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1、Quantum for Society:Meeting the Ambition of the SDGsI N S I G H T R E P O R TS E P T E M B E R 2 0 2 4In collaboration with AccentureContentsImages:Getty Images,Midjourney 2024 World Economic Forum.All rights reserved.No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any

2、 means,including photocopying and recording,or by any information storage and retrieval system.Disclaimer This document is published by the World Economic Forum as a contribution to a project,insight area or interaction.The findings,interpretations and conclusions expressed herein are a result of a

3、collaborative process facilitated and endorsed by the World Economic Forum but whose results do not necessarily represent the views of the World Economic Forum,nor the entirety of its Members,Partners or other stakeholders.ForewordExecutive summaryIntroduction1 Seizing the quantum opportunity for a

4、sustainable future1.1 Assessing the timelines:Can quantum technologies help accelerate the SDG agenda?1.2 Evaluating the impact:How can quantum create meaningful results for society?2 Reality check:Quantum investments will follow the money3 Shaping the roots of an ecosystem that prioritizes quantum

5、for society4 Quantum as a step towards sustainable computing ConclusionAppendicesA.1 Use casesA.2 GlossaryContributorsEndnotes3457816213136394040424345Quantum for Society:Meeting the Ambition of the SDGs2ForewordQuantum technologies promise to accelerate the achievement of the United Nations 17 Sust

6、ainable Development Goals(SDGs),paving the way for a more liveable and equitable world for current and future generations.With the 2030 SDG agenda far from completion,quantum technology could be the breakthrough innovation needed to make significant strides in the remaining six years before the 2030

7、 deadline.The World Economic Forums Quantum Economy Network1 has been working with the global quantum ecosystem to advance the responsible innovation and commercialization of quantum technology,having set the goal of“developing a sustainable future with and for quantum computing technology”in the wo

8、rlds first set of governance principles2 for the technology.Extending these principles into practice,the Quantum Economy Blueprint3 was released earlier this year,outlining multiple approaches to including sustainability building blocks in national and regional strategies.Aligned with our goals of b

9、uilding this ecosystem further,this report,Quantum for Society:Meeting the Ambition of the SDGs,offers evidence of quantum technologies as a catalyst for sustainability.While it is not an exhaustive exploration of all possible futures,it provides a thorough analysis,real-world examples and guidance

10、for global leaders using quantum advances to tackle planetary-scale challenges.The report aims to raise awareness about the transformative potential of quantum solutions for society.By focusing on quantum computing,quantum sensing and quantum communication,it highlights how these technologies can de

11、liver early value ahead of the 2030 United Nations deadline.Assessing quantum solutions that could significantly boost global development and positively affect billions of lives,this report underscores the urgent need to cultivate a“quantum for society”ecosystem.Such an ecosystem would not only supp

12、ort social entrepreneurs in accessing the necessary funding but also increase knowledge among stakeholders about grants and open challenge opportunities.As quantum investments will follow the money,and the return has a long time horizon,robust advocacy is essential for the ecosystem to thrive.Additi

13、onally,the report offers preliminary thoughts on quantum as a greener computing method,assessing its energy-saving potential.The World Economic Forum,in collaboration with Accenture,is committed to advancing the quantum for society agenda.Realizing this vision requires coordinated efforts from all s

14、takeholders,including business leaders,policy-makers,international organizations,innovators and social entrepreneurs.Global leaders must mobilize efforts worldwide to prioritize and accelerate the implementation of quantum for societal goals.National networks,meanwhile,should promote quantum for soc

15、iety agendas,learn from global experiences and provide inputs based on their discoveries and innovations.Ensuring the equitable distribution of quantum technology benefits is a shared social responsibility.Preparing the global community for inclusive quantum technology use,ensuring broad access,diss

16、eminating knowledge and promoting multilateral cooperation will be crucial to advancing a societal agenda.Global leaders must prioritize investment in quantum applications that actively support the SDGs.The time to act is now,as people collaborate on promising early applications with the potential t

17、o affect the entire planet.Adam Burden Global Innovation Lead,AccentureJeremy Jurgens Managing Director,World Economic ForumQuantum for Society:Meeting the Ambition of the SDGsSeptember 2024Quantum for Society:Meeting the Ambition of the SDGs3Executive summaryMany quantum technologies are still in t

18、he early stages of development,but their future impact on the world is undeniable.Quantum innovations hold enormous potential to address some of the most complex global challenges,such as improving carbon capture efficiency,ensuring the transition to new energy sources and mitigating climate hazards

19、.This report explores the connection between quantum technologies and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development,which United Nations Member States adopted to address these issues through 17 clearly defined Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs).Achieving these goals means moving towards a more equita

20、ble,prosperous and sustainable world by 2030.This report explores why organizations and leaders must act now to invest in and prepare for quantum,so that this game-changing technology can be effectively harnessed in the coming years.With the 2030 deadline approaching,all must work together swiftly t

21、o meet these sustainability goals and create a better world.The goal of this report is to raise awareness of quantum technologies potential for society.While the timeline for the availability of fault-tolerant quantum computers remains uncertain,other technologies such as quantum sensing and quantum

22、 communication may achieve commercial readiness sooner.R&D-intensive industries are the undisputed front-runners in the quantum field,having experimented with industry-driven use cases and built proofs-of-concept for several years.However,uncertainty regarding quantum readiness and lack of clear ret

23、urns on investment(ROI)hinder the foundation of a robust quantum for society network.Publicprivate partnerships(PPP)and government grants at the intersection of quantum and the SDGs can create incentives for innovators to push beyond current boundaries.Government discussions often focus on technolog

24、y sovereignty concerns,risking the development of further geopolitical divides and neglecting planetary challenges and social well-being,thereby limiting the potential for quantum dissemination.To make faster and more effective progress in achieving the 17 SDGs by 2030,those involved must:Assess the

25、 timelines:Evaluate whether quantum technologies can be ready in time to accelerate the SDG agenda.Industry leaders and policy-makers must take swift,decisive action to address humankinds most complex and critical challenges.As quantum technologies evolve,all involved must closely examine which ones

26、 might realistically help achieve these goals by 2030.Evaluate the impact:Determine how quantum can have a meaningful,measurable impact on sustainability and social well-being.Identify and prioritize quantum use cases with the potential to benefit billions of lives.Promote dialogue:Encourage convers

27、ations between quantum scientists and sustainability experts.The current state of quantum technology development calls for strategic discussions on prioritizing sustainability challenges,ensuring the involvement of field experts in different disciplines.Shape a“quantum for society”ecosystem:Creating

28、 an ecosystem that uses quantum technologies to achieve societal goals requires a multistakeholder approach.Global leaders and decision-makers should promote a borderless,collaborative culture,encouraging cooperation and supporting systemic change.Quantum technologies hold immense potential to produ

29、ce a healthier planet and a more equitable society.Quantum for Society:Meeting the Ambition of the SDGs4IntroductionTransforming the world:The 2030 agenda for SDGsImagine a world in which quantum technologies can accelerate the discovery of a new class of antibiotics or novel CO2 capture solutions.I

30、n 2015,the United Nations Member States adopted the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development to make faster progress towards a more sustainable world.Central to this agenda are 17 Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs)4 that promote a global framework for peace and prosperity and address a wide range of

31、 the worlds most pressing issues.Initially,efforts towards these goals seemed to yield favourable results,but recent years have seen a slowdown in progress.Factors such as the COVID-19 pandemic,the climate change crisis and geopolitical tensions have had a negative impact,leading to increased energy

32、 and food costs affecting billions of people.According to the United Nations 2023 Sustainable Development Goals Report,5 humanity has made only minimal progress on more than 50%of the SDG targets,and on 30%of the SDG goals progress has stalled or even reversed.The pressure to act urgently has never

33、been greater.If stakeholders do not act,the 2030 Agenda could be“an epitaph for a world that might have been”,as expressed by Haoliang Xu,UN Assistant Secretary-General and Director of the United Nations Development Programme(UNDP).Governments and organizations need to search for innovative ways to

34、tackle these complex,multifaceted challenges,and reignite the drive to develop transformative technologies for a sustainable future.They must prioritize sustainability and rapid progress on technological advances to reach the 2030 agenda.Here an opportunity lingers on the horizon.Could quantum techn

35、ologies be the sustainability game-changer people have been waiting for?How might these technologies affect the quest to build better societies and a healthier planet?The 17 UN Sustainable Development GoalsFIGURE 1Source:United Nations,Department of Economics and Social Affairs.(2024).The 17 GoalsQu

36、antum for Society:Meeting the Ambition of the SDGs5Quantum technologies defined for the purpose of this report as the trio of quantum computing,quantum communication and quantum sensing could very well be the best hope for a more sustainable future.Quantum computing,with its massive computational po

37、wer,offers tremendous potential to address problems that cannot be solved or would take too long to solve with todays computers and those of the foreseeable future.Although quantum computing is not quite ready today to address the worlds most pressing challenges,some areas within quantum sensing are

38、 evolving at a much faster speed.For instance,the HYDRI consortium(HYDrogen sensoR for Industry project)led by BP,is exploring how quantum sensors can help detect hydrogen gas leaks.Accurate detection is key since hydrogen gas is invisible to the human eye and highly flammable when mixed with air.6

39、Meanwhile,quantum-inspired technologies such as classical computers that run algorithms inspired by quantum physics are available and ready to be harnessed for good.Although some of the benefits of quantum are already visible,it is crucial to adopt a responsible approach.Quantum computing,despite it

40、s tremendous potential,poses significant threats to cybersecurity protocols.Thankfully,three emerging technologies can help mitigate these quantum threats:post-quantum cryptography(PQC),quantum key distribution(QKD)and quantum random number generation(QRNG).These technologies will enable people to m

41、itigate risk and stay focused on the multitude of benefits that quantum can bring.7 This report consists of four sections,exploring the potential impact of quantum technologies in addressing the SDG goals:Seizing the quantum opportunity for a sustainable future assesses the timelines for the 2030 SD

42、G agenda and quantums potential to create a meaningful global impact.Reality check:Quantum investments will follow the money discusses how industry-driven quantum solutions will generate tailwinds for quantum for society.Shaping the roots of an ecosystem that prioritizes quantum for society provides

43、 insights into how stakeholders can shape a quantum ecosystem for societal goals.Quantum as a step towards sustainable computing investigates quantums carbon footprint,water consumption and its contribution to a clean energy transition.Section 1Section 2Section 3Section 4Quantum for Society:Meeting

44、the Ambition of the SDGs6Seizing the quantum opportunity for a sustainable future1Could quantum technologies be the sustainability game-changer people have been waiting for?Quantum for Society:Meeting the Ambition of the SDGs7Harmful industrial practices coupled with uneven economic growth frequentl

