that UDH are set up for success and ready for the challenge of securing wider adoption.UDH around the world ha

57、ve demonstrated strong potential to advance high-value use-cases across sectors to unlock economic and social value.To name just a few-they can streamline the digital delivery of government services,integrate patient health records for personalized healthcare,provide agri-tech data advisory services

58、 to enhance farmer productivity and income,help citizens optimize household energy consumption,and enhance the adoption of public transportation through multi-modal transport systems.Based on the prevalence of UDH,sectors can be classified into three maturity archetypes-leading sectors,emerging sect

59、ors,and whitespaces.Healthcare,government services and agriculture are the leading sectors in which the highest number of UDH have been initiated thus far.Meanwhile,power,water management,and climate&sustainability are sectors where data highways are gradually gaining traction,with several nations t

60、aking initiatives in these sectors,making them emerging sectors.On the other hand,transportation and smart city are whitespaces,with very few active data highways in these sectors worldwide.This variation in maturity of UDH across sectors can be explained by the relative intensity of government impe

61、tus and strength of the business case present in each sector.The government impetus is influenced by the relevance of the use-cases to citizens essential needs and global push for action in each sector.The business case is driven by the size of the innovator ecosystem beyond public sector and citize

62、ns willingness to pay for use-cases.Leading sectors tend to have comparatively high government impetus coupled with at least a moderate business case.Whitespaces show relatively low government impetus,although there may be a strong business case.Finally,in emerging sectors,while there may be moderat

63、e to high government impetus,development of UDH at scale is held back by the relative lack of a business case.Sectoral perspective on UDH10Unified Data Highways:The Next Frontier of Digital Public InfrastructureUnified Data Highways are poised to unlock socio-economic benefits across multiple sector

64、sExhibitLeading SectorsEmerging SectorsWhitespacesHealthcare24 Mn digital health records have been created through My Health Record which has been adopted by 99%of general practitioners,pharmacies and public hospitals in Australia2%annual GDP savings achieved through the use of X-Road for digital pu

65、blic service delivery in Estonia 250,000+farmers in digitally underserved areas receive agri-advisory services in Kenya through KAOPAgricultureGovernment Services25%improvement in improvement in water accessibility in water accessibility in Sierra Leone due to Sierra Leone due to the implementation

66、the implementation of WPdx for decision of WPdx for decision makingmakingPower&EnergyUSD 18-35 Mnprojected yearly value creation as a result of Estfeeds implementation in 0.7 Mn households in Estonia85%of all carbon credits of all carbon credits issued globally to date issued globally to date have b

67、een unified by the have been unified by the World Bank CAD Trust World Bank CAD Trust within its first year within its first year of operationof operation20%predicted boost in modal share of public transport adoption as a result of the implementation of Transport Stack in New DelhiTransportation Cli

68、mate&SustainabilitySmart CitiesUSD 2 Mnsavings generated savings generated every year in solid every year in solid waste management in waste management in Varanasi,India by using Varanasi,India by using data from India Urban data from India Urban Data ExchangeData ExchangeWater ManagementSources:BCG

69、 Analysis;Expert calls and publicly available resources;Healthcare;Government Services;Agriculture;Transportation:JICA BCG Research;Power&Energy;Climate&Sustainability;Water Management;Smart Cities11Executive SummaryThe interplay between AI and UDH represents a significant leap in the evolution of D

70、PI.This synergy creates an exponential effect,with each enhancing the capabilities of the other.AI can help improve data accessibility,while UDH can provide high-quality datasets to fuel AI innovation.This could create a powerful feedback loop where data availability drives AI advancements,and AI,in

71、 turn,enhances the efficiency and effectiveness of data utilization and exchange.Collaboration among various stakeholders is fundamental to the success of a DPI.In the context of a UDH,every partner archetype plays an instrumental role in different parts of the journey.Funders provide the essential

72、financial resources and maintain oversight throughout the UDHs development journey.DPI/DPG advocates drive engagement,facilitate knowledge exchange,and assist in capacity building for the UDH.DPG custodians are responsible for maintenance,technical assistance,and supporting governance to ensure the

73、widespread adoption of the underlying technology.Tech builders assist in building the necessary IT infrastructure to lead scaling efforts.Government agencies define the vision,establish the apex institution,oversee governance,and foster collaboration among stakeholders,playing a critical role in suc

74、cessfully operationalizing the UDH.Lastly,academia,think tanks,and civil societies drive research and development to further innovate and advance the UDH concept.To unlock the potential of data and drive inclusive socio-economic development on a large scale,the public and private sectors,along with

75、the global community,must join forces to advance the development of UDH across emerging nations.The road ahead for UDHAs we transition from a world of disconnected data silos to a more integrated and interoperable future,this report aims to foster informed conversation and drive greater action towar

76、ds the development of UDH globally and ensuring that data is leveraged to maximize public good12Unified Data Highways:The Next Frontier of Digital Public Infrastructurev01Unified Data Highways(UDH):The next frontier of Digital Public Infrastructure(DPI)13Unified Data Highways(UDH):The next frontier

77、of Digital Public Infrastructure(DPI)Chapter Summary The DPI movement:In a rapidly digitizing world,DPI are increasingly seen as the key to inclusive development,and essential to support the growing ambitions of emerging nations.The next frontier of DPI:The Identity and Payments pillars of DPI have

78、become increasingly prevalent in several emerging nations and have been extensively studied;the data sharing pillar has not yet received similar attention,although there is growing interest.Highways for data:Just as roads and highways connect distant and disparate cities,offering swift and safe pass

79、age,fostering socio-economic development at large scale,UDH serve as digital highways connecting data of different formats residing in silos to help unlock its true potential.Evolving paradigms of data sharing:The transition from open data platforms to UDH illustrates the evolving paradigm of data s

80、haring.Data sharing has moved from centralized data storage with limited interoperability to full-fledged UDH connecting federated data registries enabling seamless interoperability and built with a strong use case focus.4.Defined at the G20 2023 conference;5.Source:PMJDY Website(Pradhan Mantri Jan-

81、Dhan Yojana|Department of Financial Services|Ministry of Finance(pmjdy.gov.in);6.Brazilians are adopting digital payments faster than anyone else what lessons can we learn?|World Economic Forum(weforum.org).1.1 What are UDH?In a rapidly digitizing world,societies are increasing leveraging digital so

82、lutions to address national-scale problems.Digital Public Infrastructure(DPI)is increasingly seen as essential for inclusive development and for supporting the ambitions of emerging nations.DPI typically comprises three pillars Identity(foundational digital ID as the single source of truth);Payments

83、(system for interoperable payments),and what we call Unified Data Highways(UDH,i.e.,networks for consent-based sharing of federated data).The Identity and Payments layers of DPI have become increasingly prevalent in several emerging nations.Indias pathbreaking Aadhaar system has provided unique digi

84、tal IDs to 1.38 billion people,enabling access to government services,and fostering financial inclusion.By the end of 2023,343 million5 Aadhaar-linked no-frills bank accounts had been opened under the Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana(PMJDY),with USD 26 billion in deposits.In Brazil,40 million6 individ

85、uals made their first-ever financial transfer through Pix,the national interoperable payments ecosystem.In comparison,UDH have not yet gained a similar level of traction,although there is a growing interest.DPI is defined4 as a set of shared digital systems that are secure and interoperable,built on

86、 open standards,to provide equitable access to public and private services at scale14Unified Data Highways:The Next Frontier of Digital Public InfrastructureUDH are data sharing networks built on DPI technology principles and a robust governance framework to enable an open ecosystem for innovative a

87、nd inclusive services for public good.Like the identity and payment pillars of DPI,UDH can spark ecosystem-led innovation and usher in a new paradigm of data-driven services to boost development.For instance,Estonias X-Road7 enables over 3,000 public and private sector e-service information systems

88、to link up and function harmoniously,facilitating 2.2 billion transactions annually.7.Source:X-Road Website(X-Road-e-Estonia).1.2 The core idea digital highways connectingdata silos Exhibit 1.1UDH are digital highways facilitating the movement of data between institutionsSwift&Secure movement:Highwa

89、ys facilitate swift and secure passage of vehicles(data)between cities(institutions)Governance:Highway patrol(Governance mechanisms)ensures safety and compliance with regulationsRevenue Model:Highways can collect tolls(transaction fees)for every vehicle(data transaction)passing through itInnovation:

90、Increased movement of resources(data)across highways promotes innovation leading to socio-economic developmentInclusion:Creation of highways benefits smaller cities(small businesses)by democratizing access to resources(data)Modularity&Scalability:The architecture of the highway(technology architectu

