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1、User Needs and Requirements#EUSpaceReport on Resilient Societies2023 Page 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION AND CONTEXT OF THE REPORT.4 1.1 Methodology.5 1.2 Scope.5 2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.7 3 MARKET OVERVIEW&TRENDS.9 3.1 Market Evolution and Key Trends.9 3.2 Main User Communities.10 3.3 Main Market P

2、layers.11 4 POLICY,REGULATION AND STANDARDS.12 5 USER REQUIREMENTS ANALYSIS.13 5.1 Overview of the Resilient Societies market segment in UCP 2023.13 5.2 Current GNSS/EO use and requirements per application.14 5.3 Application 1:Customs operations-Digital transformation of Customs.15 5.4 Prevention an

3、d suppression of trafficking and smuggling.27 5.5 Robots and automated platforms.36 5.6 Prospective use of GNSS and EO.45 6 USER REQUIREMENTS SPECIFICATION.47 6.1 Synthesis of Requirements Relevant to GNSS.47 6.2 Synthesis of Requirements Relevant to EO.52 6.3 Sources for the requirements.54 7 USE O

4、F SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS(SATCOM).55 7.1 Satcom in Europe.55 7.2 Secured Satcom in Resilient Societies market segment.55 7.3 Next steps/perspectives.57 8 ANNEXES.59 Page 2 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1:Path for the identification of the applications/use cases considered in the UCP 2023.10 Figure 2:Aeria

5、l view of the port of Trieste.22 Figure 3:Italys implementation of national fast corridors:how it works.25 Figure 4:Italys implementation of national fast corridors:GNSS combination with different technologies.26 Figure 5:Concept of“virtual gates”in Customs operations.27 Figure 6:A maritime-rail ter

6、minal in port of Trieste.31 Figure 7:Signal processing and discrimination of the selected target.41 Figure 8:UXO searching.41 Figure 9:UXO finding.42 Figure 10:UXO survey with a magnetometer multi-probes SENSYS MXPDA.42 Figure 11:Example of a ROV applied today in UXO clearance operations.43 Figure 1

7、2:Example of a dog-robot that can be adapted/enhanced for UXO clearance operations.44 Figure 13:Example of target identification.44 LIST OF TABLES Table 1:Synopsis of present use of EU Space services in Resilient Societies.14 Table 2:GNSS user requirements for Application 1:Customs operations-Digita

8、l transformation of Customs.16 Table 3:GNSS user requirements for Application 2:Customs operations-Electronic Freight Transport Information(eFTI).19 Table 4:GNSS user requirements for Application 3:Customs operations National and international fast corridors.24 Table 5:GNSS user requirements for App

9、lication 4:Prevention and suppression of trafficking and smuggling Risk assessment in supply chain and trade.29 Table 6:EO user requirements for Application 5:Prevention and suppression of trafficking and smuggling-Safeguard of cultural heritage.34 Table 7:GNSS user requirements for Application 6:Ro

10、bots and automated platforms-UXO risk assessment and clearance.39 Table 8:EO user requirements for Application 6:Robots and automated platforms-UXO risk assessment and clearance.40 Table 9:Synthesis of requirements relevant to GNSS for Application 1:Customs operations-Digital transformation of Custo

11、ms,Application 3:Customs operations-National and international fast corridors and Application 4:Prevention and suppression of trafficking and smuggling Risk assessment in supply chain and trade.48 Page 3 Table 10:Synthesis of requirements relevant to GNSS for Application 2:Customs operations-Electro

12、nic Freight Transport Information(eFTI).49 Table 11:Synthesis of requirements relevant to GNSS for Application 6:Robots and automated platforms-UXO risk assessment and clearance.51 Table 12:Synthesis of EO user requirements.53 Table 13:List of involved stakeholders in the consultation/interviews.54

13、Page 4 1 INTRODUCTION AND CONTEXT OF THE REPORT The User Consultation Platform(UCP)is a periodic forum organised by the European Commission(EC)and the EU1 Agency for the Space Programme(EUSPA),offering a unique opportunity to engage with experts,stakeholders and users of the services delivered by th

14、e EU Space Programme components(namely,the European Global Navigation Satellite System(EGNSS,including Galileo and EGNOS),the EU Earth Observation(EO)system Copernicus,the Space Situational Awareness(SSA),and the upcoming EU Secure Satellite Constellation for enhanced communication capacities to gov

15、ernmental users and business:GOVSATCOM and IRIS2.The UCP event is a part of the process developed by the EUSPA to collect user needs and requirements and take them as inputs for the provision of user driven space based services provided through the EU Space Programme components.This year,for the fir

16、st time at the UCP,EUSPA addressed the so-called Resilient Societies market segment,which encompasses all activities to protect people,their property,the environment,the economy and the organisation of our societies by preventing,deterring and,if necessary,defeating attacks by hostile actors and man

17、aging other threats,risks and hazards that could endanger life or property.The Resilient Societies market segment being very wide and heterogeneous,the UCP 2023 analysed only three“subsegments”,namely Customs operations,Prevention and suppression of trafficking and smuggling,and Robots and automated

18、 platforms.Today,businesses are already offering several solutions to help societies become more resilient.However,the UCP brings together both government end-users and the companies that provide solutions for them,offering an opportunity to engage with stakeholders who provide resilience to societi

19、es and to discuss how EU-provided Space Services can best be used to address the challenges faced by government security providers(e.g.,Customs,Border and Coast Guards,law enforcement agencies and other public security providers).This document(named“Report on User needs and Requirements”,RUR)provide

20、s EUSPA with a clear and up-to-date view of the current and potential future user needs and requirements,and it serves as input to the continuous improvement of the development of the space services provided by the components of the EU Space Programme.The objective of this RUR is to provide a refere

21、nce to the EU Space Programme and for the Resilient Societies users community,periodically outlining the most up-to-date user needs and requirements in the considered market segment:As the EU Space components evolve continuously,the RUR is a living and evolving document that will periodically be upd

22、ated by EUSPA.As the RUR is publicly available,it also serves as a reference for users and industry,supporting planning and decision-making activities for those concerned with the use of the EU-provided Space services.It must be noted that the listed user needs and requirements cannot usually be add

23、ressed by a single technological solution but rather by a combination of several technologies.Therefore,the RUR does not represent any commitment of the EU Space Programme to address or satisfy the listed needs and 1 European Page 5 requirements in the current or future versions of the services and/

24、or data delivered by its different components.The methodology followed in UCP in order to derive the user requirements and to elaborate the relevant RUR is presented in the dedicated section below.1.1 Methodology The UCP is run through four main phases:firstly,a preliminary analysis of the applicati

25、ons is done and user requirements for space-based solutions are derived(a draft RUR is elaborated,or a proposed update of the existing RUR is drafted),then a remote consultation among selected stakeholders is conducted in order to gather feedback and inputs,then the outcomes of the consultation are

26、presented and discussed during a public event,and lastly the user requirements agreed during the public event are injected in the final document.The work leverages the latest EUSPA EO and GNSS Market Report,relevant EC and EUSPA funded research projects,existing RUR when available,and where appropri

27、ate is completed by some desk research,aiming at gathering inputs in order to consolidate the applications,to identify the key parameters driving their performances and other relevant requirements together with the main requirements specification.The relevant findings are included in a draft version

28、 of the updated or new RUR,which is shared and refined prior to UCP with a group of key stakeholders,operating in the selected applications domain,through a consultation.The outcomes of the consultation are then presented and debated at UCP with a wider group of stakeholders.Finally,the outcomes of

29、the considered market segment forum discussions are examined in order to validate and produce the new version of the RUR.1.2 Scope This document is part of the User Requirements documents issued by the European Union Agency for the Space Programme for the Market Segments where Position Navigation an

30、d Time(PNT)and Earth Observation(EO)data play a key role.Its scope is to cover requirements on PNT and Earth Observation-based solutions from the strict user perspective and considering the market conditions,regulations,and standards that drive them.This document is the RUR report related to the Res

31、ilient Societies market segment for the applications considered in the frame of UCP 2023.It contains the current and potential future user needs and requirements,along with the view about the opportunities for the possible exploitation,for the EU Space Programme components,specifically in relation t

32、o some applications belonging to the Resilient Societies community.As explained in the section above dedicated to the methodology,the formulation of the content of this document has been carried out through the combination of EUSPA in-house expertise,external studies,desk research and direct involve

33、ment of the corresponding stakeholders,followed by a remote consultation and a discussion during a public forum.A draft version of the report serves first as an input to the consultation and later to the UCP,where it is reviewed and subsequently updated in order to reflect the user needs and feedbac

34、ks captured during the event.The document starts with a market overview for Resilient Societies(section 3),focusing on the applications addressed at the UCP 2023,on the relevant market evolution and key trends in relation to the use of GNSS and/or EO.This section also presents the main user communit

35、ies and market players.The report then provides a panorama of the applicable policies,regulations and standards(section 4).It then moves to the detailed analysis of user requirements(section 5).This section first presents an overview of the considered applications,and indicates for each application,

36、the depth of information available in the current version of the report:i.e.broad specification of use cases,needs and requirements Page 6 relevant to GNSS and EO,partial specification limited at this stage to needs and requirements relevant to GNSS,or limited to an introduction to the application a

37、nd its main use cases at operational level.Following its introduction,section 5 is organised as follows:Section 5.1 presents current GNSS and/or EO use cases and requirements per application,starting with a description of the application,presenting main user expectations and describing the current u

38、se of GNSS and/or EO space services and data for the application and providing a detailed overview of the related requirements at application level.Section 5.2 describes the main limitations of GNSS and EO to fulfil user needs in the market segment.Prospective use of GNSS and EO in Resilient Societi

39、es is addressed in section 5.3.Section 5.4 concludes the section with a synthesis of the main drivers for the user requirements in Resilient Societies.Finally,section 6 summarises the main user requirements for Resilient Societies in the applications analysed in this report.The current version of th

40、e report will be expanded and completed through its future releases.The RUR is intended to serve as an input to more technical discussions on systems engineering and to shape the evolution of the European Unions satellite navigation systems,Galileo and EGNOS and the Earth Observation system,Copernic