45、y result in environmental degradation(pollution,exploitation of natural resources,natural hazards and climate change)as well as growing inequality.To tackle these issues,the United Nations created a global framework to guide countries towards economic development,while at the same time balancing soc

46、ial and environmental sustainability.The SDGs are an interconnected set of measurable goals designed to address interrelated social and environmental challenges and achieve global sustainable development as well as tracing the path towards the 2030 milestones.The route to achieving these milestones,

47、however,is not simple;it requires continuous progress on multilateral dialogue and commitment from industry leaders and policy-makers to take coordinated action.In recent years,the deepening of the climate crisis has led to a growing awareness of the urgent need to advance the agenda at a faster pac

48、e.As former Secretary-General of the United Nations Ban Ki-moon expressed it,“there can be no Plan B because there is no planet B”.8 On top of global commitment from leaders to discuss and act on shared concerns,the power of science and technology to turbocharge efforts to advance the sustainability

49、 goals has been widely recognized,and quantum technologies could contribute to this effort.The excitement generated around quantum has led the United Nations to proclaim 2025 as the International Year of Quantum Science and Technology(IYQ).9 This will propel coordinated events at the national,region

50、al and local levels,raising awareness of the importance of this theme to broader audiences.It is not yet clear when quantum will move past the research and development(R&D)stage into something that can be widely applied and used,so governments and industries must prepare now for a world in which qua

51、ntum is a reality and explore ways to use it for social good.Acting today means that humanity is one day closer to reaching its sustainability goals whether that is on a smaller scale,for individual businesses,or on a much larger one,working for example,to address global problems such as food insecu

52、rity and climate change.And,ready or not,the clock is ticking;the 2030 SDG deadline is just six short years away.Time is running out to solve the worlds humanitarian and environmental challenges before it is too late.While it might feel daunting to attempt to move any of the SDG goals towards total

53、fruition in such a short time frame,disruptive technologies such as quantum have a great deal of potential to accelerate the pace of progress.Quantum technologies are maturing at different speeds.Several quantum sensing and quantum communication solutions exist today,but quantum computers remain dif

54、ficult to build and challenging to program,with full-scale machines expected in a decade or more.And developing quantum hardware is not the only challenge.Quantum algorithms are much more complex to design than classical algorithms,requiring highly skilled developers with a good understanding of the

55、 principles of quantum physics.The list of quantum use cases to turbocharge SDGs is a long one,from weather modelling and forecasting to carbon capture and green fertilizers,to name just a few.The list of potential use cases could be much longer if concrete steps were taken to propel a continuous an

56、d coordinated dialogue between social and environmental experts and quantum experts,similar to the kind carried out for other emerging technologies.Today,most efforts naturally focus on quantum solutions with a promising return for industries.As described in Section 2,the lack of immediate ROI disco

57、urages quantum for society investments.In the next decade,however,quantum could well be the technology the world has been waiting for to solve the most pressing sustainability challenges.Assessing the timelines:Can quantum technologies help accelerate the SDG agenda?1.1Quantum for Society:Meeting th

58、e Ambition of the SDGs8The quantum technology subfieldsFIGURE 2Source:World Economic ForumQuantum computing:Avoiding the hype while seeking early valueSince quantum computing is a way of leveraging natures operating system,quantum scientists have long anticipated that it would be easier to compute e

59、lements that actually happen in nature.This revolutionary idea triggered enthusiasm throughout the scientific community and the hope that quantum computing when readily available would play a pivotal role in solving the most pressing sustainability challenges.It is important to note that quantum com

60、puting is expected to work best in three specific domains,with significant environmental and societal opportunities associated with them:Molecular simulation and discovery in materials science and biology Optimization and risk management in complex systems Artificial intelligence and machine learnin

61、g Despite the hype,quantum computers available today barely exceed a thousand qubits,10 where a qubit or“quantum bit”is the building block for a quantum computer.For context,classical supercomputers have trillions of classical bits.Scaling current machines to perform useful tasks,such as discovering

62、 new CO2 catalysts,would require millions of qubits.For instance,a quantum computer would require millions of physical qubits11 to find a new catalyst for ammonia.Quantum computing Quantum computing takes advantage of quantum mechanics to solve complex problems that classical computers cannot solve

63、or cannot solve quickly enoughQuantum communicationQuantum communication involves the generation and use of quantum states for communication protocolsQuantum sensingQuantum sensors detect and measure tiny changes in time,gravity,temperature,pressure,rotation,acceleration,frequency,magnetic and elect

64、ric fieldsQuantumtechnologiesQuantum for Society:Meeting the Ambition of the SDGs9Improving fertilizers to enhance crop productivity BOX 1Ammonia is employed in the production of fertilizers which are crucial for increasing agricultural productivity and contributing to zero hunger(SDG 2).The current

65、 Haber-Bosch process of artificial nitrogen fixation used to produce ammonia is a century old but finding an alternative has been impossible because simulating the key catalysts would take more than 800,000 years on a classical computer.Moreover,the current process consumes about 35%of the worlds na

66、tural gas,contributing to CO2 release into the atmosphere and worsening the climate crisis(SDG 13).For the moment,humanity is still transiting the“noisy intermediate-scale quantum”(NISQ)12 era in which quantum machines can do certain computations in a limited fashion and subject to certain constrain

67、ts and noise but with no commercial value.Without full quantum error correction(QEC),NISQ has limited utility.13While a vast number of quantum architectures are actively in development(e.g.superconducting,trapped ion,neutral atoms,photonics,etc.)and more still are being researched,the plausibility o

68、f transitioning to the“full-tolerant quantum computing”(FTQC)era with machines that can perform calculations with low error rates is at least a decade away.14 Stakeholders do not know when quantum will deliver on its promise,but they do know for certain that Amaras Law15 market hype leads typically

69、to overestimating the short-term impact of emerging technologies while the long-term effects might be largely underestimated applies to quantum as well.16 While FTQC remains on the horizon,hybrid classical-quantum and quantum-inspired approaches play a pivotal role in finding solutions to intricate

70、problems in diverse fields.To further reduce the adverse environmental impact on urban areas and act upon sustainable cities(SDG 11),the automotive company Ford Motors experimented with quantum-inspired methods to help reduce Seattles traffic congestion.The trial delivered balanced routing suggestio

71、ns that resulted in a 73%improvement in total congestion when compared to“selfish”routing.17Even if full-scale quantum computing readiness before 2030 remains uncertain,the present document intends to create awareness of how this new paradigm could become a game changer to advance the SDG goals and

72、encourage investments that interlock quantum and the sustainability agenda,since early experimentation and talent formation are critical now and will lay the foundation for future solutions.Moreover,2030 is simply the closest deadline in the sustainability calendar.To keep global warming to no more

73、than 1.5C above pre-industrial levels,emissions need to reach net zero by 205018 and the expectation is that FTQC will be real by that time.Moreover,the combination of quantum plus AI is rapidly evolving and even if it is too early to imagine what might happen before 2030,quantum-powered AI could tr

74、anslate into breakthrough solutions for complex sustainability problems.Quantum for Society:Meeting the Ambition of the SDGs10Quantum plus AI:unlocking value for the SDGsBOX 2The transformative effect of a combination of emerging technologies has always been more profound than what a single technolo

75、gy could provide such is the power of“synergistic effects”.Today,humanity is at the tip of the iceberg of a new duo:quantum plus AI.The intersection of these technologies will create a symbiotic relationship in which each will propel the other forward.Moreover,the revolution caused by generative AI(

76、GenAI)will only add to the equation.AI can advance quantum by accelerating quantum code programming and potentially algorithm development,optimizing system design and accelerating translation.The consequences of this could be significant.Any simplification in quantum algorithms will have a massive i

77、mpact on the timeline of quantum advantage,allowing a real-world problem to be processed faster on a quantum than on a classical machine.Simultaneously,quantum can advance AI by overcoming the computational limitations of classical computing for training AI models and inspiring new types of machine

78、learning(QML)algorithms rooted in quantum mechanics.Moreover,quantum may reduce the sustainability impact of existing AI models such as large language models(LLMs).The power of these technologies combined could lead to breakthroughs for multiple industries and also unlock value for the SDGs.Early us

79、e cases with potential to meet the worlds most pressing challenges are already emerging,particularly for health(SDG 3)and sustainable cities(SDG 11).Biotech companies are pioneers in this combined field.Moderna,19 for instance,is exploring quantum computing and GenAI to advance and expedite its mess

80、enger RNA(mRNA)research to develop vaccines faster.Thanks to the synergistic effects of GenAI and quantum computing,scientists could create synthetic genetic data that closely resembles real-world data.In the future,this could then feed quantum algorithms to develop more accurate molecular models,th

81、us speeding up the entire drug discovery process.Sustainable cities also have a great deal to gain from quantum plus AI.Urban planners could combine these emerging technologies and create synthetic traffic data that simulates real-world traffic patterns.This data could then be used to train quantum

82、algorithms to develop more accurate traffic projections,congestion management and route optimization models,leading to more sustainable cities with efficient transport systems,reduced travel times and improved air quality.20Once these synergistic effects within a specific industry demonstrate signif

83、icant impact,momentum within that entire sector will likely surge.While applications in the AI field can tackle real-world problems now,quantum offers more potential for future promise.Combined,they herald a new era of innovation that could accelerate the SDGs and unlock new value.The role of busine

84、ss is essential in finding innovative solutions to help advance the SDG agenda.By significantly boosting the efficiency of information processing,quantum computing shows great potential in solving planetary challenges and moving towards a more sustainable future.Tahmid Quddus Islam,Quantum Technolog

85、ies Lead,Citi Global InsightsQuantum for Society:Meeting the Ambition of the SDGs11Quantum sensing:From promise to realityQuantum sensors represent one of the most promising near-term opportunities for SDGs.Compared to quantum computing,quantum sensing is a more mature technology,with applications s

86、uch as magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)in medical diagnostics having already been deployed for several years.In contrast to other quantum technologies,quantum sensors generally compete against a wide range of devices already in use.As such,their ultimate impact will be determined by the degree to whi

87、ch they can enable new capabilities or drastically improve existing options in terms of sensitivity,accuracy or cost-efficiency.Quantum sensors have a huge potential to make a real impact on peoples lives.The next generation of quantum magnetometers and quantum gravimeters,which measure the strength

88、 of magnetic and gravitational fields respectively,are promising technologies and the closest ones to commercialization.For instance,the quantum sensors on a magnetocardiography(MCG)device21 may help physicians capture a better picture of the hearts electrical activity,which could help to spot unusu