91、re)can be generalized and used as a building block for similar highways across the worldInteroperability:Different cities(disparate sources of data)can be connected by road infrastructure(open APIs and standards)15Unified Data Highways(UDH):The next frontier of Digital Public Infrastructure(DPI)In p

92、ractice,UDH function much like their physical counterparts,as shown in Exhibit 1.1.They provide the digital infrastructure that facilitates swift and secure movement of data,democratizing access,promoting inclusion,and fostering innovation from the ecosystem.They are managed by responsible instituti

93、ons and operate under well-defined regulatory policies and frameworks to minimize the risks of data sharing and ensure good governance.Built on DPI principles,UDH enable interoperability by connecting disparate federated data sources through open APIs.The technology architecture of UDH can be built

94、through modular building blocks thus enhancing its scalability across global implementations.The UDH approach represents a foundational shift in the way we leverage our data to enable ecosystem-led innovation.Over the years,the concept of data sharing has evolved significantly since the popularizati

95、on of open data initiatives.Exhibit 1.2 illustrates the two major shifts that have significantly transformed data sharing initiatives over the years.1.3 Evolving paradigms of data sharing The transition from open data platforms to Unified Data Highways illustrates the evolving paradigm of data shari

96、ngExhibit 1.2Connects federated data registriesSeamless interoperability through an open API ecosystemExposes data to the ecosystem to build citizen centric use-casesUnified Data HighwaysCentralized data storageLack of an open API ecosystemMay offer data download options without a strong use case fo

97、cusOpen Data PlatformsBy enhancing the discoverability and access to data for all ecosystem participants,UDH can usher in a new era of ecosystem-led creation of citizen-centric digital services,advancing inclusive socio-economic development 16Unified Data Highways:The Next Frontier of Digital Public

98、 InfrastructureThe first major shift occurred when data was digitized and began to be stored in centralized data repositories.Here,large number of datasets of different types are published with respective metadata and made available for download without a strong focus on specific use cases.However,t

99、hey lack an open API ecosystem which can enable interoperability and creation of services using the data.Open data platforms include examples such as Open Data Initiative of Government of Sri Lanka,Open Government Data Platform of India,and the United States Governments open data site.UDH represent

100、the second major shift in data sharing.These networks are based on interoperability and decentralization,connecting federated data securely with consented access.This facilitates ecosystem participants to build user-facing solutions.Estonias X-Road,exemplifies a UDH by providing citizens digital acc

101、ess to 99%of government services through secure data sharing based on open and interoperable standards.8.Data Empowerment and Protection Architecture;9.Obtained from the National Health Authority Dashboard on ABDM:ABDM-Insights.To understand how UDH work in practice,lets examine one of the use cases

102、 of Indias Health Stack,the Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission(ABDM).ABDM,built on DPI principles facilitates secure consent-based sharing of patient health information stored across disparate federated health systems with healthcare service providers to readily get easy access to a wide range of servi

103、ces.ABDM operationalizes the DEPA8 framework in the healthcare sector in India ensuring good governance and safeguards for data privacy and security.Exhibit 1.3 outlines how ABDM can streamline the patient journey through digitization leading to enhanced health outcomes.Box 1:UDH in practice-ABDM an

104、d X-Road case studies How Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission(ABDM)is streamlining healthcare in India?As of April 2024,ABDM has more than 588 million9 registered accounts,360 million health records linked,and over 300,000 verified healthcare providers on the network,enabling it to position itself as th

105、e backbone of Indias integrated digital health infrastructureFor citizens,ABDM improves chronic condition management by driving the adoption of longitudinal health records.It also streamlines financial processes like direct benefit transfers.For healthcare providers,ABDM helps improve clinical deliv

106、ery by providing a 360 patient view to support better decision-making.It can also help enhance operational efficiencies,by optimizing record management and integration with third parties like labs and pharmacies.17Unified Data Highways(UDH):The next frontier of Digital Public Infrastructure(DPI)Exhi

107、bit 1.3ABDM is poised to deliver seamless“patient journey of the future”with extensive focus on driving the adoption on longitudinal health recordsPatient walks up to a Hospital.He sees a Health ID QR code on the registration desk1The Hospital instantly gets accurate info about the patient including

108、 Health ID,Name,Age,Gender,Mobile.No waiting3Patient chooses what data to share with the hospital and for how long the hospital can have access5Consulting doctor has full medical history of the patient available when they walk into the chamber6Post treatment&before leaving the premises,patient gets

109、a notification that their medical reports are readyThe doctors treatment plan and prescription show up on their mobile&medical history is not lost78They pull out their smartphone,launch PHR app and scan the QR code2The Hospital sends a consent request to the patient requesting access their medical h

110、istory418Unified Data Highways:The Next Frontier of Digital Public Infrastructure Service digitization:X-Road integrates nearly all of Estonias governmental services,enabling the country to offer 99%of public services digitally.For instance,its e-Tax system,used by 95%of the population,allows tax fi

111、lings to be completed within 3-5 minutes,demonstrating the networks efficiency and widespread adoption.Economic efficiency:The use of digital signatures to enable e-services through X-Road saves about 2%of Estonias GDP annually.Improved service delivery:X-Road enables immediate access to e-health re

112、cords and e-prescriptions,significantly enhancing the delivery of healthcare services by ensuring critical patient information is readily available during emergencies.Robust privacy and security:X-Roads architecture adheres to a Privacy by Design framework and adopts strong encryption protocols to e

113、nsure data security.Furthermore,it maintains data transaction logs and empowers users to audit the use of their personal data,through a Personal Data Usage Monitor.This not only allows users to enforce their data rights and emphasizes their control over their personal information.Estonias Digital Re

114、volution:Transformation of public services with X-Road Estonias X-Road integrates disparate IT systems and facilitates interoperability among over 1,000 institutions across the public and private sector to provide citizens seamless access to government services digitally.X-Road also has strong in-bu

115、ilt governance mechanisms and adopts a Privacy by Design architecture to ensure data protection and compliance with Estonias Personal Data Protection Act(PDPA).X-Road has transformed public service delivery in Estonia in several important ways:As a UDH built on DPI principles,X-Road eliminates the n

116、eed for centralized databases,can be scaled across global implementations as a modular data exchange layer,and can provide access control mechanisms for personal data by integrating consent modules when required19Unified Data Highways(UDH):The next frontier of Digital Public Infrastructure(DPI)20Uni

117、fied Data Highways:The Next Frontier of Digital Public Infrastructurev02Unlocking the impact of UDH21Unlocking the impact of UDHChapter Summary A 3-4 trillion-dollar opportunity:UDH can help emerging nations unlock economic value between USD 3-4 trillion by 2030 annually,representing 5-6%of their GD

118、P,through a paradigm shift in data sharing by enabling the transition from disconnected data silos to an integrated,data-driven future that fosters innovation and inclusive socio-economic development.Guiding principles:To set up for success,UDH should be built in line with fifteen guiding principles

119、 of governance,technology,and execution.2.1 Impact potential UDH can help emerging nations make progress towards inclusive socio-economic development through ecosystem led innovation,creation of accessible data driven services at a population scale and flourishing of new business opportunities.Our a

120、nalysis shows that emerging nations can unlock between 3-4 trillion dollars of value10 annually by 2030,which represents between 5-6%of their collective GDP,through the implementation of UDH.This includes the direct impact on the economy due to the exchange of data,indirect impacts due to the use of

121、 data(such as data users being able to develop better product and services),as well as induced impacts that include additional spending generated in the economy due to increased job creation or wage growth.This value can be realized through the following paradigm shifts:From an isolated to an open i

122、nnovation ecosystem:UDH enable ecosystem players to discover relevant data,access it with the owners consent and harness it to design services for citizens.In India,for instance,Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission(ABDM)is helping private players improve their customer reach and advance new business mode

123、ls such as Outpatient Department(OPD)insurance.From fragmented,untapped datasets to seamless collaboration:UDH can create interoperability among previously disconnected systems and platforms to facilitate the usage of previously untapped data.This promotes informed decision making,collaboration and

124、innovative solutions.10.USD 3-4 Trillion represents the annual social and economic value to be unlocked through data sharing across different sectors across 49 emerging nations in 2030.It does not imply an annual GDP boost of 5-6%but rather indicates that the value generated from UDH would approxima

125、te 5-6%of their projected GDP in 2030.This estimation draws on the European Data Market Study 2021-23 by the European Commission,which assesses the impact of the Data Economy on the GDP of EU countries.Our calculation assumes that the impact on GDP(as a%of GDP)is influenced by a states ability to dr

