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1、ILO Flagship Report World SocialProtection Report202426Universal social protection for climate action and a just transitionWorld Social Protection Report202426Universal social protection for climate action and a just transitionInternational Labour Office GenevaProduced by the Publications Production

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10、ll be referred to arbitration in accordance with the Arbitration Rules of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law(UNCITRAL).The parties shall be bound by any arbitration award rendered as a result of such arbitration as the final adjudication of such a dispute.For details on rights

11、and licensing,contact rightsilo.org(Rights and Licensing,ILO Publishing Unit).For details on ILO publications and digital products visit:www.ilo.org/publns.ISBN 978-92-2-040449-2(print);978-92-2-040450-8(web PDF)ISSN 2789-2417(print);2789-2425(online)DOI:https:/doi.org/10.54394/ZMDK5543social protec

12、tion/climate change/gaps in coverage/social security policy/just transition/social insurance/social assistance/role of ILO02.03.1ILO Cataloguing in Publication DataAlso available in French:Rapport Mondial sur la protection sociale 2024-2026:protection sociale universelle pour laction climatique et u

13、ne transition juste,ISBN 978-92-2-040451-5(print),978-92-2-040452-2(pdf Web);ISSN 2789-9098(print),2789-9101(online);Spanish:Informe Mundial sobre la Proteccin Social 2024-2026:Proteccin social universal para la accin climtica y una transicin justa,ISBN 978-92-2-040453-9(print),978-92-2-040454-6(PDF

14、),ISSN 2789-8997(print)2789-9004(online)The designations employed in ILO publications and databases,which are in conformity with United Nations practice,and the presentation of material therein do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the ILO concerning the legal status o

15、f any country,area or territory or of its authorities,or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.The opinions and views expressed in this publication are those of the author(s)and do not necessarily reflect the opinions,views or policies of the ILO.Reference to names of firms and

16、commercial products and processes does not imply their endorsement by the ILO,and any failure to mention a particular firm,commercial product or process is not a sign of disapproval.Photo creditsFront cover:Samuel Turpin,Humans&Climate Change Stories,2017.Greenland:Arnatassiaq and Niels Molgard push

17、 an iceberg with their boat so that it does not drag down their fishing nets.Ever more icebergs are being calved by glaciers in Greenland due to climate change.Icebergs float adrift and take fishing nets with them,which constitute a risk to the safety and livelihoods of fishers.In addition to the fi

18、nancial burden,this leads to environmental damage on the seabed.Globally,the accelerated melting of the Greenland ice sheet represents a potential tipping point,with substantial and irreversible biophysical impacts.As snowpacks melt into ice,they sink to lower elevations and reflect less sunlight,ab

19、sorbing more solar radiation and further accelerating ocean warming and ice sheet melting.Implications include the rise of global sea levels,ocean acidification and deoxygenation,disruption of ocean ecosystems,reduced efficiency of natural carbon sinks,and disruption of ocean circulation in particul

20、ar the Gulf Stream.These consequences of climate change affect weather patterns,for example,in the form of more frequent summer heatwaves.Printed in SwitzerlandiiiUniversal social protection has a pivotal role to play in supporting climate action and supporting a just transition.The triple planetary

21、 crisis is unfolding right before our eyes with climate change,pollution and biodiversity loss,providing almost daily reminders in the form of different catastrophes and by surpassing climate records.We know all too well that climate ambition needs to be increased;yet,many decision-makers shy away f

22、rom bolder action,fearing the economic,social and political repercussions of the necessary mitigation and adaptation measures.Universal social protection can help solve this conundrum by providing a systematic policy response that can simultaneously address both life-cycle risks and climate-related

23、risks,reduce vulnerabilities and enhance the resilience of people,societies and economies.In doing so,it can enable and facilitate the necessary adaptation and mitigation measures,and contribute to addressing climate-related loss and damage.However,this is only possible if social protection systems

24、guarantee universal coverage,provide comprehensive and adequate benefits,and are equitably and sustainably financed.Despite the significant progress in extending social protection coverage since 2015,many countries are still not well prepared to face the challenges ahead.Commitments to realize the u

25、niversal right to social security for all remain elusive,with 3.8 billion people still not protected at all,and many more not adequately protected.Ensuring people have access to social protection to cope with the consequences of climate shocks,engage in a greener economy as well as deal with ordinar

26、y lifecycle risks,should be paramount for policymakers.The 202426 edition of the World Social Protection Report focuses on universal social protection for climate action and a just transition.Providing a global update on the status of social protection worldwide,for the first time with trend data,th

27、e report offers a broad range of global,regional and country statistics on coverage,on the benefits provided and on related public expenditure.It identifies the protection and financing gaps that must be filled and sets forth actionable policy recommendations to achieve universal social protection f

28、or all by 2030.Crucially,the report illustrates how social protection can support climate policies and expedite a just transition,enabling countries to build resilient systems that protect their populations from both life-cycle risks and climate-related challenges.To do this,countries must build and

29、 strengthen their social protection systems to protect people from ordinary life-cycle risks,the vagaries of an increasingly volatile climate,and the socially adverse impacts of some climate policies.I urge policymakers to embrace the insights of this report.To enable climate ambition and set in mot

30、ion a just transition,we must invest in strengthening national social protection systems.The opportunity for a greener future is within policymakers reach.Let us seize this chance and work together towards a brighter,more sustainable world.Gilbert Houngbo ILO Director-Generalforewordv Foreword iiiAb

31、breviations xivAcknowledgements xvExecutive summary xviiChapter 1.Contending with life-cycle and climate risks:The compelling case for universal social protection 11.1 The challenge:Ensuring social protection to address the climate crisis and facilitate a just transition 51.2 The role of social prot

32、ection in inclusive climate action and a just transition 81.3 The cost of inaction:The implications of a lack of social protection 121.4 Building the statistical knowledge base on social protection and monitoring relevant SDGs 141.5 Objective and structure of the report 15Chapter 2.From climate cris

33、is to a just transition:The role of social protection 172.1 Social protection for a people-centred adaptation and loss and damage response 212.1.1 Reducing vulnerability through social protection 212.1.2 Prepare,respond,recover:Addressing climate-related shocks through social protection 242.1.3 Supp

34、orting inclusive adaptation and transformation through social protection 312.2 Social protection as an enabler for climate change mitigation and environmental protection 352.2.1 Cushioningdistributionaleffectsandprovidingcompensation for carbon pricing,including fossil fuel subsidy reforms 352.2.2 F

35、acilitating a just transition for workers and enterprises 372.2.3 Directly contributing to climate change mitigation and environmental protection 41Chapter 3.Getting the basics right:Closing protection gaps and strengthening systems 473.1 Where do we stand in building social protection systems?513.2

36、 Coverage trends:Positive but too slow 513.2.1 Global and regional overview of social protection coverage (SDG indicator 1.3.1)513.2.2 Coverage gaps for workers:Unpacking the“missing middle”563.2.3 Protecting migrants 603.2.4 Social assistance coverage for vulnerable groups 613.2.5 Gender gaps:progr

37、ess towards gender-responsive social protection systems 63contentsvi XWorld Social Protection Report 202426:Universal social protection for climate action and a just transition3.3 Comprehensive and adequate social protection 663.4 Socialprotectionexpenditureandfinancing683.4.1 Level and structure of

38、 social protection expenditure 683.4.2 Fillingthesocialprotectionfloorfinancinggap703.4.3 Ensuringequitableandsustainablesocialprotectionfinancing for a just transition 723.5 Adapting and strengthening institutional and operational capacities 753.5.1 Policy and governance:Increasing coherence and co

39、ordination between social protection and climate policies 763.5.2 Schemedesign:adaptableeligibilitycriteriaandbenefitlevelsintheface of changing needs 773.5.3 Operations and delivery:enabling resilience and responsiveness 77Chapter 4.Strengthening social protection for all throughout the life course

40、 794.1 Social protection for children and families 814.1.1 The role of social protection in addressing persistent poverty and socio-economic vulnerabilities for children,exacerbated by compounding crises,including climate 834.1.2 The importance of ensuring child-sensitive social protection systems 8

41、64.1.3 Thestateofeffectivecoverageforchildren924.1.4 Adequacyofsocialprotectionforchildren954.1.5 Fillingthefinancialgapinsocialprotectionforchildren964.1.6 Priorities,andrecommendations984.2 Social protection for women and men of working age 1014.2.1 Introduction:Making income security a reality 10

42、34.2.2 Maternityprotection,paternityandparentalleavebenefits1074.2.3 Sicknessbenefits1194.2.4 Employmentinjuryprotection1294.2.5 Disabilitybenefitsandothermeasurestopromotethefull andeffectiveinclusionofpersonswithdisabilities1414.2.6 Unemployment protection as an integrated approach 1534.3 Social p

43、rotection for older women and men:Pensions and other non-healthbenefits1674.3.1 Ensuring income security in old age to realize older peoples right tosocialsecurity1694.3.2 Typesofpensionschemes1694.3.3 Legal coverage 1714.3.4 Effectivecoverage:MonitoringSDGindicator1.3.1forolderpeople1734.3.5 Expend

44、iture on social protection for older people 1774.3.6 Closing gender gaps in access to pensions 1784.3.7 The adequacy of pensions to provide genuine income security to older people 1804.3.8 Reforming pension systems in a challenging context 1824.3.9 Theclimatecrisisandtheroleofpensionschemes186viiCon

45、tents4.4 Social health protection:Towards universal health coverage 1914.4.1 Thecrucialroleofsocialhealthprotectionforajusttransition1934.4.2 Populationcoverage1954.4.3 Adequacy 2014.4.4 Persistentgapsinpublicfinancingforhealth210Chapter 5.Policy orientations 2135.1 Universal social protection for a

46、 fairer,more economically secure and greener future 2175.2 Keeping the promise of leaving no one behind 2175.2.1 Ensuring universal access to adequate social protection 2175.2.2 Making social protection systems gender-responsive 2205.2.3 Facilitating access to care and other services 2215.2.4 Turnin