89、al patterns or signs of potential health issues.The social impact is not minor considering that coronary heart disease kills millions of people each year.Also,this advance has the potential to greatly increase the use of fetal MCG and enable routine assessment of the cardiac electrophysiology of the

90、 fetus,particularly during the first three months,which is when most complications arise.22Cardiovascular disease(CVD)is the leading cause of death globally,causing approximately 17.9 million deaths each year.The cost of heart disease each year is more than$230 billion annually in the United States

91、and 282 billion annually in the European Union,23 including both direct costs for healthcare services and medicines and indirect costs for productivity loss and relatives informal care of patients.Addressing this issue requires a proactive approach centred on preventive diagnostics for early detecti

92、on and management of heart conditions.Conventional diagnostic tools,such as the electrocardiogram(ECG),are limited,however.The ECGs reliance on the skins electrical signals to monitor heart activity renders it susceptible to distortions as these signals traverse bodily tissues,which can lead to inac

93、curacies that impede medical professionals diagnostic accuracy and lead to misdiagnosis.Jeffrey Bander,Chief of Cardiology at Mount Sinai West,said:“The current methods for heart attack diagnosis include EKG ECG,which is a 150-year old technology and misses many cardiac conditions.Blood tests are co

94、stly,take time to process and give false negatives and positives.SandboxAQs approach to revolutionize cardiac diagnoses with contactless,high-performance sensors and sophisticated AI will benefit patients,save lives and impact cardiac care globally with on-demand,real-time analysis.”In response to t

95、hese challenges,SandboxAQ has pioneered the development of a groundbreaking solution:magnetocardiography(MCG).This device studies the heart by measuring the magnetic fields rather than electrical impulses and mapping the magnetic activity to detect anomalies.Unlike electric signals,magnetic fields a

96、re not distorted by bone and tissue.MCG is also contactless.SandboxAQs MCG system uses both advanced sensors and AI:quantum sensors to detect even the slightest deviations in magnetic fields and AI to both remove interferences(such as those from other hospital devices)and assist doctors in interpret

97、ing the results and generating new insights and predictions.Thus,AI and quantum-enabled MCG have significant potential to improve the confidence and speed of diagnosing CVDs.This may offer a more reliable alternative to ECGs,and is a more affordable option compared with MRI and computed tomography(C

98、T)scans,potentially improving the health and well-being of those with CVD(SDG 3).CASE STUDY 1Using AI and quantum technologies for heart diagnosticsThe combination of AI and advanced sensing has the potential to profoundly impact medical imaging and improve the quality of life for millions.Kit Yee A

99、u-Yeung,General Manager of AQMed,SandboxAQQuantum for Society:Meeting the Ambition of the SDGs12Quantum magnetometers may have a new purpose in neurology as well.Next-generation quantum sensors can revolutionize brain imaging as real-time neuron-tracking can be extremely beneficial for neurologists

100、to check if a patients brain activity is slowing down as they age.Next-generation magnetoencephalography(MEG)devices to diagnose neurological conditions such as epilepsy,Alzheimers disease and Parkinsons disease could also move the needle for health(SDG 3)targets.More than 55 million people have dem

101、entia worldwide,over 60%of whom live in low-and middle-income countries.And every year,there are nearly 10 million new cases,according to the World Health Organization.24Quantum gravimeters,on the other hand,might contribute to a more accurate assessment of climate change due to their ability to det

102、ect alterations in Earths gravitational field.By monitoring changes in sea levels,climate scientists better understand the mechanisms driving these shifts,resulting in more accurate predictions of melting ice and flooding dynamics.Gravimeters can also be used to monitor seismic activity,allowing ear

103、ly warnings of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.Exploiting quantum for climate action(SDG 13)is one of the main components of the European Space Agencys Accelerator:Space for a Green Future,which pushes for advanced technology for a sustainable life on Earth.25Other sensors such as optical atomic

104、clocks,Rydberg atom-based radio frequency(RF)sensors and inertial sensors have demonstrated significant promise for societal applications but have not yet achieved sufficient maturity.26 Quantum communication:Towards ultra-secure communications that connect metropolitan or regional-scale networksQua

105、ntum communication is a game changer because it ensures the ultra-secure transmission of data in a way that modern communication systems cannot.It is expected that in the next 25 years,27 quantum communications will make real the construction of a secure global quantum information network the quantu

106、m internet.A crucial breakthrough for this to happen will be the use of satellites or terrestrial quantum repeaters that can securely amplify the signals to enable transmissions over 500 km(around 300 miles).The EuroQCI28 is working towards a secure quantum communication infrastructure spanning the

107、whole of the EU including its overseas territories during the next decade,but greater research and testing on a large scale will be needed to push trials in more countries and ensure the benefits can be realized.Only China has already achieved long-distance transmissions,establishing a 4,600-km(2,90

108、0-mile)quantum communications network so far.29 Quantum communication can help advance SDG milestones in two notable ways.First,quantum-safe communications can help to strengthen organizations against potential cybersecurity threats from criminal organizations,promoting peace,justice and strong inst

109、itutions(SDG 16).For instance,the port of Rotterdam is testing a quantum communication infrastructure to ensure an untappable connection to improve the logistics chains of which the port is part.Malignant tapping of the communication systems can lead to significant financial losses for the port,disr

110、upting critical business operations and even global supply chains.As a first step in the test,the central hub for the distribution of quantum keys will be hosted at the Port of Rotterdam Authority.30Second,quantum communication will be core to every nations infrastructure and key to advancing indust

111、ry,innovation and infrastructure(SDG 9)goals.But the accent must be put on making quantum communication accessible for all,with no countries left behind.As the global quantum race intensifies,more developing countries are targeting the advancement of their quantum communication progress.For instance

112、,in 2023 researchers at the Indian Institute of Technology Delhi achieved secure quantum communication for 380 km(236 miles)31 in standard telecom fibre,a crucial step towards the commercial production of long-distance secure communications.In South America,the Brazilian organization EMBRAPII(Empres

113、a Brasileira de Pesquisa e Inovao Industrial)invested 60 million Brazilian reais($10.8 million)and selected SENAI CIMATEC to be a competence centre in quantum technologies including quantum communication32 to advance research and quantum skills,thus positioning Brazil in a prominent position in inte

114、rnational R&D related to quantum technologies.Quantum for Society:Meeting the Ambition of the SDGs13Navigating the quantum S-curve:A roadmap to 2030 and beyondIn the past decade,quantum technologies have been evolving at a fast pace;however,every quantum field shows a different level of readiness.To

115、 define quantum readiness,it is essential to understand the nature of quantum technologies.This can help to estimate the potential impact and implications of these innovative areas in the short and long run,as well as identify areas in which further research and development is needed.Key challenges

116、to quantum technology readinessFIGURE 3Source:World Economic Forum Achieving fault tolerance,error correction and scalabilityHardware costQuantum computing(FTQC)Bandwidth and distance,integration with standard communication systems Infrastructure cost Quantum communicationSize,weight,power and cost(

117、SWaP-C)Relative cost compared to existing sensor technologyQuantum sensingQuantum for Society:Meeting the Ambition of the SDGs14An S-curve is a useful conceptual framework for analysing the different development stages of innovation.The life cycle of new technologies has many implications for the ma

118、nagement of innovations in businesses as well as for policy-makers supporting R&D investments.Before technology innovations achieve market readiness,government and industrial regulations need to be tackled.On the medical side,it is evident that a quantum solution will need deeper examination and mor

119、e rigorous trials before it is ready for the public,while other industries might have fast-tracked procedures to comply with regulations before entering the commercial phase.The four stages of quantum technology readinessFIGURE 4Source:World Economic ForumFigure 5 shows the technology readiness stag

120、es of quantum computing,quantum sensing and quantum communication with an accent on 2030 timelines.The analysis displayed is directional and needs to be read with caution as quantum is a nascent field,and hence non-anticipated technological breakthroughs might change current quantum development road

121、maps and drastically accelerate quantum readiness.On the contrary,investment fund movements towards other rapidly evolving emerging technologies might slow down quantums pace of progress.Quantum plus AI is still embryonic,but if this opportunity becomes real,it might lead to an exponential change in

122、 the steepness of the S-curve.At this stage,predicting the future of quantum is an impossible task,and it should be emphasized that the ultimate goal of this conceptual framework is to equip global leaders with the tools to make assumptions and prepare strategic plans for what might be achievable gi

123、ven the 2030 constraints.Quantum for Society:Meeting the Ambition of the SDGs15Quantum technologies with the potential to affect the SDG 2030 agendaFIGURE 5Source:World Economic Forum conceptual framework based on QED-C Consortium and Citi Global Insights latest publications for quantum sensing;GESD

124、A Radar and QURECA for quantum communication;US Department of Defense.(2023).DoD Long View of Quantum Computing;and publicly available quantum hardware roadmaps for quantum computingEvaluating the impact:How can quantum create meaningful results for society?1.2Affecting billions of lives for the bet

125、terQuantum solutions with the potential to scale fast,affecting billions of lives and promising a better future for all,should be the ultimate goal of“quantum for society”.Eradicating poverty33(SDG 1)was recognized by the United Nations as the greatest global challenge and the one most deserving of

126、leaders attention.The COVID-19 pandemic has left a legacy of rising poverty,with a total of 1.1 billion people identified as poor across multiple dimensions monetary poverty,education and basic infrastructure services.34 The aim of the SDGs is to reduce the proportion of people living in poverty by

127、half by 2030.Meeting this ambitious target will require much more than visionary policies and multistakeholder dialogue.One of the promises of quantum technologies is that they might help to advance some measurable targets corresponding to SDG 1:ensuring access to basic services(Target 1.4)and resil

128、ience to climate-related disasters(Target 1.5).Quantum for Society:Meeting the Ambition of the SDGs16Quantum and the hope for poverty alleviation(SDG 1)FIGURE 6Source:World Economic ForumHowever,eradicating poverty is not the only goal affecting billions of people.The goals related to natural resour

129、ces at risk due to climate change,demographic pressure and economic growth also have a bearing on the lives of billions:a total of 2.2 billion people around the world still lack safely managed drinking water,800 million people lack electricity and an estimated 29.6%of the global population35 2.2 bil

130、lion people are affected by moderate or severe food insecurity.It was in this context that UNESCO launched the“waterenergyfood”36(WEF)nexus.This approach aims to advance access to food(SDG 2),water(SDG 6)and energy(SDG 7)simultaneously,creating synergistic effects across these interrelated goals.Cor