126、ive digital transformation and data sharing at scale.Consequently,the potential value unlocked as a%of GDP will vary between emerging nations and EU nations.To contextualize this data from EU to emerging nations,we have used the World Banks GovTech Maturity Index(GTMI)as an adjustment factor.We assu

127、me that a higher GTMI score suggests a greater potential for a country to unlock value through data sharing.The World Bank GTMI index includes 48 indicators such as government cloud,interoperability framework,accessibility of government services online,open data,open government portal,and more.Consi

128、dering the substantial state involvement required for the development of UDH,we selected the GTMI index as an adjustment factor.Given that UDH are typically state-led initiatives,the states capacity for digital transformation is a crucial determinant of the value that can be created through UDH.Our

129、calculation also assumes that UDH would be able to unlock the potential of the data economy in emerging markets.UDH lift barriers to participation in the data market,create friction-free access to data for all authorized parties,ensure privacy,safeguard against data manipulation and unregulated use

130、of data,thus enabling nations to realize the potential of their data economy.22Unified Data Highways:The Next Frontier of Digital Public Infrastructure From restricted markets to open competition:Data sharing boosts competition by helping citizens easily switch service providers.They reduce informat

131、ion asymmetry among market players and lower the barriers to entry.For example,Estonias Estfeed,enables consumers to switch energy suppliers,by giving them access to smart meter data and comparison tools,which help them identify the best offers available from suppliers.From citizens as data subjects

132、 to data principals:UDH give users full control over their personal data and the ability to provide informed and revocable consent to share that data.For example,Account Aggregators in India allow citizens to share their financial information with banks and other financial institutions,with clear an

133、d revocable consent.From high-cost,high-friction to low-cost,frictionless services:Data sharing lowers the cost and improves the accessibility of public services by reducing administrative efforts and lowering the barrier to entry for private players in service provision.For instance,Vietnams Nation

134、al Data Exchange handled 876 million11 transactions in 2022,saving the state USD 100 million or 12 cents per transaction.11.Source:Vietnam Investment Review.In Estonia,a child is automatically registered for benefits and enrolled in the school system following the completion of their birth registry.

135、X-Road makes this possible by creating interoperability between the Population Registry,the IT system of the education department,and the IT system of the Social Insurance Board23Unlocking the impact of UDHTo set up for success,UDH should be built on fifteen guiding principles of governance,technolo

136、gy and execution as illustrated in Exhibit 2.1.2.2 Guiding principles:Governance,technology,and execution Exhibit 2.1UDH should be built in alignment with the fifteen guiding principles of governance,technology and executionGovernanceTechnologyExecutionCreate Enabling Policies and RegulationsEnable

137、InteroperabilityPrioritize a Use-case First ApproachEmbrace Modular and Minimalist DesignDevelop a Sustainable Business ModelBuild for ScalabilityFoster a Strong Business Case for the EcosystemConnect Federated Data RegistriesEngage the ecosystem earlyDefine Accountable&Empowered InstitutionsPromote

138、 Universal AccessDrive Co-CreationEnable Frameworks to Safeguard Privacy and Data SecurityAdopt a Privacy by Design ArchitectureMaintain Strong Leadership Oversight24Unified Data Highways:The Next Frontier of Digital Public Infrastructure Define accountable and empowered institutions:An apex body sh

139、ould be instituted to manage and regulate the network,set the rules of engagement and drive use-cases.Furthermore,there should be clarity in institutional mandates to enforce accountability.Create enabling policies and regulations:Comprehensive policies on personal data protection and cybersecurity

140、are critical to minimize the risks associated with data sharing.When enforced properly,they help ensure the security of the network by reprimanding offenders and empowering citizens thus building trust in the system.UDH should develop governance mechanisms in line with the guiding principles to defi

141、ne clear responsibilities and regulations,ensure data protection,foster collaboration,and achieve inclusive outcomes as shown in Exhibit 2.2.2.2.1 Governance principles1.Data Principal:Persons both natural and legal,to whom any data relates(PDP Bill)Governance of Unified Data HighwaysFormulation and

142、 enforcement of transparent regulations and standards aimed at maximizing public benefit,safeguarding the data rights of all stakeholders,and ensuring the networks enduring sustainabilityFive Guiding Principles can help ensure Good Governance of UDH Exhibit 2.2Create minimalistic network design and

143、engage the private sector&open-source developers to develop use casesCreate frameworks and mechanisms such as consent artefacts and maintaining data transaction audit logs to ensure compliance with regulations and foster trust within the networkDrive Co-Creation4.Enable frameworks to safeguard priva

144、cy and data security5.Address barriers to participation and enable services to reach underserved communitiesPolicies on data usage,data storage and personal data protection to minimize the risks associated with data sharingApex body to set the rules of engagement,manage and regulate the network,and

145、drive use-casesDefine Accountable and Empowered Institutions1.Create Enabling Policies and Regulations2.Promote Universal Access3.25Unlocking the impact of UDH Promote universal access:UDH should be built to maximize inclusion and bridge the digital divide.For instance,this can be achieved by offeri

146、ng access to the user interface in regional languages or by providing services to the digitally underserved through SMS.By doing so,even those lacking digital literacy or advanced technology can have equal access to the benefit from these services.Drive co-creation:The goal of a UDH is to help the b

147、usiness ecosystem build applications that benefit the public.To this end,they should be developed through an iterative process,in collaboration with ecosystem partners,considering their needs and expectations.This improves the likelihood of rapid adoption upon implementation.The network design shoul

148、d be minimalistic to ensure easier adaptability and faster deployment.This enables the private sector and open-source developers to collaboratively develop use-cases.Enable frameworks to safeguard privacy and data security:2.2.2 Technology principlesUDH follow the five DPI technology principles12,wh

149、ich differentiates them from traditional data sharing efforts and open data initiatives:Enable interoperability:The use of open-source code,open standards,and open APIs allows disparate digital systems to communicate,exchange,and use information seamlessly.Embrace modular and minimalist design:Devel

150、op iteratively following a modular or“building blocks”approach.This approach can help adapt to changing requirements,through reusable independent building blocks which can be integrated into different systems as modules to activate new features.Build for scalability:Adopt a flexible design such that

151、 the network can be scaled up to meet expansion requirements and more use-cases can be enabled in the future in response to the changing ecosystem needs without needing any overhaul on existing systems.12.Adopted and modified from Centre for Digital Public Infrastructure(CDPI)DPI Tech Architecture P

152、rinciples.For instance,Indias DEPA framework governs personal data sharing by institutionalizing an entity called the Consent Manager.It ensures data can only be accessed with consent,which is programmed to be secure,revocable,granular,auditable,and provided with notice.UDH should also adopt data pr

153、ivacy principles such as data minimization and purpose limitation and maintain data transaction audit logs.Recommended data security mechanisms include authorizing the identity of transacting parties,conducting regular internal audits,and establishing disclosure obligations for data breaches.Establi

154、shing frameworks and mechanisms for privacy and data security helps strengthen regulatory compliance and builds trust in the system26Unified Data Highways:The Next Frontier of Digital Public Infrastructure2.2.2.1 An illustrative architecture for UDH13 UDH can be visualized as a network of data provi

155、ders and solution builders connected through open APIs and rules governing the exchange of data.To build this connection,a robust technology architecture comprising of a data sharing layer,verification layer,consent layer and security servers must be operationalized to enable interoperability and en

156、sure data privacy and security.The below stack diagram in Exhibit 2.3 illustrates the value chain of UDH demonstrating their ability to unlock the power of data securely through its multiple layers:13.The nature of data in a UDHwhether personal or non-personalrequires careful architectural and gover

157、nance decisions.Personal data,or Personally Identifiable Information(PII),demands stringent measures such as consent artifacts,secure servers,encryption,data protection policies,and certification for ecosystem participants.Strict protocols in data collection,storage,and sharing are essential to main

158、tain security,ensure responsible usage and gain user trust.Connect federated data registries:Connect data sources rather than creating a centralized database to help overcome the privacy and security risks of a single point of failure,while maintaining autonomy and promoting collaboration between in

159、stitutions.Adopt a Privacy by Design Architecture:A Privacy by Design architecture and robust access control mechanisms ensures necessary safeguards on data privacy.Implementing secure data encryption protocols,using digital signatures,certificates,and multi-factor authentication to verify transacti

160、ng parties can help prevent unauthorized access and data breaches.Analytics(Open-source functions and algorithms):Foundational functions and algorithms to be used for development of applications on top of them to enable appropriate utilization of data Data governance(Open APIs and Standards,data mod

161、el):Open APIs and standards to ensure interoperability,and data model and taxonomy to make the data more structured Infrastructure(server and monitoring)and Helpdesk:A central server for maintaining a list of registered network participants and configuration requirements,and a helpdesk provide techn

