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1、Photo by Michelle Kolkevich Kearney,ChicagoThe distributed geography of opportunityThe 2023 Global Cities ReportPhoto by Tracey Pavlishin Kearney,ChicagoExecutive summary 1Introduction 4The 2023 Global Cities Index 6The 2023 GCI rankings 7GCI individual metric leaders 11The 2023 Global Cities Outloo

2、k 12The 2023 GCO rankings 13A look ahead:shared productivity potential 16Conclusion 19This recognition of the unique role of global citiesand of their utility as a unit of analysis in understanding how various forces of change are shaping our worldis the impetus for Kearneys annual Global Cities Rep

3、ort,which was designed in collaboration with leading academic and business advisors from around the world.Each year,we examine the current performance of these metropolitan areas in the Global Cities Index(GCI),while we assess their future prospects in the Global Cities Outlook(GCO).The distributed

4、geography of opportunity:the 2023 Global Cities Report explores the developments that have most profoundly influenced the trajectories of the worlds most connected and prominent cities over the past year.Global cities are defined by their exceptional international connectivity.They are microcosms of

5、 the dynamics that shape our world.Given the depth of their global interconnectedness,they areon the one handparticularly susceptible to the shifting dynamics that disrupt the flows of capital,individuals,and ideas from around the world.At the same time,however,they also often benefit from disruptiv

6、e trends,attracting disproportionate shares of talent and investment,and serving as hubs of innovation and catalysts for economic growth.The world has entered a phase of globalization that is less uniform and more networked.It is one in which the patterns of trade and value chain formation have grow

7、n more adaptive in response to rising geopolitical and economic volatility.In that context,global cities are indispensable nodes of flexible connectivity and concentrated global diversity.In this,therefore,they represent strategic optionality for business.Executive summaryGlobal cities are defined b

8、y their exceptional international connectivity.They are microcosms of the dynamics that shape our world.1The distributed geography of opportunity:the 2023 Global Cities ReportSource:Kearney 2023 Global Cities ReportFigure 1Top 10 cities in the 2023 Global Cities IndexCity2023 rank2022 rank 20222023N

9、ew YorkLondonParisTokyoBeijingBrusselsSingaporeLos AngelesMelbourneHong Kong1234567891012345119681000000+5+2210This years report centers on the social,geopolitical,and technological transformations that are actively disrupting the traditional hierarchy of global cities and creating a more widely dis

10、tributed geography of opportunity.Among these cities,established leaders face ever greater competition from emerging hubs,as a result of the remote working revolution;the fragmentation of the global geopolitical environment;and the acceleration in the emergence of artificial intelligence(AI)and rela

11、ted technologies.While this years top five cities have retained the same spots as in 2022,there is greater disruption further down the Index(see figure 1).The five dimensions of the Index focus on international flows of resources and activity within their respective domains.The human capital dimensi

12、on became substantially more globalized this year as the international movement of people approached pre-pandemic levels.The information exchange,cultural experience,and political engagement profiles of cities also once again became more globalized within the past year,whereas the remaining dimensio

13、n,business activity,became less so as cities continued to face a shaky global economic outlook.Established city leaders face ever greater competition from emerging hubs.2The distributed geography of opportunity:the 2023 Global Cities ReportSource:Kearney 2023 Global Cities ReportFigure 2Top 10 citie

14、s in the 2023 Global Cities OutlookCity2023 rank2022 rank 20222023San FranciscoCopenhagenLondonLuxembourgParisDublinHelsinkiStockholmMunichSingapore123456789101381327175420+12+6213+1+1035+10While the GCI captures the current state of global leadership for cities,the GCO aims to identify those cities

15、 most likely to achieve global prominence in the future.Although some of the high-ranking cities from the GCIsuch as London and Parisappear in the top 10 on both lists,the GCO sheds a light on the up-and-coming cities that are positioning themselves to challenge their leadership.The top 10 cities on

16、 this years GCO are shown in figure 2.Each year,we also cast an eye toward the future and examine the forces most likely to shape the near-term strategic operating environment for global cities.In this years report,we focus on the effects of the rapid advance of generative AI on global cities and hi

17、ghlight the main considerations for municipal leaders and policymakers as they design approaches to harnessing the vast potential of this technology,and to mitigating its risks,including with respect to labor markets.3The distributed geography of opportunity:the 2023 Global Cities ReportGlobal mobil

18、ity of talent has risen significantly over the past 18 months,as the full removal of peak-pandemic restrictions has led individuals to experience a sense of freedom not felt in many years.Visa-free movement between countries has already returned to pre-pandemic levels.COVID has also caused a value s

19、hift among Gen Z and Millennial workers,who have rethought long-standing employment arrangements and placed a higher priority on working in destinations of their own choosing.Consequently,there is an ongoing power shift among global cities,as those with a wider array of non-economic advantages pull

20、in increasingly mobile global talent.Some cities,such as Singapore and Miami,are growing in prominenceand rising in the GCOthanks to a holistic value proposition,including favorable business environments and a relatively high quality of government services.Our GCO findings also highlighted the emerg

21、ence of a distributed geography of opportunity within the United States specifically,with highly specialized talent and capital attraction no longer confined to the“superstar cities,”but instead spreading to a new tier of metropolitan areas.Over the course of the pandemic,internal migration patterns

22、 revealed a shift of people,business,and ideas from long-standing leaders such as New York,Chicago,and Los Angeles to emergent metros such as Miami,Phoenix,and Dallas.Global flows of information,capital,trade,and people are approaching pre-pandemic levels,although whether they will continue to rise