131、e to advancing the WEF nexus is the need to reduce greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions that contribute to climate change(SDG 13).The 2030 agenda advocates for an integrated approach that can be facilitated by a nexus scheme.As stated by former European Commission International Partnerships department Direc

132、tor-General Stefano Manservisi,“The SDGs are obliging us to work in an integrated way and not in silos.”Access to basic servicesQuantum sensing Water-quality monitoringQuantum chemicalsimulation Wastewater treatmentQuantum optimization Water supply and distributionResilience to climate-related disas

133、tersQuantum sensing Earth observation to support disaster preparednessQuantum optimization/QML Climate modelling and weather forecastingQuantum machine learning Earthquake predictionTarget1.4Target1.5Quantum for Society:Meeting the Ambition of the SDGs17The waterenergyfood nexusFIGURE 7Source:World

134、Economic ForumSolar cell designWeather forecastingEarth observationWater qualityIn this regard,the World Economic Forums analysis,covering almost 100 quantum use cases with the potential to achieve the SDGs,has identified a select group of cases that might have a multiplier effect across several SDG

135、s.A single use case impact across several SDGs serves as an extra push for advancing the 2030 agenda at a faster pace and affecting the lives of billions of people.Earth observation is one of the most promising use cases that can directly affect a group of SDGs.The addition of quantum-enabled gravit

136、y and magnetic-field sensors to satellites can provide a new set of eyes to see the unseen,measuring changes that are currently invisible and gathering crucial information to understand and monitor climate change,hydro-and cryosphere evolution,groundwater,early warning of hydrological extremes and g

137、eohazards.To advance this use case,the European Space Agency(ESA)is currently working to develop technologies and components for a space quantum gravimeter or gradiometer.37Quantum for Society:Meeting the Ambition of the SDGs18Quantum use cases with a multiplier effect on the SDGsTABLE 1SDGs affecte

138、dUse caseUse case benefitQuantum applicationEarth observation Satellites measuring many aspects of life on Earth have provided undeniable evidence of climate change for policy-making.Quantum sensing can measure changes that are currently invisible and gather crucial information to understand and mon

139、itor climate change.Solar cell designHalving the cost of solar panels could increase exponentially the use of clean and affordable energy sources in developing countries.Quantum simulation will help speed up the search for new solar cell materials that can process the photovoltaic effect more effici

140、ently to convert more solar energy into electricity.Water quality monitoring and purificationUnderstanding how water quality is changing through the network allows for the treatment process to be optimized in real time,reducing the number of incidents and associated environmental damage.Quantum sens

141、ing can be used to detect pollutants in drinking water,allowing authorities to take timely action to protect public health.Quantum simulation can lead to the design of new chemicals for water purification.Climate modelling and weather forecastingThe information provided is valuable for making adequa

142、te predictions,helping to advance scientists understanding of climate change while mitigating its impact.Quantum simulation can be used to produce weather models that leverage many variables such as atmospheric pressure,humidity,temperature and wind speed to provide accurate predictions about future

143、 weather patterns.Source:World Economic ForumEarth observation satellites(EOS)collect essential data for decision-making in many fields,ranging from weather forecasting,disaster management and environmental monitoring to crop optimization or control and prospecting activities in mining or fishing.To

144、 operate efficiently,EOS need to optimize their scheduling for target selection.However,this involves dealing with multiple restrictions such as satellites storage and energy limits,weather conditions,other satellites trajectories and orbits,and a large number of valuable targets from which to choos

145、e and prioritize.Given this complexity,classical computers algorithms and methods are unable to come up with real-time solutions that maximize output,leading to suboptimal target selection that engenders losses in data collection and revenues.Artificial Brain is a pioneer in quantum for space,having

146、 built quantum software to maximize the use of EOS capabilities that can potentially increase productivity and efficiency.The company is also using quantum computing to label the vast amounts of data collected from satellites,overcoming the limitations of manual data labelling.The data can then be u

147、sed for machine learning.The EOS data optimization solution has a significant impact on multiple SDGs.Improving the efficiency of satellite scheduling and data use enhances sustainable ocean management(SDG 14)by providing more accurate and timely data on ocean conditions.Additionally,the solution co

148、ntributes to space sustainability by reducing pollution in outer space and optimizing the use of supranational and commercial weather satellites.Enhanced data sharing and optimization support better climate action(SDG 13)through improved weather forecasting and environmental monitoring.With potentia

149、l customers such as the National Aeronautics and Space Administration(NASA)and ongoing discussions with the governments of the Netherlands and Canada,this technology promises to advance global efforts toward sustainable development.CASE STUDY 2Quantum for space:Artificial Brain optimizes satellites

150、schedulingViewing space activities as a possible source of pollution to Earth is a topic which is commonly ignored and not contemplated by SDG goals.Dana Linnet,Senior Executive for Quantum Market Engagement,Artificial BrainQuantum for Society:Meeting the Ambition of the SDGs19Known colloquially as“

151、forever chemicals”,PFAS(per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances)are a group of more than 4,000 human-made chemicals,highly toxic and environmentally detrimental,that enter the human ecosystem through waterproof coatings,non-stick surfaces in cookware and food packaging.PFAS can be toxic,causing serious h

152、ealth conditions including cancer.Due to their ability to move easily through some ground surfaces,these substances can reach groundwater used for public water supplies,causing the contamination of drinking water,bioaccumulation in wildlife(particularly in fish)and subsequent transportation back int

153、o the human food chain.As finding a way to remediate PFAS is crucial,it is therefore widely studied from the computational point of view.Currently,computational models are used with classical high-performance computing(HPC)for simulation and analysis of molecular structures and their chemical proper

154、ties.However,such classical HPC models are computationally expensive and not particularly scalable,which limits their accuracy,as well as the size and number of compounds subject to study.The Irish Centre for High-End Computing(ICHEC)in collaboration with Accenture and IonQ created a scalable softwa

155、re platform for chemistry simulation on quantum computers to calculate the energy needed to break chemical bonds in molecules such as PFAS.38 The experiments allowed the mapping of molecular and electronic properties,which are inherently quantum.CASE STUDY 3Fighting“forever chemicals”that pollute th

156、e environmentChemistry simulation on quantum computers helps with finding mechanisms to destroy PFAS,which are human-made carcinogenic forever chemicals that pollute the environment.Venkatesh Kannan,Associate Director,Irish Centre for High-End Computing(ICHEC)Quantum for Society:Meeting the Ambition

157、 of the SDGs20Reality check:Quantum investments will follow the money2Quantum for society is not regulated by the laws of supply and demand.Financial incentives are needed to propel activities that can create social change.Quantum for Society:Meeting the Ambition of the SDGs21With total investment r

158、eaching$45 billion39 yearly(if conservatively spreading government funding commitments over 10 years),the public and private sectors are joining forces to explore how quantum might affect industries and society at large.These funds have enabled exciting advances in quantum technologies,but only a ti

159、ny fraction has been allocated to solutions for social good.It seems likely that quantum solutions to solve complex industry problems in,for example,renewable energies,sustainable agriculture and health and life sciences will develop and evolve faster than other solutions such as water quality and t

160、reatment.Innovation in water-related technologies,however,requires urgent attention and funding.As water becomes scarcer and its supply more stretched,this will negatively affect progress on several of the SDGs,particularly poverty,hunger,sustainability and the environment.TotalEnergies transition s

161、trategy aims to contribute to the development of a new decarbonized energy system based on electricity and renewables.The company is currently devoting 65%of its 2024 R&D budget to low-carbon energy(renewables,biomass,batteries,etc.)and to reducing its environmental footprint through carbon capture

162、and storage(CCS),and to sustainable development programmes.Aiming to achieve its ambition of reaching net zero in 2050,TotalEnergies R&Ds CCS strategy gives priority to decarbonizing the activities of the company to reduce Scope 1+2 emissions from its assets.As a pioneer in the exploration of new oi

163、l and gas fields,TotalEnergies has a long-standing expertise in scientific computing.The company has identified quantum computing as a potential game changer for complex computations in some domains such as molecular simulations.Despite the nascent stage of quantum computing technology,TotalEnergies

164、 is confident in its disruption potential,especially within the realm of CCS.CCS is a pivotal technology in the global fight against climate change,offering a viable pathway to mitigate CO2 emissions from industrial processes and the atmosphere.The efficiency of CCS hinges upon the adsorption capaci

165、ty of materials used to capture CO2 molecules.Metal-organic frameworks(MOFs)have emerged as a promising material for carbon capture.Numerical modelling of interactions between CO2 and MOF molecules could help to identify the right material pool before undertaking physical experiments,and quantum com

166、puting could improve the computing process.However,the current generation of NISQ machines is constrained by limitations in qubit count and noise.The world must accelerate the removal of CO2 from the atmosphere,removing between 3.5 billion and 6 billion tons a year by 2050.40 A mere 1%improvement in

167、 capture efficiency,facilitated by quantum technologies,holds the potential to yield substantial cost savings,amounting to billions of dollars,thus facilitating the expansion of the technology.Such advances underscore the critical intersection of quantum computing and environmental sustainability in

168、 driving transformative outcomes on a global scale.CASE STUDY 4TotalEnergies quantum-driven research for carbon captureWe are confident in the vibrant quantum ecosystem of research and innovation to increase the number of logical qubits and reduce noise to perform full-scale computations.In TotalEne

169、rgies,we actively enhance our understanding of quantum calculation through a key use case of CO2 capture,recognizing that even after achieving readiness,additional efforts will be necessary to transition from material development to full-scale industrial production,likely extending beyond 2030.Victo

170、r Martin,Head of R&D Digital Hub Paris-Saclay,TotalEnergiesQuantum for society looks set to be a two-speed investment case.Quantum applications that could propel industries to improve their bottom line or position governments to stay ahead of the curve in technology sovereignty matters are being add

171、ressed by existing R&D agendas,whether on basic or applied science.Pharmaceutical companies are investing heavily in quantum to radically shorten drug discovery timelines,and energy distribution companies are experimenting with quantum to optimize their grids.Many of these solutions will have an imp

172、act on the planet and social well-being,too.But this is not all good news;quantum use cases with a loose link to industries might now be falling behind since the ROI is less tangible,and the boundaries and responsibilities are even less clear.After all,who owns the oceans?Who is responsible for the

173、rise in ocean temperatures?Quantum for Society:Meeting the Ambition of the SDGs22This dual-speed approach might cause an unacceptable delay in solutions that are critical to ensuring the planet remains a liveable place.Innovators need access to new financial schemes that incentivize and prioritize s

174、ocial well-being and a sustainable planet because the SDGs are not regulated by the laws of supply and demand.Specific funding schemes at the intersection between quantum and social impact would be an incentive for innovators to step outside of their current boundaries.Quantum needs a long time from