162、ical support,manage incidents and address grievances Consent and verification layer:A consent layer can be integrated in cases dealing with personal data to incorporate access control mechanisms;Verification layer is necessary to verify the identity of transacting parties through authentication mech

163、anisms such as digital signatures,digital certificates,multi-factor authentication,etc.Security servers:Security servers are necessary to route the movement of data requests and data between the registries and the ecosystem;they also ensure data security by encrypting the data during transit and mai

164、ntaining timestamped audit logs for all transactions 27Unlocking the impact of UDHIllustrative UDH architectureExhibit 2.3Data Sharing LayerAnalytics(Open-source functions&algorithms)Data governance(Open APIs&standards,data model)Infrastructure(Server&Monitoring)and Helpdesk Consent&verification lay

165、erUsers GovernmentsGovernmentsPrivate Private SectorsSectorsNGO/CSOsNGO/CSOsAcademia&Academia&ResearchersResearchersCitizens&Citizens&CommunitiesCommunitiesSecurity ServerSecurity ServerUse case driven applications and services by public and private sectorNon-exhaustiveNon-exhaustiveHealthcare Servi

166、cesLongitudinal patient health recordsDigital healthcare service deliveryDigital health claimsTransportationMulti-modal citizen journey planningRoute optimization and traffic managementDisaster and recovery managementClimate&SustainabilityClimate disaster resilienceOcean accounting for sustainable b

167、lue economyHarmonized carbon credit data for carbon marketsAgricultureAgri-data advisory servicesDigital open credit accessDigital Insurance EnablementPower&EnergyConsumption optimizationRenewable energy credit exchangeP2P Renewable energy tradingSource:50+global DPI expert interviews,BCG analysis.D

168、ata RegistriesNon-exhaustiveMinistry of FinanceInsurance RegistryMutual Fund RegistryAccount Registry.Ministry of TransportVehicle RegistryMobility DataInfrastructure Registry.Ministry of StatsPopulation RegistryMigration RegistryLabour Registry.Ministry of EnvironmentWeather RegistryLand RegistrySo

169、il Registry.TelecomUser RegistrySpending RegistryPenetration Registry.EnergyProject RegistryBlack Spot RegistryConsumption Registry.28Unified Data Highways:The Next Frontier of Digital Public InfrastructureThese quick wins can build early momentum to demonstrate the value proposition,onboard a criti

170、cal mass of users and engage the broader ecosystem.Develop a sustainable business model:While UDH can initially be financed by the public sector,development funders,and philanthropies,it is crucial to consider a self-sustaining model for long-term operations.UDH can explore revenue streams such as u

171、sage-based fees,as seen in India,where Account Aggregators charge Financial Information Users(FIUs)a small fee for every transaction.UDH may also earn revenue from customization fees,deployment fees for setting up and maintaining instances,and for regular upgrades,training,and technical support.For

172、instance,Primero14,an open-source DPG designed to provide a secure system to manage and exchange data about vulnerable children and survivors of violence,offers multiple packages including deployment support,remote training,technical support,and regular upgrades.Ushahidi15,a DPG for crowdsourcing in

173、formation from communities,offers enterprise plans for technical expertise,ongoing support,and customizations.Reinvesting savings is another viable approach for UDH,with the savings generated due to UDH being reinvested to fund their operations.For example,X-Road in Estonia has enabled annual saving

174、s equivalent to 2%of its GDP,which can be reinvested to fund the operations of the UDH.While generating revenues is essential for reducing long-term dependency on external financing,full cost recovery might not always be feasible,and continuous support from the government or donors may be necessary

175、to maintain accessibility and citizen participation,which may be justifiable given the social ROI of specific UDH.Foster a strong business case for the ecosystem:The UDH must foster a compelling business case to attract and retain the private ecosystem onto the network.Ensuring regular availability

176、and discoverability of quality data and adopting a business model that does not impede participation helps the private players generate substantial return oninvestment,thus incentivizing sustainable long-term use.2.2.3 Execution principles UDH around the world have followed certain best practices fo

177、r execution that have been pivotal to their overall success.These foundational execution principles alongside the governance and technology principles lay the groundwork for effective implementation of UDH:Prioritize a use-case first approach:The UDH must take a use-case first approach to define the

178、 value proposition for end-users and identify the ecosystem play.The pilot use-cases should be created in close collaboration with the ecosystem before prioritizing technology build.For instance,Estonia identified over a thousand services to be enabled by X-Road before developing the software.14.Rea

179、d more about business model and pricing of Primero here;15.Read more about pricing plans of Ushahidi here.In the early stages,prioritizing use cases that solve critical citizen pain points and deliver immediate public benefits is crucial29Unlocking the impact of UDH Engage the ecosystem early:A wide

180、 range of ecosystem players,including potential users,technology providers,Civil Society Organizations(CSOs),think tanks and academia must be engaged early on to seek their perspectives on shaping the architectural design and policy framework of the UDH.This engagement is crucial for several reasons

181、.Firstly,it facilitates the development of a robust network that meets the data needs of the builder ecosystem,enabling innovation by combining diverse expertise and perspectives,to develop applications that can leverage shared data effectively.Secondly,an engaged ecosystem can help the network addr

182、ess critical concerns such as privacy,security,and ethical use,which are essential for public trust and widespread adoption.For example,Estonias collaboration with the private sector led to the key recommendation to adopt a distributed technological architecture over a centralized one.Ecosystem part

183、icipants,including healthcare providers,startups,civil societies,think tanks,technology vendors and individuals provided their inputs on design,implementation,and policy for ABDM.Maintain strong leadership oversight:Direct oversight from the top leadership in the country is critical for facilitating

184、 a top-down push to execute the initiative and securing financial resources.In India,direct commitment from the Ministry of Finance and the Reserve Bank of India was fundamental in setting up the Account Aggregator ecosystem.Finally,the involvement of diverse stakeholders also promotes greater inclu

185、sivity and equity,ensuring that the benefits of UDH reach all segments of society,including marginalized communities30Unified Data Highways:The Next Frontier of Digital Public Infrastructure16.CDPI documentation;17.Source:The Guardian;18.To read more:Carnegie thesis|CDPI documentation.Incentives are

186、 a useful mechanism for the initial push for adoption but cannot be used sustainably,and hence have to be followed up by other strategies to sustain the momentum.For instance,My Health Record in Australia,has incentivized healthcare providers by offering monetary rewards of up to USD 6.50 per patien

187、t17 they enroll onto the network.This initiative helps offset the costs associated with digitizing data and promotes the adoption of new digital practices required for the UDHBox 2:Overcoming the challenges of adoption UDH often encounter challenges in adoption despite having successfully implemente

188、d the requisite technology and foundational steps.This underscores the necessity for a coordinated strategy aimed at fostering adoption,ensuring long term growth and sustainability of UDH.A range of strategies can be employed to onboard and retain end-users and the ecosystem players onto the network

189、.Where necessary,issue enabling mandates:When used judiciously in a manner that promotes public interest,mandates can help ensure responsible sharing and usage of data.For example,in Brazil,the Brazilian Forest Code mandates that all rural properties must be registered on the Environmental Rural Reg

190、istry(CAR).While mandates may help speed up the process of achieving scale,in the long run,voluntary adoption based on a strong value proposition to all market players and citizens is more sustainable at driving impact16.Offer need-based monetary incentives:Adoption of UDH may be supported by incent

191、ive mechanisms during early phases especially if the duration of value realization by ecosystem players is not immediate.Emerging discussions:DaaS modelsTill date,countries that have adopted UDH have chosen to build the network either from scratch or by leveraging open-source DPGs as foundational bu

192、ilding blocks.With advancements in technology,discussions are emerging on the DPI-as-a-service(DaaS)18 model referring to packaged,cloud-deployable DPI adhering to global standards and built on open-source DPGs.It proposes to reduce the deployment time and eliminate the need for extensive in-house t

193、echnology management infrastructure.31Unlocking the impact of UDH Drive awareness by leveraging innovative partnerships and brand ambassadors:Increasing general awareness of the UDHs services and benefits through campaigns,advertisements,competitions such as hackathons and innovative partnerships ca

194、n enhance the scale of adoption of UDH by driving a network effect,especially in those use-cases where direct or indirect participation of citizens is critical.For instance,a renowned celebrity was brought on board by the Reserve Bank of India to endorse Account Aggregators,as part of a public aware

195、ness campaign to explain how individuals could share their financial data securely through the UDH.Utilize strategic nudges:Nudges can be employed as subtle,non-coercive,and cost-effective cues to enhance citizen participation.When strategically placed at key points in the user journey,these prompts