41、us,GOVSATCOM and IRIS2.Page 7 2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Key trends and market evolution For the first time in the UCP 2023,the so-called Resilient Societies market segment was considered and analysed in order to define and specify the user requirements related to the Space components services,through a co

42、nsultation campaign involving several stakeholders.The Resilient Societies market segment encompasses all activities to protect people,their property,the environment,the economy and the organisation of our societies by preventing,deterring and,if necessary,defeating attacks by hostile actors and man

43、aging other threats,risks and hazards that could endanger life or property.Therefore,the Resilient Societies market segment being very wide and heterogeneous,the UCP 2023 analysed only three subsegments,namely Customs operations,Prevention and suppression of trafficking and smuggling,and Robots and

44、automated platforms.The UCP 2023 gave the opportunity for a first exercise mainly based on what is familiar for the stakeholders,and there is a significant potential for further future iteration(s):In the considered subsegments,in order to fine tune the requirements of the analysed applications and/

45、or identify new applications/use cases;In order to explore other subsegments.In fact,as written above,the Resilient Societies market segment is much wider,and it includes other market subsegments and applications which are not discussed in this report,however they can be considered in the frame of f

46、uture UCPs exercise and reports updates.Moreover,the possible need for secured satellite communications(Satcom)was revealed in some specific applications/use cases,thus opening the door for future introduction/utilisation.Finally,though the UCP 2023 analysis was devoted to a limited number of applic

47、ations,the UCP 2023 concluded that the three explored subsegments are very promising for the exploitation of the satellite technologies and services,especially those related to the EU Space Programme components.It should be note that the user requirements reported in this document is based on the in

48、formation collected directly from the involved stakeholders consulted through several interviews.Additionally,the content of this document was validated by the involved stakeholders and shared/discussed during the UCP 2023 session with the relevant participants.Current and prospective use of GNSS an

49、d EO in Resilient Societies Applications related to the three subsegments above and relevant use cases were identified on the basis of the inputs provided by the consulted stakeholders,and for each of the considered applications/use cases user requirements were defined for GNSS and EO,being the two

50、technologies already in use or under implementation or to be possibly implemented.For each subsegment,an iterative approach was run taking into account:Examples of utilisations already in place,in the form of best practices and pilot projects(as past experiences or presently operational);Possible in

51、itiatives under definition or near to be launched,for which existing satellite technologies and services can today provide an added value in terms of enhanced efficiency and/or improved safety;Ideas for future usages of EU provided space services,because thanks to their specific features and functio

52、nalities they are expected to enable new operations and implementations.Page 8 Drivers for users requirements Despite the heterogeneity of the subsegments and related applications/use cases,some commonalities can be outlined:GNSS is mostly used for time tagging certain events and for identifying/loc

53、ating targets/mobile assets,EO is usually used for monitoring changes.In general,both GNSS and EO are generally utilised in combination/integration with other sensors/technologies/techniques.Galileo Authentication could be of interest for applications implying a regulation(e.g.,transport of dangerou

54、s goods,fast corridors)and trade of special goods(e.g.,radioactive material,special waste,sensitive and dual-use goods such as weapons).For EO,the basic requirements are in the useability and accessibility of the available data especially for law enforcement operations.The requirements for GNSS or E

55、O are linked to the expectation for satellite technologies ability to improve present operations,or to enable new operations currently not possible,or to stimulate ideas for future implementations.This applies also to Satcom,for which a dedicated awareness is needed in order to create knowledge and

56、generate ideas for use cases/users needs.Awareness is also needed to enlarge the stakeholders base,to ensure a deeper understanding of the capabilities of EU Space components/services and technologies(such as available solutions,how to use them,added values),and this is valid for GNSS,EO and Satcom,

57、combined with more practice/implementations in order to collect other use cases and/or refine needs and requirements,including feedbacks on the naming of the market segment/subsegments and applications.Page 9 3 MARKET OVERVIEW&TRENDS 3.1 Market Evolution and Key Trends Introduction to Resilient Soci

58、eties“Space systems and services in the EU contribute to the strategic autonomy of the EU and its Member States.They are key assets that will contribute to shaping the future competitiveness,prosperity and security of the EU for next generations.”“The functioning of economies,citizens and public pol

59、icies increasingly relies on space-related services and data,including those in the field of security and defence.”In line with these citations from the“EU Space Strategy for Security and Defence for a stronger and more resilient European Union”2,the concept of Resilient Societies market segment as

60、defined in this report,encompasses all(non-military)activities aimed at safeguarding people,their possessions,the environment,the economy,and the organization of our societies against hostile or rogue actors,as well as managing other threats,risks and hazards that could imperil life or belongings.Su

61、ch activities typically fall within the remit of many government entities and can be identified across multiple and heterogeneous domains,including Border management,Maritime surveillance,Customs operations,Justice actions,Diplomacy and international relations,or Police operations.As mentioned in pr

62、evious chapters,the UCP 2023 explored only Customs operations,Prevention and suppression of trafficking and smuggling,and Robots and automated platforms,and in the frame of these market subsegments,illustrated through a limited selection of example applications/use cases how EU provided space servic

63、es specifically EGNSS and Copernicus are contributing to building a more resilient society.Key Market Trends The next figure shows the path followed to identify the applications/use cases considered in the UCP 2023 and to gather the relevant user requirements detailed in this report.For each subsegm

64、ent,an iterative approach was run taking into account:Examples of utilisations already in place,in the form of best practices and pilot projects(as past experiences or presently operational);Possible initiatives under definition or near to be launched,for which existing satellite technologies and se

65、rvices can today provide an added value in terms of enhanced efficiency and/or improved safety;Ideas for future usages of EU provided space services,because thanks to their specific features and functionalities they are expected to enable new operations and implementations.2 JOINT COMMUNICATION TO T

66、HE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL,10.3.2023,https:/defence-industry-space.ec.europa.eu/eu-space-policy/eu-space-strategy-security-and-defence_en Page 10 Figure 1:Path for the identification of the applications/use cases considered in the UCP 2023 3.2 Main User Communities As illustrated in the

67、chapter 1 above,the three“subsegments”Customs operations,Prevention and suppression of trafficking and smuggling,and Robots and automated platforms,part of the Resilient Societies market segment and on which the UCP 2023 was focused,are heterogeneous and include a wide variety of applications/use ca

68、ses.Furthermore,for each of these subsegments specific example applications,driven by the use cases as identified by the involved stakeholders were considered.Therefore,the description of the user communities and main stakeholders reported in this section refers to those subsegments/applications/use

69、 cases analysed in the frame of the UCP2023.In Customs operations,the governmental user community is mainly represented by the countries Customs Authorities and the countries Ministries of Transport,and the business user community is represented by the Economic Operators of the freights transport an

70、d logistics sector.The key decision-makers are DG-TAXUD(the EC department responsible for EU policies on taxation and customs)at European level and the World Customs Organization(WCO)defining strategies/policies on customs at international/worldwide level.One of the analysed use cases addresses the

71、transport of dangerous goods,and in this respect the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe(UNECE)is a fundamental players and regulator.In Prevention and suppression of trafficking and smuggling,the governmental user community comprises the countries Law Enforcement Agencies(LEAs),including

72、several entities,such as the countries Cost Guards and Border Police,in addition to the countries Customs Authorities.Similarly to the Customs operations:Page 11 The key decision-makers are DG-TAXUD at European level and WCO at worldwide level,moreover in Europe also FRONTEX,the European Border and

73、Coast Guard Agency,plays a key role.Particularly in the considered applications/use cases,the business user community is represented by the freights transport and logistics sector.In Robots and automated platforms,and specifically in the considered application/use case of UXO(Unexploded Ordnance)ris

74、k assessment and clearance,the user community can include both governmental entities and private companies.3.3 Main Market Players In coherence with what stated in chapter 1 and section 3.2 above,the analysis of the relevant market players has to be made differently for the three“subsegments”.In Cus

75、toms operations and Prevention and suppression of trafficking and smuggling,a distinction shall be made into governmental entities and business entities.The governmental entities include:The governmental user community,as described above,which mainly comprises the countries Customs Authorities,the c

76、ountries Ministries of Transport and the countries LEAs);The decision-makers,as described above,which are mainly represented by DG-TAXUD and FRONTEX at European level,and WCO and UNECE at worldwide level.The business entities include:The business user community Economic Operators of the freights tra

77、nsport and logistics sector.The industry players,in charge of designing,developing and offering technology solutions for the governmental and business user communities.In Robots and automated platforms,and specifically in the considered application/use case of UXO(Unexploded Ordnance)risk assessment

78、 and clearance,the main stakeholders are:The countries Ministry of Defence certifying and providing licences to the business entities in charge of conducting UXO clearing and removal operations.The end users,as mentioned above,which can be both governmental entities and private companies.The industr

79、y players which are the private companies offering commercial solutions and services devoted to the UXO clearing and removal operations.Page 12 4 POLICY,REGULATION AND STANDARDS Applicable regulations Similarly to the user communities and stakeholders decried in the previous section,the regulations

80、and policies reported in this section specifically refer to those applicable to the subsegments/applications/use cases analysed in the UCP2023.Concerning Customs operations,the main considered regulations are:Regulation(EU)952/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 9 October 2013 layi

81、ng down the Union Customs Code(UCC)Regulation(EU)2020/1056 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 July 2020 on electronic freight transport information(eFTI).One of the underlying policies of both the regulations above is in the digital transformation in logistics and in the path toward

82、s the dematerialisation of freights transport documents,which are a key driver in the relevant illustrated applications/use cases.Moreover,three key laws regulate the international land transport of dangerous goods as follows:The European Agreement concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous

83、Goods by Road(ADR)The Regulations concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Rail(RID)The European Agreement concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Inland Waterways(ADN).Standards and practices In addition to the applicable regulations,specific agreements for ex

84、ample in the form of Memorandum of Understanding(MoU)among the involved parties,could be established.For example,this is done in one of the use cases considered for Customs operations(Application 1:Customs operations-Digital transformation of Customs)related to operations between Italys Customs and