47、g the tide:Can the climate crisis make health and well-being the focus of ou economies?2225.3 Reinforcing social protection systems:Policies,legal frameworks and institutional capacities 2235.3.1 Enhancing national social protection policies,strategies and legal frameworks tomakethemfitforpurpose223

48、5.3.2 Enhancing institutional capacities for better delivery and preparedness 2255.4 Ensuringsustainableandequitablefinancingofsocialprotection2265.5 Promoting universal social protection to advance social justice and a renewed social contract 229Annexes 231Annex 1 Glossary 233Annex 2 Measuring soci

49、al protection coverage and expenditure 238Annex 3 Minimum requirements in international social security standards 253Annex4 Ratificationofup-to-dateILOsocialsecurityConventions272Annex5 Socialprotectioneffectivecoverage281Annex 6 General government actual expenditure on social protection including a

50、nd excluding health care,latest available year(percentage of GDP)309Annex 7 Social protection legal coverage online only Annex 8 Key features of main social security programmes by function online only References 325List of boxes1.1 Key climate change terminology 61.2 Key social protection terminolog

51、y 61.3 The international normative framework for building social protection systems,including floors 112.1 Climate resilience conceptual framework coping,adaptive and transformative capacities 212.2 Social protection in the Global Goal on Adaptation and its monitoring framework 21viii XWorld Social

52、Protection Report 202426:Universal social protection for climate action and a just transition2.3 Addressing climate changerelated losses and damages through social protection 252.4 Shock-responsive and adaptive social protection 262.5 Brazils systems-wide social protection response to floods in 2024

53、 272.6 Emergency basic income:A“stability and reconstruction benefit”for extreme events?282.7 Providing predictable trigger-based income security in drought-prone regions 282.8 Transitioning crisis-affected populations from emergency assistance to inclusion in Mozambiques national schemes 292.9 Ahea

54、d of the curve:The Philippines 302.10 Inclusive social health protection systems to bridge the humanitarian-development nexus 312.11 Addressing gendered climate impacts through social protection 332.12 Including indigenous communities in social protection systems 342.13 Structural transformations in

55、 the context of a just transition 382.14 Linking social protection and active labour market policies for a just transition 402.15 The role of social dialogue in mitigation policies 413.1 The Estidama+Fund in Jordan 603.2 Coverage of migrants in Gulf Cooperation Council countries 613.3 In-kind social

56、 protection:Indias Targeted Public Distribution System 633.4 Life-course patterns in social security coverage in Brazil,India and South Africa 653.5 What is gender-responsive social protection?663.6 Expanding fiscal space through the Global Accelerator on Jobs and Social Protection for Just Transiti

57、ons 733.7 Institutionalizing social protection responses to climate shocks in Azerbaijan 763.8 Responding to Hurricane Katrina:Rudimentary and“low-tech”yet vital action 784.1 Social protection,child labour and the climate crisis 854.2 The right of children to social protection 854.3 The role of scho

58、ol feeding in addressing poverty,socio-economic vulnerabilities and supporting adaptation to the climate crisis 884.4 International standards relevant to maternity protection 1104.5 Key sickness benefit principles from international standards 1214.6 Sick leave and sickness benefits:Definitions 1244.

59、7 Introduction of sickness benefits in Oman 1254.8 International standards relevant to employment injury protection 1324.9 The occupational injury protection pilot scheme for platform workers in China 1394.10 The international normative framework for the right to social security for persons with dis

60、abilities 1444.11 Introduction of new disability benefits in Lebanon and Oman 1504.12 Brazils Benefcio de Prestao Continuada reformed to be compatible with employment 1514.13 The right to unemployment protection,not only for employees in the formal sector 1554.14 Why individual savings accounts are

61、not social insurance unemployment benefits 1584.15 International standards on old-age pensions 1694.16 Lebanon:A new retirement scheme to improve income security in old age 1844.17 The Canada Pension Plan and its illustrative climate scenarios 1874.18 United Nations Principles for Responsible Invest

62、ment 1884.19 ILO standards on access to healthcare without hardship 1934.20 Efforts to monitor the satisfaction of public health insurance beneficiaries in India 200ixContents4.21 Strategies to reduce the cost of maternity care in Asia 2054.22 Private health services 2054.23 Accessing healthcare wit

63、hout hardship in the context of protracted crises:Bridging the humanitarian-development nexus 2105.1 Partnerships for universal social protection 2195.2 The United Nations Global Accelerator on Jobs and Social Protection for Just Transitions 2195.3 Enhancing the rights-based nature of social assista

64、nce schemes 2245.4 Global Ratification Campaign on Convention No.102 2255.5 USP2030 Joint Statement:Principles for Financing Universal Social Protection 227List of figuresES.1.SDG indicator 1.3.1:Effective social protection coverage,global,regional and income-level estimates,by population group,2015

65、 and 2023(percentage)xxES.2.The 20 and 50 countries most vulnerable to climate change and their weighted average effective coverage by at least one social protection cash benefit,2023(percentage)xxi1.1 The role of social protection in supporting climate change adaptation and mitigation for a just tr

66、ansition 71.2 Illustration of the role of social protection in addressing life-cycle and climate risks 91.3 Contribution of social protection to the 2030 Agenda 101.4 What are the implications of life without social protection(selected examples)?What are the cost of inaction?132.1 Breaking the pover

67、tyenvironment trap through social protection 222.2 The relationship between a countrys vulnerability to climate change(score)and social protection coverage(percentage),by region,2023 232.3a The state of social protection worldwide:Coverage is increasing but too slowly 442.3b The 20 and 50 countries

68、most vulnerable to climate change and their weighted average effective coverage by at least one social protection cash benefit,2023 453.1 SDG indicator 1.3.1 on effective social protection coverage by at least one cash benefit,2023 or latest available year(percentage)523.2 SDG indicator 1.3.1:Effect

69、ive social protection coverage,global,regional and income-level estimates,by population group,2015 and 2023(percentage)533.3 Effective coverage:number of covered and uncovered persons by social protection branch,2023 543.4 SDG indicator 1.3.1 on effective social protection coverage by at least one c

70、ash benefit,global and regional estimates for contributory and non-contributory benefits,2023(percentage)553.5 Employed population contributing to social security,by status in employment,type of contract and working-time arrangement,selected countries and territories,latest year(percentage)573.6 Emp

71、loyees contributing to social security,by size of the enterprise,selected countries and territories,latest year(percentage)583.7 The relationship between a countrys vulnerability to climate change and the share of workers contributing to social security 59x XWorld Social Protection Report 202426:Uni

72、versal social protection for climate action and a just transition3.8 SDG indicator 1.3.1 on effective coverage for protection of vulnerable persons:Share of vulnerable persons receiving cash benefits(social assistance),by region,subregion and income level,2015 and 2023(percentage)623.9 Gender gaps i

73、n effective social protection and pension coverage:SDG indicator 1.3.1 on effective social protection coverage,beneficiaries of contributory and tax-financed pensions,contributors to pension schemes and labour force participation rates,by sex,2023(percentage)64B3.4 Share of persons in employment who

74、 contribute to a pension scheme,by sex and age,selected countries,latest available year(percentage)653.10 Development of social protection schemes anchored in national legislation by policy area,pre-1900 to 2023(percentage of countries)673.11 Public social protection expenditure,2023 or latest avail

75、able year,domestic general government health expenditure,2021,by region,subregion and income level (percentage of GDP)693.12 Distribution of social protection expenditure by social protection guarantee,2023 or latest available year,by region,subregion and income level(percentage)703.13 Financing gap

76、 for achieving universal social protection coverage per year,by social protection benefit,by region and income level,2024(percentage of GDP)713.14 Comparison between the resources allocated to explicit and implicit fuel subsidies and the financing gap for a social protection floor,2024(percentage of

77、 GDP)733.15 Selected actions to strengthen and adapt institutional and operational capacities 754.1 Social protection for children and families(cash benefits)anchored in law,by type of scheme,2024 or latest available year 874.2 Simulated effects of universal child benefits(UCB)on child income povert

78、y,selected countries and territories,latest available year(percentage)914.3 SDG indicator 1.3.1 on effective coverage for children and families:Share of children receiving child or family cash benefits,aged 0 to 15(2015 and 2023)and aged 0 to 18 (2023),by region,subregion and income level(percentage

79、)934.4 SDG indicator 1.3.1 on effective coverage for children and families:Share of children aged 0 to 15 receiving child and family cash benefits,2023 or latest available year(percentage)944.5 The Childrens Climate Risk Index compared with effective coverage for children and families:Share of child

80、ren aged 0 to 15 receiving child or family cash benefits,by income level,2023(percentage)954.6 Impact evidence of how child poverty and vulnerability risks are addressed through the nine life-cycle social protection functions 964.7 Public social protection expenditure(excluding health)on children(pe

81、rcentage of GDP)and share of children aged 0 to 15 in total population(percentage),by region,subregion and income level,2023 or latest available year 974.8 Public social protection expenditure(excluding health)on working-age population (percentage of GDP)and share of population aged between 15 and 6

82、4 in total population(percentage),by region,subregion and income level,2023 or latest available year 1044.9 Maternity protection(cash benefits)anchored in law,by type of scheme,2023 or latest available year 1124.10 SDG indicator 1.3.1 on effective coverage for maternity protection:Share of women giv

83、ing birth receiving maternity cash benefits,by region,subregion and income level,2015 and 2023(percentage)1134.11 SDG indicator 1.3.1 on effective coverage for maternity protection:Share of women giving birth receiving maternity cash benefits,2023 or latest available year(percentage)114xiContents4.1

84、2 Legal coverage for maternity protection:Share of women in working age over 15 years old covered by maternity cash benefits,by region,subregion,income level and type of scheme,2023 or latest available year(percentage)1154.13 Legal coverage for sickness protection:Share of labour force aged 15 and o

85、ver covered by sickness cash benefits,by region,subregion and income level,sex and type of scheme,2023 or latest available year(percentage)1234.14 Sickness protection(cash benefits)anchored in law,by type of scheme,2023 or latest available year 1244.15 Employment injury protection(periodic disabilit

86、y cash benefits)anchored in law,by type of scheme,2023 or latest available year 1334.16 Legal coverage for employment injury protection:Share of persons in labour force aged 15 and over covered by cash benefits in case of employment injury,by region,subregion,income level,sex and type of scheme,2023