196、 can effectively onboard a significant user population.For example,Digiyatra,a biometric based identity verification service for contactless air travel,sends text messages to air passengers in India through the respective airlines a few hours before their journey to download and share their boarding

197、 pass through the application to avail expedited check-in services at the airport.Cross-border data sharing Cross-border data sharing presents both opportunities and challenges in todays interconnected world.While it enables crucial collaborations such as response to global health crises and flow of

198、 migra nt worker remittances,broader adoption of cross-border data sharing faces significant hurdles due to concerns around national security and data privacy.Global efforts such as Japans Data Free Flow with Trust(DFFT)initiative signal a growing recognition of the importance of facilitating secure

199、 data sharing on an international scale.DFFT,which was unveiled at the 2019 G20 Summit in Osaka,aims to foster an international environment for free and efficient sharing of secure data among countries,while ensuring that personal data and sensitive information are protected.Overcoming regulatory ob

200、stacles and ensuring robust safeguards will be vital for realizing the full potential of cross-border data sharing.To this end,UDH can help advance cross border data sharing by addressing technical complexities and enhancing trust among participants.Examples like the X-Road Trust Federation,which en

201、ables data sharing between Estonia and Finland demonstrate that progress is possible through strategic partnerships and innovative digital solutions.32Unified Data Highways:The Next Frontier of Digital Public Infrastructurev03Sectoral perspective on UDH33Sectoral perspective on UDHChapter Summary 3.

202、1 Value creation across sectors By facilitating seamless data exchange across various sectors,UDH empower ecosystem players to develop innovative services and applications tailored to the needs of the populace.This section delves into how UDH are being utilized in different sectors to unlock their p

203、otential.Exhibit 3.1 illustrates examples of UDH across sectors that have demonstrated the potential to create significant socio-economic impact at population scale.Value unlocked across sectors:UDH around the world have demonstrated immense potential to advance high-value use-cases across various s

204、ectors to unlock significant economic and social value.Sectoral maturity:Based on the prevalence of UDH,sectors can be classified into three maturity archetypes:leading sectors(government services,healthcare,and agriculture),emerging sectors(climate&sustainability,water management and power),and whi

205、tespaces(transportation and smart cities).Critical factors influencing maturity:The variation in maturity of UDH across sectors is influenced by the intensity of government impetus and the strength of the business case in each sector.Government impetus is influenced by the relevance of the use-cases

206、 to citizens essential needs and global push for action in each sector,while the business case is driven by the size of the innovator ecosystem beyond the public sector and citizens willingness to pay for the use-cases.34Unified Data Highways:The Next Frontier of Digital Public Infrastructure3.1.1 H

207、ealthcareIn Australia,the My Health Record19,enables interoperability of health information among different healthcare providers enabling secure sharing of patient health data to enhance digital healthcare service delivery.As of January 2024,My Health Record holds over 23.5 million records and has h

208、elped curtail test duplication by 18%,saving consumers significant time and money.99%of all pharmacies and general practitioners are registered on the network and have used its services.19.Source:Statistics(digitalhealth.gov.au).Unified Data Highways are poised to unlock socio-economic benefits acro

209、ss multiple sectorsExhibitLeading SectorsEmerging SectorsWhitespacesHealthcare24 Mn digital health records have been created through My Health Record which has been adopted by 99%of general practitioners,pharmacies and public hospitals in Australia2%annual GDP savings achieved through the use of X-R

210、oad for digital public service delivery in Estonia 250,000+farmers in digitally underserved areas receive agri-advisory services in Kenya through KAOPAgricultureGovernment Services25%improvement in improvement in water accessibility in water accessibility in Sierra Leone due to Sierra Leone due to t

211、he implementation the implementation of WPdx for decision of WPdx for decision makingmakingPower&EnergyUSD 18-35 Mnprojected yearly value creation as a result of Estfeeds implementation in 0.7 Mn households in Estonia85%of all carbon credits of all carbon credits issued globally to date issued globa

212、lly to date have been unified by the have been unified by the World Bank CAD Trust World Bank CAD Trust within its first year within its first year of operationof operation20%predicted boost in modal share of public transport adoption as a result of the implementation of Transport Stack in New Delhi

213、Transportation Climate&SustainabilitySmart CitiesUSD 2 Mnsavings generated savings generated every year in solid every year in solid waste management in waste management in Varanasi,India by using Varanasi,India by using data from India Urban data from India Urban Data ExchangeData ExchangeWater Man

214、agementSources:BCG Analysis;Expert calls and publicly available resources;Healthcare;Government Services;Agriculture;Transportation:JICA BCG Research;Power&Energy;Climate&Sustainability;Water Management;Smart Cities35Sectoral perspective on UDH3.1.2 Government services 3.1.3 Agriculture 3.1.4 Water

215、management 3.1.5 Power In Ethiopia,the Digital Agricultural Advisory Services(DAAS)21 enables secure agricultural data sharing to enable farmers to get access to data driven agri-tech advisory services that can help increase their productivity and income from agriculture.DAAS has enhanced the liveli

216、hood of more than 3.5 million Ethiopian farmers through cost-effective advisory services.The Water Point Data Exchange(WPdx),a global effort aimed at enhancing clean water accessibility,has made a significant impact in emerging economies.WPdxs open network for data sharing allows public and private

217、players to build country level solutions and make data driven decisions through water point data.The network hosts data from 50+countries and has enabled 1200+stakeholders to design solutions using the data.In Sierra Leone,for instance,analytical tools drawing water point data from WPdx have driven

218、a 25%increase22 in water accessibility.Estonias Estfeed helps energy suppliers provide personalized services to consumers,which help them manage consumption and trade electricity on the grid.Estfeed draws on smart grid data from over 800,000 energy consumption points across the country and is estima

219、ted to have saved 1 TWh23 of energy and enabled value creation of USD 18-35 million in 0.7 million households in Estonia.Estfeed has also helped pilot cross-border energy exchange between Estonia and Lithuania.In India,the DigiLocker20 initiative of the Ministry of Electronics and IT(MeitY)facilitat

220、es the secure storage and sharing of personal documents between public and public institutions through a digital wallet.20.Source:DigiLocker:An Initiative Towards Paperless Governance;21.Source:DAAS Factsheet March 2021(farmstack.co);22.Source:WPdx The Water Point Data Exchange;23.Source:Avaleht|Ele

221、ring.Digilocker now has 285 million registered users and has issued over 6.7 billion digital documents,which can be digitally verified and seamlessly shared by users36Unified Data Highways:The Next Frontier of Digital Public Infrastructure3.1.7 Transportation While the transportation sector is a whi

222、tespace,there are promising early signs showing the potential impact that could be achieved through UDH in this sector.In India,the planned Delhi Transport Stack is likely to increase the modal share of adoption of public transportation services by 20%in the city.A bus occupancy and fleet management

223、 system designed with the help of data from India Urban Data Exchange25(IUDX)is helping the city of Surat save USD 5.6 million annually in costs and generate USD 0.3 million more in revenues annually.3.1.8 Smart city Indias IUDX,data sharing initiative focuses on urban concerns,and has enabled the c

224、reation of a waste management application in the city of Varanasi.The application uses waste weight,GPS location of collection trucks,traffic density and crowdsourced grievance information to optimize waste collection.IUDX has helped Varanasi save USD 2 million annually in solid waste management.In

225、Pune,IUDX has also helped Safetipin,a social organization dedicated to make public spaces safer and more inclusive,launch an application that recommends safe night-time travel routes for citizens.3.2 Leading and lagging sectors We analyzed 65 data sharing infrastructure across 24 countries,spanning

226、eight sectors:healthcare,government services,agriculture,water management,power,climate and sustainability26,transportation,and smart city.As seen in Exhibit 3.2,health,government services,and agriculture are leading sectors,with at least 10 countries having data sharing infrastructure in each.Water

227、 management,power,and climate and sustainability are emerging sectors,with data sharing infrastructure established in seven countries each.Meanwhile,transportation and smart city sectors remain nascent,with only four and two countries with data sharing infrastructure identified,respectively.24.Sourc

228、e:Reported by Benedict Chia,DG of Climate Change at the National Climate Change Secretariat of Singapore.Obtained from The Straits Times;25.Source:Data Exchange-IUDX;26.While climate and sustainability permeates multiple sectors as overarching theme,it is also considered a separate sector to highlig

229、ht the unique opportunities associated with it.3.1.6 Climate and sustainability Launched in late 2022,the Climate Action Data(CAD)Trust is a global open-source decentralized data sharing network designed to harmonize national carbon credit registries to enhance the integrity of carbon markets worldw

