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1、1 GWEC.NETHOW OFFSHORE WIND DEVELOPMENTCAN SUPPORT COASTAL REGENERATIONGLOBAL OVERVIEW AND BEST PRACTICES FOR SOUTH KOREADisclaimerCopyright May 2024Permissions and UsageThis document contains forward-looking statements.These statements are based on current views,expectations,assumptions and informa

2、tion of the Authors.The Authors and their employees and representatives do not guarantee the accuracy of the data or conclusions of this work.They are not responsible for any adverse effects,loss or damage in any way resulting from this work.The Global Wind Energy Council(GWEC)is the global trade as

3、sociation for the wind power industry,with over 1,500 members responsible for 70%of the worlds wind capacity.Our members include major turbine manufacturers,energy companies,developers,and technology providers.GWEC advocates for the wind industry globally,collaborating with organisations like the IR

4、ENA,IEA,local associations and development banks to help governments and policymakers unlock wind energys full potential.GWECs mission is to ensure that wind power fulfils its role as one of the key technology solutions to todays energy and climate challenges,forming the backbone of a new clean ener

5、gy system and enabling trillions of dollars of investment while providing substantialeconomic and social benefits to host countries.This work is subject to copyright.Its content,including text and graphics,may be reproducedin part for non-commercial purposes,with full attribution.AttributionAcknowle

6、dgementThis report was commissioned by the Global Wind Energy Council(GWEC).The Carbon Trust set out the core economic benefits and wider social and environmental effects of offshore wind development,researched global best practices,approaches and mechanisms for ensuring that offshore wind developme

7、nt supports local,coastal regeneration,and set out recommendations for the South Korean context.Energy and Space conducted a comprehensive analysis of the potential economic impacts stemming from offshore wind development in South Korea.Their contributions further include providing key information a

8、nd insights on global best practices,methodologies,and mechanisms,as well as offering a nuanced overview of South Korean case studies that facilitated invaluable policy recommendations.The report was edited by the Global Wind Energy Council team:Rebecca Williams,Mark Hutchinson,Janice Cheong,and Tho

9、a Nguyen.How Offshore Wind Development Can Support Coastal Regeneration:Global Overview and Best Practices for South Korea.Global Wind Energy Council.2024.The lead authors of this report were Yunsoung Kim,Eojin Son and Dawon Son from the Energy and Space team,and Olivia Burke,Caroline Coccoli,Mary H

10、arvey from the Carbon Trust team.Contributing authors from the Carbon Trust team include Jade Dieumegard-Meyrick,Maria Gonzalez-Martin,Christina Starost.Energy and Space is a distinguished private research institution that crafts solution-driven policies through structured economic and social scienc

11、e methodologies.Our focus is grounded in spatial planning for renewable energy in maritime and rural areas.https:/www.energyandspace.kr/Lead AuthorsThe Carbon Trust has a mission to accelerate the move to a decarbonised future.We have been climate pioneers for more than 20 years,partnering with lead

12、ing businesses,governments and financial institutions globally.From strategic planning and target setting to activation and communication-we are your expert guide to turn your climate ambition into impact.We are one global network of 400 experts with offices in the UK,the Netherlands,South Africa,Ch

13、ina,Singapore and Mexico.To date,we have helped set 200+science-based targets and guided 3,000+organisations in 70 countries on their route to Net Zero.https:/ Offshore Wind Development Can Support Coastal RegenerationAs the demand for reliable,scalable and sustainable energy continues to accelerate

14、 in South Korea,the pursuit of renewable sources have become imperative.The country currently stands at the pivotal moment of its energy transition-beyond its net zero emission ambitions by 2050 and growing energy demands.With a staggering 624GW of technical potential for offshore wind,encompassing

15、both fxed bottom and foating types,South Korea stands as a beacon of abundant renewable energy opportunities.At COP28,together with aother 118 countries,South Korea furthered its climate ambitions by joining the pledge to collectively triple the worlds renewable energy capacity by 2030.Offshore wind

16、 has not only emerged as a resilient renewable energy solution for South Korea,but it has also become recognised as an important industrial opportunity,which can aid in the economic revitalisation of key coastal regions.Recognising the need to quantify this opportunity and provide practical suggesti