175、 research to commercialization,and this long-term view requires initial funds and the support of a robust environment that helps innovators prosper and thrive.The dual-speed approach of quantum for societyFIGURE 8Source:World Economic ForumStrong link to industrial use casesLoose link to industrial

176、use casesUse casesUse casesQuantum for Society:Meeting the Ambition of the SDGs23Ecosystem for funding quantum social innovatorsFIGURE 9Source:World Economic ForumQuantumstart-upsThe US federal government currently provides seed funding for many scientific research projects through various agencies,

177、including the National Science Foundation(NSF),the National Institutes of Health(NIH)and the Department of Energy(DOE).In Canada,the government released a call for projects called Quantum Computing for Climate,41 which asked small and medium-sized enterprises(SMEs)and start-ups to demonstrate a pote

178、ntial application of their technology to combating climate change by reducing emissions.Similarly,in Europe the EU-funded European Research Council(ERC)grants funding in the quantum field.The European Space Agency(ESA)and the Quality Assurance Framework for Earth Observation(QA4EO),two research proj

179、ects from Europe,aim to identify Earth observation practical use cases that can be solved using quantum computers.In the UK,the Quantum Catalyst is aimed at helping innovators find quantum solutions in several areas of interest for the government,including net zero,health and many others.42The Austr

180、alian government has recently announced grants to help capture the power and potential of quantum technologies to address nationally significant challenges such as the transition to net zero,medical imaging to support diagnosis,treatment of disease and monitoring activities inside the human body,and

181、 resource exploration and extraction,among many others.43These examples demonstrate that a targeted strategy at the intersection of quantum and social impact requires more attention and funding.Government grantsQuantum for Society:Meeting the Ambition of the SDGs24Quantum technology remains a niche

182、sector,accounting for less than 1%of total venture capitalism(VC)funding.In recent years,the sector has witnessed a remarkable surge in venture investments,reaching a zenith in 2022 with$2.2 billion.44 Most VC funds go to quantum hardware organizations that hope to one day demonstrate real-world app

183、lications.The data reveals that less than 5%45 of funds correspond to quantum software.It is evident that while software start-ups are unable to demonstrate that their solutions can achieve a tangible benefit or advantage,the VC interest and investment in quantum solutions have a ceiling.Therefore,s

184、ocial innovators in this space seem to be even further away,unless they can demonstrate a clear ROI.Venture capital firmsVenture capital investment in quantum technologies($millions,rounds)FIGURE 102012201320142015201620172018201920202021202220232,5002,0001,5001,0005000Right axis sum of funding roun

185、dsLeft axis sum of funding($millions)Source:The Quantum Insider,January 2024Private investments may be affected by other factors as well.As shown in Figure 10,following the 2022 zenith,investment in quantum start-ups declined by nearly 50%46 in 2023.This drop was primarily driven by 2022 being a sig

186、nificant year for quantum technologies.Meanwhile,investments in generative AI increased by 153%,47 following advances that allow for clear materialization of its commercial potential.In this context,social innovators in the quantum field will struggle to create interest for private investors.Therefo

187、re,the need for prize challenges,hackathons and publicprivate partnerships with a clear focus on social impact is clear.It is reasonable to assume that when the first quantum machines approach the time for evidencing real-world applications,VC flows will redirect to them(as happened with generative

188、AI),creating new funds for quantum for society as well.As with generative AI,VC will certainly have a major role to play in the development of this whole set of technologies.As a matter of fact,current VC funding volume for quantum technologies is comparable in size to that for AI a decade ago.Quant

189、um for Society:Meeting the Ambition of the SDGs25Several prize challenges have emerged in the past few years inviting start-ups,universities and large organizations to present quantum solutions to tackle global challenges.Still,a great deal more could be done to create incentives for social innovato

190、rs in the quantum space,reach global audiences and be more visible to potential participants with a deep knowledge of the main SDG issues in developing countries.Table 2 presents a non-exhaustive list of challenges addressing SDGs.In addition,the World Economic Forum announced in April 2024 that it

191、will embark on a partnership with its Centre for the Fourth Industrial Revolution in Saudi Arabia to bring the power of quantum computing to bear on sustainability challenges,including climate action and economic development.The collaboration will seek to identify and elevate the most scalable quant

192、um technologies that can accelerate progress towards meeting the SDGs in Saudi Arabia.48Innovation prize challengesC4IR Saudi Arabias collaboration with the World Economic Forum holds the potential to unlock innovative solutions that address sustainability challenges through the power of quantum tec

193、hnologies,while also creating a more inclusive,collaborative,innovative and impactful innovation ecosystem in Saudi Arabia and beyond.Basma AlBuhairan,Head of Centre for the Fourth Industrial Revolution,Saudi ArabiaThe reGenerative Quantum Challenge:Seeking to address SDG challenges while lowering t

194、he energy footprint with quantum computersBOX 3In 2023,French start-up Pasqal,in close collaboration with Blaise Pascal Advisors,launched the Blaise Pascal Regenerative Quantum Challenge.This inaugural hackathon attracted more than 750 participants from 25 countries across the globe and resulted in

195、three winning teams providing novel solutions on renewable energy forecasting,windmill farm optimization and molecular docking(drug discovery).Participants were given six sustainability challenges,related to 10 SDGs.Drug discovery(SDG 3)Smart grids,affordable and clean energy(SDG 7)Environment,clima

196、te and biodiversity(SDGs 13,14 and 15)Sustainable agriculture(SDG 2)Sustainable transport and industry,circular economy(SDGs 9 and 12)Smart cities(SDGs 6 and 11)What was different compared to other quantum for SDGs challenges?Participants were evaluated not only on the sustainability value and techn

197、ical quality of the use case but also on the carbon footprint advantage resulting from energy savings as compared to an existing classical HPC solution.The teams were asked to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed solution on Pasqals neutral atoms computers.As a result of the success of this h

198、ackathon,the company expects to launch a“Sustainable Quantum AI”hackathon by the end of 2024.We are not just advancing technology for its own sake,our goal is to anchor quantum computing in solving the worlds most pressing challenges.Georges-Olivier Reymond,Chief Executive Officer and Co-Founder,Pas

199、qal Quantum for Society:Meeting the Ambition of the SDGs26Innovation challenges contributing to SDG progressTABLE 2InitiativeHost countryOrganizerYearSDGs addressedPurpose of the challengeCommercialising quantum technologies challengeUKUK National Quantum Technologies Programme(NQTP)201820253.Good h

200、ealth and well-being7.Affordable and clean energy9.Industry,innovation and infrastructure11.Sustainable cities and communities13.Climate action14.Life below water15.Life on landDrive innovation across sectors(e.g.healthcare,communications)NYUAD Hackathon for Social Good in the Arab WorldUnited Arab

201、EmiratesNew York University Abu Dhabi(NYUAD)2024Social impact in a broad sense(SDG not specified)Use quantum computing for social goodOQI Use Case Ideas SubmissionSwitzerlandEuropean Organization for Nuclear Research(CERN)2024Social impact in a broad sense(SDG not specified)Rebalancing the focus of

202、quantum computing applications towards impact for the benefit of humanityQuantum City ChallengeCanadaUniversity of Calgary20247.Affordable and clean energySolve energy problems with quantum technologiesDeloittes Quantum Climate ChallengeUKDeloitteAnnually since 202213.Climate actionEnhance flood for

203、ecastingQuantum for Bio(Q4Bio)USAWellcome Leap20233.Good health and well-beingDemonstrate biology and healthcare applications benefitting from quantum computersQuantum for Environment Design ChallengeCanadaUniversity of Waterloo20236.Clean water and sanitation7.Affordable and clean energy11.Sustaina

204、ble cities and communities13.Climate action14.Life below water15.Life on landCreate a design document leading to innovation for the environmentQuantum for Health Design ChallengeCanadaUniversity of Waterloo20223.Good health and well-beingSearch opportunities for quantum technology to advance healthQ

205、uantum Simulator ChallengeJapanFujitsu20233.Good health and well-being7.Affordable and clean energy11.Sustainable cities and communities”Demonstrate quantum algorithms to improve Alzheimers disease diagnosis,improve drug discovery and optimize distributed energy resourcesThe Blaise Pascal reGenerati

206、ve Quantum ChallengeFrancePasqal,Blaise Pascal Advisors20232.Zero hunger3.Good health and well-being6.Clean water and sanitation7.Affordable and clean energy9.Industry,innovation and infrastructure11.Sustainable cities and communities12.Responsible consumption and production13.Climate action14.Life

207、below water15.Life on landAddress SDG challenges while lowering the energy footprint with quantum computersXPRIZE Quantum ApplicationsUSAGoogle Quantum AI and GESDA20243.Good health and well-being 7.Affordable and clean energy9.Industry,innovation and infrastructure13.Climate action”Enhance drug dis

208、covery,improve electrical grid loads efficiency and reduce carbon emissionsSource:World Economic ForumQuantum for Society:Meeting the Ambition of the SDGs27The most effective way to identify a set of potential quantum for society applications is through a discovery process that involves cooperation

209、among all stakeholders,from quantum scientists and domain subject matter experts to end users.Accordingly,governments should consider establishing PPPs or using an existing PPP that helps pinpoint quantum solutions that are nearly ready for widespread use.To do this,they should facilitate collaborat

210、ion and interaction among quantum experts and user communities and garner their thoughts and opinions on the development of quantum technologies.Examples are provided in Table 3.An integrated approach that considers how all elements interact is needed.This approach is one in which public and private

211、 stakeholders at a global and domestic level work together to bridge the SDG financing gap,achieving more than they could on their own.Publicprivate partnerships(PPPs)Quantum for Society:Meeting the Ambition of the SDGs28Publicprivate partnerships addressing the SDGsTABLE 3InitiativeHost countryPubl

212、ic sectorPrivate sectorAcademySDGs addressedEuropean Quantum Industry Consortium(QuIC)EU,UKAirbus,Classiq,BASF,BBVA,Pasqal,SAP,Accenture,othersCERN,Delft University,University of Cambridge and others3.Good health and well-being9.Industry,innovation and infrastructure13.Climate action14.Life below wa

213、ter15.Life on landOpen Quantum Institute(OQI)SwitzerlandGeneva Science and Diplomacy Anticipator(GESDA),CERN,Swiss Federal Department of Foreign AffairsUBSETH Zurich,EPFL and others2.Zero hunger3.Good health and well-being6.Clean water and sanitation7.Affordable and clean energy13.Climate actionQuan

214、tumCTUSAState government and municipalities from the state of ConnecticutIBM,Microsoft,RTX,Quantinuum,Boehringer IngelheimYale University,University of Connecticut,five others3.Good health and well-being7.Affordable and clean energyQuantum Delta NL(QDNL)NetherlandsEach Innovation hub contains resear

215、ch institutes,universities,companies and start-ups QDNL Delft,QDNL Amsterdam,QDNL Leiden,QDNL Eindhoven,and QDNL TwenteSocial impact in a broad sense(SDG not specified)Quantum Economic Development Consortium(QED-C)USA44 public agencies,departments and other institutions,including the Defense Advance

216、d Research Project Agency(DARPA),NASA,NSF,DoE and the Federal Bureau of Investigation(FBI)165 companies including IBM,Google,Microsoft,Intel,SRI and Accenture35 universities and research institutes including Harvard and Stanford7.Affordable and clean energy9.Industry,innovation and infrastructure11.