85、other third countries Customs Authorities(i.e.,Turkey,Egypt,Morocco),ready for being experimented as best practices.As explained in the dedicated section,a MoU is under definition for enabling the use cases and launching the associated operations.The stakeholders involved in the consultation remarke

86、d the DATEXII as an important standard that is the information model for road traffic and travel information in Europe,specifying the data models for exchanging traffic information between traffic management centres,traffic service providers,traffic operators and media partners(https:/datex2.eu).DAT

87、EX II models can be extended using extensions,and in one its extension,DATEXII includes the possibility to use the Galileo Open Service Navigation Message Authentication(OSNMA.).The importance of the standardisation is remarked by the consulted stakeholders of Customs Operations,who emphasised that

88、for the time being there is an absence of specific standards for technology performances,which can possibly foster/drive a wider introduction and adoption of technologies such as EGNSS.Page 13 5 USER REQUIREMENTS ANALYSIS 5.1 Overview of the Resilient Societies market segment in UCP 2023 The Resilie

89、nt Societies market segment includes the applications for civilian purposes,which are focused on protecting people,their property,the environment,the economy and the organisation of our societies by preventing,deterring and,if necessary,defeating attacks by hostile actors and managing other threats,

90、risks and hazards that could endanger life or property.It is the first time that the Resilient Societies market segment is considered in the frame of the UCP,the objective being to fully comprehend how different EU-provided Space services can help,to formulate the related requirements by gathering t

91、he inputs directly from the relevant users and to validate them with some key stakeholders.These space services are those delivered by the EU Space Programme components(namely,the European Global Navigation Satellite System(EGNSS,including Galileo and EGNOS),the EU Earth Observation(EO)system Copern

92、icus,the Space Situational Awareness(SSA),and the upcoming EU Secure Satellite Constellation for enhanced communication capacities to governmental users and business:GOVSATCOM and IRIS).In particular,this year three subsegments in the Resilient Societies market segment were selected for a deeper ana

93、lysis:Customs operations Prevention and suppression of trafficking and smuggling Robots and automated platforms For them,the identification and evaluation of the user requirements are focused on position,navigation and timing(related to GNSS),and on EO services.Nevertheless,feedback and advices on t

94、he possible exploitation of secure communication(for GOVSATCOM and IRIS2)are also considered.The table below provides a synopsis of the present use of EU Space components services in the Resilient Societies market and subsegments considered in UCP 2023.The details will be given in dedicated chapters

95、 and sections below.Page 14 Legend Use of EO Use of GNSS Combined use of EO and GNSS Subsegments Applications Use of EU Space components services Customs operations Digital transformation of Custom Electronic Freight Transport Information(eFTI)National and international fast corridors Prevention and

96、 suppression of trafficking and smuggling Risk assessment in supply chain and trade Safeguard of cultural heritage Robots and automated platforms UXO risk assessment and clearance Table 1:Synopsis of present use of EU Space services in Resilient Societies 5.2 Current GNSS/EO use and requirements per

97、 application 5.2.1 Customs Operations As understood for the UCP,Customs operations comprise the activities aimed at the implementation of automatic systems for the monitoring and control of goods,aimed at Customs procedures,in order to guarantee regularity in trade and ensure citizens health protect

98、ion.The activities are also targeting the simplification of procedures for highly reliable Economic Operators and the monitoring and control of the collection of customs duties and taxes.In Europe,Customs procedures are established and controlled by the European Union Customs Code(UCC)3,setting out

99、the general rules and procedures applicable to merchandises brought into or taken out of the customs territory of the European Union(export and import),adapted to modern trade models and communication tools.The UCC is a key element of the ongoing effort to modernise EU customs,towards paperless and

100、fully automated customs systems,by means of an extensive digitalisation,upgrading of some existing electronic systems and introduction of new ones.In this context,solutions based on Global Navigation Satellite System(GNSS)technologies are already used,as best practices,to contribute to daily customs

101、 operations,usually to track and trace the freights and to monitor their movement/shipment and in combination with data from various sensors and geofencing techniques.In the frame of digitalisation,EGNSS can ensure more reliable position and timing information,that combined with data from other sens

102、ors can support the evolution of todays operation based on papers with advantages in terms of safety and security.Particularly the features of multi-GNSS/EGNSS and Authentication(i.e.,higher availability and reliability with respect to GPS-only,authentication of the position and timing information)a

103、re perceived as 3 Regulation(EU)952/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 9 October 2013 Page 15 important differentiators for the involved entities(Economic Operators and Authorities)to evaluate if they can trust the data delivered in digital format.This is a driver for the enhancem

104、ent of present operations,and the establishment of new operations and processes.In the UCP 2023,for Customs Operations,three applications were selected for a deeper analysis and evaluation:Application 1-Digital transformation of Customs,Application 2-Electronic Freight Transport Information(eFTI)4,A

105、pplication 3:National and international fast corridors.It should be noted that the set of Customs operations addressed in the UCP 2023 are those where interesting use case(s)for Satellite technologies were found from the consultation of involved stakeholders,because already in place,or because impro

106、vement of current operations(e.g.,in terms of safety,efficiency)is expected to be generated,or new operations currently not possible due to technology limitations and/or as ideas for next/future implementations are likely to be enabled.Furthermore,the presented use cases are from the todays experien

107、ces of some Customs Authorities,nevertheless there is potential,hence more marketing activities for awareness/promotion and more practice/implementations could stimulate further new cases with additional needs/requirements.5.3 Application 1:Customs operations-Digital transformation of Customs Operat

108、ions for import/export operations envisage that goods arriving to a port or to a border entry point involve different entities(such as Port Authorities,Customs Authorities,Control Agencies,Terminal Operators)and involve also various logistic nodes.In particular there are 3 customs monitoring zones w

109、here it is useful to monitor goods and their customs status:SEA:for goods arriving at the port by sea;PORT AREA:for goods moving within the port by checking the customs status of the goods at the entry-exit from both port facilities and port security gates;INLAND:for goods moving from ports to tempo

110、rary storages(at the destination node or at a temporary custom bonded warehouse outside the port(which corresponds to Application 3 described below).Today,the check at entry and exit of logistic nodes in these three zones is often based on validation of paper documents or declared information,the ma

111、jority of the operations are based on paper check.The digitalisation level of ports is quite heterogeneous,thus the quality of the information transfer/flow through the Authorities and operators depends on of the digitalisation level of the specific port,often with impacts in terms of loss of inform

112、ation and low quality of data exchanged.Solutions based on positioning sensors integrating different technologies(including GNSS)and electronic seals,combined with geofencing techniques were experimented and proven in pilot projects,allowing to effectively check unauthorized unloading of goods in ar

113、eas where goods are stored(authorised storages and warehousing systems),as well as the relevant correctness of the entry and exit of goods with associated shift of responsibilities among operators.Considering the importance of the quality,trust and integrity of data,the use of multi-GNSS/EGNSS in th

114、ese solutions are expected to generate benefits,thanks to a more reliable localisation of goods at any time:Todays operations in place can be improved,with resulting advantages in terms of safety and efficiency 4 EU Regulation 2020/1056 Page 16 New security checks not possible today can be implement

115、ed,with generated optimisation gains.For example,more precise cross-check with other databases can be enabled in order to arrange and plan the necessary customs services/clearings and port operations,aimed to make all necessary checks of loading/unloading authorisations.The next table reports the GN

116、SS user requirements for Application 1:Customs operations-Digital transformation of Customs,as resulting from the consultation of involved stakeholders.GNSS user requirements for Application 1:Customs operations-Digital transformation of Customs5 Accuracy Horizontal 2 m Vertical 2 m Availability Urb

117、an canyon No Natural canyon Yes Canopy Yes Indoor Yes Better than 95%High(*)Better than 99%Medium(*)Robustness High(*)Integrity and reliability High(*)Size,weight,autonomy6 Relevance Yes Time a device can run 12 months TTFaF In hot start Less than a minute Service area Geographical coverage National

118、/Regional/Worldwide Other (*)Requirements related to the combination of GNSS and communication Table 2:GNSS user requirements for Application 1:Customs operations-Digital transformation of Customs As mentioned above,GNSS is commonly combined with sensors,thus the required performance levels are usua

119、lly met not by GNSS standalone but by GNSS integrated with other sensors technologies.(*)Therefore,as the data gathered from the GNSS device(s)and the sensors are transmitted through a communication mean,the requirements related to Availability,Robustness,Integrity and reliability are referred to th

120、e integrated positioning and communication services,i.e.,they depend on the GNSS related performances combined with the quality of the specific communication mean(s).According to the stakeholders involved in the consultation,the distinction between the requirements for the GNSS and the communication

121、 components does not make any sense,and the specified requirements are for the overall integrated positioning and communication services as needed to implement the specific application.5 The definitions are given in the annexes 6 The time that a device can run on its internal battery Page 17 The use

122、 case proposed by the consulted stakeholders for Application 1:Customs operations-Digital transformation of Customs,is related to operations between Italys Customs and other third countries Customs Authorities(i.e.,Turkey,Egypt,Morocco),ready for being experimented as best practices7.In particular,t

123、he use case fully exploits the role of GNSS used in combination with electronic seals,in order to track and trace the movement and to monitor the status of a shipment:One e-seal(largely RFID8 based)installed on each intermodal transport unit(such as container,swap body,trailer/semi-trailer),containi

124、ng the goods on which one or more customs declarations have to be made in the same port/area;One GNSS device integrated with one-or more-e-seal(s)connected to a central control group.Before the departure from the third countries ports,an e-seal is installed on the intermodal transport unit under thi

125、rd country Customs supervision.During the maritime shipment,the information of the e-seal status(“tampered”or“not tampered”)and number is connected and checked through a central control group,that periodically transmits this information(for all the units connected)to the Customs Authoritys system vi

126、a a commercial satellite communication.For the units for which the e-seal provides the status of“not tampered”,the Customs declaration is submitted in advance(during the maritime shipment).On arrival of goods at the port of destination,the position revealed through the e-seal or the GNSS device allo

127、ws to detected if the goods are in a location under customs control,and thus the checks performed on the declared goods(by means of automated,physical or documentary inspections by Customs)are rapidly notified to the terminals and Economic Operators.In this way,the clearance procedures are sped up a