87、 or latest available year(percentage)1344.17 SDG indicator 1.3.1 on effective coverage for employment injury protection:Share of persons in labour force aged 15 and over covered by cash benefits in case of employment injury(active contributors),by region,subregion and income level,2015 and 2023(perc

88、entage)1364.18 SDG indicator 1.3.1 on effective coverage for employment injury protection:Share of persons in labour force aged 15 and over covered by cash benefits in case of employment injury(active contributors),2023 or latest available year(percentage)1374.19 Replacement rates of employment inju

89、ry schemes for permanent and temporary disability benefits,selected countries,2023 or latest available year (percentage)1384.20 Disability protection(periodic cash benefits)anchored in law,by type of scheme,2023 or latest available year 1454.21 SDG indicator 1.3.1 on effective coverage for disabilit

90、y protection:Share of persons with severe disabilities receiving cash benefits,by region,subregion and income level,2015 and 2023(percentage)1464.22 SDG indicator 1.3.1 on effective coverage for disability protection:Share of persons with severe disabilities receiving cash benefits,2023 or latest av

91、ailable year(percentage)1474.23 Legal coverage for disability protection:Share of the working-age population aged 15 and over covered by disability cash benefits,by region,subregion,income level,sex and type of scheme,2023 or latest available year(percentage)1484.24 Legal coverage for unemployment p

92、rotection:Share of persons in the labour force aged 15 and over covered by unemployment cash benefits,by region,subregion,income level,sex and type of scheme,2023 or latest available year(percentage)1574.25 Unemployment protection(cash benefits)anchored in law,by type of scheme,2023 or latest availa

93、ble year 1584.26 SDG 1.3.1 on effective coverage for unemployment protection:Share of unemployed persons receiving cash benefits,by region,subregion and income level,2015 and 2023(percentage)1604.27 SDG indicator 1.3.1 on effective coverage for unemployment protection:Share of unemployed persons rec

94、eiving cash benefits,2023 or latest available year(percentage)1614.28 Effective unemployment protection coverage among the 25 largest coal producers,by volume of coal production,2023 or latest available year 1634.29 Old-age protection(pensions)anchored in law,by type of scheme,2023 or latest availab

95、le year 1704.30 Financial mechanisms for old-age pensions:Share of countries with defined benefit or defined contribution pension schemes,2023 or latest available year 171xii XWorld Social Protection Report 202426:Universal social protection for climate action and a just transition4.31 Legal coverag

96、e for old-age protection:Share of working-age population aged 15 and over covered by old-age pensions,by region,subregion,income level,sex and type of scheme,2023 or latest available year(percentage)1724.32 Effective coverage for old-age protection:Share of persons in labour force aged 15 and over c

97、overed by a pension scheme(active contributors),2023 or latest available year (percentage)1734.33 Effective coverage for old-age protection:Share of persons in labour force and working-age population aged 15 and over covered by a pension scheme(active contributors),by region,subregion and income lev

98、el,2020 and 2023(percentage)1744.34 SDG indicator 1.3.1 on effective coverage of social protection:Share of persons above statutory retirement age receiving an old-age pension,2023 or latest available year 1754.35 SDG 1.3.1 on effective coverage for old-age protection:Share of persons above statutor

99、y retirement age receiving an old-age pension,by region,subregion and income level,2015 and 2023(percentage)1764.36 Public social protection expenditure(excluding health)for older persons (percentage of GDP)and share of old-age persons aged 65 and over in total population(percentage),by region,subre

100、gion and income level,2023 or latest available year 1774.37 SDG 1.3.1 on effective coverage for old-age protection:Share of persons above statutory retirement age receiving an old-age pension,by sex,2023(percentage)1794.38 Minimum level of tax-financed old-age pensions(single person)relative to the

101、national poverty line,selected countries,2023 or latest available year(percentage)1814.39 Lowest statutory retirement age for a full career in selected countries(OECD),by sex,2023 1854.40 Social health protection for climate action 1954.41 Share of the population legally entitled to access healthcar

102、e services without hardship,by region,subregion,income level and type of mechanism,2023(percentage)1964.42 Share of the population protected by social health protection(protected persons),by region,subregion and income level,2020 and 2023(percentage)1984.43 SDG 3.8.1 Universal Health Coverage Servic

103、e Coverage Index Average coverage of essential health services,2021 or latest year available 2024.44 Unequal advances in service coverage for reproductive,maternal,newborn and child health services,by region and type of service,2023 or latest available year(percentage)2034.45 Inequities in access to

104、 maternal healthcare services:Share of live births attended by skilled health personnel by wealth quintile,selected countries by region,2019 or latest available year(percentage)2044.46 Deficits in staff and infrastructure at the heart of inequalities in access to healthcare,2022 or latest available

105、year 2064.47 SDG 3.8.2 Incidence of catastrophic health spending(at more than 10 per cent of household income or consumption),2021 or latest available year 2084.48 Impoverishment due to out-of-pocket healthcare expenses:Share of the population pushed below a relative poverty line(60 per cent of inco

106、me or consumption)and share of general government and out-of-pocket expenditure in total health expenditure,by region,subregion and income level,2021 or latest available year(percentage)2094.49 Current health expenditure(CHE)(percentage of GDP)and composition of CHE(percentage),by region,subregion a

107、nd income level,2022 2114.50 Current health expenditure(CHE)per capita and domestic general government health expenditure(GGHE-D)per capita,by region,subregion and income level,2022(in US$PPP)212A2.1.Overview of social protection schemes and benefits characteristics and features 241xiiiContentsList

108、of tables3.1 Share of the working-age population aged 15 and over legally covered by comprehensive social security systems,by region,income level and sex,2024(percentage)684.1 Child social protection reforms,selected countries,202124 874.2 Source of funding of paternity leave cash benefit,number of

109、countries,by region and income level,2021(number of countries)1174.3 National legal provisions on level and duration for sickness benefits 1264.4 Indexation methods of old-age pension schemes,2023 or latest available year 1824.5 Government announcements of pension reforms(contraction),201323 1834.6

110、Old-age pensions:Parametric reforms in selected countries,202123 183A2.1 Multiple dimensions of coverage:Examples of questions and indicators 240A2.2 Comparison of different definitions used to measure social protection expenditure 244A2.3 Regional groupings 247A2.4 Income groupings 248A2.5 Regional

111、 groupings used in the regressions 250A2.6 Income groups used in the regressions 250A2.7 Denominator for each indicator 250A2.8 Data coverage underlying global and regional aggregates(share of regional population in 2023 for which at least one data point is available between 2009 and 2023)251 A3.1 M

112、ain requirements:ILO social security standards on health protection 254A3.2 Main requirements:ILO social security standards on sickness benefits 256A3.3 Main requirements:ILO social security standards on unemployment protection 258A3.4 Main requirements:ILO social security standards on income securi

113、ty in old age (old-age pensions)260A3.5 Main requirements:ILO social security standards on employment injury protection 262A3.6 Main requirements:ILO social security standards on family/child benefits 265A3.7 Main requirements:ILO social security standards on maternity protection 266A3.8 Main requir

114、ements:ILO social security standards on disability benefits 268A3.9 Main requirements:ILO social security standards on survivors benefits 270A5.1 Social protection effective coverage(including SDG indicators 1.3.1 and 3.8.1),2015 and 2023(percentage of the relevant population group)281A5.2 Social pr

115、otection effective coverage(including SDG indicators 1.3.1 and 3.8.1),2023 or latest available year(percentage of the relevant population group)283A5.3 SDG indicator 1.3.1 on effective coverage for old-age protection:Share of persons above statutory retirement age receiving an old-age pension,by typ

116、e of scheme,and share of labour force aged 15 and over and working-age population aged 15 and over covered by pension scheme(active contributors),2023 or latest available year(percentage)294xiv XWorld Social Protection Report 202426:Universal social protection for climate action and a just transitio

117、nASPIRE World Bank Atlas of Social Protection Indicators of Resilience and EquityEAP economically active persons(labour force)Eurostat Statistical Office of the European CommissionGDP gross domestic productIMF International Monetary FundISSA International Social Security AssociationLIS Luxembourg In

118、come StudyOECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and DevelopmentSDGs Sustainable Development GoalsUN United NationsUNFPA United Nations Population FundUNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for RefugeesUNICEF United Nations Childrens FundUNWRA United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestin

119、e Refugees in the Near EastWHO World Health OrganizationabbreviationsxvThis report is dedicated to the life of Michael Cichon who passed away in 2022.Michael was a social protection visionary,a dear colleague and legendary director of the ILOs Social Security Department.He is sorely missed.This repo

120、rt was prepared by a team supervised by Shahra Razavi,Director of the ILO Universal Social Protection Department,and Christina Behrendt,Head of the Social Policy Unit at the Department.The work of data collection was supervised by Helmut Schwarzer,Head of the Public Finance,Actuarial and Statistics

121、Unit.The report was co-coordinated by Christina Behrendt and Ian Orton.The coordination and compilation of data was performed by Valeria Nesterenko,Zhiming Yu,Andr Costa Santos and Isabella Kopp with support from(in alphabetical order)Luisa Carmona Llano,Moustapha Diouf,Luiza Valle,Olena Vazhynska a

122、nd external consultants Pilar Cario,Clara Torma and Sergio Velarde.ILO modelled estimates presented in the report were produced by the Data Production and Analysis Unit in the Department of Statistics.The authors especially acknowledge the modelling work carried out by Paloma Carrillo under the supe

123、rvision of Roger Gomis and Steven Kapsos.Data collection and analysis on social protection expenditure was coordinated by Umberto Cattaneo and Andrea Visentin with support from external consultants(in alphabetical order)Siddhant Marur and Gabriela Pedetti.The core ILO drafting team by chapter(in alp

124、habetical order)is as follows:Chapter 1:Christina Behrendt,Jana Bischler and Ian Orton.Chapter 2:Jana Bischler,Ian Orton,Clara van Panhuys,Cline Peyron Bista,Krithi Dakshina Ramaswamy,Tze Qi Chong and Lou Tessier.Chapter 3:Christina Behrendt,Jana Bischler,Umberto Cattaneo,Ian Orton,Valeria Nesterenk