217、Sustainable cities and communities13.Climate actionQuantum STrategic industry Alliance for Revolution(Q-STAR)JapanJapan Science and Technology Agency(JST),National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology(QST)and othersToshiba,Toyota,Hitachi,Fujitsu,Mitsubishi,Suzuji,SoftBank and othersKyushu U

218、niversity,Tohoku University,Yokohama National University,Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry and othersSocial impact in a broad sense(SDG not specified)UK National Quantum Technologies Programme(NQTP)UKDepartment for Business,Innovation and Skills(BIS),Ministry of Defence,Governmen

219、t Communications Headquarters(GCHQ)Airbus,GlaxoSmithKline,Johnson Matthey,Rolls-Royce,othersUniversity of Oxford:Quantum Computing and Simulation HubUniversity of Birmingham:UK Quantum Technology Sensors and Timing HubUniversity of York:Quantum Communications Hub University of Glasgow:Quantum Techno

220、logy Hub in Quantum Enhanced Imaging(QuantIC)3.Good health and well-being7.Affordable and clean energy13.Climate actionSource:World Economic ForumQuantum for Society:Meeting the Ambition of the SDGs29Cleveland Clinic is committed to pioneering medical research aimed at enhancing patient outcomes and

221、 propelling medical innovation.Through its robust research programmes,the enterprise spearheads groundbreaking studies and clinical trials spanning a diverse array of medical disciplines,inspiring transformative advances in healthcare.Notably,Cleveland Clinic is in the vanguard of quantum healthcare

222、 research through its 10-year Discovery Accelerator partnership with IBM.The goal of the partnership is to advance the pace of discovery in healthcare and life sciences through advanced computing.An important aspect of the partnership is the worlds first quantum computer dedicated to healthcare rese

223、arch,housed at Cleveland Clinics main campus.This initiative is also part of the Cleveland Innovation District and supported in part by an investment of more than$500 million over a decade from the State of Ohio,JobsOhio and Cleveland Clinic,aimed at accelerating biomedical discoveries.This strategi

224、c investment significantly increases the medical centres research personnel and physical research space,equipping it with enhanced computing capabilities to drive efficiency and innovation.At the core of the Discovery Accelerators quantum research endeavours is the development of a framework for ide

225、ntifying problems with the potential for quantum advantage.More than a dozen quantum research projects have been initiated under this initiative.Cleveland Clinic has been selected by Wellcome Leap to lead a quantum computing research project,while also playing a significant role in another led by Al

226、gorithmiq both in collaboration with IBM Quantum.One project harnesses quantum simulation to predict protein structures and elucidate their behaviour and interactions with other molecules,thereby shedding light on the underlying mechanisms of diseases crucial for the development of targeted therapie

227、s.Meanwhile,another project explores how quantum computing can facilitate the development of photon-activated drugs for cancer prevention and treatment.These endeavours are at the forefront of showcasing the potential of quantum computing to advance global health and well-being(SDG 3)but also unders

228、core the impact of collaborative efforts in healthcare research and innovation.CASE STUDY 5Clevelands quantum partnership propels advanced medical researchQuantum is still a nascent technology,but it is our future if we dont prepare for it now,well be late.Lara Jehi,Chief Research Information Office

229、r,Cleveland Clinic Quantum for Society:Meeting the Ambition of the SDGs30Shaping the roots of an ecosystem that prioritizes quantum for society3The cornerstone of a quantum for society ecosystem is the creation of a collaborative culture,with cooperation among key stakeholders supporting systemic ch

230、ange.Quantum for Society:Meeting the Ambition of the SDGs31Quantums tremendous power opens the door to solutions unimaginable today to the challenges faced by humanity.It could help to decarbonize the world at scale,design new solar cells for globally expanding the use of clean energies or even moni

231、tor groundwater reserves,an issue critical to the survival of all species on Earth.Complex problems require quantum solutions that can scale globally,creating meaningful and measurable impact for society and the planet,all of which cannot happen without a strong collaborative network of key stakehol

232、ders.This network of stakeholders must contribute to the development and adoption of quantum for societal goals by ensuring a fluid exchange of technical and domain expertise to facilitate the foundation and growth of the ecosystem.The Q4Climate initiative49 is a good example of how research and ind

233、ustry communities can collaborate across national borders to develop new insights into using quantum technologies to reduce the pace and impact of climate change.However,international collaboration for quantum in todays fragmented global landscape is not a given.Government discussions are often driv

234、en by concerns about the sovereignty of technology,creating the risk of further geopolitical divides,with little emphasis on sustainability and social impact,thus limiting the potential for quantum for society.Building a quantum for society ecosystem might require a glocal approach,combining global

235、and local considerations.From a global perspective,the most effective way to identify and prioritize a set of practical solutions might be through a discovery process that involves cooperation and dialogue among global leaders,from quantum scientists to sustainability domain experts,international or

236、ganizations,industry and academia.Thematic working groups could be organized covering social and sustainability issues,such as for access to water(SDG 6)or climate action(SDG 13).This global effort could potentially affect billions of people and would help to bring closer the date at which real-worl

237、d progress can be made on the SDGs.The identified application areas can help policy-makers push forward public investments in quantum,customizing the global findings to their own national agendas and most pressing sustainability challenges.For instance,less than half the population in all sub-Sahara

238、n African countries had access to safely managed drinking water in 2022.50 Developing countries have the highest need for applications to advance the SDGs:they know what specific needs they have(e.g.eradicating poverty,access to water,etc.)but may lack access to the quantum infrastructure and algori

239、thms to make it happen.Building a quantum for society ecosystem is a glocal effortQuantum for Society:Meeting the Ambition of the SDGs32Global commitment to accelerate quantum for society solutionsFIGURE 11Source:World Economic ForumNational governments have pressing challenges of their own.Knowledg

240、e exchange must move in both directions:from global to local,and vice versa.Federal agencies might need to accelerate the introduction of grants and funded initiatives as well as endorse PPPs that promote the creation of a vibrant ecosystem.Cooperation among all actors involved for example,from acad

241、emia to start-up accelerators,research laboratories and quantum vendors will fuel an embryonic entrepreneurs movement that works for the well-being of the community and the planet.Innovators in the quantum field face many challenges that go well beyond the need for funding.Focusing on solutions for

242、society will require an extra push,offering them more targeted aid.Quantum innovators are typically spin-offs of university-based research centres,and count on academic backing while often lacking global support to expand their reach and scale their solutions.Moreover,to accelerate real-world applic

243、ations,they need easier access and exposure to quantum infrastructure.Quantum for Society:Meeting the Ambition of the SDGs33It takes a village to build an innovators movement for sustainability and social goodFIGURE 12Source:World Economic ForumBuilding an inclusive quantum ecosystemScaling the ecos

244、ystem to achieve its full potential requires full commitment from all stakeholders.However,the goal of building and nurturing this network might be too difficult for the least developed countries to achieve.Building upon the concept of“quantum for all”,in autumn 2024 the World Economic Forum will la

245、unch the Quantum Applications Hub:a one-of-a-kind experiential platform showcasing success stories of quantum technologies from around the world and aiming to shape a scalable and inclusive quantum ecosystem.As well as providing open access to these stories,it will offer demos of applications across

246、 all quantum technologies,with the aim of increasing awareness and adoption of both industrial and societal goals.By focusing on the SDGs,the Forum expects also to open the benefits of quantum to all humankind.The development of quantum technologies requires large investments,specialized training an

247、d a highly and mature technological environment which is only achievable in a few developed countries.Governments,private companies and public institutions must find innovative ways to ensure an inclusive,equitable and global development of these technologies to meet the SDGs and face our collective

248、 global challenges.Karen Hallberg,Professor of Physics and Principal Researcher,Bariloche Atomic Centre and Balseiro Institute(CNEA and UNCu)and CONICET,Argentina Quantum for Society:Meeting the Ambition of the SDGs34The Open Quantum Institute:Developing applications for the benefit of humanityBOX 4

249、The Open Quantum Institute(OQI)51 was established in January 2023,creating a neutral platform around which a large and committed global community of stakeholders has united,with the goal of shaping technology for the benefit of society.As a novel science diplomacy instrument,OQI brings together stak

250、eholders from research,diplomacy,industry and philanthropy to promote global and inclusive access to quantum computing and develop applications for the benefit of humanity.It was created at the Geneva Science and Diplomacy Anticipator(GESDA),is hosted at the European Organization for Nuclear Researc

251、h(CERN)and supported by UBS.OQI has an active and supportive advisory committee,comprising 35 members from all corners of the world,representing all of the stakeholders above and working together to provide strategic input and contribute to the achievement of the organizations goals.Moreover,the lar

252、ge OQI community of more than 300 participants is an integral component of the initiative,and one that is continuing to grow formally,with 13 partners,16 members and 49 friends of OQI to date.With strong collaboration between public and private stakeholders,OQI is uniquely positioned to rebalance th

253、e focus and resources of quantum towards applications beneficial to meeting the SDGs,rather than simply being used for commercial or geostrategic advantage.In the past year and a half,teams from the OQI Community have worked collaboratively to explore use cases related to food(SDG 2),health(SDG 3)an

254、d climate change(SDG 13).During its pilot phase(20242026),OQI is aiming to build a large repository of quantum computing use cases for the SDGs,with the objective of inspiring greater participation in this ambitious endeavour to affect humanity.OQI strongly promotes a responsible approach throughout

255、 its use case development pipeline,from initial ideation to implementation on quantum computing devices.This encompasses the assessment of both societal and environmental effects(including energy/carbon footprint).In doing so,OQI collaborates with experts to assess such impacts,anticipate negative e

256、xternalities and prioritize use cases.To ensure the broadest and most inclusive capture of ideas,OQI is using a multipronged approach to feed its use case development pipeline from calls for submission of use case ideas through to focused approaches via workshops with UN organizations and activation