17、ons on how to maximise this opportunity,the Global Wind Energy Council commissioned this report:“How Offshore Wind Development Can Support Coastal Regeneration:Global Overview and Best Practices for South Korea”.The report examines the immense potential that offshore wind presents for South Koreas c

18、oastal areas,with a specifc focus on its role in fostering economic benefts and attracting investment.Although South Korea has announced a 14.3 GW installation target for offshore wind by 2030,there is less than 150 MW of current installed capacity.The market at present lacks a streamlined permittin

19、g process that provides clear guidance,specifcally on timing and to engage with local communities.At the same time,understanding of the core benefts and opportunities of offshore wind neds to be strengthened among local stakeholders.Without greater understanding,local stakeholders may not support of

20、fshore wind development,and coastal communities may not be able to access the economic benefts offshore wind can create.This report not only underscores the importance of offshore wind development for South Korea but also serves as a call to action to the policymakers.It is an invitation to embrace

21、a comprehensive and holistic strategy that goes beyond energy production and facilitates sustainable economic and industrial development.Global insights,in the form of international best practices,have been drawn from successful initiatives worldwide.This report aims to provide guidance on how the c

22、ountry can harness the full spectrum of benefts offered by the offshore wind industry,including unlocking job opportunities,creating investment into ports,re-invigorating coastal communities and stimulating the entire supply chain.Concurrently,we hope to provide local stakehold-ers with quantitative

23、 evidence that measures the true potential of offshore wind in South Koreas coastal commu-nities.Rebecca WilliamsGlobal Head of Offshore Wind,Global Wind Energy CouncilForeword4GWEC|How Offshore Wind Development Can Support Coastal Regeneration Table of ContentsExhibits 6Tables 7Acronyms 7Executive

24、Summary 9 Background and aims 12 Offshore wind energy benefits to coastal communities 16 Econometric analysis 23 Ensuring offshore wind development supports coastal communities:31 lessons learnt and best practices Conclusion and policy suggestions 49Appendix 54Methodology 545GWEC|How Offshore Wind D

25、evelopment Can Support Coastal RegenerationGlobal Wind Energy CouncilGLOBAL WIND ENERGY COUNCILRue de Commerce 311000 Brussels,BelgiumT.+32 490 56 81 Exhibit 1:Typical OFW project development process in South Korea 13Exhibit 2:Generalised Social and economic benefits of offshore wind development 16E

26、xhibit 3:The distribution of human resources required along the value chain to develop a 500 MW offshore wind farm(Rearranged from IRENA)17Exhibit 4:Map of National Ports.Source:Operation Authority 21Exhibit 5:Structure for the Cost break down of CapEx and OpEx 23Exhibit 6:Share of Supply Chain Comp

27、onents in Investment(Fixed Bottom OFW)24Exhibit 7:Share of Supply Chain Components in Investment(Floating OFW).Rearranged from NREL(2023)24Exhibit 8:Cost Breakdown of Port Construction Cost(%)25Exhibit 9:Gross Value-added for CapEx 26Exhibit 10:Gross Value-added for OpEx 27Exhibit 11:Full-Time Emplo

28、yment for CapEx 28Exhibit 12:Full-Time Employment for OpEx 28Exhibit 13:CapEx GVA Port 29Exhibit 14:CapEx-FTE 29Exhibit 15:Port of Esbjerg 33Exhibit 16:Port of Taichung 35Exhibit 17:Mokpo and Sinan 37Exhibit 18:Humber offshore wind industrial cluster 39Exhibit 19:Incheon Region 42Exhibit 20:Gunsan C

29、ity region 43 Exhibits6GWEC|How Offshore Wind Development Can Support Coastal Regeneration TablesTable 1:Types of jobs in OFW Development.Source:IRENA(2018);GESI(2022)18Table 2:Specifications for International Trading Ports in South Korea(Operated by MOF).Source:MOF(2020)21Table 3:Estimates of total