125、o and Shahra Razavi.Chapter 4 section leads:Ian Orton(4.1 Social protection for children and families);Christina Behrendt(4.2.1 Introduction:Making income security a reality);Veronika Wodsak and Umberto Cattaneo with support from Krithi Dakshina Ramaswamy(4.2.2 Maternity protection,paternity and par

126、ental leave benefits);Lou Tessier(4.2.3 Sickness benefits);Hiroshi Yamabana(4.2.4 Employment injury protection);Veronika Wodsak and Yuta Momose(4.2.5 Disability benefits);Cline Peyron Bista(4.2.6 Unemployment protection);Martin Blumhart and Andr Picard with support from Christina Behrendt,Valeria Ne

127、sterenko,Ian Orton and Helmut Schwarzer(4.3 Social protection for older women and men);Lou Tessier with support from Yesle Kim(4.4 Social health protection).Section 4.1 was composed with UNICEF.It was co-authored by Ian Orton(ILO)and Dominic Richardson(Learning for Well-Being Institute)and with subs

128、tantial inputs from UNICEF colleagues(alphabetically):Charlotte Bilo,Pamela Dale,Solrun Engilbertsdottir,Celine Julia Felix,Diana Rose King,Lauren Whitehead and Jennifer Yablonski.Important inputs were also provided by Andres Chamba and Azinwi Nkwah from the World Food Programme(WFP).Chapter 5:Chris

129、tina Behrendt,Umberto Cattaneo,Ian Orton,Shahra Razavi and Lou Tessier.Karuna Pal,Head of the Programming,Partnerships and Knowledge-Sharing Unit,coordinated the editing,translation,production,publication and dissemination of this report,together with Meriem Allek,Ana Carolina De Lima Vieira,Victori

130、a Giroud-Castiella and Krithi Dakshina Ramaswamy.Contributions and comments to the report were received from colleagues in ILO headquarters and field offices(in alphabetical order):Pascal Annycke,Joana Borges Henriques,Evangelia Bourmpoula,James Canonge,Paloma Carrillo,Jae-Hee Chang,Rosina Gammarano

131、,Roger Gomis,Moustapha Kamal Gueye,Marek Harsdorff,Steven Kapsos,Samia Kazi-Aoul,Ursula Kulke,Sofie Lambert,Pedro Moreno da Fonseca,Sven Nef,Luca Pellerano,Yves Perardel,Camilla Roman,Valrie Schmitt,Benjamin Smith,Maya Stern Plaza,Nanya Sudhir,Paul Tacon,Andrea Visentin and Kieran Walsh.We would lik

132、e to express our gratitude to two anonymous peer reviewers and other United Nations and development partner colleagues who provided inputs or comments on the report:acknowledgementsLaura Alfers(WIEGO),Stphane Corriveau(Alphafixe Capital),Cecilia Costella(University of Twente),Katja Hujo(UNRISD),Flor

133、ian Juergens-Grant(WIEGO),Kumaran Murugesan(WFP),Simon Senecal(Alphafixe Capital)and David Stewart.We would also like to express our gratitude to Sarah Lloyd for editing the report and Luis Sundkvist for proofreading.Sincere thanks are also due to our colleagues in the ILO Publications Production Un

134、it for assisting with the production process,and our colleagues in the ILO Department of Communication and Public Information for their continued collaboration and support in organizing and disseminating the report.Contending with life-cycle and climate risks:The compelling case for universal social

135、 protectionexecutive summaryxviii XWorld Social Protection Report 202426:Universal social protection for climate action and a just transitionFor the first time,more than half of the worlds population are covered by some form of social protection.While this is welcome progress,the unvarnished reality

136、 is that 3.8 billion people are still entirely unprotected.The pressing need to make the human right to social security a reality for all is rendered even more urgent given the role social protection must play in addressing an even more substantial challenge:that is,the need for climate action and a

137、 just transition to address the triple planetary crisis climate change,pollution and biodiversity loss that imperils our world.With major tipping points on the verge of being crossed due to warming right now,the climate crisis represents the singular gravest threat to social justice.A rapid move to

138、a just transition is therefore urgently required as a response.Universal social protection systems have an important role to play to help realize climate ambitions and facilitate a just transition.With an especially sharp focus on the climate crisis and the exigency of a just transition,this report

139、provides a global overview of progress made around the world since 2015 in extending social protection and building rights-based social protection systems.In doing so,it makes an essential contribution to the monitoring framework of the 2030 Agenda.1 And it calls on policymakers,social partners and

140、other stakeholders to accelerate their efforts to simultaneously close protection gaps and realize climate ambitions.Five messages emerge from this report.XSocial protection makes an important contribution to both climate change adaptation and mitigation.Social protection is fundamental for climate

141、change adaptation2 as it tackles the root causes of vulnerability by preventing poverty and social exclusion and reducing inequality.It enhances peoples capacity to cope with climate-related shocks ex ante by providing an income floor and access to healthcare.It also contributes to raising adaptive

142、capacities,including those of future generations through its positive impacts on human development,productive investment,and livelihood diversification.1 Estimates are not strictly comparable to the previous World Social Protection Reports due to methodological enhancements,extended data availabilit

143、y and country revisions.2 Climate change adaptation refers to the process of adjustment to actual or expected climate change and its effects in order to moderate harm or exploit beneficial opportunities.3 Climate change mitigation refers to actions that reduce the rate of climate change(for example,

144、keeping fossil fuels in the ground)or enhancing and protecting the sinks of greenhouse gases that reduce their presence in the atmosphere(for example,forests,soils and oceans).Moreover,an inclusive and efficient loss and damage response at scale can leverage social protection systems,particularly wh

145、en high levels of coverage and preparedness exist.Social protection systems are also key for compensating and cushioning people and enterprises from the potential adverse impacts of mitigation3 and other environmental policies.When combined with active labour market policies,they can help people tra

146、nsition to greener jobs and more sustainable economic practices.Social protection can also directly support mitigation efforts.The greening of public pension funds,the progressive conversion of fossil fuel subsidies into social protection benefits,and the provision of income support to disincentiviz

147、e harmful activity to protect and restore crucial natural carbon sinks,are some of the options to support emission reductions.XSocial protection is therefore an enabler of climate action and a catalyst for a just transition and greater social justice.Social protection systems,as part of an integrate

148、d policy response,meet the imperatives of mitigation and adaptation in an equitable manner.Social protection helps to protect peoples incomes,health and jobs,as well as enterprises,from climate shocks and the adverse impacts of climate policies.Social protection encourages productive risk-taking and

149、 forward planning and thus can ensure that everyone including the most vulnerable can gain from climate change adaptation measures.It can enable job restructuring,protect living standards,maintain social cohesion,reduce vulnerability,and contribute to building fairer,more inclusive societies,and sus

150、tainable and productive economies.However,social protection cannot do this on its own.It needs to work in tandem with other policies to enable effective mitigation and adaptation policies,which are so utterly vital for a liveable planet.XDecisive policy action is required to strengthen social protec

151、tion systems and adapt them to new realities,especially in the countries and territories most vulnerable to climate change,where coverage is the lowest.Social protection xixExecutive summaryExecutive summaryincreases the resilience of people,economies and societies by providing a systematic policy r

152、esponse to mutually reinforcing life-cycle risks and climate-related risks(which look poised to become increasingly inseparable and indistinct with each decimal point of global warming).In this context,policymakers will have to achieve a double objective:implementing climate policies to support miti

153、gation and adaptation efforts to contain the climate crisis,while at the same time strengthening social protection to address both ordinary life-cycle risks and climate risks.In the context of an evolving risk landscape,policymakers must ensure their social protection systems can deal with both type

154、s of risk.XHowever,the capacity of social protection systems to contribute to a just transition is held back by persistent gaps in social protection coverage,adequacy and financing.These hinder the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals by 2030.Investing in reinforcing social protection sy

155、stems is indispensable for a successful just transition.The costs of inaction are enormous,and it would be irrational and imprudent not to invest.The case for strengthening social protection systems is therefore as compelling as it is urgent.Without investment in universal protection systems,the cli

156、mate crisis will exacerbate existing vulnerabilities,poverty and inequalities,when precisely the opposite is needed.Moreover,for ambitious mitigation and environmental policies to be feasible,social protection will be needed to garner public support.Human rights instruments and international social

157、security standards provide essential guidance for building universal social protection systems capable of responding to these challenges and realizing the human right to social security for all.XSocial justice must inform climate action and a just transition,with human rights at the heart of the pro

158、cess.Social protection can help ensure no one is left behind.It can contribute to rectifying long-standing global and domestic inequalities and inequities rendered more pronounced by the climate crisis.The climate crisis can only be overcome through common effort but with differentiated responsibili

159、ty proportional to capacity.It needs to be recognized that special remedial responsibility lies with those primarily responsible for the crisis.This has major implications for financing social protection at the domestic level,and for the role of international financial support for countries with ins

160、ufficient economic and fiscal capacities that have contributed least to the crisis but are bearing its brunt.This constitutes a key element of social justice.XProgress,yes,but billions are left languishing and unprepared for the life-cycle and climate shocks aheadSince the last edition of the World

161、Social Protection Report,social protection coverage has surpassed an important milestone globally.For the first time,more than half of the worlds population(52.4 per cent)are covered by at least one social protection benefit(SDG indicator 1.3.1),increasing from 42.8 per cent in 2015(see figure ES.1)

162、.This is welcome progress.If progress were to continue at this rate at the global level,it would take another 49 years until 2073 for everyone to be covered by at least one social protection benefit.This pace to close protection gaps is too slow.Moreover,the world is currently on two very different

163、and divergent social protection trajectories:high-income countries(85.9 per cent)are edging closer to enjoying universal coverage;and upper-middle-income countries(71.2 per cent)and lower-middle-income countries(32.4 per cent)are making large strides in closing protection gaps.At the same time,low-i