23、in the future is uncertain.Even as some of the acute disruptions of the peak COVID era have stabilized,other sources of instability have emerged.For global cities,therefore,the economic and cultural outlook remains far from settled.While the global geopolitical landscape has become noticeably more d

24、ivided and fragmented,cross-border economic flows remain strong.Efforts toward regionalization have been complemented by the diversification of other global trade partners,such that streams of trade and capital have,on average,actually increased in distance and complexity.In short,although the profi

25、le of globalization is changing,it remains a robust paradigm for under-standing our worldand the role of cities within it.At the same time,the defining features of that paradigm are changing.A more distributed geography of opportunity has begun to emerge.Although the top cities,measured in terms of

26、their openness to global flows,have remained the same,data from this years GCI indicates a growing prominence of newer,less established hubs whose balanced geopolitical and geoeconomic positioning makes them attractive to capital,trade,and people from throughout an increasingly fragmented world.Our

27、findings show a rise in the GCI rankings of Middle Easternin particular Gulfcities such as Abu Dhabi,Doha,and Riyadh,which have succeeded in capitalizing on a confluence of social,geopolitical,and economic trends in drawing top talent and investment.Introduction4The distributed geography of opportun

28、ity:the 2023 Global Cities ReportPhoto by Sumedha Bhowmick Kearney,Gurugram These challenger cities serve not merely as“containers of working,”as coined by urban expert Richard Florida,but instead as“places for people to live and work with others.”As such,they compel us to expand our notion of how c

29、ities becomeand remaineffective generators of opportunity.Those cities that witnessed the largest exodus of workers are now facing a related challenge:the hollowing of their once-vibrant downtowns.Vacancy rates in urban-core office spaces across the United States remain above pre-pandemic levels,wit

30、h some traditional leading cities(such as San Francisco)hit especially hard.As a result,the commercial real estate market is in dire straits,along with the municipal coffers that depend upon tax revenue from these properties.The future economic health of these cities will depend on whether such loca

31、tions can be revived as commercial centers or,failing that,repurposed as residential,retail,and entertainment districts.For global cities,the economic and cultural outlook remains far from settled.5The distributed geography of opportunity:the 2023 Global Cities ReportThis year,the top five cities of

32、 the GCI ranking maintained their leadership positions for the second year in a row,while the top four remain unchanged for the sixth straight year.However,there was substantial movement among the remaining top 30 cities,including some considerable gains(Brussels and Madrid)and declines(Washington,D

33、.C.and Boston)(see figure 3 on page 8).Movement up the chart for several cities outside the traditional US and Western European power centers,including Shanghai,Buenos Aires,Istanbul,and Mexico City,is indicative of the widening geography of opportunity across the globe.The first section of the Glob

34、al Cities Report is the Global Cities Index,or GCI.It seeks to quantify the extent to which a city can attract,retain,and generate global flows of capital,people,and ideas.These global cities are microcosms of the world,each with its own unique flavor.They serve as centers of social,political,and ec

35、onomic vibrancy that reflect the dynamic global environment.This years GCI measures the performance of 156 cities around the world across our standard five dimensions:business activity,human capital,information exchange,cultural experience,and political engagement.While flows of goods and capital am

36、ong global cities have remained somewhat tempered this year,there has been a strong resurgence in the global mobility of people.This years GCI sees a continued decline in the business activity dimension,which reflects the persistence of challenging global economic conditions,including several signif

37、icant downside risks.The human capital profile of global cities,meanwhile,has risen for the first time since the start of the pandemic,as restrictions on movement have been comprehensively removed and individuals are now free to experience a heightened sense of mobility.Information exchange and poli

38、tical engagement scores showed moderate improvements this year,while the cultural experience indicator remained level after that metric spiked in the previous year with the reopening of many cultural institutions.The 2023 Global Cities IndexThe GCI seeks to quantify the extent to which a city can at

39、tract,retain,and generate global flows of capital,people,and ideas.6The distributed geography of opportunity:the 2023 Global Cities ReportNew York retained the top spot in the GCI for the seventh year in a row.The 2023 GCI rankingsBelow is a closer look at the top six global cities.The top five citi

40、es of 2023 remain the same since 2022.An overview of the city in sixth place,Brussels,is included this year as it unexpectedly climbed into the top 10.1.New York retained the top spot in the GCI forthe seventh year in a row,having further cementedits leadership position in the business activitydimen

41、sion with the largest increase in score outof all 156 cities.This increase was driven by growthin the number of“unicorn companies,”as well asgreater trade flows.New York also saw a return toits pre-pandemic score in political engagement asin-person political conferences resumed.2.London retained its

42、 number two spot and,like NewYork,exhibited an increase in its business activityscore at a time when many cities have struggledeconomically.The British capital was able toreverse its declining trend in human capital thisyear as the overall number of international studentscontinued to rise despite th

43、e Brexit-related declinein students from the European Union.The 2021reintroduction of the graduate visa probablyhelped on this score;it may have also contributedto the growth of Londons foreign-born population.Cultural experience and political engagementscores were down slightly.3.Paris held steady

44、this year,retaining the thirdposition with a broadly consistent performanceacross its various dimensions.In particular,Parisdefied the global downward trends in businessactivity and human capital,holding steady from2022 on both metrics.However,the city witnesseda decline in its relative performance

45、in culturalexperience.While it holds an extremely high globalranking in this area(as one might expect),othercities have improvednarrowing the gap with theCity of Light.4.Tokyo maintained its spot in fourth place for theninth consecutive year despite declines in businessactivity and information excha