30、 investment required for wind in South Korea(KRW).Source:NREL(2021)24Table 4:Industrial Port opportunity for Mokpo and Sinan,South Korea.38Table 5:Offshore wind farm pipeline in Incheon.42Table 6:Industrial cluster opportunity for Incheon Metropolitan City,South Korea.44Table 7:Industrial cluster op

31、portunity for Gunsan City,South Korea.457GWEC|How Offshore Wind Development Can Support Coastal RegenerationAcronymsDK DenmarkIO Input-OutputIRA Inflation Reduction ActMW MegawattsGW GigawattsGVA Gross Value AddO&M Operation&MaintenanceCapEx Capital ExpenditureOpEx Operating ExpenseEBL Electricity B

32、usiness LicenceESG Environmental and Social GovernanceEIA Environmental Impact AssessmentEU European UnionRPS Renewable Portfolio StandardsRECs Renewable Energy CertificatesFTE Full-Time EquivalentOFW Offshore windOWF Offshore wind farmsMOTIE The Ministry of Trade,Industry and EnergyMOF The Ministry

33、 of Oceans and FisheriesUK United KingdomEXECUTIVE SUMMARY Executive SummaryOffshore wind(OFW)is a reliable,scalable sustainable source of electricity,and many countries around the world are pursuing commercial deployment to support the transition towards a carbon-neutral society.The South Korean go

34、vernment has set a target of reaching 14.3 GW of OFW before 2030,and as of 2023,the country has 140 MW of installed capacity across six windfarms.Despite this ambitious target,commercial OFW development is experiencing delays,due in part to a lack of local acceptance,coordination among multiple stak

35、eholders within the development process and wider policy outlining economic benefts.Beyond decarbonisation,offshore wind can offer South Korea other economic,social and environmental benefts.Commercial-scale offshore wind deployment will require a signifcant mobilisation of the workforce as well as

36、development of major infrastructure,creating employment opportunities not only offshore,but in ports,the surrounding coastal communities and across the wider supply chain.These benefts are particularly important for South Korea,whose coastal cities and towns have seen declining populations,low birth

37、 rates and internal migration to cities by the younger populations over the past several years.The anticipated scale-up of offshore wind development serves as a window of opportunity for the country to pursue economic and social regeneration along its coasts.But seizing this opportunity will require

38、 a well-established policy framework and support from regional and national institutions.Offshore wind development can support coastal regeneration,but this will require planning,stakeholder engagement,and collaboration between government and industry.This report sets out the core economic and wider

39、 social and environmental benefts of offshore wind development and discusses how these benefts could be leveraged in order to achieve coastal regeneration.The report also highlights the potential economic impacts of offshore wind development in South Korea,using an input-output(IO)analysis to estima

40、te the expected value-added and employment for the construction of 14.3 GW of OFW planned for 2030.Assuming that by 2030,a total of 14.3 GW of OFW farms will be constructed,the report fnds that the gross value added for a fxed OFW project is approximately 45.3 trillion won for 7 years,and for foatin

41、g OFW project,around 41.7 trillion won to the Korean economy.Each year during the Operations&Maintenance(O&M)phase,the report fnds that 87.26 billion won for a fxed bottom and 57.82 billion won worth of gross value added can be estimated(Exhibit 11).Offshore wind is expected to create in total 770,2

42、00 jobs,including 376,200 jobs in fxed OFW and 394,000 jobs in foating OFW as a result of CapEx(Capital Expenditure)over the project lifecycle of the 14.3GW of OFW farms.For the O&M phase,for the year of 2030 alone,it is estimated that 11,689 FTEs can be created annually in bottom-fxed OFW,while the

43、re would be 5,917 FTEs created in foating.Many of these jobs,especially in the construction,installation and then O&M phase lasting the project lifetime,would be locally deployed.Finally,this report highlights best practices,approaches and mechanisms for ensuring offshore wind development supports c

44、oastal regeneration,based on case studies from more mature offshore wind markets.These best practices include:9GWEC|How Offshore Wind Development Can Support Coastal RegenerationRevitalisation of existing assetsBrownfeld sites,ports and existing industrial sites in coastal communities can be redevel