164、ncome countries coverage rates(9.7 per cent)have hardly increased since 2015,which are unacceptably low.Gender gaps in global legal and effective coverage remain substantial.Womens effective coverage,for at least one social protection benefit,lags behind mens(50.1 and 54.6 per cent,respectively).For

165、 comprehensive legal coverage,a similar inequality is observed.Only 33.8 per cent of the working-age population are legally covered by comprehensive social security systems.However,when this figure is disaggregated,it reveals a pronounced gender gap,with a coverage rate xx XWorld Social Protection R

166、eport 202426:Universal social protection for climate action and a just transition XFigure ES.1.SDG indicator 1.3.1:Effective social protection coverage,global,regional and income-level estimates,by population group,2015 and 2023(percentage)Notes:See Annex 2 for a methodological explanation.Global an

167、d regional and income-level aggregates are weighted by population.Estimates are not strictly comparable to the previous World Social Protection Report due to methodological enhancements,extended data availability and country revisions.Sources:ILO modelled estimates,2024;World Social Protection Datab

168、ase,based on the Social Security Inquiry;ISSA Social Security Programs Throughout the World;ILOSTAT;national sources.of 39.3 per cent for men and 28.2 per cent for women an 11.1 percentage point difference.Social protection systems must become more gender-responsive as part of a larger set of polici

169、es to address inequalities in labour markets,employment and society.20232015Vulnerable persons coveredby social assistanceOlder personsUnemployedWorkers in case of work injuryPersons with severe disabilitiesMothers with newbornsChildrenPopulation covered by at leastone social protection benefit05010

170、005010005010005010026.737.3Vulnerable persons coveredby social assistance6.16.813.122.228.045.065.876.374.179.6Older persons9.312.730.947.686.290.496.396.815.416.7Unemployed0.30.22.02.515.117.044.056.132.837.4Workers in case of work injury8.29.312.715.631.940.580.085.132.838.9Persons with severe dis

171、abilities3.53.311.119.139.850.082.785.629.636.4Mothers with newborns1.52.625.936.024.132.666.969.022.128.2Children4.58.715.023.521.827.876.880.542.852.4Population covered by at leastone social protection benefit7.79.720.932.456.571.281.085.9050100050100050100050100050100050100WorldHigh-incomeUpper-m

172、iddle-incomeLower-middle-incomeLow-income8.625.62.715.28.44.39.215.212.631.83.816.58.16.715.419.117.727.42.724.216.16.412.328.120.427.81.225.715.96.914.230.046.584.414.356.671.836.549.659.659.690.021.060.874.239.254.968.220.768.49.122.218.925.814.338.734.576.612.828.530.738.422.453.657.795.345.373.5

173、88.777.474.482.167.596.849.179.391.579.476.685.2AfricaAmericasArab StatesAsia andthe PacificEurope andCentral Asia%of the population groupxxiExecutive summaryExecutive summaryFor people not covered through social insurance,it is important to note that,in its absence,social assistance or other non-co

174、ntributory cash benefits play an essential role in ensuring at least a basic level of social security.Globally,coverage has increased from 26.7 per cent to 37.3 per cent of vulnerable persons since 2015.This increase is explained,in part,by the temporary policy response to the COVID-19 pandemic.Howe

175、ver,higher coverage may also stem from increased needs due to increasing poverty,vulnerability and decent work deficits.Irrespective of the explanation,greater efforts are needed to facilitate transitions from social assistance into decent employment(including self-employment)covered by social insur

176、ance,which provides higher levels of protection and relieves pressure on government budgets.XA daunting prospect:Countries most vulnerable to the climate crisis are woefully ill-preparedPopulations in countries at the frontline of the climate crisis and most susceptible to climate hazards remain woe

177、fully unprepared.In the 20 countries most vulnerable to the climate crisis,just a mere 8.7 per cent of the population is covered by some form of social protection,leaving 364 million people wholly unprotected(figure ES.2).And some 25 per cent of the XFigure ES.2.The 20 and 50 countries most vulnerab

178、le to climate change and their weighted average effective coverage by at least one social protection cash benefit,2023(percentage)Notes:See Annex 2 for a methodological explanation.Global and regional aggregates are weighted by population.Boundaries shown do not imply endorsement or acceptance by th

179、e ILO.See full disclaimer.Sources:ILO estimates,World Social Protection Database,based on the Social Security Inquiry;ISSA Social Security Programs Throughout the World;ILOSTAT;national sources and Notre Dame Global Adaptation Initiative Country Index.The 20 and 50 countries most vulnerable to clima

180、te change and their effectivecoverage by at least one social protection cash benefit,2023Notes:See Annex 2 for methodological explanation.Global and regional aggregates are weighted by population group.Estimates are not strictly comparable to the previous World Social Protection Report due to method

181、ological enhancements,extended data availability and country revisions.Boundaries shown do not imply endorsement or acceptance by the ILO.Sources:ILO estimates,World Social Protection Database,based on the SSI;ISSA Social Security Programs Throughout the World;ILOSTAT;national sources and Notre Dame

182、 Global Adaptation Initiative Country Index.HaitiComoresMaldivesTongaNauruMarshall IslandsMicronesiaSolomon IslandsSamoaTimor-LesteSao Tomeand Principe20 most vulnerable countries and territories50 most vulnerable countries and territories8.7050Share of population covered by at least one social prot

183、ection cash benefit(%)10025.0 xxii XWorld Social Protection Report 202426:Universal social protection for climate action and a just transitionpopulation in the 50 most climate-vulnerable countries are effectively covered.For the latter,this translates to 2.1 billion people currently facing the ravag

184、es of climate breakdown with no protection,relying on their own wits and kin to cope.This is no way to proceed in the context of a more volatile climate future.And the abject plight of these people is made even bleaker by the large financing gap that impedes having at least a social protection floor

185、.The annual financing gap in the 20 most vulnerable countries equates to US$200.1 billion(equivalent to 69.1 per cent of their GDP)and,in the 50 most vulnerable,it is US$644 billion(equivalent to 10.5 per cent of their GDP).Filling these financing gaps is not insurmountable if domestic capacities ar

186、e built up,but this will require concerted international support,especially in the most vulnerable countries.XProtection gaps are largely associated with significant underinvestment in social protectionFinancing gaps in social protection are still large.To guarantee at least a basic level of social

187、security through a social protection floor,low-and middle-income countries require an additional US$1.4 trillion or 3.3 per cent of the aggregate GDP(2024)of these countries per annum,composed by 2.0 per cent of GDP or US$833.4 billion for essential health care and 1.3 per cent of GDP or US$552.3 bi

188、llion for five social protection cash benefits.More specifically,low-income countries would need to invest an additional US$308.5 billion per year,equivalent to 52.3 per cent of their GDP,which is unfeasible in the short term without international support.Ambitions to close gaps in the coverage,comp

189、rehensiveness and adequacy of social protection systems are stymied by significant underinvestment in social protection.On average,countries spend 12.9 per cent of their GDP on social protection(excluding health),but this figure masks staggering variations between countries.High-income countries spe

190、nd 16.2 per cent;upper-middle-income countries,8.5 per cent;lower-middle-income countries,only 4.2 per cent;and low-income countries,a paltry 0.8 per cent.Increasing the adequacy of social protection is paramount too.Persistent adequacy gaps inhibit the potential of social protection to prevent and

191、reduce poverty,and enable a dignified life.Ensuring adequate benefits across peoples lives is key to guaranteeing a social protection floor and striving towards higher benefit levels.The climate crisis will most likely lead to increased needs,including due to higher prices,which will result in a com

192、mensurable increase in public expectations for adequate benefits.For social protection systems to fulfil their potential in addressing life-cycle risks and responding to climate change,they must be further reinforced.Additional efforts are therefore needed to ensure universal,comprehensive and adequ

193、ate protection,while ensuring that social protection systems are equitably and sustainably financed.The cost of inaction on investing in social protection is enormous,comprising lost productivity and prosperity,heightened social cohesion risks,squandered human capabilities,unnecessary pain,morbidity

194、 and early death and many more socio-economic negativities.XSocial protection continues to be elusive for1.8billion childrenHighlights XSocial protection remains elusive for the vast majority of children.For children aged 0 to 18 globally,23.9 per cent receive a family or child benefit,meaning 1.8 b

195、illion children are not covered.For children aged 0 to 15,28.2 per cent of children are covered,up by 6.1 percentage points since 2015.This equates to 1.4 billion children missing out.XFewer than one in ten(7.6 per cent)children aged 0 to 18 in low-income countries receive a child or family cash ben

196、efit,leaving millions xxiiiExecutive summaryExecutive summaryvulnerable to missed education,poor nutrition,poverty and inequality,and exposing them to long-lasting impacts.Children,especially those in poverty,are bearing the brunt of the climate crisis.XThe climate crisis has been described as struc

197、tural violence against children,which compromises their well-being and prospects.This underscores the importance of making social protection systems more inclusive and resilient so that they continue to achieve their core objectives and support childrens additional needs due to climate change.XPubli

198、c expenditure on social protection for children needs to increase.On average,0.7 per cent of GDP is spent on child benefits globally.Again,large regional disparities exist;the proportion ranging from 0.2 per cent in low-income countries to 1.0 per cent in high-income countries.XPronounced protection

199、 gaps remain for persons of working ageHighlights XGlobal coverage trends between 2015 and 2023(including SDG indicator 1.3.1)show some,yet still insufficient,progress for persons of working age,leaving many millions unprotected or inadequately protected.These protection gaps will be further aggrava

200、ted by climate hazards and climate mitigation and adaptation policies.XMaternity protection:36.4 per cent of women with newborns worldwide receive a cash maternity benefit,up by 6.8 percentage points.This equates to 85 million women with newborns not covered.In addition,inequalities in access to rep

201、roductive,maternal,newborn and child health persist and exposure to climate change hazards has consequences for maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality.XSickness benefits(legal coverage):56.1 per cent of the labour force in the world,representing 34.4 per cent of the working-age population,is

202、legally entitled to sickness benefits.This means 4.1 billion working-age persons are not legally protected.Even when covered,limited adequacy,duration and eligibility criteria may create protection gaps.Climate change creates new challenges for productivity and sickness protection owing to the sprea