46、nge,as otherdimensions grew considerably,including culturalexperience and political engagement.In the lattercategory,the growing presence of think tanks andinternational organizations helped strengthenthe Japanese capitals standing as a globalpolitical center.5.Beijing held its place as a member of

47、the top five,despite an overall decline in the scores of Chinesecities this year(Shanghai being a notableexception).Beijings lofty standing is by no meansguaranteed to last,however,as the consequencesof the efforts of many companies and countries todiversify their sources of supply have begun tomani

48、fest in lower business activity,withcorresponding ramifications for culturalexperience and political engagement scores.These moves were slightly countered by minorimprovements in human capital and informationexchange.6.Brussels broke into the top 10 for the first time thisyear.Its success is attribu

49、table to significant gainsin the business activity score,supported by a risein information exchange.As a central hub of theEUwhich has become increasingly unified by thewar on its doorstepBrussels has amassed greaterattention from the private sector,with morebusiness conferences and capital flows.7T

50、he distributed geography of opportunity:the 2023 Global Cities ReportSource:Kearney 2023 Global Cities ReportFigure 3Top 30 cities in the Global Cities IndexCity2023 rank2022 rank2021 rank2020 rank2019 rank2018 rank 2223New YorkLondonParisTokyoBeijingBrusselsSingaporeLos AngelesMelbourneHong KongChi

51、cagoMadridShanghaiSeoulTorontoBerlinSan FranciscoSydneyWashington,D.C.AmsterdamMoscowBuenos AiresDubaiBarcelonaIstanbulBostonFrankfurtMexico CityViennaMiami123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930123451196810719161318141517122321252226282024313032123461695127819101720131115142218322328272

52、12431253312345149718681612171915131110232025272634212838223012349126716581519131714221110201824272326212840253112349107617581319121816201511221425282326242938213000000+5+22104+7+31+32217+30+31+2+363+3+1+28The distributed geography of opportunity:the 2023 Global Cities ReportPhoto by Mauricio Zuazua

53、Kearney,DubaiDubai,the highest ranked of all Middle East cities on the GCI,fell by a single notch this year from 22nd to 23rd,but its presence in the top 25 for the third consecutive year is further proof of the rising profile of cities in this region.Global trade has returned to normalized levels f

54、ollowing the peaks attained in 2021 and 2022 after the release of pandemic-suppressed demand.The reversion to relative normalcy brought down Middle Eastern cities business activity scores slightly from last year.Nonetheless,regional economic growth proved strong amid a weaker global economic environ

55、ment.Combined with a concerted focus on talent attraction and neutral geopolitical positioning,Gulf cities succeeded in drawing ever-greater numbers of expats.The foreign-born population and the number of inhabitants with a tertiary degree rose as a result of this influx.Although the top GCI cities

56、have remained constant,a shake-up in the established hierarchy has begun lower down in the Index.Leading US cities,including Washington,Chicago,and Boston,have fallen in this years rankings,and Chinese cities have also experienced a general decline.If the geopolitical and geoeconomic fragmentation o

57、f the global operating environment continues on its current trajectory,we will likely see an emergence of hubs in other geopolitically balanced regions that are effective in engaging with multiple,even competing leading economies.One of those regions is the Middle East.In this years rankings,cities

58、from that part of the worldin particular,the capitals of the Gulf nationsmade major improvements in their overall scores.These cities had variable outcomes in the business activity dimension,but the primary driver of their success this year has been a substantial increase in their human capital scor

59、es.Consequently,several of their GCI rankings have improved considerably:Abu Dhabi rose by 10 places,Riyadh by nine,Doha by seven,and Muscat by eight.9The distributed geography of opportunity:the 2023 Global Cities ReportPhoto by Gema Alcantara Gonzalez Kearney,MadridAnother region showing substanti

60、al upward movement in this years GCI rankings is Southern Europe.Madrid rose seven places to 12th position this year,reaching its highest rank on record.A strong return in international travelers to pre-pandemic levels and a variety of artistic and cultural offerings have lifted Madrids cultural exp

61、erience ranking.Moderate gains in human capital and information exchange also helped to cement its position this year,with momentum to potentially take it into the top 10 next year.Milan was the fastest riser in the entire GCI,climbing 11 spots to reach its highest position on record at 35th.Other S

62、outhern European climbers included Barcelona(+2),Rome(+3),Istanbul(+3),and Zagreb(+6).Generally,these cities were able to buck the trend in the business activity dimension,as they proved economically robust amid worldwide patterns of low growth and high interest rates.Tourism levels approached pre-p

63、andemic levels in the past year,galvanizing local economies.Furthermore,the shaky global outlook has attracted real estate investors to coveted sites in Southern European cities,buoying local property markets.10The distributed geography of opportunity:the 2023 Global Cities Report*indicates new lead

64、ers in 2023Source:Kearney 2023 Global Cities ReportFigure 4Leading cities across Global Cities Index metrics in 2023Global City Index leaders by dimensionsBusiness activityNew York Fortune 500 Beijing Top global services firms London Capital markets New York Air freight Hong Kong Sea freight Shangha

65、i ICCA conferencesVienna*Unicorn companies San FranciscoHuman capitalNew York Foreign-born population New York Top universitiesBoston Population with tertiary degree Tokyo International student populationMelbourne Number of international schoolsMelbourne*Medical universities LondonInformation exchan

66、geParis Access to TV newsBrussels*News agency bureausNew York Broadband subscribersParis Freedom of expressionOslo Online presenceSingaporeCultural experienceLondon MuseumsMoscow Visual and performing arts New York*Sporting eventsLondon International travelersLondon*Culinary oferingsTokyo*Sister cit