128、nd the goods are permitted to leave the port area.The customs status is then updated to community goods,as soon as the position of the GNSS device is detected out from the geographical coordinates delimiting the port and the designated customs area.Differently,the intermodal transport units monitore

129、d as“tampered”need to be checked and careful Customs declaration are carried out only at the port of destination.The adoption of these technologies,including GNSS,contributes to the digitalisation of Customs operations,offering them the ability to share data,and thus to manage in advance the informa

130、tion and document flows(generated by the various stakeholders and the Authorities themselves involved in the exchange of goods between one country and another).This ensures more efficient and effective customs clearance procedures,with resulting two-fold advantage for Customs Authorities:One the one

131、 hand,the time needed for the disembarkation of the goods and the exit from the port area with a community status can be reduced,with positive gains in terms of time saved and reduction of congestions at ports areas.One the other hand,there are improvement also in terms of safety,thanks to the estab

132、lishment of international fast and secure trade lanes between the customs Administrations of EU countries and third countries.In this context,a precise and reliable position enable more trustable digitalisation of Customs operations:the more the position of the intermodal transport unit is accurate

133、and robust,the better are the control procedures.Generated benefits are also for terminals and Economic Operators,because legal trade is facilitated/speed up and incentivised.7 Memorandum of Understanding under definition 8 Radio-Frequency IDentification Page 18 5.3.1 Application 2:Customs operation

134、s-Electronic Freight Transport Information(eFTI)The EU Regulation on eFTI establishes a legal framework for Economic Operators to share information in electronic format with judicial Authorities regarding the transport of goods by road,rail,inland waterway or air in the European Union.Entered into f

135、orce in August 2020,and it is expected to apply as of August 2024 with a full application perspective,for all types of freights(including waste and dangerous goods),the regulation encourages the exchange of information between freight transport/logistics companies and competent Authorities in digita

136、l format,in order to reduce administrative costs,improves efficiency and sustainability.Interested Economic Operators will be able to make transport-related documents available to competent Authorities in electronic format,provided they:Make use of data processed on a certified eFTI platform and,if

137、applicable,by a certified eFTI service provider;Make such data available in a format that can be read by either an automated device,via an authenticated and secured connection to the data source of an eFTI platform,or by humans,on the screen of the operators electronic device.The relevant Authoritie

138、s shall:Accept regulatory information made available in electronic format by Economic Operators;Be able to electronically access and process eFTI data made available by operators;Provide official validation,such as a stamp or certificate,electronically.The possibility to get the authentication of th

139、e position and timing information provided by using automated devices based on multi-GNSS/EGNSS,could be considered,in the deployment of the eFTI platforms and eFTI service providers,among the mechanisms for the electronic official validation.The next table reports the GNSS user requirements for App

140、lication 2:Customs operations-Electronic Freight Transport Information(eFTI),as resulting from the consultation of involved stakeholders.Page 19 GNSS user requirements for Application 2:Customs operations-Electronic Freight Transport Information(eFTI)9 Accuracy Horizontal 2 m(this is the required mi

141、nimum distance to recognise which road/side of the road/direction)Vertical 3 m(this is the required minimum distance in the case of transport road and bridges to distinguish the height,being 4,8 m the maximum height of a road vehicle allowed to transit under bridges by regulation)Availability Urban

142、canyon Yes Natural canyon Yes Canopy Yes Indoor No(in tunnels there are other technologies such as cameras)Better than 95%High(*)Better than 99%Medium(*)Robustness High(*)Integrity and reliability High(*)Size,weight,autonomy10 Relevance Yes Time a device can run 12 months for intermodal shipment 1 m

143、onth for road-only shipment TTFaF In hot start About 1 minute Service area Geographical coverage National/Regional/European Other (*)Requirements related to the combination of GNSS and communication Table 3:GNSS user requirements for Application 2:Customs operations-Electronic Freight Transport Info

144、rmation(eFTI)Depending on the particular use cases and associated environments,the above requirements are fulfilled thanks to the combination with the positions obtained thanks to the combination of GNSS with other technologies,for example WiFi,cameras(in the case of tunnels and sensitive areas),the

145、 sensors integrated in the vehicles(in the case of road use case).(*)For that reason,similarly to what written for Application 1:Customs operations-Digital transformation of Customs,the requirements related to Availability,Robustness,Integrity and reliability 9 The definitions are given in the annex

146、es 10 The time that a device can run on its internal battery Page 20 are referred to the integrated positioning and communication services,i.e.,they depend on the GNSS related performances combined with the quality of the specific communication mean(s).According to the stakeholders involved in the c

147、onsultation,the distinction between the requirements for the GNSS and the communication components does not make any sense,and the specified requirements are for the overall integrated positioning and communication services as needed to implement the specific application.The following use cases for

148、Application 2:Customs operations-Electronic Freight Transport Information(eFTI)were revealed from the stakeholders consultation.GNSS in eFTI for dangerous goods The transport of dangerous goods is a very interesting use case in relation to the role of satellite navigation in eFTI.The inland shipment

149、 of dangerous material including waste,is regulated by the international regulations ADR11/RID12/ADN13 for road,rail and river respectively.These regulations assign duties and define rules for the transport,workplace,storage and consumer,in order to prevent accidents to the public,property or the en

150、vironment,to minimise the risks for workers and emergency services,and to assure an effective response in the case of problems.Presently in 2023,the regulations still envisage paper form documents,for the purposes of transport operations,law enforcement and accidents(retrieved by police and emergenc

151、y services),however guidelines for the use of the electronic transport document are in place approved by the competent authorities in the frame of the relevant UNECE(United Nations Economic Commission for Europe)Working Party14.The UNECEs guidelines also specify the data set to be contained in the e

152、lectronic transport document(eDGTI electronic Dangerous Goods Transport Information)in compliance with the regulations,and envisaging multi-GNSS(GPS,EGNOS,Galileo,GLONASS,BeiDou)and the authentication of Galileo Open Service for the position information.The reason is that the companies transporting

153、hazardous materials by road and rail largely adopt telematics based on satellite navigation for monitoring,tracking and tracing,and hence gathering already most of the data required in eDGTI.The rationale for introducing multi-GNSS and authentication is linked to the ability to provide a more robust

154、 and reliable position.The approach of eDGTI provided inputs to the definition of the eFTI data set,not only position information is to be accounted but also timing,considering the underlying concept of electronic data gathering from different parties and sharing among different parties.In eFTI timi

155、ng requirements and constraints for data provision are central,therefore EGNSS can contribute to a suitable robust and trusted position and timing,enabling the involved authorities to rely on telematics for the production of the electronic(digitalised)transport documents.As a by-product,for involved

156、 authorities there are other utilisations of the electronic transport document able to generate additional benefits,in terms of safety and efficiency.The more precise and reliable position information is in the eFTI,the better the availability of the electronic transport document ensures improved la

157、w enforcement and risk assessment,reduced accidents and relevant consequences(for example on environmental damage)and emergency response time,by promptly alarming and providing the proper instructions/assistance during the emergency and intervention operations,and by activating opportune measures ai

158、med to reduce the risks of accidents and impacts,such as traffic re-routing in real-time when anomalous conditions are detected.11 European Agreement concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road 12 Regulations concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Rail 13 Eu

159、ropean Agreement concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Inland Waterways 14 https:/unece.org/transport/dangerous-goods Page 21 The emergency responders can take advantages from the accurate positions of the transport unit to precisely determine the precise location of the accide

160、nt(for example,if it happened on a bridge or under or on which carriage way)and the type of material concerned thanks to the availability of the information of eFTI.Moreover,the availability of precise and reliable/authenticated positioning associated with precise transport information in electronic

161、 format enables the effective monitoring and control of the movement and the access of dangerous goods in restricted and sensitive zones,such as tunnels(for example in specific tunnels where limitations for dangerous goods are applied based on the category of the tunnels and on the class of the dang

162、erous goods),urban areas.Particularly for cities,eFTI including EGNSS position enable other operations,such as the detection of unauthorised traffic across low emission zones(where exceptions are done for specific types of goods),urban locations(e.g.,schools,stadiums),transit of long-distance throug

163、h traffic.The application of eFTI including GNSS position is among the present trends for instance France(by the Frances Ministry of Transport),envisaging a step-wise introduction,firstly for the road transport and in view of the extension to intermodal transport and associated Customs procedures.In

164、 addition to more effective and efficient monitoring and control activities,other benefits are generated such as the reduction of possible human errors for example due to regulation misunderstanding.GNSS in eFTI for eCMR(electronic Convention des Marchandises par Route)The CMR15 is an international

165、convention on the international carriage of goods by road,which applies to any contract for the carriage for consideration of goods by road by means of vehicles regardless of domicile and nationality of the parties,when the place of receipt of the goods and the intended place of delivery specified i

166、n the contract are located in two different countries,at least one of which is a party to the Convention.Therefore,the CMR is the main document certifying the acceptance of the goods and their status by the carrier and the receiver,which is also allowed to be used in electronic format,thanks to a pr

167、otocol introduced on 27 May 2008.eCMR contains a subset of information of eFTIs,and thus eCMR from the Economic Operators in principle can populate the eFTI platforms of the EU Member States,exchanging data among themselves.In this scene,according to the consulted stakeholders,a reliable and robust

168、GNSS position is expected to play a key role in contributing to set-up a trusted exchange of data among eFTI platforms of the EU Member States,feed by means of the eCMR from the Economic Operators,through the introduction of a geo-localised signature.The handover of responsibility between one carrie

169、r and another(i.e.,that acquiring and that selling the goods)could be implemented through an electronic signature associated to a precise location.A pilot project was successfully implemented in July 2021 on a shipment from Italy to Turkey with the involvement of Benetton(export company),the port of

170、 Trieste(Customs and port of the shipping departure),a global freight forwarder and a Turkish import company,under the supervision of Italys Customs.The pilot positively demonstrated the value of a complete dematerialisation/digitalisation in logistics,based on a whole interoperability among Economi