203、d of existing and new diseases.XEmployment injury protection:37.4 per cent of workers enjoy employment injury protection for work-related injuries and occupational disease,up by 4.6 percentage points.This leaves 2.3 billion workers totally uncovered.Adverse labour market structures and weak enforcem

204、ent of schemes,especially in lower-income countries,perpetuate these gaps.Climate hazards like extreme heat will increase employment injury risks,and occupational safety and health needs.XDisability benefits:38.9 per cent of people with severe disabilities receive a disability benefit,up by 6.1 perc

205、entage points.This results in 146 million persons with severe disability not covered.The additional services which persons with disabilities need are often insufficient to meet their diverse needs.Climate change further increases the vulnerability of persons with disabilities.XUnemployment protectio

206、n:16.7 per cent of unemployed people receive unemployment cash benefits,up by 1.3 percentage points.This translates to 157 million unemployed persons not being covered.Youth,self-employed workers,workers on digital platforms,agricultural and migrant workers often lack unemployment protection.And man

207、y existing schemes are not prepared to tackle climate-related challenges nor facilitate the decarbonization of carbon-intensive sectors.XExpenditure estimates show that,worldwide,4.8 per cent of GDP is allocated to non-health public social protection expenditure for people of working age.To a large

208、extent,limited expenditure explains protection gaps for working-age persons.xxiv XWorld Social Protection Report 202426:Universal social protection for climate action and a just transition XOlder persons still face coverage and adequacy challengesHighlights XPensions are the most prevalent form of s

209、ocial protection globally.Worldwide,79.6 per cent of people above retirement age receive a pension,up by 5.5 percentage points since 2015.Nonetheless,more than 165 million individuals above the statutory retirement age do not receive a pension.XEnsuring adequate protection in old age remains a chall

210、enge,particularly for women,workers with low earnings,those engaged in precarious employment,workers on digital platforms,and migrant workers.These challenges are likely to be exacerbated by climate change,in the form of involuntary migration,fragmented careers or general climate-induced economic pr

211、essure.XIn many countries,especially those with widespread informal employment,the expansion of coverage of contributory pensions has not been fast enough to guarantee adequate income security in old age.The introduction of tax-financed pensions provides an important source of income for older perso

212、ns with insufficient entitlements to contributory pensions.Yet,in some countries,benefit levels are insufficient to guarantee a social protection floor for older persons.XGlobally,public expenditure on pensions and other non-health benefits for older people averages 7.6 per cent of GDP.However,subst

213、antial regional variations still exist,with expenditure levels ranging from 10.5 per cent of GDP in Europe and Central Asia to 1.7 per cent in Africa.XThe climate crisis threatens the financial sustainability and adequacy of pension schemes.Consequently,pension schemes must adapt to contend with cli

214、mate-related risks to ensure long-term sustainability and protect the quality of life of beneficiaries.Pension funds can also help combat the climate crisis through strategic investment in sustainable and low-carbon assets.XSocial health protection:an essential contribution to universal health cover

215、ageHighlights XThe right to social health protection is not yet a universal reality.While more than four fifths(83.7 per cent)of the global population is covered by law,only 60.1 per cent of the global population are effectively protected by a health protection scheme.This means 3.3 billion people d

216、o not enjoy protection.Coverage has stalled since 2020,showing important implementation gaps.In addition to extending health protection,investing in the availability of quality healthcare services is crucial.XBarriers to healthcare access remain in the form of out-of-pocket health expenditure incurr

217、ed by households,physical distance,limitations in the range,quality and acceptability of health services,long waiting times linked to shortages and unequal distribution of health and care workers,and opportunity costs such as lost working time and earnings.XOut-of-pocket expenditure on healthcare is

218、 increasing globally and pushed 1.3 billion people into poverty in 2019.Collective financing,broad risk pooling and rights-based entitlements are key conditions to support effective healthcare access for all in a shock-responsive manner.XStronger linkages and better coordination between access to he

219、althcare and income security are urgently needed to address key determinants of health.The climate crisis is directly impacting peoples health,while also exacerbating existing socio-economic inequalities,which act as powerful determinants of health equity.Health and well-being should not be the priv

220、ilege of the few,and the inequalities triggered by the climate crisis call for urgent investment.xxvExecutive summary XTime to up the ante:Towards a greener,economically secure and socially just futureTime is quickly running out for arresting runaway global heating and achieving universal social pro

221、tection,with less than six years remaining to the key milestone of 2030.It is time to up the ante,accelerate progress in social protection and make a just transition.This is essential for current and future generations.It requires significant investment,determination and political will from both nat

222、ional policymakers and international actors.Safeguarding the planet while also protecting peoples health,incomes,jobs and livelihoods,as well as enterprises and maintaining a liveable planet should provide ample impetus for policymakers to build social protection systems.To this end,several prioriti

223、es can be identified:XMitigating the climate crisis and achieving a just transition requires giving sufficient attention to building rights-based universal social protection systems.Countries must intensify their efforts to address the existential threat of the climate crisis.Social protection is am

224、ong the most powerful policy tools that governments can deploy to manage this challenge fairly by ensuring that everyone is adequately protected.This must be part of an integrated policy response.This can help secure the political legitimacy of climate policies.Rectifying inequities intrinsic in the

225、 climate crisis demands global justice,including solidarity in financing.XBy reinforcing social protection systems,States can demonstrate that they intend to protect their people through a reinvigorated social contract.This is essential for promoting well-being,social cohesion and the pursuit of soc

226、ial justice.Strong social protection fosters state-society trust,can guarantee that all members of society are well protected,and engenders a willingness to go along with climate policies.XKeeping alive the promise of leaving no one behind remains paramount.This means a)pivoting from reducing povert

227、y to preventing poverty and moving away from flimsy social safety nets towards solid social protection floors,and progressively reaching higher,more adequate levels of protection;b)ensuring that social protection systems are gender-responsive;c)facilitating access to quality care and other services;

228、d)making health and well-being a more central focus of our economies.XPreparedness for climate shocks and just transition policies requires comprehensive social protection systems to be in place ex ante.This means getting the basics right and formulating and implementing national social protection s

229、trategies and policies through social dialogue now rather than later.Systems can contribute to preventing,containing and softening the impacts of crises,promoting swift recovery and building peoples capacity to cope with shocks as well as everyday risks.In humanitarian crises,this requires working a

230、cross the humanitarian-development-peace nexus,using existing health and social protection systems to the extent possible,and systematically reinforcing them.XFurther investment is essential to achieve universal and robust social protection systems.Domestic resource mobilization is critically import

231、ant for addressing both life-cycle and climate risks in a sustainable and equitable way.Countries with limited fiscal capacities,many of which are also highly vulnerable to the climate crisis,need international financial support to enable them to fill financing gaps and build their social protection

232、 systems.There are enormous gains to be had if universal social protection is accorded its due policy priority in climate action and a just transition.As part of an integrated policy framework,social protection can ensure that everyone can reap the benefits of a new greener prosperity,a reinvigorate

233、d social contract and a rejuvenated planet more hospitable to life and future generations.The opportunity is there if policymakers want to take it.Contending with life-cycle and climate risks:The compelling case for universal social protectionchapter 11.1 The challenge:Ensuring social protection to

234、address the climate crisis and facilitate a just transition 1.2 The role of social protection in inclusive climate action and a just transition 1.3 The cost of inaction:The implications of absent social protection 1.4 Building the statistical knowledge base on social protection and monitoring releva

235、nt SDGs 1.5 Objective and structure of the report Contending with life-cycle and climate risks:The compelling case for universal social protectionchapter 1key messageskey messages XThe climate crisis poses a major threat to humanity and undermines the prospect of a liveable planet and the stability

236、of entire societies.Urgent mitigation and adaptation measures must be taken to slow down the rate of warming and address the impacts on people in a way that reduces poverty and inequality,and promotes decent work and social inclusion.In other words,it requires a just transition towards environmental

237、ly sustainable economies and societies for all.XUniversal social protection is a pivotal policy lever to prevent and address the adverse consequences of the climate crisis and enable a just transition.Decisive policy action is required to reinforce and extend social protection systems and adapt them

238、 to new realities.XSocial protection policies can facilitate structural transformations that are necessary to support climate change mitigation and adaptation efforts.It fosters innovation and productive risk-taking.This dynamism enables workers and enterprises to transition towards more sustainable

239、 sectors and resilient modes of production.It thereby enables societies to seize the opportunities that a greener economy will afford.XSocial protection reduces vulnerability and increases the resilience of people,economies and societies by providing a systematic policy response to mutually reinforc

240、ing life-cycle risks and climate-related risks.Thus,it must be a key component of adaptation strategies and part of the solution for addressing climate-related loss and damage.XYet,a just transition is held back by persistent gaps in social protection coverage,adequacy and financing,which also hinde

241、r the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs).Investing in social protection systems is indispensable for a successful just transition.The design and implementation of social protection policies can be more effective,equitable and sustainable when it is achieved through social dialogu

242、e.XSocial protection must currently contend with several interconnected global challenges migration,ageing,informality,digitalization,fragility and structural inequality.However,this report focuses on the overarching danger we face:the triple planetary crisis of climate change,pollution and biodiver

243、sity loss.This triple crisis merits special attention as it poses an existential threat and compounds all other macro challenges.XThe case for strengthening social protection systems is as compelling as it is urgent.Without universal protection systems,the climate crisis and the just transition will

244、 exacerbate existing vulnerabilities and inequalities,when precisely the opposite is needed.Moreover,for ambitious mitigation and environmental policies to be feasible,social protection will be needed to garner public support.Human rights instruments and international social security standards provi

245、de essential guidance for building universal social protection systems capable of responding to these challenges and realizing the human right to social security for all.51.Contending with life-cycle and climate risks:The compelling case for universal social protection X1.1 The challenge:Ensuring so

246、cial protection to address the climate crisis and facilitate a just transition 1 Among the worlds largest natural carbon sinks are forests,oceans and the soil.As the world grapples with the climate crisis,there is increasing attention on the role that social protection can play in supporting climate