45、oped to support offshore wind.The redevelopment of these assets requires local jobs from project planning,construction,to manufacturing of components.Innovation and efficiency through industrial clustersPorts are utilised throughout the lifespan of the offshore wind farm and create economic benefts

46、due to the cluster of industry and developers.This streamlined supply chain and cluster can create jobs and stimulate local economic growth;however,it is key for decision makers to consider a long-term approach to development.Technical upskilling through education,trainingTo meet OFW targets,investm

47、ent is required in local training centres,partnerships with further education institutes and training programmes with industry stakeholders to increase and specialise the workforce in coastal communities.Recommendations for the regeneration of coastal communitiesBased on these best practices and les

48、sons learnt,we outline main recommendations for the South Korean government,across different ministries,to ensure that offshore wind development helps to support the regeneration of coastal communities.The recommendations are categorised according to government stakeholder(i.e national,local,both go

49、vernments).Local governmentsBoth local and national governmentsNational governmentBuild a local regeneration vision with citizens early on to build socialacceptance and lasting political support for OFW developments.Build the workforce capacity with local research institutions and other knowledge pa

50、rtners,noting that local municipalities can act as a bridge between the industry sector and provide necessary public fnancing and support.Establish inclusive governance of the cluster with stakeholders to bridge the gap to engage with public councils in determining the future of industrial clusters.

51、Strengthen international networks between local governments that can be utilised to enhance the capacity to plan and implement effective climate action at the local level.Expand the number of Free Economic Zones to enhance an Offshore Wind Industry Cluster and to provide a competitive playing feld f

52、or FDI,which could translate into job creation and regional economic growth.Working with local government,industry and local stakeholder communities to develop standardised guidelines for engagement,considering existing practices in community engagement and codifying them into regulation.Consider th

53、e introduction of a tax credit system,or a similar incentive,for the wind power supply chain.Prepare long-term plans on port and grid infrastructure for offshore wind to help developers make informed investment decisions.Carry out an assessment of coastal communities at a local and national level,in

54、cluding an understanding of the baseline status of economic,social,environ-mental factors,including cost-beneft analysis to determine the areas which would beneft most from strategic investment.Develop a national plan for coastal community regeneration,coordinating with local authorities,communities

55、,and industry for shared understanding of impacts of different stages of offshore wind projects to local communities.1.2.3.4.1.1.2.2.3.4.10GWEC|How Offshore Wind Development Can Support Coastal RegenerationExhibit 1:Typical OFW project development process in South Korea 13Exhibit 2:Generalised Socia

56、l and economic benefits of offshore wind development 16Exhibit 3:The distribution of human resources required along the value chain to develop a 500 MW offshore wind farm(Rearranged from IRENA)17Exhibit 4:Map of National Ports.Source:Operation Authority 21Exhibit 5:Structure for the Cost break down

57、of CapEx and OpEx 23Exhibit 6:Share of Supply Chain Components in Investment(Fixed Bottom OFW)24Exhibit 7:Share of Supply Chain Components in Investment(Floating OFW).Rearranged from NREL(2023)24Exhibit 8:Cost Breakdown of Port Construction Cost(%)25Exhibit 9:Gross Value-added for CapEx 26Exhibit 10

58、:Gross Value-added for OpEx 27Exhibit 11:Full-Time Employment for CapEx 28Exhibit 12:Full-Time Employment for OpEx 28Exhibit 13:CapEx GVA Port 29Exhibit 14:CapEx-FTE 29Exhibit 15:Port of Esbjerg 33Exhibit 16:Port of Taichung 35Exhibit 17:Mokpo and Sinan 37Exhibit 18:Humber offshore wind industrial c

59、luster 39Exhibit 19:Incheon Region 42Exhibit 20:Gunsan City region 43BACKGROUND AND AIMS 12Aim and scope of this study Background and aimsFinally,OFW development is largely only considered in energy policy;the government has yet to establish a comprehensive and visionary industry policy to support t

60、he sector.This has resulted in insuffcient support for offshore wind development from the industrial sector more broadly.This report aims to:Set out the core economic benefts and wider social and environmental benefts of offshore wind development and discuss how these benefts could be leveraged in o