230、ide.It aims to avoid double counting,strengthen trust in carbon credit data and build confidence in carbon markets through improved transparency.Till date,the CAD Trust has grown to cover 85%24 of all carbon credits issued globally till date and is expected to expand coverage further.37Sectoral pers

231、pective on UDHExhibit 3.2Landscaping of emerging nations identifies 3 sector groups Leading,Emerging&WhitespacesHealthcareGovernment ServicesAgricultureWater ManagementPowerClimate&SustainabilityTransportationSmart CitySectorsLeading SectorsEmerging SectorsWhitespacesNote:Illustration is not exhaust

232、ive.24 emerging countries were studied for the analysis,11 from Africa,10 from Asia-Oceania and 3 from Latin America;The analysis includes the entire spectrum of data sharing infrastructure,ranging from open data platforms to UDH.05101520Number of countries with data sharing infrastructure3.2.1 Lead

233、ing sectors From our landscaping of emerging nations across the world,we have observed that healthcare,government services and agriculture are the Leading sectors,with the greatest proliferation of UDH.In the healthcare sector,UDH are helping in creation of longitudinal health records for improved p

234、atient outcomes,smoothen the delivery of digital healthcare services and streamline digital insurance claims,all of which have a significant impact on the patient experience.Australias My Health Record is used by patients,general practitioners,pharmacies,public hospitals,and specialists to upload an

235、d view documents.It provides advanced access controls where patients can decide which healthcare providers can view their records.38Unified Data Highways:The Next Frontier of Digital Public Infrastructure3.2.2 Emerging sectors Indonesias SATU Data is an example of a UDH that streamlines access to pu

236、blic data and government services.It enhances data governance,promotes government transparency and accountability,and supports data-driven decision-making to benefit citizens,investors,and businesses alike.In the agriculture sector,UDH such as Kenya Agriculture Observatory Platform(KAOP)areimproving

237、 agricultural practices by offering customized data-advisory services to more than 50,000 farmers a month,fostering collaboration,enhancing data accessibility,and promoting sustainable agricultural practices through consent-based data sharing.The sectors of climate and sustainability,power,and water

238、 management have seen new opportunities begin to emerge,with some nations planning UDH in these sectors.UDH in the water management can facilitate real-time exchange of data to reduce leakage,and improve water quality and distribution efficiency at scale.UDH in the power sector can unlock multiple u

239、se cases such as consumption optimization,facilitate peer-to-peer renewable energy trading,and streamlined access to public EV charging infrastructure.Harnessing the power of data as a public good could enable anticipatory response to climate-induced disasters,improve transparency and supply chain t

240、raceability to aid sustainable use of forests,facilitate evidence-based proactive policies for sustainable blue economy,and boost liquidity in carbon markets through transparency in emissions reporting.In the government services sector,UDH are making it possible to eliminate data duplication among g

241、overnment agencies and seamlessly share data by enabling interoperability,improve citizens access to and ease of obtaining services(such as filing for income taxes,voting etc.),and significantly reduce service delivery costsUDH in the climate and sustainability sector could unlock several use cases

242、across climate mitigation and adaptation strategies39Sectoral perspective on UDH3.2.3 Whitespaces Sectors labelled as Whitespaces have a relatively lower presence of UDH,most of which are at a nascent stage.Smart city and transportation are two examples of sectors with a comparatively lower presence

243、 of UDH offering relatively untapped avenues for the introduction of UDH.Given the breadth of possible use cases,complex stakeholder mapping,and limited infrastructure readiness,very few UDH have thus far been built with a smart city focus.UDH in smart city sector can unlock diverse use cases includ

244、ing urban planning,smart tourist guide,faster emergency response,resource optimization,waste management,accident prevention and many more.In the transport sector,UDH hold a promising future as they can enable use cases such as end-to-end multi-modal journey planning,intelligent traffic management sy

245、stems,parking management systems,improved infrastructure planning,and EV charging management.27.These factors will vary based on the use-cases within a sector and the unique context of the country in which the UDH is being developed.Additonally,the government impetus and business case can change ove

246、r time due to shifts in technology,legislations,geopolitical priorities,economies,and societies.The interplay of these four factors explains why UDH are more common in some areas than others,but any one of these factors can also potentially move the needle.The assessment presented in this section is

247、 on a relative scale,which means that if a sector is scored low on relevance of its use-cases to essential citizen needs,it should be intepreated as less relevant compared to the other seven sectors,not as having low relevance as an absolute.Our examination of the DPI landscape in 24 countries has s

248、hown that the initiative to develop a UDH often originates from the State.To develop a successful UDH,governments can invest capital,coordinate an effort involving a multitude of stakeholders,and maintain a continuous focus on governing the network to ensure best practices are followed and its objec

249、tives are met.As seen in Exhibit 3.3,the government impetus is coming from two sources:3.3.1 Government impetus 3.3 Explaining the sectoral maturity of UDH Four factors,taken together can help us explain the varying sectoral maturity of UDH.These may be classified into two categories Government impe

250、tus and a Business case.The Government impetus creates a push for developing UDH to solve a pressing social problem,while the Business case drives the utilization of the data to develop solutions and advance use-cases.The four factors27 are as follows:Government impetus Relevance to essential citize

251、n needs Global push for action in sectorBusiness case Innovator ecosystem beyond public sector Citizens willingness to pay for use cases Understanding the interplay among these four factors is crucial for policymakers and ecosystem stakeholders alike,as it can provide insights into how to catalyze t

252、he development of UDH within specific sectors.40Unified Data Highways:The Next Frontier of Digital Public Infrastructure Relevance to essential citizen needs:This factor indicates the extent to which use-cases of UDH can serve essential needs.When data sharing in a sector enables better provision of

253、 essential services and helps fulfill crucial needs of citizens,it encourages the states to develop UDH.Data sharing in government services,healthcare,agriculture,water management,and climate&sustainability sector can help address fundamental needs such as public service access,healthcare quality an

254、d affordability,food security,clean water supply,and climate disaster resilience,making them highly relevant to serving essential citizen needs.Conversely,UDH in transportation and smart city primarily enhance urban living convenience with use-cases like seamless travel planning and smart tourist gu

255、ides,which can enhance the quality of urban living but may be considered less critical compared to necessities.Finally,data sharing in the power sector,through UDH,can optimize power consumption,enhance supplier choice,and integrate renewables,offering considerable benefits but with moderate essenti

256、ality compared to basic needs like food and water.Global push for action in sector:A global push for action is created when data sharing in a sector can address issues of global consequence,requiring large-scale international collaboration.When there is global momentum for data sharing in a sector,i

257、t can guide states to leverage this trend and create UDH to address critical national and global issues.There is strong global momentum for data sharing in government services,healthcare,agriculture,and climate&sustainability sectors.Data sharing in these sectors can enable effective global coordina

258、tion in crime control and crisis response,manage cross-border public health threats,promote worldwide food security,and help address climate concerns that are inherently borderless in nature.In contrast,transportation and smart city sectors focus on localized urban improvements,resulting in comparat

259、ively lower global engagement.Meanwhile,the power and water management sectors have seen moderate global push for action.In the power sector,data sharing can advance efforts to integraterenewable energy into the grid and promote clean energy transitions,which are gaining gradual international moment

260、um.Similarly,international actions in the watersector aim to enhance global access to clean water through data sharing.However,these sectors Exhibit comparatively lower cross-border implications and collaboration needs,leading to a moderate global push for data sharing initiatives.41Sectoral perspec

261、tive on UDHExhibit 3.3SectorRelevance to Essential Citizen NeedsGlobal Push for Action in Sector Leading SectorsEmerging SectorsWhitespacesAll three Leading Sectors show a strong presence of factors that drive Government Impetus MediumHighLowSmart CityUse-cases are of low cross border implications a

262、nd require comparatively lesser global collaborationDesigned to enhance the quality of living for urban residentsHealthcareEnhances global response to public health emergenciesHelps improve the quality and affordability of healthcareGovernment ServicesStreamlines global immigration processes,improve

263、s coordination in combatting international criminal activitiesImproves the reach and efficiency of government services that are critical for citizensTransportationComparatively low cross border implications of underlying problemsPrimarily focused on making commute more convenient for urban dwellersP

264、owerCertain use-cases such as Renewable Energy integration are gradually gaining tractionCan help improve access to and affordability of powerClimate&SustainabilityClimate concerns are inherently cross-border and require global cooperationImproves climate disaster resilience and bolsters anticipator