171、c Operators and governmental entities16.15 Convention des Marchandises par Route,concluded in Geneva on 19 May 1956 16 https:/www.supplychainitaly.it/2021/09/23/benetton-digitalizza-le-spedizioni-in-turchia-da-trieste-insieme-alladsp-e-alle-dogane Page 22 Figure 2:Aerial view of the port of Trieste

172、As next step,the consulted stakeholders envisage the integration in the eFTI platforms,and in this respect,as explained above,a precise and verifiable geolocation of the signature enables the establishment of a trustable responsibility chain in the exchange of data between different Economic Operato

173、rs and governmental administrations in charge of the eFTI platforms.5.3.2 Application 3:Customs operations-National and international fast corridors Fast corridors refer to:The possibility for Customs Administrations to shift the customs clearance procedures for goods from the port to temporary stor

174、ages(at the destination node or at a temporary custom bonded warehouse outside the port area).In fact,according to the provisions of article 148 of EU Regulation 952/2013,Customs Authorities may authorize the holder of an authorization for the operation of temporary storage facilities to move goods

175、in temporary storage between different temporary storage facilities under the condition that this does not increase the risk of frauds and it is done under the responsibilities of the specific Customs Authority.The possibility to shift the exhibition of the goods brought into the customs territory o

176、f the EU upon their arrival to any place designated or approved by the Customs Authorities,not necessarily in Customs office.This is according to the article 135(1)of the UCC(EU Regulation No.952/2013),allowing that a place other than the competent customs office may be approved for the purposes of

177、the presentation/exhibition of goods,for example designated places outside the port consents to decongest port spaces in a more efficient management of port area,under the full responsibility of the Specific Customs Authority.Page 23 Considering the advantages in terms of efficiency,facilitation and

178、 decongestion of ports,Customs Authorities put in place and run various fast corridors for containerised goods,enabled by the use of monitoring(including GNSS position)and Internet of Things(IoT)technologies to ensure that the risk of fraud does not increase.The containers are tracked and traced wit

179、h a GNSS on-board unit,for monitoring and controlling that no frauds are injected during the shipment to the dry-port or to the temporary custom bonded warehouse.The next table reports the GNSS user requirements for Application 3:Customs operations-National and international fast corridors,as result

180、ing from the consultation of involved stakeholders.Page 24 GNSS user requirements for Application 3:Customs operations-National and international fast corridors17 Accuracy Horizontal 2 m(*)Vertical 2 m(*)Availability Urban canyon No Natural canyon Yes Canopy Yes Indoor Yes Better than 95%High(*)Bett

181、er than 99%Medium(*)Robustness High(*)Integrity and reliability High(*)Size,weight,autonomy18 Relevance Yes Time a device can run 12 months TTFaF In hot start Less than a minute Service area Geographical coverage National/Regional/Worldwide Other (*)Requirements related to the combination of GNSS an

182、d communication(*)Requirements related to the combination of GNSS and communication Table 4:GNSS user requirements for Application 3:Customs operations National and international fast corridors (*)For the application/use case illustrated here below,the positions are visualised on digital maps,which

183、have no impact on the accuracy requirements(both horizontal and vertical)because they are just a tool for the visualisation of the path.Hence the horizontal and vertical accuracy requirements have to be considered on the position obtained by the combined use of GNSS and other sensors/technologies.(*

184、)Similarly to Application 1:Customs operations-Digital transformation of Customs,the data gathered from the GNSS device(s)and the sensors are transmitted through a communication mean.Therefore,the requirements related to Availability,Robustness,Integrity and reliability are referred to the integrate

185、d positioning and communication services,i.e.,they depend on the GNSS related performances combined with the quality of the specific communication mean(s).According to the stakeholders involved in the consultation,the distinction between the requirements for the GNSS and the communication 17 The def

186、initions are given in the annexes 18 The time that a device can run on its internal battery Page 25 components does not make any sense,and the specified requirements are for the overall integrated positioning and communication services as needed to implement the specific application.In 2023,only nat

187、ional fast corridors(i.e.,between logistics nodes in the same country)are operational.Successful operational national fast corridors today established by Italys Customs19 are very interesting use cases for Application 3:Customs operations National and international fast corridors.These are corridors

188、 for the movement of goods from the point of disembarkation to the temporary storage facility located at a destination logistics hub,as mentioned above in the first bullet.One example of a fast corridor as mentioned above in the second bullet,is a national fast corridor for goods travelling by road,

189、envisaging the exhibition of the goods in the dry port of La Spezia(Santo Stefano Magra)instead of the port of La Spezia,with gains in terms of decongestion of the ports areas:The designated place is connected to the terminals of the port area through an inspection corridor;The positions given by GN

190、SS devices already installed on the goods(and made available by the transport operators)are utilised to remotely monitor and electronically track the movement during the transfer from the port to the hinterland.Figure 3:Italys implementation of national fast corridors:how it works The monitoring of

191、moving goods is possible by sharing the following information:The identifier of the customs declarations The information on the Intermodal Transport Unit(ITU)associated with goods(one or two among:vehicle license plate,BIC20 code of container,Intermodal Loading Unit(ILU)code of the track,swap box id

192、entifier,seal number or goods identifier on electronic manifest of departing/arriving goods).19 https:/www.adm.gov.it/portale/dogane/operatore/ecustoms-aida/progetti-aida/fast-corridor 20 Bureau of International Containers Page 26 These two sources of information are combined,creating a unique ident

193、ifier defined,in the logic of IoT,IOT_ID21,which is generated unique identification code generated in the UUID22 format,and is exchanged through interoperability among the subjects envisaged by the process in question,in the planned logistic nodes.Figure 4:Italys implementation of national fast corr

194、idors:GNSS combination with different technologies GNSS devices integrated with sensors(such as cameras)are adopted to monitor and geofence the movement of the vehicles transporting goods from one temporary storage facility to another along a controlled route.The GNSS positions and information from

195、sensors are received and processed at the Italys Customs informative system,able to identify moving vehicles both within Italy and internationally from one temporary storage facility to another.Thanks to this implementation,it is possible to check that no additional frauds are injected.The character

196、istics of multi-GNSS/EGNSS and Authentication(i.e.,higher availability and reliability,authentication of the position and timing information)are perceived by the Customs Authorities as fundamental to have a higher trust and additional assurances,and thus enabling:International fast corridors and pre

197、-and/or fast-clearing operations also in the case of traffic coming from non-national ports;The implementation of“virtual gates”instead of expensive and slow physical gates ensuring the seamless entry and exit of designated logistics nodes without interrupting the logistical flow of goods.21 IDentif

198、ier 22 Universally Unique Identifier A mission path covers the IOT-ID journey between alogistic node of departure and a logistic node of thedestination The exit and arriving of IOT in the logistic nodes is readby physical GATES through(OCR,RFID,BARCODEtype device)The IOT route is followed by GNSS sy

199、stem on theTRACK Exits from the signposted route are monitored andrecorded Page 27 Figure 5:Concept of“virtual gates”in Customs operations 5.4 Prevention and suppression of trafficking and smuggling As understood for the UCP,Prevention and suppression of trafficking and smuggling comprises the activ

200、ities of surveillance and control,investigation and law enforcement,for the purpose of anti-fraud,prevention and fighting against counterfeiting and illicit traffic.Only goods and freights were selected to be part of the UCP 2023.Today these activities already rely on GNSS and EO,usually combined wi

201、th other sensors and sources of information.This generally applies to maritime examples,because GNSS is embedded in operational equipment and solutions,and because satellite images collected from EO systems play a key role in targeted mission for detection and monitoring suspicious sea routes from/t

202、o sensitive geographical area.These activities are conducted by various public administrations and entities,such as Customs,Coast Guards and Border Polices.In the UCP 2023,for Prevention and suppression of trafficking and smuggling,two applications were selected for a deeper analysis and evaluation:

203、Application 4-Risk assessment in supply chain and trade,Application 5:Safeguard of cultural heritage illicit shipments.5.4.1 Application 4:Prevention and suppression of trafficking and smuggling-Risk assessment in supply chain and trade In the sector of supply chain and international trade,the decen

204、tralisation and the sharing of data are a linchpin in the convergence of big data,IoT,Artificial Intelligence(AI)and blockchain,in order to facilitate the monitoring and control of freights movement.In addition to impacts on the efficiency,there are implications in terms of safety and security.These

205、 are some of the motivations/arguments for the European Blockchain Services Infrastructure(EBSI),a joint initiative of the EU and EEA(European Economic Area)Member States as well as the EC,to develop Page 28 a common EU strategy on blockchain and build/share a pan-European blockchain infrastructure

206、for cross-border public services.The availability of data on the provenance and movements of shipments gathered from various and heterogeneous sources(including GNSS-based ones)and stored in different databases(of public administrations,law enforcement bodies and business players)enable enhanced ris

207、k assessment functions,including the prediction and prevention,pre-and post-event management,allowing a powerful tool to detect counterfeit and fraud,and to conduct the necessary law enforcement actions.It also offers novel forms of governance and surveillance that are shared rather than centrally c

208、ontrolled,and lend themselves to regulatory purposes in the public sector.Thanks to the availability of decentralised and shared data,Authorities of EU countries as well as some non-EU countries,can perform enhanced risk assessment functions and improve the effectiveness in conducting coordinated la

209、w enforcement actions and targeted checks at European level,with the aim of combating the smuggling of sensitive goods(such as dangerous goods,weapons,high-value goods,drugs)and fraud in certain risky areas and/or on identified trade routes.The identification of where the risks lie on specific trade

210、 routes can help in decision-making processes for preventing illegal products entering the EU,in safeguarding against illicit traffic and smuggling,and in the fight against counterfeiting.In this scenario,a common sharing environment can be a good solution.At European level authorities with differen

211、t purposes can share data on a specific environment.These data can be helpful to define strategic operations for surveillance in security and prevention actions,border control and/or customs control.The data related to the ship position and flow,combined with data on goods,or on ships crew,can be co

212、mbined and create added-value information.Creation of a cooperation environment to share the capacity and information gained from each administrations system can enhance the capacity of each administration to conduct an effective risk analysis and targeted actions to combat smugglings,or illegal tra

213、fficking.Such environments extend the possibility to perform control actions at ground or sea level,also enabling a point-to-point goods tracing.Continuous monitoring of goods,including at the maritime level,would give the possibility of speeding up control operations,providing the security of contr