247、 change mitigation and adaptation efforts and enabling a just transition(see box 1.1).This requires strengthening social protection systems,so that they can effectively deliver a twofold objective:protecting people against ordinary life-cycle risks and supporting action to address the unfolding clim

248、ate crisis and facilitate a move towards environmentally sustainable economies and societies(see box 1.2).Thus,this report examines the current state of social protection worldwide,discusses challenges and opportunities,and provides concrete policy orientations.Climate change is undoubtedly the most

249、 significant challenge faced by humanity(IPCC 2023b).The world is already 1.1C warmer compared to pre-industrial levels and even if global warming is limited to 1.52C,the climate crisis is already wreaking havoc and causing unavoidable changes in weather patterns.If warming exceeds 2C,the world is a

250、t risk of slipping towards dangerous“tipping points”(Lenton et al.2023;UN 2021).Halting global heating requires successful mitigation policy to drastically reduce greenhouse gas emissions and protect natural greenhouse gas sinks1 in a rapid,yet orderly,just and equitable manner.This also includes po

251、licies to encourage more sustainable land use and farming practices,the conservation of biodiversity and other natural resources,as well as a transition towards circular economies.Climate and environmental change are quickly becoming the largest threats to poverty reduction,decent work,sustainable d

252、evelopment and social justice(ILO 2023c).There is growing evidence showing already observed and projected adverse impacts of extreme events and slow-onset changes on human health,employment and livelihoods,labour productivity,displacement and poverty eradication(IPCC 2023a;ILO 2023c;Dang,Hallegatte

253、and Trinh 2024;Hallegatte et al.2016).Urgent measures need to be put in place to adapt to the new reality and manage its adverse impacts and prevent a vicious cycle of rising vulnerability and deteriorating resilience.The paradox and injustice of the climate crisis make an equitable response all the

254、 more urgent.This is because the most vulnerable populations who have contributed the least to global emissions live in regions most susceptible to the climate crisis.Yet they have the fewest resources to cope with and adapt to the increasingly frequent and intense extreme weather events and slow-on

255、set changes(FAO 2024;Hickel 2020).Children,women,persons with disabilities and older groups are especially vulnerable to its impacts(UNICEF 2021b;UN Women 2023).Furthermore,climate hazards increase poverty among those already experiencing poverty and threaten to push the near-poor into poverty(Halle

256、gatte et al.2016).It is estimated that,by 2030,without policy action,the climate crisis could result in an additional 132 million people living in extreme poverty,and millions more people living in poverty if measured on the basis of a higher poverty line(World Bank 2020,12;Jafino et al.2020).Overco

257、ming these challenges will require an integrated policy response,which must include social protection(IPCC 2023b,29;ILO 2023c).Efforts to mitigate global heating and adapt to a changing climate and environment are urgent and have the potential to result in more resilient and inclusive economic growt

258、h,and sustainable development(ILO 2023c).However,such positive socio-economic outcomes are far from guaranteed.In fact,climate change mitigation and adaptation policies risk further exacerbating existing inequalities and vulnerabilities unless they are implemented in a way that reinforces equality a

259、nd inclusivity.For instance,some mitigation or other environmental policies may have adverse impacts on employment,income or prices,and it is increasingly recognized that The paradox and injustice of the climate crisis make an equitable response all the more urgent.6 XWorld Social Protection Report

260、202426:Universal social protection for climate action and a just transition XBox 1.1 Key climate change terminologyClimate action is a concept captured by SDG 13 which calls for urgent comprehensive and collective action to combat climate change and its impact on the planet and its inhabitants.It re

261、lates to the action needed to implement the Paris Agreement,and encompasses all mitigation,adaptation and loss and damage responses.Climate change mitigation refers to actions that reduce the rate of climate change.Mitigation policies do this by preventing or reducing emissions(for example,keeping f

262、ossil fuels in the ground)or enhancing and protecting the sinks of greenhouse gases that reduce their presence in the atmosphere(for example,forests,soils and oceans).Climate change adaptation refers to the process of adjustment to actual or expected climate change and its effects in order to modera

263、te harm or exploit beneficial opportunities.This includes actions that help reduce vulnerability to weather extremes and natural disasters,rising sea levels,biodiversity loss,or food and water insecurity.Loss and damage refers to the unavoidable impacts of climate change that occur despite,or in the

264、 absence of,mitigation and adaptation.Economic loss and damage relates to items that can be monetized relatively easily,such as income,assets and infrastructure.Non-economic loss and damage covers matters such as health,cultural heritage,biodiversity and displacement.Just transition involves maximiz

265、ing the social and economic opportunities of climate action,while minimizing and carefully managing any negative impacts.A just transition requires effective social dialogue among all groups impacted,and respect for fundamental labour principles and rights.Source:Adapted from IPCC(2023b),UNDP(2023b)

266、and ILO(2021b;2015;2023b).XBox 1.2 Key social protection terminology Social protection,or social security,is a fundamental human right,not a charity,and an essential instrument to reduce vulnerability and promote peoples rights and dignity.Social protection guarantees access to healthcare and income

267、 security over a persons life course through the provision of benefits in cash or in kind particularly in relation to sickness,maternity,disability,unemployment,old age or loss of an income earner and support for families with children,among other needs.Human rights instruments and international soc

268、ial security standards guide social protection policies and their implementation(see box 1.3).Social protection systems(also referred to as social security systems,welfare states or similar terms)encompass the full range of social protection benefits and services provided through different mechanism

269、s including social insurance,universal/categorical schemes and social assistance,and are coordinated with active labour market policies,health,education and care systems,among others.Universal social protection refers to social protection systems that ensure everyone has access to comprehensive,adeq

270、uate and sustainable protection over their life course,and can access benefits when needed.This was reaffirmed by governments,employers and workers at the 109th Session of the International Labour Conference in 2021(ILO 2021m)and supported by the Global Partnership for Universal Social Protection(US

271、P2030 2019).As a rights-based approach,this is distinct from the concept of a“social safety net”that provides minimal levels of support targeted at a small number of people identified as poor.This system is without legal guarantees and is often experienced as inadequate,stigmatizing and difficult to

272、 access.A social protection floor is a fundamental element of a national social protection system,which guarantees universal access to at least essential healthcare and basic income security for everyone throughout their lives(see box 1.3).Note:For a full glossary,see Annex 1.71.Contending with life

273、-cycle and climate risks:The compelling case for universal social protectionclimate change adaptation requires policies that address structural inequalities and the root causes of vulnerability(UNEP 2022).The world needs to rapidly undergo a just transition to environmentally sustainable economies a

274、nd societies in a way that reduces and prevents poverty and inequalities,promotes decent work and social inclusion and leaves no one behind(ILO 2015c;2023c;2023q).While the concept of just transition is often associated with supporting workers in the energy sector affected by climate change mitigati

275、on and decarbonization policies which remains applicable countries at different levels of development face distinct challenges and priorities with regard to adressing climate and environmental change.Thus,a just transition is relevant to all sectors of the economy(for example,energy,agriculture and

276、forestry,industry,transport,waste and recycling)and all types of workers.Furthermore,mitigation and adaptation efforts,and those addressing loss and damage,must be implemented in such a way that they are equitable for all population groups(figure 1.1).Ultimately,the just transition framework is base

277、d on recognizing the need to address not only climate change,but the triple planetary crisis of climate change,pollution and biodiversity loss(ILO 2015c;2023b).XFigure 1.1 The role of social protection in supporting climate change adaptation and mitigation for a just transition Source:authors elabor

278、ationFigure 1.1 The role of social protection in supporting inclusive climate action and a just transition Reducing vulnerabilitiesex ante Protecting against the impacts of disasters and displacement,incl.loss and damageEnhancing adaptive capacity for livelihood transition/diversificationAdaptationM

279、itigationCompensating/cushioning negative impacts of climate policiesSupporting the transition to green(decent)jobs Greening of pension fundsConserving/restoring carbon sinksSocial inclusionPoverty and inequality reductionSocial justiceDecent workSocial protection as part of an integrated policy fra

280、meworkJust transitionAdaptationMitigation8 XWorld Social Protection Report 202426:Universal social protection for climate action and a just transition X1.2 The role of social protection in inclusive climate action and a just transition To address the aforementioned challenges,building universal,adeq

281、uate,comprehensive,sustainable and adaptive social protection systems is indispensable for at least three reasons:XStrengthening social protection is an important climate change adaptation strategy,especially in countries where social protection coverage is still low.Social protection reduces people

282、s vulnerability to climate change by providing income security and effective access to healthcare,thus preventing and reducing poverty in the first place,and enabling people to be more resilient.Social protection benefits and services can help individuals,households and societies affected by extreme

283、 weather or slow-onset events to cope with and adapt to changing conditions.In coordination with disaster risk management and humanitarian responses,social protection systems can be leveraged to further support people affected by loss and damage,including in the context of forced displacement.Integr

284、ated social protection,employment and climate change adaptation policies can enable long-term adaptation and transformation of livelihoods,making them more resilient to the impacts of climate change(Costella et al.2023;UN 2021).XWhile climate change mitigation and environmental policies are necessar

285、y to safeguard the future for all,some policies will inevitably have unintended negative impacts on workers,enterprises and the wider society.Social protection can support those who are adversely affected,including those whose livelihoods are tied to unsustainable practices,and those affected by ris

286、ing energy or food prices.It can also enable them to seize the opportunities these policies may afford,either by guaranteeing income security to workers who need to reskill and adjust to emerging employment opportunities,or by providing access to healthcare for all.Lastly,social protection can suppo

287、rt rural populations in transitioning to more sustainable livelihoods.For such a dynamic to work,it is important to involve the social partners and other stakeholders in the design and implementation of the measures.Ensuring that the new jobs created in the green economy will have decent working con

288、ditions and social protection is one of the core elements of a just transition.XSocial protection is essential in addressing inequalities and inequities,both within and between countries,which is key for reducing vulnerability and enhancing resilience.As a key mechanism of risk sharing and solidarit

289、y,social protection systems are indispensable for addressing inequalities,by providing protection and support especially to those who are most vulnerable and least responsible for greenhouse gas emissions and the overuse of natural resources(FAO 2024;Hickel 2020).International support to countries w