67、iesSaint PetersburgPolitical engagementBrussels Embassies and consulatesBrussels Think tanksWashington,D.C.International organizationsGeneva Political conferencesBrussels Local institutions with global reachParisGlobal Cities Index leaders by metricGCI individual metric leadersEach year,we also revi

68、ew the 29 subcategory metrics of the Index to build a more granular profile of global leadership among cities.As in past years,the top cities in these subcategories have remained quite stable year to year.Only six of the subcategories had new metric leaders,highlighting thatat least for the time bei

69、ngleading cities remain difficult to topple in their domains of particular excellence(see figure 4).As was the case last year,the cultural experience dimension was an exception to this constancy;of the six subcategories with new leaders,half were within this single dimension.This year,New York has r

70、eplaced Boston as the leader in visual and performing arts;London has toppled Istanbul to claim the title of top city for international travelers;and Tokyo has supplanted London as“top chef”in the highly volatile culinary offerings listing.On the whole,the top positions across our 29 individual metr

71、ics remain highly dispersed;a total of 18 cities can claim a top spot in at least one of them.New York and London hold the greatest number of leadership positions with four each;Brussels is close behind with three.11The distributed geography of opportunity:the 2023 Global Cities ReportEuropean citie

72、s continue to dominate the list of top 30 GCO cities,but several global hubs across Asia have made especially impressive moves in the ranking,including Seoul,Osaka,and Chennai.Notwithstanding these impressive gains for individual metros,the past year has been a challenging period for cities around t

73、he world.Urban centers still face a high degree of instability across a range of economic,social,and political dimensions.Declines in core governance and economic metrics this year demonstrate these difficulties.Which cities are best poised for global leadership in the future?This is the question th

74、at the Global Cities Outlook(GCO)seeks to answer.While the GCI serves to quantitatively assess the extent to which prominent cities meet the criteria of true“global city”status,the GCO takes a closer look at how these urban areas are elevating their status for the future.It functions as a predictive

75、 tool,identifying which cities may potentially rival the dominance of established leaders and are most likely to take on leadership roles in coming years.This year,we again tracked four broad indicators of urban potential:personal well-being,economics,innovation,and governance.As is the case with th

76、e GCI,the theme of distributed geography of opportunity is also present within the GCO this year.As detailed below,second-tier metropolitan areas within the United States are positioning themselves as more formidable rivals to the established cities,having successfully attracted talent and capital o

77、ver the turbulent past few years.Dallas,for example,rose by 26 spots,Miami by 29,and Phoenix by an astonishing 60 places.The 2023 Global Cities OutlookSecond-tier metropolitan areas within the United States are positioning themselves as more formidable rivals to the established cities.12The distribu

78、ted geography of opportunity:the 2023 Global Cities ReportPhoto by Annie Gulick Kearney,ChicagoThe 2023 Global Cities Outlook rankingsCity rankings in the GCO exhibit a far greater degree of dynamism than those seen in the GCI,although many of the top cities from the latter also appear here(see figu

79、re 5 on page 14).Below is a closer look at the top five performers in the GCO,and their individual trajectories over the past year.1.San Francisco took over first place from London this year.It was able to compensate for a decline in its economics ranking by improving considerably in other metrics.I

80、n particular,as the leader of the AI boom,San Francisco has secured its top rank in the innovation metric.This somewhat offset the substantial outflow of talent during the pandemic,as well as the widely noted depletion of downtown San Francisco.2.Copenhagen climbed six rungs this year to make it to

81、second place,the first time that is has entered the top five in the GCO.The city witnessed across-the-board improvements in projections of its future performance,particularly in governance.Copenhagen is benefiting from a national reform program that has ambitious aims with respect to shoring up the

82、resilience of its economy and its social welfare programs.3.London fell to third place this year after four consecutive years of holding the GCO leadership title.It continues to hold the top position in personal well-being;however,the United Kingdoms continuing post-Brexit struggles have led to a 52

83、-spot drop in the economics dimension(from fifth last year).4.Luxembourg slipped one rank to fourth place this year as a result of declines in personal well-being and innovation.However,the city was able to climb significantly in the economics dimension,rising to second place.In particular,it has a

84、strong outlook with respect to employment and GDP.5.Paris fell three spots this year to fifth place becauselike San Francisco,London,and other leading cities from the GCIit experienced a decline in the economics dimension in the GCO.While the business activity dimension of the GCI captures a citys c

85、urrent business performance,the economics dimension of the GCO projects future economic success.In addition,Paris has faced growing civic instability over the past year,including riots driven by anger over inflation.13The distributed geography of opportunity:the 2023 Global Cities ReportSource:Kearn

86、ey 2023 Global Cities ReportFigure 5Top 30 cities in the Global Cities OutlookCity2023 rank2022 rank2021 rank2020 rank2019 rank2018 rank 2223San FranciscoCopenhagenLondonLuxembourgParisDublinHelsinkiStockholmMunichSingaporeAmsterdamBostonGenevaSeoulMinneapolisTaipeiNew YorkZurichPhoenixOsloBerlinBar

87、celonaTokyoSydneyDsseldorfFrankfurtAbu DhabiOsakaRomeVienna1234567891011121314151617181920212223242526272829301381327175420103716362214619792812292535182194168242521111254363102040163138241813604622397927294364919112011751038863915164230262722465314364122833743582131715910824712442524154216406132630