214、olled transport with reduced risks,benefiting the time and efficiency also of the operations in charge of Economic Operators.Blockchain technology is still evolving.The use of multi-GNSS/EGNSS and Authentication is perceived to have a key role,considering that the data in a blockchain are recorded i

215、n a decentralised and distributed manner,and that large groups of people and organisations that may not know or trust each other to agree on and permanently record information without the need for a third-party authority.The robustness against data manipulation can support the trust and the consensu

216、s by involved players on data,moreover the time-stamped data entries serve as proof of authenticity and make blockchains trusted.The next table reports the GNSS user requirements for Application 4:Prevention and suppression of trafficking and smuggling Risk assessment in supply chain and trade,as re

217、sulting from the consultation of involved stakeholders.Page 29 GNSS user requirements for Application 4:Prevention and suppression of trafficking and smuggling Risk assessment in supply chain and trade23 Accuracy Horizontal 2 m Vertical 2 m Availability Urban canyon No Natural canyon Yes Canopy Yes

218、Indoor Yes Better than 95%High(*)Better than 99%Medium(*)Robustness High(*)Integrity and reliability High(*)Size,weight,autonomy24 Relevance Yes Time a device can run 12 months TTFaF In hot start Less than a minute Service area Geographical coverage National/Regional/Worldwide Other (*)Requirements

219、related to the combination of GNSS and communication Table 5:GNSS user requirements for Application 4:Prevention and suppression of trafficking and smuggling Risk assessment in supply chain and trade (*)Similarly to Application 1:Customs operations-Digital transformation of Custom,the applications/u

220、se cases identified by the consulted stakeholders for Prevention and suppression of trafficking and smuggling-Risk assessment in supply chain and trade,illustrated below,rely on information/data gathered from the GNSS device(s)combined with various sensors.Moreover,the information/data are transmitt

221、ed through a communication mean,for the requirements related to Availability,Robustness,Integrity and reliability are referred to the integrated positioning and communication services,i.e.,they depend on the GNSS related performances combined with the quality of the specific communication mean(s).Ac

222、cording to the stakeholders involved in the consultation,the distinction between the requirements for the GNSS and the communication components does not make any sense,and the specified requirements are for the overall integrated positioning and communication services as needed to implement the spec

223、ific application.The use cases proposed by the consulted stakeholders for Application 4:Prevention and suppression of trafficking and smuggling-Risk assessment in supply chain and trade,are related to the implementation of a pilot project in the frame of the European initiative CISE(Common Informati

224、on Sharing Environment 23 The definitions are given in the annexes 24 The time that a device can run on its internal battery Page 30)25,the integration of eCMR with EBSI and the Global Container Control Programme(CCP)of United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime(UNODC)and World Customs Organization(WC

225、O).GNSS in preventing illegal trafficking in the West Mediterranean Sea A perfect example under consideration in the frame of CISE is related to one of the sea basins surrounding the EU boundaries26 and it is under analysis in the West Mediterranean Sea involving Italys Customs,Frances Customs and S

226、panish Navy.A ship with Italian port destination,during its trip can be monitored by Spanish Navy that can obtain some data related to incidents or warning.When the vessel arrives in French territorial waters,during a stopover in a French port,some data can be obtained from Frances Customs(such as d

227、iscovering of drugs,weapons or other illegal material in some containers).When the ship is approaching to the Italian Port,Italys Customs can track it and,through CISE,can request to Frances Customs and Spanish Navy information about the vessel,obtaining data on illegal trafficking,incidents or anom

228、alies related to the ship.The availability of a trustable information on the position from the vessels AIS(Automatic Identification System)is fundamental in the set-up of this use case.GNSS in eCMR with EBSI An interesting use case is related to the experience run in Italy by using the EBSI blockcha

229、in technology to support a complete digital shipment27,for the exchange of eCMR among different public and private entities.The identity of the involved Economic Operators was verified by means of geo-localised signatures managed via blockchain:their signatures were saved at the beginning of the shi

230、pment and transferred to the systems of Italys Customs and the port of Trieste before the arrival.A more precise and verifiable geolocation of the signature implies more reliable procedures and processes in logistics,contributing to turning from best practices to wide operations,with advantages deri

231、ved from higher effectiveness,safety and modernisation.25 https:/www.emsa.europa.eu/CISE 26 Such as the Western Mediterranean,the Atlantic Sea,the Adriatic Sea and the Black Sea 27 https:/www.supplychainitaly.it/2023/09/25/la-e-cmr-di-accudire-selezionata-dalla-commissione-europea Page 31 Figure 6:A

232、 maritime-rail terminal in port of Trieste GNSS for strengthening the international supply chain security The huge volume of containers travelling the seas from country to country and continent to continent,make them important targets for actors in the illicit drug trade,and even more so for actors

233、involved in producing and delivering counterfeit goods and merchandise.The global dependency on maritime trade,combined with not only sophisticated concealment methods employed by narco-traffickers or counterfeiters,but also diverse trafficking routes,makes successful interdiction and intervention d

234、ifficult.In this context,the UNODC and WCO came together to elaborate the CCP28,having a global reach and aiming to fortify the structures and processes which allow for the application of sustainable laws for States and selected ports,so as to minimize the exploitation of maritime containers for the

235、 illicit trafficking of drugs,prohibited activities around waste and other transnational organized crime activities.Hence,for greater efficiency,while facilitating cooperation in the fight against crime amongst states and international agencies involved in the regulation of container traffic,the pro

236、gramme relies on the use of Information and Communication Technologies29 to maintain cooperation and exchange of information among various security entities within States with operational ports.These entities include Customs,the Police,Maritime Institutions and the private sector amongst others.It i

237、s also designed to strengthen and promote the cooperation and exchange of information between the Customs,trade and enforcement communities in an effort to prevent the abuse of legitimate commercial trade for illicit activities while simultaneously making an effort to eradicate the inter-institution

238、al mistrust and corruption that can hamper effective execution of the programme.The CCP is operational today and includes a platform seeking to improve the risk management,supply chain security and trade facilitation efforts at sea,land and airports in order to prevent the cross-border 28 https:/www

239、.unodc.org/unodc/en/ccp/index.html 29 ICT Page 32 movement of illicit goods.The involved inter-agency units are equipped to exchange information gathered from the vessels AIS and from the GNSS devices generally installed on the containers by the Economic Operators,and to access a wealth of informati

240、on that allows users to track,profile and identify high risk containers,verify their identification numbers and send out alerts.The CCPs related efforts have resulted in seizures of a wide range of prohibited goods,such as weapons,proceeds of fisheries,timber,protected wildlife and other environment

241、al products,prohibited drugs,strategic goods,falsified or unlicensed medicines,precursors for drugs and weapons,cigarettes,and goods which are counterfeit or otherwise violate intellectual property law.5.4.2 Application 5:Prevention and suppression of trafficking and smuggling-Safeguard of cultural

242、heritage Cultural property is part of the common heritage and patrimony of humankind.Yet,it is often subject to crime,including looting,theft and trade.This results on the one hand,in harmful consequences to local communities,knowledge acquisition,and archaeological landscapes,inside and outside the

243、 EU,in particular in crisis and conflict areas,and on the other hand,in the occurrence of the associated illegal activities(theft and robbery,looting-the illicit removal and shipments of ancient relics from archaeological sites,buildings or monuments-and forgery of cultural goods).Looting:as D.Tapet

244、e and F.Cigna defines in their 2019 work“In archaeology and the cultural heritage sector,the term“looting”refers to illegal excavations through digging holes on a site of archaeological or historic significance-usually in areas yet unexcavated by archaeologists-in search of objects and antiquities t

245、o sell in the black market”.30 However,the detection and reporting of looting at the archaeological sites,i.e.,monitoring the point of origin(archaeological sites)is just a part of the fight against trafficking.The Law Enforcement Agencies(LEAs)need to track the whole transport and transit through b

246、orders.Various initiatives were launched to efficiently protect in combatting the illicit trade in cultural objects.WCO and UNESCO(United Nations Educational,Scientific and Cultural Organization)are particularly active in establishing proper best practices,regulations and observatory.The EU on its s

247、ide have also supported,and support today numerous Horizon Program such as PREVISION31,NETCHER32,RITHMS33 and ANCHISE34,that gather multidisciplinary entities and focus on the illicit trafficking of cultural goods.One of these programs,ANCHISE have a specific work group dedicated to archaeological s

248、ites protection with satellite.Nowadays,Satellite imagery in archaeology is a growing field and is massively used by Heritage professionals to document looted sites,and remote sensing can be used to quantify looting with a certain degree of automation in the processing methods35.However,if complemen

249、tary techniques are used,the 30 Tapete,Deodato,and Francesca Cigna.2019.Detection of Archaeological Looting from Space:Methods,Achievements and Challenges Remote Sensing 11,no.20:2389.https:/doi.org/10.3390/rs11202389 31 Prediction and Visual Intelligence for Security Information(prevision-h2020.eu)

250、,https:/cordis.europa.eu/project/id/833115 32 NETwork and digital platform for Cultural Heritage Enhancing and Rebuilding,https:/netcher.eu/project-news/horizon-2020-netcher,https:/netcher.eu 33 Research,Intelligence and Technology for Heritage and Market Security(https:/rithms.eu)34 https:/www.anch

251、ise.eu 35 Tapete,Deodato,and Francesca Cigna.2019 Page 33 different work and programs addressing heritage protection via satellite lacks sharing and harmonization,but more and more initiatives try gather specialist to define common best practices and methods36.Documentation is the first step to repo

252、rt and point the perpetrators.However,if looted sites,hotspots,are detected and now well reported37 in some regions,few programs transfer this knowledge to a proactive strategy.The multidiscipline and different actors needed to shape this strategy requires very ambitious programs and project managem

253、ent to link constellation providers,satellites specialists,LEAs and Academics,but only this large initiative can give the full potential of satellite imagery in the protection of our common Heritage.Nevertheless,it is important to build such ambitious programs stone by stone,with reachable goals,and