265、y response,potentially saving many livesAgricultureAdvances sustainable farming practices and helps avoid food shortages which may lead to regional instabilityHelps improve crop yield and contribute to national food securityWater ManagementLesser degree of cross border implications leading to compar

266、atively moderate global pushAccess to clean drinking water and prevention of water shortages can be life saving42Unified Data Highways:The Next Frontier of Digital Public Infrastructure3.3.2 Business case At its core,a UDH is designed to reduce friction in the discovery and usage of data by the broa

267、der ecosystem players,enabling them to develop solutions that serve the people.Therefore,the presence of a vibrant ecosystem of builders beyond the public sector significantly strengthens the case for developing a UDH.Moreover,the greater the willingness of citizens to pay for these services,it is m

268、ore likely that businesses are to design services for the wider population.As seen in Exhibit 3.4,the demand for data from innovator ecosystem and the citizens willingness to pay for these services,together strengthen the business case for a UDH.The strength of this business case is a crucial determ

269、inant of whether a UDH is widely adopted and succeeds in bringing about inclusive societal development.Innovator ecosystem beyond public sector:This factor measures the breadth of the innovator ecosystem beyond the public sector,that will use the data to design citizen-centric solutions.The impact o

270、f data sharing in a sector is significantly influenced by the size of the innovator ecosystem and its demand for using the data to advance the use-cases.Use cases in the healthcare,agriculture,and transportation sectors have a strong innovator ecosystem beyond the public sector,with diverse players

271、such as healthcare and insurance providers,agri-tech firms,and mobility players leveraging data from UDH to innovate.Smart city encompasses diverse use-cases,such as smart tourism,which engages players across the travel,tourism,and hospitality industries.Consequently,this sector benefits from a robu

272、st innovator ecosystem due its extensive breadth.Despite limited private activity in certain areas like citizen-state interactions,government services sector also has a relatively broad ecosystem,due to significant private engagement in use-cases such as tax filing and welfare distribution.For examp

273、le,when UDH are used to improve transparency and efficiency of welfare delivery,several private sector players such as mobile financial services platforms,bank and non-bank financial institutions,and fintech firms can be involved in the distribution of the welfare.On the contrary,the water managemen

274、t sector has a limited builder ecosystem since the data is primarily used by government organizations and utilities.In the power sector,the builder ecosystem is of moderate size primarily involving large utilities but also engaging non-public sector innovators in advancing use-cases such as consumpt

275、ion optimization.Similarly,the climate and sustainability sector Exhibits a moderate builder ecosystem,comprised of climate-tech firms,NGOs,and research organizations,utilizing UDH data for disaster prediction and mitigation.Citizens willingness to pay for use-cases:This factor measures the willingn

276、ess of citizens to pay for the services that can be designed using the data shared through the UDH.Given that UDH are created to enable the design of population-scale services to serve citizens,this factor is indicative of the economic viability of a UDH as well as its potential impact on citizens l

277、ives.Higher the willingness for citizens to pay,greater is the incentive for businesses to leverage the data to create solutions,speeding up adoption and increasing the potential impact of the UDH.The healthcare sector sees a high willingness to pay among citizens due to demand for telemedicine offe

278、rings such as remote consultations,remote patient monitoring,and prescription management.Similarly,in smart city and transportation sectors,UDH could help create services such as safe travelling and multi modal journey planning,for which citizens tend to be highly willing to pay.On the other hand,th

279、e water management and climate&sustainability sectors see lower willingness to pay as their solutions do not directly lead to G2C28 or B2C29 transactions in most cases.For government services,the overall willingness to pay can be considered moderate;while 28.G2C:Government-to-Citizen;29.B2C:Business

280、-to-Consumer.43Sectoral perspective on UDHuse-cases such as welfare distribution do not involve citizen payments,people are likely to pay for advisory services offered by businesses such as digital tax filing.In the agriculture sector,farmers,who are the target beneficiaries,may show a comparatively

281、 moderate willingness to pay for advisory services aimed at improving crop selection,disease containment,and fertilizer usage due to limited disposable income and low awareness.Finally,in the power sector,while direct financial interactions with citizens are limited,there is a relatively moderate wi

282、llingness to pay for user-facing solutions that offer transparent billing information and opportunities for cost reduction.Exhibit 3.4SectorInnovator Ecosystem Beyond Public Sector Citizen Willingness to Pay for Use-CasesGovernment ServicesHealthcareAgricultureClimate&SustainabilityWater ManagementP

283、owerTransportationSmart CityEnables the design of lucrative services such as discovering and consulting doctors online Primary beneficiaries are farmers,whose willingness to pay may be limited by financial constraints and limited awareness Primary use-cases do not involve commercial interactions wit

284、h citizens Majority of use-cases do not involve monetizable G2C or B2C transactions Citizens will be willing to pay for Use-cases such as Consumption OptimizationUse-cases such as Multi-Modal Transportation will be highly attractive to urban citizens As use-cases can improve convenience of urban liv

285、ing,citizens will be willing to paySeveral Use-Cases such are not monetizableCreates new business opportunities for healthcare providers,insurers,health tech startups and more Helps fintech,agritech,and other businesses offer more tailored financial products and advisory services to farmers A modera

286、tely sized ecosystem of climate tech firms,aid organizations,NGOs,and research organizationsMost data sharing will be between public utilities due to limited presence of private players in the sectorData can be used by innovators to provide value-added services to consumersData can be used by firms

287、in the mobility space to improve operations and offer better servicesA wide range of businesses operating in the urban space can use Smart City data Data can be used by a wide-range of private sector players to improve their operational efficiency Leading SectorsEmerging SectorsWhitespacesAll Emergi

288、ng Sectors have medium to low presence of a business case,hindering the prevalence of UDH rather than proliferationMediumHighLow44Unified Data Highways:The Next Frontier of Digital Public Infrastructure3.3.3 Insights from Interplay between Government Impetus and Business Case Given the analysis pres

289、ented in this section,we can conclude that strong government impetus is necessary,but not enough by itself,to create global momentum for building UDH in a sector.As depicted in Exhibit 3.5,where high impetus for the State to drive several use-cases in a sector is coupled with a demand for the data f

290、rom innovator ecosystem and citizens willingness to pay,we are likely to observe a greater density of UDH,making it a leading sector.But despite a strong public sector impetus,development of UDH may be impeded due to a lack of incentives for the citizens and innovators to engage with the UDH,such as

291、 in the case of the water management sector.On the contrary,when the impetus for the state is low for most of the primary use-cases,states are unlikely to take the initiative to develop UDH regardless of the strength of the business case.This is evident from the relatively few UDH built in the trans

292、port and smart city sectors,which remain whitespaces today.Therefore,Government impetus helps initiate the journey of UDH in a sector,while the Business case influences whether UDH gather widespread momentum in that sector.Exhibit 3.5Government impetus helps initiate the journey of UDH,while the Bus

293、iness case determines the potential for gaining widespread momentumHigh government impetus coupled with a moderate to high business case has led to more UDH taking off and making impact in these sectors,making them more denseGovernment ServicesBusiness CaseGovernment ImpetusLowLowModerateModerateHig

294、hHighHealthcare ServicesAgricultureEven though these sectors have a high business case,due to the lack of government impetus to create UDH in the first place,very few UDH have been developed thus far Business CaseGovernment ImpetusLowLowModerateModerateHighHighTransportationSmart CityWhile emerging

295、sectors have moderate to high government impetus,the relatively low to moderate business case has hindered the broader momentum of developing UDH in thesesectorsBusiness CaseGovernment ImpetusLowLowModerateModerateHighHighClimate&SustainabilityWater ManagementPowerLeading SectorsEmerging SectorsWhit

296、espaces45Sectoral perspective on UDHBox 3:Climate action:The promise of UDH Climate change represents an existential threat to humanity.As we aim to scale both mitigation and adaptation efforts,UDH can play a significant role in accelerating our collective response.Effective mitigation and adaptatio

297、n efforts require coordinated action and exchange of data across various ecosystem actors including government,businesses,citizens,non-profits,funders,and academia,often extending beyond national boundaries.As depicted in Exhibit 3.6,there are at least 10 distinct use cases where UDH can play a sign

298、ificant role in driving progress.Exhibit 3.6Unified Data Highways can unlock 10 use-cases on Climate&Sustainability action1.Climate Disaster Resilience:Interoperability of weather data,historical disaster and impact data,geospatial data and population exposure data can help countries identify areas

299、prone to weather related disaster risks and enable impact-based proactive response systems2.Forest Conservation:Access to satellite data,in-situ forest data,land registry data,trade data,climate and soil data can help governments,private sector and organizations to track and predict forest activitie