88、2037471812334331175681645382133618401419272950394825+12+6213+1+1035+101+25+3+22+7211+1+60+89+7+2+117518+13+39614The distributed geography of opportunity:the 2023 Global Cities ReportPhoto by Kearney alumThis years GCO results reflect the spread of a phenomenon first noticed in the United States,wher

89、e metropolitan areas witnessed a huge exit of people seeking to escape crowded and overpriced urban centers for less congested and more affordable locations.The rise of remote working also meant that many workers were no longer geographically bound to their location of employment.As a result,populat

90、ions shifted from city cores to suburban areas and smaller towns.In general,US cities improved in the personal well-being and governance metrics,with the latter due to a relative decline in Chinese cities scores.However,the performance of American cities in the economics and innovation dimensions wa

91、s far more varied,and this is where the second-tier metros outperformed the established leaders.These challenger cities are drawing in not only talent and ideas,but also capital,and are poised to become leading hubs of innovation and growth.Across the Pacific,Chinese cities fell in the GCO ranking t

92、his yeardropping seven places on average.The economics dimension,in particular,has been a challenge for Chinese metros,as projections for GDP per capita and inbound foreign direct investment(FDI)both fell.Chinas economic recovery has proved much slower than expected,with the nation experiencing a se

93、vere housing crisis,along with the highest unemployment levels since 2018.Foreign investment into the country has reached a 25-year low as growing geopolitical tensions fuel concerns over its future prospects.Improvements in the innovation dimension,largely from an improving entrepreneurial environm

94、ent,were insufficient to offset these declines in the economics and governance dimensions.15The distributed geography of opportunity:the 2023 Global Cities ReportWhile the GCI and GCO show the current and potential future performance of global cities,we also looked closely at the conditions in which

95、 metropolitan leadersand private sector entities with significant engagements in global citiesmay be operating over the next 12 to 18 months.As discussed in this report,the established hierarchy of global cities is undergoing disruption from social and geopolitical factors.Migration to rival metros

96、offering more attractive lifestyles,enabled by the remote work revolution and the behavioral value shift of the pandemic,has accelerated with the near-complete removal of travel restrictions.The new era of strategic economic autonomy and geopolitical fragmentation is reshaping trade and capital flow

97、s increasingly toward safe,geopolitically balanced hubs.The interplay of these forces has raised the global profile of cities beyond the United States and Western Europe.This trend is likely to accelerate in the near term as the world registers the effects of another disruptive forcegenerative AI.Ov

98、er the past year,there has been a discontinuous acceleration in the advancement of this technology.With its ability to autonomously create content,designs,and other solutions,generative AI is poised to redefine labor markets and reshape the global economy in profound ways.Goldman Sachs projects that

99、 global investment into generative AI may reach$200 billion by 2025.It now seems increasingly likely that global cities may be profoundly disrupted by this technology.Previous waves of technological innovation have reshaped the geoeconomic landscape of nations,as they distributed economic opportunit

100、ies to formerly marginalized regions.But certain factors could heighten the impact of the generative AI boom on global cities.Generative AI is unique in its ability to break down the barriers of entry into various professions and industries.This development will dilute the importance of physical pro

101、ximity in business,technological innovation,education,and artistic creationall fields that for centuries now have been largely defined by their connection to bustling metropolises such as London,Paris,New York,Los Angeles,and the San Francisco Bay area.A look ahead:shared productivity potential16The

102、 distributed geography of opportunity:the 2023 Global Cities ReportPhoto by Kearney alumWhats more,the service economy that increasingly drives and defines the modern global city is particularly susceptible to work-from-home arrangements that often undermine the very purpose and vitality of dense ur

103、ban areas,particularly downtowns.It is estimated that by the end of 2022,31 percent of workers worldwide were remote or hybrid.This trend is,for obvious reasons,more pronounced in the service sector of the economy than in industries that produce physical goods.While global trade in goods as a share

104、of GDP is stabilizing,the global trade in services is rising rapidly,as trade barriers are more difficult to impose on services and remote work reduces requirements for business services to be delivered in-house.In short,those segments of the metropolitan economy that are most conducive to remote wo

105、rk are growing faster than those that might require workers to congregate at centralized(and often urban or suburban)production sites.If innovation and economic opportunity can increasingly be generated outside of these hubs with lower cost and greater ease thanks to increasingly powerful AI,it will

106、 threaten established cities that have become hotbeds of talent and capital through the very network and agglomeration effects that this technology undermines.The remote working revolution enhances the productivity-distributing effect of generative AI from high-skill to low-skill workers,as the latt

107、er can acquire a great degree of the tacit knowledge and abilities of the former without being in the same physical location.But even higher-end cognitive tasks that were once the cornerstone of many professions are now at risk of automation,accelerating the transformation in the nature of work itse

108、lf.Again,all of this strikes directly at the core value proposition of global cities in the Information Age,namely,their unique concentration of highly talented and educated people.If the skill sets and intellectual output of such individuals can be increasingly mimicked or supplanted by AI,what is

109、the competitive advantage of the“superstar”city?17The distributed geography of opportunity:the 2023 Global Cities ReportAll of these factors strongly indicate a further expansion of the geographic footprint over which productive work takes place,potentially diluting the primacy of traditionally prom

110、inent urban centers.In this context,global cities need to take into account several considerations if they are to retain their strategic advantages amid this wave of technological transformation.For starters,to capitalize on the economic potential that generative AI opens up,cities will need to plac

111、e an even greater emphasis on talent attraction and retention.As witnessed throughout the pandemic,those cities offering a superior quality of life,diverse cultural experiences,and favorable regulatory environments are likelier to succeed in the competition for bright,ambitious people.This years Ind