290、ith insufficient fiscal capacities to build financially sustainable national social protection systems,including through loss and damage mechanisms,would make an essential contribution to greater social justice.If social protection systems are to play this essential enabling role in addressing clima

291、te change,they need to provide adequate protection throughout peoples lives.Addressing life-cycle risks is particularly important at critical life phases,when vulnerability and poverty risks are acute,to support life and work transitions.This can be during early childhood,transitions from school to

292、work,the formation of a family,periods of ill health,unemployment,disability and old age.Challenges related to climate change may significantly magnify life cycle risks.For example,people may face greater and different health challenges because of heat stress,pollution or disasters,and they may be a

293、t higher risk of job loss or otherwise reduced income.Alternatively,they may face a higher poverty risk due to rising energy and food prices(see figure 1.2).In parallel to climate-related risks,people are facing multiple transformations,whether due to population ageing,migration,digitalization or te

294、chnological progress,which can have adverse short-and long-term effects that not only undermine their welfare and dignity,but also weaken an already fragile social contract.Social protection reduces peoples vulnerability to climate change by providing income security and effective access to healthca

295、re.91.Contending with life-cycle and climate risks:The compelling case for universal social protectionSocial protection systems enable people to successfully navigate life-cycle and climate risks and multiple transformations.They do this by guaranteeing access to healthcare and income security,there

296、by enabling people to adapt to change in a way that protects their rights and dignity.Rather than merely containing the downside effects of transformations and crises,social protection can enable people and societies to take advantage of the opportunities inherent in these changes by addressing ineq

297、ualities and reducing poverty and vulnerability.This allows people and societies to reap the benefits of climate change mitigation and adaptation policies(see figure 1.1).The importance of social protection is recognized by decisions adopted at international climate negotiations,including most recen

298、tly at COP28(UN 2023e;2023a;2023b),for enabling climate-resilient development(IPCC 2023b).As an essential contribution to climate justice and a just transition,social protection should be recognized as part of nationally determined contributions,national adaptation plans and climate investment plans

299、.Social protection systems enable people to successfully navigate life-cycle and climate risks and multiple transformations.XFigure 1.2 Illustration of the role of social protection in addressing life-cycle and climate risks Universal social protection systemImpacts of climate policies Higher unempl

300、oyment risks(brown/unsustainable sectors)New requirements of green jobs(skills,sector,location)Declining income from environmentally harmful practices Rising energy,transport and food prices Impacts of extreme events and slow onset changes Increased disease burden,malnutrition and heat stressTempora

301、ry income losses and/or reduced incomeIncreased child labour and reduced school attendance Rising food prices Displacement General social assistance(minimum income support)Social health protectionChild and family benefits,including disability and orphan benefitsMaternity,paternity and parental benef

302、itsSickness benefitsEmployment injury protectionDisability benefitsUnemployment protectionSurvivors benefitsOld-age,survivorand disability pensionsSocial protection floorSocial protection floor10 XWorld Social Protection Report 202426:Universal social protection for climate action and a just transit

303、ionInvesting in universal social protection systems allows societies to manage the urgently needed transition in a socially just way by pursuing human-centred policies.This enables people and societies to adjust to ongoing and emerging transformations by directly or indirectly contributing to severa

304、l SDGs,across the social,economic and environmental dimensions of the 2030 Agenda(figure 1.3).Not just any investment in social protection will do.What is required is sustainable and equitable investment in rights-based social protection systems that leave no one behind(see box 1.3).XFigure 1.3 Cont

305、ribution of social protection to the 2030 Agenda 1.3 Social protection systems and measures for all,including floors1.A Ensure significant mobilization of resources from a variety of sources,including through enhanced development cooperation,in order to provide adequate and predictable means for dev

306、eloping countries,in particular least developed countries,to implement programmes andpolicies to end poverty in all its dimensions17.1 Strengthen domestic resource mobilization,including through international support to developing countries,to improve domestic capacity for tax and other revenue coll

307、ection17.3 Mobilize additional financial resources for developing countries from multiple sources17.14 Enhance policy coherence for sustainable developments16.6 Develop effective,accountable and transparent institutions at all levels5.4 Recognize and value unpaid care and domestic work through the p

308、rovision of public services,infrastructure and social protection policies,and the promotion of shared responsibility within the household and the family as nationally appropriate4 Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all3.8 Achieve universa

309、l health coverage8.5 Achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all women and men,including for young people and persons with disabilities,andequal pay for work of equal value10.4 Adopt policies,especially fiscal,wage,and social protection policies,and progressively achieve greater e

310、quality11.1 By 2030,ensure access for all to adequate,safe and affordable housing and basic services and upgrade slums11.5 By 2030,significantly reduce the number of deaths and the number of people affected and substantially decrease the direct economic losses relative to global gross domestic produ

311、ct caused by disasters,including water-related disasters,with a focus on protecting the poor and people in vulnerable situations7.1 By 2030,ensure universal access to affordable,reliable and modern energy services13.1 Strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity to climate-related hazards and natural

312、 disasters in all countries 13.3 Improve education,awareness-raising and human and institutional capacity on climate change mitigation,adaptation,impact reduction and early warning12.C Rationalize inefficient fossil-fuel subsidies that encourage wasteful consumption by removing market distortions,in

313、 accordance with national circumstances,including by restructuring taxation and phasing out those harmful subsidies,where they exist,to reflect their environmental impacts,taking fully into account the specific needs and conditions of developing countries and minimizing the possible adverse impacts

314、on their development in a manner that protects the poor and the affected communitiesSocial Protection111.Contending with life-cycle and climate risks:The compelling case for universal social protection XBox 1.3 The international normative framework for building social protection systems,including fl

315、oorsInternational social security standards,which complement human rights instruments,provide a comprehensive international normative framework for the realization of the human right to social security.Such standards comprise ILO Conventions and Recommendations elaborated and adopted by representati

316、ves of governments,employers and workers from all ILO Member States(ILO 2021a).Recognizing that protection outcomes can be attained by various mechanisms,international social security standards set core principles and minimum requirements regarding population coverage,benefit levels,qualifying perio

317、ds and duration of benefits(see Annex 3),essential rules guiding the financing and administration of social protection systems.International social security standards cover both contributory and non-contributory schemes,in particular social insurance and tax-financed schemes,whether means-tested or

318、not,and,subject to the fulfilment of certain conditions,voluntary schemes.They offer an essential reference framework for policy reforms and implementation,especially the two most prominent instruments in this area:The Social Security(Minimum Standards)Convention,1952(No.102),provides core principle

319、s and minimum benchmarks for social protection systems,across the nine social security contingencies that all people may face during their life:the need for medical care and the need for benefits in the event of:Xsickness,Xunemployment,Xold age,Xemployment injury,Xfamily responsibilities,Xmaternity,

320、Xdisability/invalidity,and Xsurvivorship(where a dependant outlives an earner).While not yet universally ratified,this instrument has established the basis for the development of social protection systems throughout the world.1The Social Protection Floors Recommendation,2012(No.202),2 provides guida

321、nce on how universal social protection can be achieved.This entails the establishment of national social protection floors for all as a matter of priority(horizontal extension),and ensuring higher levels of protection for as many persons as possible,and as soon as possible,by extending coverage to t

322、hose not yet covered and strengthening national social protection systems(vertical extension).For people to live in dignity throughout their lives,national social protection floors comprise a set of basic social security guarantees that ensure at least:X effective access to essential healthcare,incl

323、uding maternity care,without hardship;X basic income security for children,ensuring access to nutrition,education,care and other necessary goods and services;X basic income security for persons of working age who are unable to earn sufficient income,in particular in cases of sickness,unemployment,ma

324、ternity and disability;and X basic income security for older persons.The relevance of this international normative framework for addressing current challenges is clear.The essential role of social protection has also been highlighted in other recent international labour standards,including the Trans

325、ition from the Informal to the Formal Economy Recommendation,2015(No.204),and the Employment and Decent Work for Peace and Resilience Recommendation,2017(No.205),as well in the ILO Guidelines for a Just Transition Towards Environmentally Sustainable Economies and Societies for All(ILO 2015c;2023q).1

326、 To date,Convention No.102 has been ratified by 66 countries,most recently by Comoros(2022),Cte dIvoire(2023),El Salvador(2022),Iraq(2023),Paraguay(2021),Sao Tome and Principe(2024)and Sierra Leone(2022).2 ILO Recommendations are not open for ratification.12 XWorld Social Protection Report 202426:Un

327、iversal social protection for climate action and a just transition X 1.3 The cost of inaction:The implications of a lack of social protection Inaction by governments in building and bolstering social protection systems will undermine climate action ambitions and the accomplishment of a just transiti

328、on.Threatening the stability of entire economies and societies,the climate crisis risks triggering“negative social tipping points”by heightening social tensions,forced displacement,amplified polarization,geopolitical insecurity and financial destabilization(Lenton et al.2023).Social protection will

329、be critical for holding societies together with each blow dealt by the climate crisis and each phase of a just transition(UNRISD 2022).Even at the best of times,the costs of inaction by governments are enormous.These costs can take the form of growing inequality,entrenched poverty,labour market info

330、rmality,squandered development of human potential and capabilities,deep social scarring,public discontent and civil unrest,and lurching from one crisis to the next.Life without social protection has deep and troubling implications for people(see figure 1.4),and impedes economic development and inclu

331、sive climate action.Conversely,it is no coincidence that countries with comprehensive social protection systems enjoy greater prosperity and stability,exhibit higher levels of human development and usually have also greater resilience to climate risks(UNDP 2022).As the previous edition of this repor

332、t showed(ILO 2021q),the COVID-19 pandemic removed any lingering doubts over the necessity of social protection.There is ample evidence demonstrating the power of social protection to advance human development and build human capabilities.As explained above,effective protection against both life-cycl

333、e and climate risks strengthens peoples capabilities to successfully navigate the different life phases,transitions and labour market trajectories with confidence and peace of mind.Thus,people can avoid destitution when a shock hits or circumstances change.Ultimately,it allows people to choose lives that are dignified,rational and meaningful.Furthermore,in extreme cases,it can also preserve life b