300、s,curb deforestation and initiate targeted recovery measures3.Ocean Accounting for Sustainable Blue Economy:Interoperability of ocean economic data on ocean industries and environmental data on ocean ecosystems can enable countries to assess economic potential of ocean economy and ecosystem services

301、,enabling evidenced-based ocean policies,and private sector financing for blue carbon restoration4.Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reporting and Verifications:Help countries maintain open and transparent emissions data for a reliable GHG inventory and reporting mechanism to measure progress against their N

302、DC and aid carbon trading5.Harmonized Carbon Credit Data for Carbon Markets:Establishing a unified and verifiable mechanism for measuring,sharing,and validating carbon credit registries can strengthen the integrity of national and global carbon trading markets by preventing double counting and green

303、washing6.Harmonized Green Credit Data for Trading:Green credits are generated through environmental sustainability actions that extend beyond emissions reduction or removal,such as green cover restoration,water conservation,and sustainable agriculture;establishing a uniform and reliable mechanism fo

304、r measuring,verifying,and sharing activity-based green credit data can improve the transparency and accountability of green credit trading markets7.Climate-smart Agricultural Policies:Access to farmer information,soil data at the farmland level,and weather forecasts can help governments tailor antic

305、ipatory agricultural policies to local conditions.For example,Data in Climate Resilient Agriculture(DiCRA),a collaborative digital public good,provides open access to datasets to strengthen evidence-driven policy making for climate-resilient food systems.8.Urban Heat Island Mitigation:City planners

306、can monitor the health of urban green spaces and predict potential heat islands by exchanging geospatial,building density,and canopy data to plan effective cooling interventions9.Enhancing Public Transport Usage:Open exchange of real-time transport related data(routes,fares,active capacity,schedules

307、)can enable loyalty programs and carbon calculators to incentivize multi-modal public transport usage10.Renewables Integration in Power Grids:Exchanging power consumption,generation,and climate data can support renewable energy trading,credit exchanges,and management platforms,enhancing integration

308、of renewable energy into conventional gridsSource:BCG analysis46Unified Data Highways:The Next Frontier of Digital Public Infrastructure30.Source:World Economic Forum;31.Source:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report:Chapter 8;32.Source:EM-DAT Database,Center for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters(CRED)

309、;33.Includes hydrological,meteorological,and climatological disasters as defined by EM-DAT Database;34.Source:UN OCHA.It can also amplify the efforts of humanitarian organizations in planning anticipatory cash and in-kind relief actions,and facilitate better disaster-resilient farming advice.Pilots

310、have demonstrated more timely disbursement and up to 50%cost savings34 in anticipatory aid due to pre-shock efficiencies.Forest conservation:Enhancing transparency in forest data is essential for advancing the role of forests in climate change mitigation efforts.UDH can facilitate seamless discovery

311、 and exchange of geospatial data,on-site forest data,soil data,climate data,and restoration project update data.This streamlined data sharing can enable prioritization of areas needing restoration,creation of targeted restoration plans,and monitoring the impact of restoration projects.A range of sta

312、keholders,including government officials,researchers,private businesses,civil society,philanthropists,academia,and citizens possess valuable data.Without UDH,For a deeper understanding of the practical applications and potential benefits of UDH,we look at four use-cases in greater detail.Climate dis

313、aster resilience:The number of climate-related disasters has tripled over the last 30 years.30 Climate change is affecting the global water cycle,leading to increased frequency and severity of floods,storms,heatwaves,and droughts.31 Over the last 15 years(2009-2023),2.4 billion people32 were affecte

314、d by climate induced disasters3,accounting for over 314,000 fatalities6,and causing economic losses amounting to USD 2,500 billion33 50%higher6 than in the previous 15-year period.Establishing a UDH can transform disaster response from a reactive to an anticipatory approach.While a lot of climate da

315、ta exists and is used,it is often in silos.Democratizing access to historical weather data,weather forecast data,historical disaster data,and geospatial datasets could enable the generation of more accurate disaster prediction models for early warning systemsExplore a demonstration of these scenario

316、s on the Climate Resilience Data Highways,conceptualized by JICA and FIDEClick here47Sectoral perspective on UDH35.According the World Bank,“The Blue Economy is sustainable use of ocean resources for economic growth,improved livelihoods and jobs,and ocean ecosystem health.”For further details,refer

317、What is the Blue Economy?;36.According to Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission,“Marine Spatial Planning is a public process of analyzing and allocating the spatial and temporal distribution of human activities in marine areas to achieve ecological,economic and social objectives that have been

318、specified through a political process.“For further details,refer Marine Spatial Planning;37.Carbon credits derived from the conservation and restoration of coastal and marine ecosystems,such as mangroves,salt marshes,and seagrasses;38.Digital Emissions Registry(DER)is a digital database to collect,r

319、ecord,track,and manage data related to GHG emisssions.these datasets remain isolated in silos,limiting visibility and access among ecosystem players.Streamlined discovery and access to these datasets can enhance transparency,and significantly bolster forest conservation efforts by reducing cost and

320、improving effectiveness of such efforts.Ocean accounting for sustainable blue economy:Sustainable Blue Economy35 initiatives require informed decision-making through Ocean Accountinga transparent approach to measuring and monitoring ocean economic activities,ecosystem conditions,and the services eco

321、systems provide.Dispersion of data across various entities including statistical authorities,sectoral ministries,ocean industries,marine academic and scientific communities,and civil societies makes this process time-consuming and resource intensive.Access to interoperable data on ocean economic act

322、ivities and ecosystems could support evidence-based policies such as Marine Spatial Planning36,Integrated Coastal Management,and fiscal strategies tailored to the impacts of ocean industries on adjacent ecosystems.Secure and consent-based access to this data could help private financiers identify bl

323、ue carbon ecosystems that need restoration and maintain transparent records of the blue carbon credit37 potential of these projects.Greenhouse gas emissions reporting and verification:In many developing economies,greenhouse gas emissions reporting often depends on manual processes and outdated syste

324、ms.Digital reporting systems typically use proprietary software with limited integration of established digital infrastructure,leading to reduced transparency in emissions and emissions reduction data.Digital Emissions Registry38(DER)can enhance the transparency of facility-level emissions reporting

325、.Secure and consent-based access to facility-level DER,combined with weather data and satellite imagery,can aid accredited third-party auditors to remotely verify emissions data.These interoperable DERs can enable sectoral ministries to report greenhouse gas emissions at a sectoral level for nationa

326、l reporting purposes.Nodal ministries responsible for global emissions reporting can access verified sectoral DERs to efficiently produce reliable greenhouse gas inventory reports for international disclosure and track progress against Nationally Determined Contributions(NDCs).Furthermore,climate fu

327、nds can access verified DERs to monitor the impact of green financing on emissions reduction projects.48Unified Data Highways:The Next Frontier of Digital Public Infrastructurev04The road ahead for UDH49The road ahead for UDHvChapter Summary Harnessing the power of AI:The advancement of AI,marks an

328、important moment in the evolution of DPIs,especially UDH.AI improves data accessibility,while UDH provide high-quality datasets that drive inclusive AI innovation,creating a powerful feedback loop.Need for collaboration:Collaboration among DPI stakeholders such as funders,DPI/DPG advocates,DPG custo

329、dians,tech builders,government agencies,academia,think tanks and civil societies is fundamental to the success of UDH.Call to action:UDH offer a promising pathway to a more connected,equitable,and data-driven world.JICA calls on all stakeholders to join forces in advancing UDH,ensuring that we creat

330、e a digital economy that works for everyone,and that data is leveraged to maximize the public good.39.Inspired from a keynote address by Mr.Nandan Nilekani,Chairman and Co-Founder,Infosys,and Founding Chairman,UIDAI(Aadhaar)at Global Technology Summit 2023.Learn more at Keynote:Digital Public Intell

331、igence:What comes next for DPIs&AI in India;40.Source:Mint4.1 Harnessing the power of AIThe interplay of AI with UDH represents a significant leap forward in the evolution of DPI,particularly for the emerging nations.The synergy between AI and UDH is not merely additive.Rather,the combination of AI

332、and UDH can create an exponential effect39,with each enhancing the capabilities of the other.AI can help in improving the accessibility and reach of UDH by transforming complex data into actionable insights that users can easily understand.Conversely,UDH can securely provide diverse,and high-quality

333、 datasets essential for developing robust AI models.AI amplifying the power of UDH:Integration of AI with UDH can significantly reduce accessibility barriers and promote inclusion,particularly in emerging nations where digital literacy may be low.By interpreting complex datasets and providing insights in an easily understandable manner,AI can help bridge the digital divide.For example,personalized