61、rder to achieve coastal regeneration(Sections 1-3).Showcase the potential economic multiplier effect of OFW as an industry by using an input-output(IO)analysis to estimate the expected value-added and employment for the construction of 14.3 GW of OFW planned for 2030(Section 4).Highlight best practi

62、ces,approaches and mechanisms for ensuring offshore wind development supports local,coastal regeneration,based on case studies of similar efforts around the world(Sections 5-6).GWEC|How Offshore Wind Development Can Support Coastal Regeneration12GWEC|How Offshore Wind Development Can Support Coastal

63、 RegenerationAs of 2023,South Korea has 125 MW1 of installed fxed-bottom OFW,however,the government has established an ambitious goal of 14.3 GW of OFW by 2030,which means there is a considerable effort required to meet expectations.The challenges associated with the current projects can be attribut

64、ed to several factors.Firstly,the process for establishing a new offshore wind farm is developer-led,also known as an open-door procedure.Unlike in a government-led development scheme,a private developer selects potential project sites and applies for an Electric Business Licence(EBL)and other requi

65、red permits to relevant government agencies.However,there is insuffcient standardisation and guidance2 as to best practice for local community engagement,compensation,who are the key stakeholders to engage,what levels of governments need to be engaged and other issues of concern,including diffcultie

66、s in coordinating with governmental bodies.At present,local acceptance for OFW could be improved.Guidelines for engagement strategies where residents can become involved in the process of developing projects are not suffcient.The potential benefts of offshore wind are not well-known enough among the

67、 public,and when benefts are communicated,they can be met with distrust.345678https:/www.epj.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=33613https:/ energy policy and targets In 2017,the South Korean government announced the Renewable Energy 3020 Implementation Plan which articulated specifc deployment targe

68、ts for the frst time(20%of electricity produced by renewables by 2030).In 2023,this goal was confrmed by the 10th Basic Plan for Electricity Supply and Demand Plan ,which states that 30.6%of the electricity production should come from renewables by the end of 2036.The countrys OFW target was also up

69、dated to 14.3 GW by 2030.Planned and operational offshore windAs of 2023,there are six fully operational wind farms with a combined capacity of 158 MW.The country has an estimated project pipeline of more than 14 GW for the period between 2022 to 2035,and the South Korean OFW market represents a siz

70、able portion of OFW activity in the Asia-Pacifc region outside of China.The current permitting process can take between seven to ten years and operators must obtain various licences,such as the EBL,through 29 law and more than ten government organisations.A total of 84 projects representing 27.8 GW

71、have acquired EBLs up to the end of 2023,with the majority of the planned projects located in the areas of South Jeolla province,followed by Busan and Ulsan.Global status of offshore wind energy Overview of the South Korean offshore wind energy market.Consultation with thelocal municipality andrelev

72、ant stakeholdersand identify sites1-2 years 1 year3-4 years1 year1 yearApply for initial PWOPfor the permission toinstall a LiDAR for 12months wind assessmentApply for EBL toreserve grid capacityand site exclusivity for8 years.Conduct EIAand various otherassessments requiredApproval of licensesand s

73、uit of impactassessmentsNegotiate and signPPA with a utility or acorporate,over future saleof electricity.Utility electricity sales can be supplemented by the sale of RECsFinal investmentdecision and finalisingconstruction contracts10Offshore wind plays a crucial role in the energy transition by pro

74、viding a reliable,scalable,and sustainable source of electricity,contributing to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions,and fostering economic development and innovation in the renewable energy sector.There has been signifcant scale-up of offshore wind globally over the past two decades;there is

75、now over 64 GW installed.Countries with notable case studies are Denmark and the United Kingdom.Denmark today has over 2 GW of offshore wind installed and was the location of the frst offshore wind farm Vindeby in 1991 which is formed of 11 turbines and generating 5 MW.The United Kingdom commissione

76、d its frst offshore wind farm in 2000 and is the second largest offshore wind market with capacity of over 14 GW.Due to this commercial scale-up,offshore wind has not only become a signifcant economic driver for countries at a national level but has also helped reshape their coastal communities thro