254、 in this perspective,we propose here two suitable use cases.,and for each of them the related EO user requirements as resulting from the consultation of involved stakeholders are presented for the two different use cases.36 https:/evenium.events/imagerie-spatiale-patrimoine-culturel 37 Brodie,Neil.;

255、Yates,Donna.2019.“Illicit Trade in Cultural Goods in Europe.Characteristics,Criminal Justice Responses and an Analysis of the Applicability of Technologies in the Combat Against the Trade”:Final ReportStudy;European Commission,Publications Office of the European Union:Luxembourg,2019;ISBN 978-92-79-

256、99359-6 Page 34 Table 6:EO user requirements for Application 5:Prevention and suppression of trafficking and smuggling-Safeguard of cultural heritage 38 The definitions are given in the annexes 39 Not Applicable 40 Synthetic Aperture Radar 41 National Aeronautics and Space Administration(www.nasa.go

257、v)42 European Space Agency(www.esa.int)EO user requirements for Application 5:Prevention and suppression of trafficking and smuggling-Safeguard of cultural heritage38 PITCH Users WCO and UNESCO,LEAs and Academics Operational scenario Ports and open sea,throughout the shipment/journey Size of area of

258、 interest Local/Regional/Worldwide Scale Ten-meter level Frequency of information Every hour Data type/Spectral range Optical Other(if applicable)Availability of the service to the involved Authorities throughout the shipment Temporal resolution N/A39 ANCHISE Users LEAs and Academics Operational sce

259、nario Sites protection and data processing alert system Size of area of interest Local/Regional(Mediterranean area)Scale 50 cm to 15 m(images from satellites)/5 cm to 5 mm(images from drones)Frequency of information Every day Data type/Spectral range Optical,synthetical(SAR40)(images from satellites

260、)/spatial,volumetric(images from drones)Other(if applicable)N/A Temporal resolution Variable,depending on the coverage/source.1 to 16 days Service Provider Offer/What the service does Provision of images(e.g.,standardised,customized)to be suitably used for the automated identification and detailed a

261、nalysis of potential traces of illicit excavation and looting,through the models of the data processing alert system Service Provider Offer/How does the service work Utilising photogrammetric scanning technology for the comprehensive examination of archaeological sites Satellite data sources NASA41

262、and ESA42 open data+proprietary imagery(Airbus,Maxar,Planet)Page 35 The following use cases for Application 5:Prevention and suppression of trafficking and smuggling-Safeguard of cultural heritage were revealed from the stakeholders consultation.EO for the Safeguard of cultural heritage in the PITCH

263、 initiative A suitable use case is related to a joint WCO and UNESCO initiative named PITCH(Prevention of Illicit Trafficking of Cultural Heritage)43 established in 2018,to set-up of a tool,utilising images from EO systems(e.g.,Copernicus)combined with the information of the vessels Cargo Manifest,t

264、o carry-out border management of sensitive areas(with historical and cultural sites)and continuous monitoring of relevant container flow in order to:Effectively and promptly detect crimes due to the illicit withdrawal and transfer of cultural assets;Intercept the illegal cargo during the shipment;Pr

265、event possible events,by reinforcing the intelligence functions within specific territories,thanks to crime mapping and risk assessment for decision-making processes.The Cargo Manifest details the information on the transported goods.Maritime traffic monitoring is supported by mandatory reporting sy

266、stems,namely AIS(Automatic Identification System),LRIT(Long Range Identification and Tracking)and VMS(Vessel Monitoring System for Fishing vessels).For these systems,GNSS is the source of position and timing information.EO images(e.g.,from the Copernicus Maritime Service)are used to detect inconsist

267、encies or suspect behaviour of the tracked vessels.However,in this context,the present use of geospatial information and space related services is limited and in the form of pilot projects,if compared with the potential that they can have to launch a wide use of operational techniques oriented to Cu

268、stoms and police officers in the domain of enforcement for the safeguard of cultural heritage.Furthermore,the lack of the necessary awareness among Customs Administrations and involved Authorities regarding the potential of geospatial data and the restricted use of Copernicus data(only to EU Member

269、States)is seen as a barrier.The next table presents the user requirements for EO requirements for Application 5:Prevention and suppression of trafficking and smuggling-Safeguard of cultural heritage in the PITCH initiative.EO for the Safeguard of cultural heritage in the ANCHISE initiative Another i

270、nteresting use case is related to an ongoing project within ANCHISE.This project combines satellite imagery and drone photogrammetry for archaeological sites protection.If drone technology(which also relies on GNSS for the positioning)is more efficient for sites protection and looting features detec

271、tion-holes,pits,clusters-satellite can cover larger area and detect more extensive illegal activities.The combination of both,the correlation of their observations,could result in an efficient method to protect and monitor the heritage sites.Finally in this use case,stakeholders will hopefully push

272、forward automation of looting activities detection with Satellites and study the step beyond observation,meaning how to correlate these EO data to a proactive strategy and operational solutions.43 https:/www.wcoomd.org/en/topics/enforcement-and-compliance/activities-and-programmes/cultural-heritage-

273、programme.aspx Page 36 5.5 Robots and automated platforms As understood for the UCP,Robots and automated platforms comprises in principle a wide variety of applications for many different and heterogeneous goals,and GNSS is largely used especially for enabling remote operation.In the UCP 2023,for Ro

274、bots and automated platforms,the focus is on Application 6-Explosive disposal,oriented to the public health,safety and security,and specifically on the land/sea remedial activities based on the use of robots and drones,combined with the use of digital maps.5.5.1 Application 6:Robots and automated pl

275、atforms-UXO risk assessment and clearance Although very risky,clearance and disposal of unexploded ordnance is essential for the protection of the civilian population(e.g.,to prevent possible hazards to public safety and security),and sometimes it can be an obligation(e.g.,to set up a construction s

276、ite).Several actors are involved in the UXO(Unexploded Ordnance)risk assessment and clearance,including engineering companies specialising in geophysical surveys for commercial purposes and specialist teams from government law enforcement or emergency management agencies.In Europe,UXO risk assessmen

277、t and clearance activities are typically regulated by national laws and regulations,as well as specific guidelines established by relevant government agencies or authorities.Typically,all countries likely have specific legislation governing UXO clearance,which may outline the responsibilities of var

278、ious government entities,requirements for clearance activities,and guidelines for ensuring public safety.UXO risk assessment and clearance is typically performed by qualified and licensed experts or specialised companies with experience in UXO detection,identification,and disposal.These experts unde

279、rgo training and certification to handle UXO safely.Common practices in UXO risk assessment and clearance comprise four phases:1.Site surveys:prior to any construction or development activities,a desktop study first and a thorough site survey later if any risk is highlighted is conducted to assess t

280、he potential presence of UXO.This may involve historical research,aerial surveys,ground-based non-intrusive investigations,and the use of specialised equipment like metal detectors and ground-penetrating radar.2.Risk assessment:based on the survey findings,a comprehensive risk assessment is carried

281、out to determine the level of UXO risk and establish appropriate safety measures.This includes identifying potential UXO hazard areas and implementing protective measures to mitigate the risks.3.UXO clearance operations:if UXO is discovered during the survey or construction process,the area may need

282、 to be cleared of any hazards before work can proceed.Trained professionals approved by the authorities utilise safe and controlled methods to locate,identify,and remove or dispose of UXO,adhering to strict safety protocols and guidelines.4.Reporting and collaboration:It is important to establish cl

283、ear communication and collaboration channels between the UXO clearance experts,construction teams,and relevant authorities.This ensures that any UXO findings are promptly reported,and appropriate measures are taken to safeguard public safety.Page 37 Solutions and best practices by means of remotely

284、operated and autonomous systems(mainly drones and robots,such as dog-robots and remotely operated vehicles44)making use of satellite technologies,namely GNSS and EO,are today adopted particularly in the phases of surveys and clearance,above listed in points 1 and 3.The reason is that remotely operat

285、ed and autonomous systems allow technicians to make a preliminary assessment-for example,of the presence of a bomb,mine or can-and possibly defuse it,from a safe distance.These systems consist of drones and robots/automated systems that combine positioning sensors(including GNSS)with various sensor

286、technologies(such as LIDARs45,radars,magnetometers,metal detectors,electronic endoscopes,and cameras)to rapidly detect,accurately identify buried objects,and aid in the relevant precise and safe disposal.Achieving consistent and dependable positioning is crucial for ensuring safer operations in thes

287、e high-risk and hazardous undertakings.GNSS enables the remote control and automation,and provides the position information for locating the explosive.EO is mainly employed in combination with GNSS integrated in the remotely operated and autonomous systems,for the purpose of localisation and identif

288、ication on digital maps during the mapping,data collection and finding phases.Remote sensing techniques are useful in providing automated detection,location and data collection,even with images that have a low spatial resolution.This adds significant value to the process.Different usages are feasibl

289、e depending on the resolution of the pictures:the greater the resolution,the less incorrect classifications are produced,although images with lower resolutions can still be beneficially employed in combination with aerial photographs,environmental indicators and artificial intelligence(AI)tools.Use

290、cases related to the use of GNSS are linked to existing regulations in the various EU countries46,to provide the evaluation of possible presence of explosives(usually due to past world wars)associated to construction sites and yards on land and sea,for the sake of workers safety.The applied regulati

291、ons slightly differ from one EU country to another.GNSS based systems are used in the following types of operations:UXO risk assessment When someone has a project involving excavation works,he/she needs to analyse all projects risks.Among other things,he needs also consider the possibility of having

292、 to manage the potential presence of unexploded munitions on their sites.This evaluation is called UXO risk assessment.For the time being,in Europe the reasons are mainly due to WWI(World War I)and WWII(World War II)contamination.For historical research involved in a UXO risk assessment,old aerial p

293、hotos are utilised about WWII to locate the project in relation to possible bomb craters.For countries affected by more recent wars,or for Eastern Europe,it might be necessary to have accurate satellite images with precise coordinates.This phase is mainly based on desk research and analysis of image

294、s,usually old/historical aerial photos.UXO geophysical surveys A UXO survey is a campaign of geophysical measurements to map pUXO(possible unexploded ordnance).It can be realised with several equipment(GPR47,EM48,magnetometers)but always imperatively georeferenced in real time.44 ROV 45 Light Detect