112、ex showed that those cities that had managed to strengthen their human capital dimensionparticularly with respect to tertiary education and the attraction of international studentssaw healthy improvements in their rankings.Cities must also be able to reskill and redeploy their own local workforce to

113、 be responsive to evolving market demandsan endeavor in which generative AI can be a useful tool.In addition,cities should intentionally optimize their social infrastructure to maximize their advantages as attractors and collectors of talent,because human beings(particularly the most ambitious and e

114、nergetic ones)remain naturally inclined to seek the company of other human beings.Communities that enable a richness and variety of connective opportunity will retain important advantages for the foreseeable future.The foundations of such connectivity include the cultural institutions,physical space

115、s,and services that enable communities to create social linkages.Facing the current challenge of repurposing downtowns that are suffering from declining usage,now is an opportune time for cities to reweave their social infrastructure to gain competitive advantage in a world where economic opportunit

116、y is more widely distributed.Metro areas aiming to fully capitalize on the generative AI boom also need to strengthen their“public digital infrastructure,”a term London has used to describe the built environment necessary to create a truly“smart”city.This infrastructure includes digital connectivity

117、,institutions for collaboration,and the optimization of citywide datasets.Such assets can transform a city into a ready platform for emerging technologiesand help unlock innovation and economic growth through improved research and development opportunities.A related,pressing concern for cities will

118、be the issue of sustainably powering data centers.To reduce lag times and to gain AI supremacy,data centers are increasingly being developed in or near urban centers.However,the energy intensity of these data centers is likely to increase as more advanced AI applications consume ever greater amounts

119、 of energy.It is estimated that running a generative AI algorithm consumes up to five times more energy than an ordinary search engine.Therefore,cities will have to tackle the issue of hosting increasingly energy-intensive data centers as they simultaneously seek to build robust public digital infra

120、structure to ensure their readiness for further advances in AI.18The distributed geography of opportunity:the 2023 Global Cities ReportPhoto by Amaya De La Hoz De Aizpurua Kearney,MadridIn this shifting global landscape of distributed opportunity,top-tier global cities cannot take their positions fo

121、r granted.The traditional hierarchy of leading cities will only become more fluid in the future as opportunities for growth and enhanced productivity become less concentrated during the coming waves of AI-driven innovation.City leaders will face an increasingly competitive global environment,in whic

122、h the ability to offer well-rounded value propositions will be more crucial than ever in attracting talent and investment.If the rising hubs continue their trajectory,then eventually they may succeed in loosening the grip of the worlds leading cities on the top rungs of the Global Cities Index.Concl

123、usion19The distributed geography of opportunity:the 2023 Global Cities ReportRudolph LohmeyerPartner,Dubai Michele LonghiConsultant,Dubai Brenna BuckstaffConsultant,Dubai The authors would like to thank Mike Hales,Andres Mendoza Pena,Pengyuan Zhou,Shagun Khurana,Kanika Nargotra,and Manuj Varshney fo

124、r their valuable contributions to this report.Authors20The distributed geography of opportunity:the 2023 Global Cities ReportSource:Kearney 2023 Global Cities ReportAppendix AGlobal Cities Index and Global Cities Outlook methodologiesGlobal Cities Index:a measure of current performanceAssesses 29 me

125、trics across five dimensions:Business activity(30%):capital flow,market dynamics,and the presence of major companies Human capital(30%):education levels Information exchange(15%):access to information through Internet and other media sources Cultural experience(15%):access to museums,cultural events

126、,and major sporting events Political engagement(10%):political events,think tanks,and embassiesRank and score are determined by totaling the weighted averages of each dimension to yield a score on a scale of 0 to 100,with 100 being perfect.Sources are derived from publicly available,city-level data.

127、Global Cities Outlook:a measure of future potentialAssesses 13 leading indicators across four dimensions:Personal well-being(25%):safety,healthcare,social equity,and environmental performance Economics(25%):long-term investments and gross domestic product Innovation(25%):entrepreneurship through pat

128、ents,private investments,and incubators Governance(25%):proxy for long-term stability through transparency,quality of bureaucracy,and ease of doing businessRank and score are determined by averaging the rate of change across each metric using data from the past five years,then projecting out 10 year

129、s into the future.Weighted averages are applied to each dimension to yield a score on a scale of 0 to 100,with 100 being perfect.Sources are derived from publicly available,city-level data.22The distributed geography of opportunity:the 2023 Global Cities ReportSource:Kearney 2023 Global Cities Repor

130、tAppendix BThe 156 cities included in the 2023 Global Cities Index and Global Cities Outlook analysisAhmedabadAlmatyBandungBangaloreBangkokBeijingChangshaChengduChennaiChongqingDalianDhakaDongguanFoshanGuangzhouHangzhouHarbinHefeiHo Chi Minh Hong KongHyderabadJakartaJinanKaohsiungKarachiKolkataKuala

131、 LumpurKunmingLahoreManilaMelbourneMumbaiNagoyaNanjingNew DelhiNingboNur-SultanOsakaPerthPuneQingdaoQuanzhouAsia PacificSeoulShanghaiShenyangShenzhenSingaporeSurabayaSuratSuzhouSydneyTaipeiTangshanTianjinTokyoWuhanWuxiXianYangonYantaiYokohamaZhengzhouAtlantaBostonChicagoDallasHoustonLos AngelesMiami