77、ugh the introduction of a new industry and accompanying initiatives.Commercial-scale offshore wind development can support:Job creation in order to support the development,construction and operations of wind farms Infrastructure development for ports and other access infrastructure Increased opportu

78、nities for the local supply chain Diversifcation and transition of the local economy Development of education and research opportunities Indirect benefts to local economies such as boosts in associated travel and accommodation sectors9111214151316Exhibit 1:Typical OFW project development process in

79、South Korea17Site Selection and Surveys PhaseEBL,EIA,and Permitting PhaseLegend:Offtaking and Construction Phase13GWEC|How Offshore Wind Development Can Support Coastal RegenerationOffshore wind development can act as a job catalyst,providing access to renewable energy as well as enabling other soci

80、o-economic benefts in the region.However,collaboratively,governments and the OFW industry need to consider planning,stakeholder engagement,infrastructure development including construction and refurbishment,and training and education of the local workforce.The past two decades of industry operation

81、in Europe provide several lessons learnt regarding offshore wind development and coastal regeneration.These lessons and best practices can and should be considered in emerging offshore wind markets like South Korea.https:/ speed up permitting,“The Special Act for Promotion of Offshore Wind Power Dev

82、elopment ”has been proposed,but a two-year delay in passing this bill to support a move to a government-led development scheme has meant there is still uncertainty about future permitting for projects.The change is expected to simplify the complex permitting process,provide transparency,lower invest

83、ment risks,and improve government visibility.However,a number of issues around the implementation of the bill still need to be resolved,including further discussion and dialogue with stakeholders from the fshing industries,civil society and government ministries.As a coastal nation,South Korea has c

84、ongested waters and must integrate OFW development alongside existing marine activities such as shipping,recreation and a sizable area reserved for national defence purposes.The latest version of South Koreas Maritime Spatial Plan has been in force since 2020.The plan contributes to clarifying the d

85、ivision of marine space into different uses.However,the proportion of energy development zones is low,and adjustments need to be made if South Korea is to meet its OFW target.It is recognised that more dialogue is needed with local communities and fshermen should be involved as early as possible in

86、the planning process to limit future delays.Offshore wind development support is provided through an RPS(Renewable Portfolio Standards).Large conventional power producers have renewables targets as part of their total power generation and this can be met by purchasing Renewable Energy Certifcates(RE

87、Cs)per MW/h.Different technologies as well as varying locations receive varying levels of REC multipliers and the surcharge is transferred to the consumer market through their electricity bills.Offshore wind has a REC weighting of at least 2.0 and further additions can be given through factors such

88、as if more than 1%of the project is owned by local communities.Previously,a Local Content Requirement rule gave an additional weighting to the REC,but this was removed in 2023 by the Ministry of Trade,Industry and Energy(MOTIE).GWEC|How Offshore Wind Development Can Support Coastal Regeneration14GWE

89、C|How Offshore Wind Development Can Support Coastal Regeneration1818https:/opinion.lawmaking.go.kr/gcom/nsmLmSts/out?sortCol=&sortOrder=&sugCd=21&sgtCls=&cptOfOrgCd=&searchStDtNew=&searchEdDtNew=&rslRsltNmL=&rslRsltNmR=&scCptPpostCmt=&scPpsUsr=&stDtFmt=&am

90、p;edDtFmt=&scBlNm=scBlNm_blNm&scBlNmSct=OFFSHORE WIND ENERGY BENEFITS TO COASTAL COMMUNITIES 16Offshore wind development can lead to economic,social and environmental benefts at all stages of development from planning,construction to(O&M)and decommissioning.We defne core economic benefts as

91、the direct,indirect and induced impacts of offshore wind development:Direct impacts:Employment directly linked to the offshore wind project.Indirect impacts:Wider supply chain employment and demand for sub-contractor goods and services.Induced impacts:Economic expenditure relation to retail,hospital

92、ity and wider goods and services linked to employment opportunities under direct and indirect impacts.At a project level and industry level,these core economic benefts are often estimated and reported in terms of gross value add(GVA)or number of full-time equivalent jobs.With adequate public and pri