257、 of like-minded initiatives,to fast-tracked use cases from OQIs incubation phase.With tens of use case ideas that have already passed the impact/quality criteria,the aim is to refine many of the outlines,with the goal of developing some use cases as proof of concepts to be implemented on quantum sim

258、ulators,contributed by private-sector partners,by 2025.OQI aims to reverse the common technology development cycle by ensuring that the worlds most pressing issues guide the shaping of appropriate future technology.Enrica Porcari,Head of IT Department,CERN Quantum for Society:Meeting the Ambition of

259、 the SDGs35Quantum as a step towards sustainable computing4The search is on for a new computing paradigm that may rein in energy usage.Quantum for Society:Meeting the Ambition of the SDGs36The use of compute-intensive systems comes at a high cost.Today,data centres account for 11.5%of global electri

260、city usage,52 which plays against energy efficiency targets for 2030(SDG 7).But a much less well-known fact is that large data centres are also heavy water users,requiring between 15 million gallons a day on average,53 putting at risk future generations access to water(SDG 6).There is no doubt that

261、compute-intensive systems can help humanity solve complex planetary problems,but a more rigorous debate about the implications for sustainability targets must be prioritized.What if quantum technologies could provide an advantage in terms of water and energy efficiency?It is expected that quantum co

262、mputers will ultimately be able to solve problems that would take conventional systems thousands of years to work out.But what would be the value if quantum machines can merely match but not outperform classical computers?From a sustainability standpoint,the answer is clear:quantum might offer the p

263、romise of a more sustainable computing paradigm.And this could be the real power of quantum computing to go well beyond qubits and algorithms and put the accent on a greener future.While achieving quantum advantage is the holy grail for organizations,seeking“quantum energy advantage”54 could be an a

264、ttainable and sustainable goal.To further explore this concept,the Quantum Energy Initiative(QEI)was launched in 2022 to ensure that quantum computers were built with a consideration of the environmental impact from the design phase.A 2023 analysis by QEI indicates that some energy advantage for qua

265、ntum computers may be found,as shown in Figure 13.Energy efficiency:Can quantum deliver on its promise of a greener future?Reducing digital footprint with quantum computersFIGURE 13Source:Auffves,A.,&Ezratty,O.(2022).Quantum Energy InitiativeQuantum for Society:Meeting the Ambition of the SDGs37Proc

266、laiming energy savings is much more than a simple calculation.A supercomputer might require a month to solve a specific problem that a quantum computer could solve within a few minutes,but the relationship between energy consumption and computation time in a quantum computer is not linear.According

267、to Alexia Auffves,Director of MajuLab,a French-Singaporean international research laboratory,“there is no proportionality between time and energy”.55 Due to quantums challenge to preserve information,these machines use disproportionately more energy as the problem size grows to involve more consecut

268、ive operations.There is a long list of factors to consider when measuring energy efficiency,from the specific problem to be solved to the hardware architecture and cooling system used.In addition,the overall infrastructure required to support quantum computing may reduce energy savings as quantum co

269、mputers become larger and more powerful.Past experiments have already shown promising results.In their 2019 quantum supremacy study,Google researchers found that a quantum computer offered energy savings over a state-of-the-art supercomputer.56 In a more recent experiment using ARCHER2,the UKs most

270、powerful supercomputer,a group of researchers has been able to simulate 44-qubit Quantum Fourier Transform(QFT)40%faster,achieving 35%energy savings.57 Despite these and several other revealing experiments,it is too early to give a verdict.A more rigorous framework for evaluating energy efficiency i

271、s required.58 It should also be emphasized that replacing supercomputers with quantum machines is not the solution.It is not classical versus quantum,but classical plus quantum that will help humanity reduce its carbon footprint and get closer to achieving the SDGs.Water:The hidden computing cost Th

272、e use of AI and compute-intensive systems is bad news for humanitys water footprint.Data centres demand for water is constantly increasing.As stated in SDG 6(Clean water and sanitation),water scarcity has become one of the most pressing global challenges in the face of a rapidly growing population,d

273、epleting water resources and ageing water infrastructure,especially in drought-prone areas.Quantum computing might come to the rescue to reduce the water footprint of compute-intensive systems.First,quantum computers may be capable of solving complex problems related to the optimization of heat mana

274、gement in data centres.This would reduce the reliance on water-cooled air conditioning,saving significant amounts of water.Also,quantum should be able to speed up data analysis,meaning that complex data-processing tasks might be completed more quickly,in a matter of hours instead of years,thus reduc

275、ing the run time for time servers and consequently their demand for energy and cooling.Considering the exponentially growing current demand for AI,this point is critical.The rise of generative AI has amplified this problem.However,innovative ways to maximize the use of recycled water and the advent

276、of quantum computing offer cause for hope.While these are still in the early days,a more rigorous analysis and benchmark figures are much needed in this regard.Renewables:The link from quantum to gridAs clearly stated in SDG 7(Affordable and clean energy),moving to renewable energy sources will be c

277、ritical to achieving net zero by 2050.In moving towards this goal,the integration of more solar,wind and other renewable sources into the grid will be required to replace higher-carbon sources,so that it is possible to provide affordable and sustainable electricity for all.With the huge number of wa

278、ys in which energy can now be generated and supplied,it is critical to handle many inputs and outputs,but classical computing is not designed to handle an exponential scale-up in input parameters.Dynamic resource management could be an area to further explore for sustainable quantum computing,so tha

279、t systems demand can be flexibly matched to variable renewable generation.In this regard,some initiatives are already under way.The National Renewable Energy Laboratory(NREL)and Atom Computing59 are building a quantum smart grid control testbed,linking a quantum computer in-the-loop with a real-time

280、 digital grid simulator.E.ON and IBM60 are also collaborating on quantum computing for several applications,including vehicle-to-grid optimization,while the start-up Phasecraft is conducting a feasibility study with the UK Department for Energy Security and Net Zero61 on quantum computing for power

281、system planning.Quantum computing is still in its very early stages,and its value for power systems remains unproven.More experiments will be available as policy-makers support R&D and invest in widely accessible national quantum computing infrastructure.Quantum for Society:Meeting the Ambition of t

282、he SDGs38ConclusionFuture generations deserve bold solutions to address the SDGs it is therefore time to prioritize investment in quantum technologies.The impact of quantum technologies is already evident in several R&D-intensive industries that are conducting early experiments or developing prototy

283、pes.In the future,this initial activity can accelerate societal objectives if stakeholders focus on practical solutions aimed at improving life on Earth.To positively affect billions of lives,cooperation and focus on the milestones established by the UN SDGs must be increased.Quantum technology coul

284、d be the breakthrough needed to address complex planetary emergencies that cannot be solved with the systems available today.Among the various quantum technology subfields,quantum sensors might be the most promising near-term opportunity.However,it is too early to determine which technology will ach

285、ieve market readiness before the 2030 deadline.This report presents a shared vision of the technological developments that might provide early value before 2030,while acknowledging that quantum roadmaps are a moving target and unexpected technical breakthroughs might change the equation on what is f

286、easible in the next six years.Nevertheless,climate and sustainability discussions must start now because 2030 is not the only finish line.Governments have agreed that emissions need to be reduced by 45%by 2030 and reach net zero by 2050,necessitating radical new ways to capture CO2 from the atmosphe

287、re,for instance.Later this year,the World Economic Forum will unveil a Quantum Applications Hub containing practical quantum solutions,including those advancing work towards meeting the SDGs,thereby contributing to levelling the playing field by providing a broad access platform for all.To shape and

288、 scale a social innovators movement in the quantum space,the Forum will also embark on a partnership with its Centre for the Fourth Industrial Revolution in Saudi Arabia to leverage quantum computing for sustainability challenges,including climate action and economic development.The Forum stated in

289、a 2022 report that the governance of quantum computing should be directed to“the benefit of humanity”.62 The authors hope that this report encourages global leaders and decision-makers to take a holistic approach and assess these technologies,either alone or in tandem,to see how they can be used to

290、create a deep,measurable global impact.It is time to prioritize social well-being and actively work to preserve the environment for present and future generations.The opportunity to harness quantum technologies for social good must be seized now.Quantum for Society:Meeting the Ambition of the SDGs39

291、AppendicesUse casesA.1An inventory of potential quantum for society use casesTABLE 4SDGsSDG targetQuantum computingQuantum sensingQuantum communication1.41.41.51.5Wastewater treatmentWater supply and distributionClimate modelling and weather forecastingEarthquake predictionWater-quality monitoring E

292、arth observation to support disaster preparednessSecure data communication and cyberthreat prevention2.42.42.42.4Green ammonia(fertilizers)Plant DNA sequencing Climate modelling and weather forecasting Smart vertical farmingSoil moisture monitoring3.3 3.43.43.43.43.43.63.83.83.b3.b3.c3.dMolecular mo

293、delling and simulationProtein foldingHuman DNA sequencing Medical/drug supply chainVehicle routing Disease outbreak predictionPatient treatment schedulingHealthcare staff schedulingRadiotherapyOrgan transplant pairingMedical imaging/accelerated diagnosisDisease analysisMedical inventory managementMa

294、gnetocardiography(MCG)Magnetoencephalography(MEG)Medical screening 4.3Effective resource allocation5.25.2Crime prevention Patrol scheduling 6.3 6.46.4Wastewater treatment Water stress forecasting Water supply and distributionWater purification Water-quality monitoringGroundwater storage monitoring7.