132、MinneapolisMontrealNew YorkPhiladelphiaPhoenixNorth AmericaSan FranciscoSeattleTorontoVancouverWashington,D.C.AmsterdamBarcelonaBerlinBrusselsBudapestCopenhagenDublinDsseldorfFrankfurtGenevaHelsinkiIstanbulKyivLisbonLondonLuxembourgMadridMilanMoscow MunichEuropeOsloParisPragueRomeStockholmSaint Pete

133、rsburgViennaWarsawZagrebZurichAbidjanAccraAddis AbabaAlexandriaCape TownCasablancaJohannesburgKhartoumKinshasaLagosAfricaLuandaNairobiTunisAbhaAbu DhabiAmmanAnkaraBaghdadBeirutCairoDammamDohaDubaiJeddahKuwait CityMakkahManamaMiddle EastMedinaMuscatRiyadhTehranTel AvivBelo HorizonteBogotBuenos AiresC

134、aracasGuadalajaraLimaMexico CityMonterreyPorto AlegrePueblaLatin AmericaRecifeRio de JaneiroSalvadorSantiagoSo Paulo23The distributed geography of opportunity:the 2023 Global Cities ReportSource:Kearney 2023 Global Cities ReportAppendix CFull 2023 Global Cities Index ranking(1/2)New YorkLondonParisT

135、okyoBeijingBrusselsSingaporeLos AngelesMelbourneHong KongChicagoMadridShanghaiSeoulTorontoBerlinSan FranciscoSydneyWashington,D.C.AmsterdamMoscowBuenos AiresDubaiBarcelonaIstanbulBostonFrankfurtMexico CityViennaMiamiMunichZurichMontrealAtlantaMilanGenevaRomeVancouverHoustonStockholm12345678910111213

136、141516171819202122232425262728293031323334353637383940123451196810719161318141517122321252226282024313032273329344635403738361234616951278191017201311151422183223282721243125332630293444363839374112345149718681612171915131110232025272634212838223024312933484037413239123491267165815191317142211102018

137、242723262128402531323029344137363835391234910761758131912181620151122142528232624293821303233273540363437413900000+5+22104+7+31+32217+30+31+2+363+3+1+24+140+111+31142023CityRank20222021202020192018 22-23CopenhagenSeattleDublinLisbonBangkokSo PauloPragueDallasOsloDohaSantiagoOsakaMumbaiPhiladelphiaGu

138、angzhouPerthTel AvivJohannesburgTaipeiCairoRiyadhLimaBogotNew DelhiWarsawAbu DhabiDsseldorfHelsinkiBudapestManilaMinneapolisKuala LumpurShenzhenJakartaLuxembourgRio de JaneiroBeirutHangzhouNagoyaZagreb414243444546474849505152535455565758596061626364656667686970717273747576777879804244413943454948535

139、755476050565952585161706866716576635462726764736974787779758643424546354052475453584862506056515549597465636664776861716970577267737675807983494546523642504754686235534363575155446473695956617665607167665875707472818278924547464233484361605054517153524466676358565569646265497959579170424844433147466

140、36050525171575345656661555854686762644979595611770+1+22521+20+4+7+45+74+1+3508+1+9+6+3+70+104147+248051+20+14+62023CityRank20222021202020192018 22-2324The distributed geography of opportunity:the 2023 Global Cities ReportSource:Kearney 2023 Global Cities ReportAppendix CFull 2023 Global Cities Index

141、 ranking(2/2)JeddahAmmanChengduCape TownSaint PetersburgNairobiKuwait CityPhoenixDhakaAnkaraBangaloreKyivNanjingHo Chi MinhAddis AbabaYokohamaChennaiWuhanAbidjanTianjinMonterreyXianSuzhouAccraCasablancaTehranCaracasChangshaLagosGuadalajaraBelo HorizonteChongqingHyderabadTunisPorto AlegreQingdaoKinsh

142、asaMuscatKaohsiungZhengzhou818283848586878889909192939495969798991001011021031041051061071081091101111121131141151161171181191208485838081828887968993949198999097921049510910010210610110510810311211511410711711311111612212611012082858881788987849586989190971069910194114931129692117100105103102113115

143、1041071161111081101361191091218583877780909579918488898697114969310994104100981101071089910311210611310210111111610513011512175897368777672827478868110180105928890111969394978311684999810785103951131021001237489736976777285757888801078210290879911311592979481124839895114849693110104109128330-4-4-41-

144、17-122-244-60-65-58-2-12-4-11-5353-54-1-4058-902023CityRank20222021202020192018 22-23Nur-SultanJinanAlmatySalvadorManamaNingboLahoreDalianKarachiPueblaRecifePuneDammamShenyangHarbinKolkataHefeiKunmingWuxiSurabayaKhartoumAlexandriaAhmedabadBaghdadLuandaFoshanBandungQuanzhouYantaiDongguanYangon(Rangoo

145、n)TangshanMedinaMakkahAbhaSurat12112212312412512612712812913013113213313413513613713813914014114214314414514614714814915015115215315415515612111811912513312713212313113412413013612912813713813514014114213914514314614414914814715015215115315415615512812211812413012612712012313712513514713113213813313

146、414414014214113912914614814515214915014315515415315115613212412012912212711811713312512313912812611913813514014813113414714213614414114313714514915015114610611511910911087122112114121117104128108124130120126125129118134131132127135133101100123103106861221121111201189113010512911910812112613111613513