295、ion and Ranging/Laser Imaging Detection and Ranging 46 For example,in Italy the law n 177 dated 01/10/2012 47 Ground Piercing Radar 48 Electromagnetic Page 38 Accuracy(in X,Y)must not exceed 10 cm,as this would entail responsibility not only for pUXO mapping but also for the subsequent decontaminati

296、ons works(UXO clearance)if necessary.Todays best practices and existing/operational platforms envisage the use of drones in this phase,for more efficient and precise geophysical surveys.UXO clearance Once the mapping has been completed,the company carrying out the UXO remediation works will re-locat

297、e all the targets and send the EOD(explosive ordnance disposal)team to check and verify each target.During these operations GNSS systems are used twice,once for re-locating each target considering UXO surveys results and once for deliver decontamination certification(mandatory in France).Accuracy(in

298、 X,Y,Z)must not exceed 10 cm,as this would entail responsibility for UXO clearance company and for the subsequent start of excavation works.Sometimes before delivery UXO clearance certificate,the company need to realise a second UXO survey to check that all pUXO were verified.The next table reports

299、the GNSS user requirements for Application 6:Robots and automated platforms-UXO risk assessment and clearance,for the phases of surveys and clearance,as resulting from the consultation of involved stakeholders.Page 39 GNSS user requirements for Application 6:Robots and automated platforms-UXO risk a

300、ssessment and clearance49 Accuracy Horizontal 1-10 cm Vertical 1-10 cm Availability Urban canyon Yes Natural canyon Yes Canopy Yes Indoor No Better than 95%High(*)Better than 99%Medium(*)Robustness High(*)Integrity and reliability High(*)Size,weight,autonomy50 Relevance Yes Time a device can run 8h

301、TTFaF In hot start Less than a minute Service area Geographical coverage National Other (*)Requirements related to the combination of GNSS and communication Table 7:GNSS user requirements for Application 6:Robots and automated platforms-UXO risk assessment and clearance (*)Depending on the specific

302、operation,the positions collected for the UXO risk assessment and clearance can be stored and retrieved later or can be transmitted in real-time or quasi real-time through several communication means.Hence,the requirements related to Availability,Robustness,Integrity and reliability depend on the sp

303、ecific context and operational scenario,in the case of real-time/quasi real-time transmission,they depend on the combination of GNSS related performances and the performances of the specific communication mean(s).The next table reports the EO user requirements for Application 6:Robots and automated

304、platforms-UXO risk assessment and clearance,for the phases of detection/data collection/mapping and of clearance/disposal,as resulting from the consultation of involved stakeholders.49 The definitions are given in the annexes 50 The time that a device can run on its internal battery 51 The definitio

305、ns are given in the annexes EO Requirements for Application 6:Robots and automated platforms-UXO risk assessment and clearance51 Users Companies operating in UXO surveys and UXO clearance Operational scenario Open environment,rural and urban areas Page 40 Table 8:EO user requirements for Application

306、 6:Robots and automated platforms-UXO risk assessment and clearance The following use cases for Application 6:Robots and automated platforms-UXO risk assessment and clearance resulted from the stakeholders consultation,and correspond to phases 2(supported by drones)and 3(use of robot/automated syste

307、ms)respectively.GNSS in UXO survey,UXO clearance,UXO survey control and delivery of UXO clearance certificate for the French Ministry of Defence This use case is related to a task carried out for the French Ministry of Defence,which included the following activities:UXO survey,UXO clearance,UXO surv

308、ey control and delivery of UXO clearance certificate for a French military air base with a surface of 31 hectares.In the following the description of the equipment adopted/operated in the various activities and the relevant outcomes is given.For UXO survey:The equipment consisted in a magnetometer m

309、ulti-probes SENSYS MXPDA+GNSS52 SXblue Platinum+RTK53 Orpheon.The produced technical report comprised a Georeferenced Magnetic mapping(as shown in the figure below)and pUXO list(targets number,X,Y).52 GPS(Global Positioning System),GLONASS(GLObal NAvigation Satellite System),Galileo,BeiDou,QZSS(Quas

310、i-Zenith Satellite System)and SBAS(Satellite-based Augmentation Systems)53 Real-Time Kinematics Size of area of interest Local/Regional/Worldwide Scale Meter level Frequency of information Every hour Data type/Spectral range Optical(today commercial digital maps are used)Other(if applicable)N/A Temp

311、oral resolution N/A Service Provider Offer/What the service does N/A Service Provider Offer/How does the service work N/A Satellite data sources N/A Page 41 Figure 7:Signal processing and discrimination of the selected target For UXO clearance,two operations were conducted:Firstly the re-location of

312、 pUXO from surveys conclusions,relying on the equipment consisting on GNSS SXblue Platinum+RTK Orpheon(as shown in the next figure);Figure 8:UXO searching Then the pUXO verification,by means of an equipment consisting of a SBL10 magnetometer SENSYS(as shown in the figure below).Page 42 Figure 9:UXO

313、finding Lastly,the UXO survey control,by means of an equipment consisting of a magnetometer multi-probes SENSYS MXPDA+GNSS SXblue Platinum+RTK Orpheon(as shown in the figure below).Figure 10:UXO survey with a magnetometer multi-probes SENSYS MXPDA For UXO clearance certification delivery:After UXO d

314、econtamination works,a certificate is delivered to customer to guarantee the quality of service and to assume responsibility for the proper execution of UXO clearance.This certificate contains all GNSS coordinates of:Initial project(X,Y and Z)Page 43 UXO found(X,Y and Z)Decontaminated areas(X,Y,Z).G

315、NSS in UXO finding ROVs are already applied today in UXO clearance operations.Figure 11:Example of a ROV applied today in UXO clearance operations An interesting use case is related to an initiative presently under design and implementation,applying automated dog-robots,integrating GNSS in combinati

316、on with other technologies and techniques,for the UXO clearance phase listed above and in particular in UXO finding.The role of GNSS is twofold:for the mapping of the area and the localisation of the target,and for the movement of the automated dog-robots.The initiative intends to develop a product

317、named GISBO54,adapting and enhancing a dog-robot(as the one shown in the figure,already used for different types of remote operations such as infrastructure monitoring,water inspections and environmental surveillance)specifically for the purpose of UXO finding operations.GISBO is being developed to

318、be experimented by SOLGELMA55,an international professional services company based in Italy specialised in commercial UXO clearance(on land and sea)and having proper licences released by the Italys Ministry of Defence.Automated dog-robots integrating LIDARs and other sensors and devices as needed,su

319、ch as depth vision cameras,metal detectors,with the aid of innovative algorithms and artificial intelligence software can support the,especially to find targets on the basis of a preliminary identification on a digital map(usually,generated by geophysical surveys,as described above).54 GIS BOmb 55 w

320、ww.sogelma.it Page 44 Figure 12:Example of a dog-robot that can be adapted/enhanced for UXO clearance operations Figure 13:Example of target identification The advantages in land remediation activities are in the fact that automated dog-robots are able to explore difficult and risky area in a safer

321、and more effective way for the technicians.GNSS combined with other technologies has a key role:the more precise the position is,the more accurate is the mapping of the area and the localisation of the target(as shown in the figure above),moreover the better is the ability of the automated dog-robot

322、s to easily move through obstacle and difficult terrains.As resulting from the use cases above presented,a GNSS-based product is used in many activities when UXO has to be located/re-located/positioned,in combination with other sensors,technologies and software techniques.According to the requiremen

323、ts given by the consulted stakeholders,as far as the GNSS requirements are concerned,the accuracy is the most important indicator.As explained above,in the phase of UXO clearance,accurate position measurements enable more effective and precise clearance operations,carried out by a different company:

324、the more the position of the target is accurate,the better the specialists and technicians are enables to re-locate it(for the check,verification and necessary activities).Page 45 5.6 Prospective use of GNSS and EO Summary of drivers for user requirements Despite the heterogeneity of the subsegments

325、 and related applications,the involved stakeholders are quite familiar with GNSS and EO,and have different user requirements depending on the specific use case,even within the same subsegment and corresponding application.GNSS is mostly used for time tagging certain events and for identifying/locati

326、ng targets/mobile assets,EO is usually used for monitoring changes.In general,both GNSS and EO are generally utilised in combination/integration with other sensors/technologies/techniques.Galileo Authentication could be of interest for applications implying a regulation(e.g.,transport of dangerous g

327、oods,fast corridors)and trade of special goods(e.g.,radioactive material,special waste,sensitive and dual-use goods such as weapons).For EO,the basic requirements are in the useability and accessibility of the available data especially for LEAs.Drivers for GNSS-related and EO-related user requiremen

328、ts,and synergies with SATCOM Some commonalities can be outlined:The requirements for GNSS or EO are linked to the expectation for satellite technologies ability to improve present operations,or to enable new operations currently not possible,or to stimulate ideas for future implementations.This appl

329、ies also to Satcom,for which a dedicated awareness is needed in order to create knowledge and generate ideas for use cases/users needs.Awareness is also needed to enlarge the stakeholders base,to ensure a deeper understanding of the capabilities of EU Space components/services and technologies(such

330、as available solutions,how to use them,added values),and this is valid for GNSS,EO and Satcom,combined with more practice/implementations in order to collect other use cases and/or refine needs and requirements,including feedbacks on the naming of the market segment/subsegments and applications.In c

331、onclusions,though the UCP 2023 analysis was devoted to a limited number of applications,the UCP 2023 concluded that the three explored subsegments are very promising for the exploitation of the satellite technologies and services,especially those related to the EU Space Programme components.The UCP

332、2023 gave the opportunity for a first exercise mainly based on what is familiar for the stakeholders,and there is a significant potential for further future iteration(s):In the considered subsegments,in order to fine tune the requirements of the analysed applications and/or identify new applications

333、/use cases;In order to explore other subsegments.In fact,as written above,the Resilient Societies market segment is much wider,and it includes other market subsegments and applications which are not discussed in this report,however they can be considered in the frame of future UCPs exercise and reports updates.One interesting satellite based technology discussed during the UCP 2023 is related to t