295、17.17.1 7.2 7.37.3Electricity tradingBattery design(energy density)Predictive maintenance Solar cell design Power grid optimization Gasoline(petrol)blending Power grid monitoring8.1 8.aCredit risk analysis Supply chain optimizationQuantum for Society:Meeting the Ambition of the SDGs40SDGsSDG targetQ

296、uantum computingQuantum sensingQuantum communication9.19.19.29.29.2 9.49.49.cSupply chain optimizationVehicle routingRobot movement optimization Predictive maintenance Workforce scheduling Green hydrogen for steel manufacturingZero-carbon cement clinkers5G radio cell planningQuantum navigationSecure

297、 data communication and cyberthreat prevention10.5Fraud detection11.1 11.211.511.611.c11.cPublic transport scheduling Waste collection route optimization Green hydrogen for steel manufacturingZero-carbon cement clinkersAir-quality monitoringEarth observation to support disaster preparednessUndergrou

298、nd infrastructure 12.212.212.a12.aPower grid optimization Solar cell designWater-quality monitoring Groundwater storage monitoring13.213.213.213.213.213.213.213.213.2Energy shippingBattery design(energy density)Point-source CO2 captureDirect-air CO2 captureSolar cell designWaste collection route opt

299、imizationWind/solar farm layout Climate modelling and weather forecastingWind turbine designGreenhouse gas emissions Earth observation to support disaster preparedness Air-quality monitoring14.3 14.4Fish stock prediction Ocean acidification(pH)monitoring15.3 15.5Earth observation to support disaster

300、 preparedness Wildlife preservation16.116.1 16.4Crime prevention Patrol schedulingFraud detection Quantum for Society:Meeting the Ambition of the SDGs41GlossaryA.2The table below provides definitions of the most-used terms throughout this document for reference.Glossary of termsTABLE 5Classical comp

301、uting Approach to computing that employs a stream of electrical impulses in a binary manner(1 and 0)to encode information in bitsFault-tolerant quantum computer(FTQC)An advanced quantum computer able to perform calculations with arbitrarily low logical error ratesHybrid quantum-classical computingEx

302、ploiting the ability of quantum computers while alleviating the downsides of being limited,small and unreliable with classical computingNoisy Intermediate-scale quantum(NISQ)computerA quantum computer prone to errors that contains quantum processors with up to a few hundred qubits,not advanced enoug

303、h yet for fault-toleranceQuantum advantageDemonstration of a quantum computer that can perform a computation with a super-polynomial speed-up compared with the best supercomputerQuantum bit(qubit)Physical structure that stores information,like a classical computer bit,but using the phenomena of supe

304、rposition and entanglementQuantum communicationGeneration and use of quantum states for communication protocolsQuantum computingApproach to computing that uses subatomic particles,such as electrons or photons,where quantum bits allow these particles to exist in more than one state(1 and 0)at the sam

305、e timeQuantum computing modality:neutral atomModality that uses lasers to trap single atoms into a geometric,optical latticeQuantum computing modality:photonicsModality that uses light particles(photons)to encode and manipulate quantum informationQuantum computing modality:superconductingModality th

306、at uses superconducting electronic circuits that behave like artificial atoms with discrete energy levelsQuantum computing modality:trapped ionModality that uses elemental vapour inside ultra-high vacuum cells and lasers to strip the atoms of an electron to create an ionQuantum energy advantageDemon

307、stration of a quantum computer that can solve a problem using less energy than the best supercomputerQuantum error correction(QEC)Computing technique for dealing with errors in quantum computers that exploits encoding across extra(large)number of qubits to reduce error ratesQuantum gravimeterA power

308、ful method for ultra-sensitive measurements of gravitational fields and their gradientQuantum-inspiredClassical computers that emulate quantum behaviourQuantum internetA network of quantum computers able to send,compute and receive information encoded in quantum states.Quantum magnetometerA quantum

309、resource to measure magnetic fields with precision and accuracyQuantum noiseUnwanted disturbances in the computation process caused by undesirable external and internal factors that might lead to errors in the computationQuantum plus AISynergistic approach that combines quantum computing with AI to

310、create new algorithms,machine learning techniques,search procedure and data-processing techniques impossible to achieve with classical computersQuantum repeaterCreation of entangled states between remote nodes by combining a series of elementary entanglements on individual linksQuantum sensingAdvanc

311、ed sensor technology that leverages quantum mechanics properties to detect tiny changes in the physical world that would otherwise be undetectableQuantum supremacyDemonstration of a quantum computer able to solve problems that classical computers practically cannot in any feasible amount of timeQuan

312、tum for Society:Meeting the Ambition of the SDGs42ContributorsAcknowledgementsLead authors Laura ConversoThought Leadership Principal Director,Accenture;Quantum Fellow,World Economic ForumDevendra JainLead,Artificial Intelligence,Quantum Technology,World Economic ForumArunima SarkarThematic Lead,Qua

313、ntum Technology,World Economic ForumProject teamArnaud BacqEarly Careers Programme,Quantum and Space Technology,World Economic Forum Maximus HowardInnovation Manager,Accenture;Quantum Fellow,World Economic ForumShreyas RameshInnovation Principal Director,Accenture;Quantum Fellow,World Economic Forum

314、Santiago SalinasThought Leadership Research Manager,AccentureMeghavi ChauhanDirector,Technology Innovation,London Stock Exchange Group Mohammad ChoucairChief Executive Officer,Archer Materials Gabi Dreo RodosekProfessor;Founding Director,Research Institute CODE,Bundeswehr Universitt MnchenScott Fari

315、sChief Executive Officer,Eqlipse QuantumElena FedotovaVice-President,Secure Power Division,Schneider Electric Ross GrassieResearch Associate,Quantum Software LabKaren HallbergProfessor of Physics and Principal Researcher,Bariloche Atomic Centre and Balseiro Institute(CNEA and UNCu)and CONICET,Argent

316、inaFreeke HeijmanCo-Founder and Director,Ecosystem Development,Quantum Delta NetherlandsTravis HumbleDirector,Quantum Science Center,Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers(IEEE)Rakesh JaiswalChief Innovation&Enterprise Officer,National Quantum Office,Agency for Science,Technology and Rese

317、arch(A*STAR)Elham KashefiPersonal Chair in Quantum Computing,University of EdinburghDavid KeyesProfessor,Applied Mathematics and Computational Science,King Abdullah University of Science and Technology Katrin KobeChief Executive Officer,Bosch Quantum SensingWee-Sain KohQuantum Engineering Cluster Di

318、rector,Infocomm Media and Development AuthorityRebecca KrauthamerCo-Founder and Chief Executive Officer,QuSecureSpecial thanks to Sebastian Buckup,Head of Networks and Partnership,Centre for the Fourth Industrial Revolution,Member of the Executive Committee,World Economic Forum and Carl Dukatz,Innov

319、ation Strategy,Managing Director,Accenture,for their ongoing support in initiating and scaling up efforts in quantum for the SDGs.Community members Quantum for Society:Meeting the Ambition of the SDGs43Charles LimGlobal Head,Quantum Communications and Cryptography,JPMorgan ChaseSimon McAdamsQuantum

320、Chemistry Product Lead,QuantinuumMatthias MergenthalerResearch Staff Member,IBMSatwik MishraActing Executive Director,Centre for Trustworthy TechnologyLene OddershedeSenior Vice-President,Natural and Technical Sciences,Novo Nordisk FoundationMehmet C.OnbasliAssistant Professor,Ko UniversityNatasha O

321、ughtonEngagement Officer Responsible and Ethical Quantum Computing,National Quantum Computing Centre(NQCC)Tahmid Quddus IslamQuantum Technologies Lead,Citi Global InsightsKelly RichdaleSenior Advisor,SandboxAQRoland ScharrerGroup Chief Data,AI&Emerging Technology Officer,AXASalvador E.Venegas-Andrac

322、aProfessor,Tecnolgico de MonterreyJingbo WangProfessor;Director,Quantum Information,Simulation and Algorithms Research Hub(QUISA),The University of Western AustraliaMira Wolf-BauwensResponsible Quantum Computing Lead,Responsible and Inclusive Technologies Research,IBMWe would also like to thank the

323、following contributors for participating in the expert interview process and providing invaluable insights:Basma AlBuhairanHead of Centre for the Fourth Industrial Revolution,Saudi Arabia Olivier EzrattyQuantum Energy Initiative Co-Founder,speaker and author in the quantum field Lara JehiCleveland C

324、linics Chief Research Information OfficerJitesh LalwaniFounder and Chief Executive Officer,Artificial BrainDana LinnetSenior Executive for Quantum Market Engagement,Artificial BrainVictor MartinHead of Research and Development Digital Hub Paris-Saclay,TotalEnergiesJean-Patrick MascomereScientific Co

325、mputing Manager,TotalEnergiesGeorges-Olivier ReymondChief Executive Officer and Co-Founder,Pasqal Tim SmithOpen Quantum Institute Coordinator,CERNKit Yee Au-YeungGeneral Manager of AQMed,SandboxAQProduction Bianca Gay-FulconisDesigner,1-Pact EditionTanya KorniichukIllustrator,1-Pact Edition Alison M

326、ooreEditor,Astra ContentCharles PhillipsEditor,Astra ContentQuantum for Society:Meeting the Ambition of the SDGs44Endnotes1.World Economic Forum.Quantum Economy Network.https:/initiatives.weforum.org/quantum/home 2.World Economic Forum.(2022,January).Quantum Computing Governance Principles.https:/ww

327、w.weforum.org/publications/quantum-computing-governance-principles/3.World Economic Forum.(2024,January).Quantum Economy Blueprint.https:/www.weforum.org/publications/quantum-economy-blueprint/4.United Nations,Department of Economic and Social Affairs.(2024).The 17 goals.https:/sdgs.un.org/goals 5.U

328、nited Nations(2023).The sustainable development goals report.https:/unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2023/The-Sustainable-Development-Goals-Report-2023.pdf 6.UK Research and Innovation.(2021).50 million in funding for UK quantum industrial projects.https:/www.ukri.org/news/50-million-in-funding-for-uk-qua

329、ntum-industrial-projects/7.World Economic Forum.(2022).Transitioning to a quantum-secure economy.https:/www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Transitioning%20to_a_Quantum_Secure_Economy_2022.pdf 8.United Nations,UN News.(2014).No Plan B for climate action as there is no Planet B,says UN chief.https:/news.un.org

330、/en/story/2014/09/477962 9.The International Year of Quantum Science and Technology.(2024).UNs global initiative.https:/quantum2025.org/en/10.Gambetta,J.(2023).The hardware and software for the era of quantum utility is here.IBM Quantum Research Blog.https:/ 11.Webber,M.,Elfving,V.Weidt,S.,&Hensinge

331、r,W.(2022).The impact of hardware specifications on reaching quantum advantage in the fault tolerant regime.AVS Quantum Science,4(1),013801.https:/arxiv.org/abs/2108.12371 12.Dargan,J.(2023).What is NISQ quantum computing?The Quantum Insider.https:/ Evangelist.(2023).Is NISQ over?Have we reached the

332、 demise of the Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum era?Quantum Zeitgeist.https:/ the quantum leap.MIT Science Policy Review,2(1),26-30.https:/sciencepolicyreview.org/2021/08/catalyzing-quantum-leap/15.Roy Charles Amara was an American scientist best known for coining Amaras law,which states:“We tend to

333、 overestimate the effect of a technology in the short run and underestimate the effect in the long run.”16.Ridley,M.(2017,November 6).Dont write off the next big thing too soon.The Times Magazine.https:/www.thetimes.co.uk/article/dont-write-off-the-next-big-thing-too-soon-rbf2q9sck 17.Washington,K.(2019,December 10).Mass navigation:How Ford is exploring the quantum world with Microsoft to help red