147、2133127134125044+1+8+1+55+2+472+357+1+13+1+1+13+21+12+2020+1100+112023CityRank20222021202020192018 22-2325The distributed geography of opportunity:the 2023 Global Cities ReportSource:Kearney 2023 Global Cities ReportAppendix DFull 2023 Global Cities Outlook ranking(1/2)San FranciscoCopenhagenLondonL

148、uxembourgParisDublinHelsinkiStockholmMunichSingaporeAmsterdamBostonGenevaSeoulMinneapolisTaipeiNew YorkZurichPhoenixOsloBerlinBarcelonaTokyoSydneyDsseldorfFrankfurtAbu DhabiOsakaRomeViennaMontrealPerthTorontoMelbourneMadridAtlantaMilanDubaiBeijingVancouver12345678910111213141516171819202122232425262

149、728293031323334353637383940138132717542010371636221461979281229253518219416824233934323338481127462521111254363102040163138241813604622397927294364919121781437474415232811201175103886391516423026272246531436412283374358211324219313450183225317159108247124425241542164061326302037471823111445353632391

150、912334331175681645382133618401419272950394825211210492635424717+12+6213+1+1035+101+25+3+22+7211+1+60+89+7+2+117518+13+3968+7+122+2+112712+62023CityRank20222021202020192018 22-23SeattleLos AngelesBrusselsChicagoYokohamaShenzhenNagoyaWashington,D.C.HangzhouPragueShanghaiDallasSuzhouWuhanTel AvivPhilad

151、elphiaGuangzhouMiamiNanjingShenyangQuanzhouZagrebHefeiFoshanWuxiTianjinNingboDohaHoustonQingdaoYantaiWarsawTangshanJinanLisbonMonterreyChangshaKuwait CityChengduKaohsiung4142434445464748495051525354555657585960616263646566676869707172737475767778798052553154471542494051307845536070268758565090626357

152、666584727173437669919961856480526242574126355864513050456648613470638068937672596774107558781328584731347195825335522923413739685145475569495654576077708672636574954483784081611327375823443273849312959285133546350466548577167766460736621808241781058168743230221552342470286431557143415944567772695765

153、626399073377597675876+11+1312+10+2315+19+121+2681+5+1431+291411+2811802+16+3+1+229+35+16+2316+71502023CityRank20222021202020192018 22-2326The distributed geography of opportunity:the 2023 Global Cities ReportSource:Kearney 2023 Global Cities ReportAppendix DFull 2023 Global Cities Outlook ranking(2/

154、2)ZhengzhouKunmingBudapestDalianHarbinSantiagoHong KongMumbaiXianDongguanManamaChongqingMoscowAlmatyDammamKuala LumpurGuadalajaraNur-SultanRiyadhHyderabadSo PauloMuscatJeddahChennaiBangkokNew DelhiBogotBangaloreAhmedabadMakkahAbhaMedinaMexico CityPueblaBuenos AiresPuneAmmanIstanbulJakartaAnkara81828

155、384858687888990919293949596979899100101102103104105106107108109110111112113114115116117118119120677759838297869681939274441051021071101069511412489981121081131091191281001041011111188812594117103127889056798365541107869103753392100891149697124115104981211051301201331439910210111613986141911091081138

156、5597679666296807189874893989212010291104123649710510310911110812199101100119139671188810611011575537072565291616996792277958694995885102871008993110881176211392101112845374805154926681100882061869198939987108829578941046810660105961141011452413+111+88+3+11849+11+7+11+13+84+14+23135+8+3+7+2+11+191071

157、12+4-27+923116+72023CityRank20222021202020192018 22-23SuratKolkataSaint PetersburgHo Chi MinhNairobiTunisLimaCape TownCasablancaBandungJohannesburgSalvadorRio de JaneiroBelo HorizontePorto AlegreRecifeSurabayaManilaCairoAbidjanBaghdadAlexandriaLahoreKarachiAddis AbabaYangon(Rangoon)LuandaAccraBeirut

158、DhakaKhartoumKyivLagosKinshasaTehranCaracas12112212312412512612712812913013113213313413513613713813914014114214314414514614714814915015115215315415515613113311511612313212112212913012613814213713914013412014414313614714515014613514914814115415375152155151156147148771061121251231221321181261351381291

159、311361191171451271281491421511401111441461371551529415415315015612812484901351301071161271131291381251331341371141171411311261421361441431121461451221481479415014914015112112055831241098410398104107116971061111151089011911812512212612912811413212713513113413012313311511146831211187911310311610911989

160、10210711012085122117126124127128131112132125135134133129123130+10+11882+666005+6+9+3+4+4318+5+35+5+2+6+111+208+4+2771+1402023CityRank20222021202020192018 22-2327The distributed geography of opportunity:the 2023 Global Cities ReportFor more information,permission to reprint or translate this work,and

161、 all other correspondence,please email .A.T.Kearney Korea LLC is a separate and independent legal entity operating under the Kearney name in Korea.A.T.Kearney operates in India as A.T.Kearney Limited(Branch Office),a branch office of A.T.Kearney Limited,a company organized under the laws of England

162、and Wales.2023,A.T.Kearney,Inc.All rights reserved.About the National Transformations InstituteKearneys National Transformations Institute is dedicated to helping senior government and business leaders anticipate and drive the diverse and accelerating transformations under way globally.The Institute

163、s work centers on the application of the formal techniques of strategic foresight;policy design and analysis;and economic modeling.About KearneyKearney is a leading global management consulting firm.For nearly 100 years,we have been a trusted advisor to C-suites,government bodies,and nonprofit organizations.Our people make us who we are.Driven to be the difference between a big idea and making it happen,we work alongside our clients to regenerate their businesses to create a future that works for