93、vate sector support,offshore wind development may also result in certain environmental and social benefts.From an environmental point of view,governments are not only requiring offshore wind developers to monitor and mitigate against negative environmental impacts,but also are incentivising them to

94、contribute to nature recovery efforts.Similarly,both government and industry can develop programmes to ensure new jobs are accessible to a wide population and provide opportunities to those who could transition into the workforce from other industries.The following sections set out the core economic

95、,environmental and social benefts of offshore wind development in more detail.Exhibit 2:Generalised Social and Economic Benefits of Offshore Wind DevelopmentPhase ofActivityDriver ofBenefitMeasuresConstructionOperation andMaintenanceCore EconomicBenefitsWiderEnvironmentaland Socio-EconomicBenefits(D

96、irect,IndirectInduced)EconomicLabour MarketSocialEnvironmental(Jobs,W Gross Value Added)(Skills,Local Employment,Diversity)(Community Investment)(Biodiversity,Pollution)GWEC|How Offshore Wind Development Can Support Coastal RegenerationOffshore wind energy benefits to coastal communities 16GWEC|How

97、Offshore Wind Development Can Support Coastal RegenerationOffshore wind development requires signifcant resources,and each new deployment will create new jobs at each stage of the project development process.Exhibit 3 illustrates typical distribution of jobs across the development of an offshore win

98、d farm.The following section will provide an overview of the potential benefts that offshore wind can bring at each stage of development,as well as highlighting the wider economic benefts associated with offshore wind development.Project planning refers to the early work on site assessment,technical

99、 and fnancial feasibility studies,environmental impact assessments and permit acquisition.Many of the jobs related to the planning stage are temporary and require specifc knowledge.As such,large companies often utilise their international workforce to bring experience from completed projects.However

100、,there are opportunities for local employment,particularly as crew for survey work if local mariners are supported to acquire relevant additional permits and qualifcations.Additional manual labourer support may be required for any necessary civil engineering work or infrastructure upgrades.Manufactu

101、ring and construction of components locally can depend signifcantly on local content requirements,existing domestic industries and raw materials,the expected pipeline of projects the site can manufacture for,and the ability to address the logistical and costly impact of storing and transporting larg

102、e components.Most jobs are created at this stage with major components required(e.g.blades,substructures,substations).Employment in manufacturing and construction includes a range of skills from low to highly skilled e.g.,for electrical subcomponents.While some of the skills will be diffcult to acqu

103、ire locally,factory jobs can provide signifcant employment opportunities,and if there is a pipeline of projects it can be cost effective for companies to help support training initiatives including apprenticeships to address the skills shortage.South Korea could utilise existing ports and manufactur

104、ing and construction expertise,especially from shipbuilding industries.Installation requires specialised vessels and qualifcations.The installation of OFW foundations is a labour-intensive process,requiring trained ship crew and crane operators.Turbines are moved to their designated location by a sp

105、ecialised vessel,set on the foundation,and connected to the grid.Planning,manufacturing and construction and installation Core economic benefits in each stageof offshore wind developmentDistribution of human resources required along the valuechain for the development of a 500 MW offshore wind farmDe

106、commissioning 5%Project planning 1%Transport0.10%Installation andgrid connection 11%Source:IRENAOperation andmaintenance 24%Manufacturing andprocurement 59%TOTAL2.1 Milionperson-daysExhibit 3:The distribution of human resources required along the value chain to develop a 500 MW offshore wind farm(Re

107、arranged from IRENA)1917GWEC|How Offshore Wind Development Can Support Coastal Regenerationhttps:/ cable infrastructure plays a critical role in offshore winddevelopment and its effective planning is crucial to deliver electricity effciently and reliably from offshore wind farms to consumers.It is a

108、lso of relevance to local communities as the development,construction,and maintenance of offshore wind transmission infrastructure create job opportunities for residents.This includes positions in engineering,construction,operations,and maintenance,stimulating economic growth and providing skilled e

109、mployment opportunities.A good example is the recent 65m investment by JDR Cable Systems in a high voltage subsea cable manufacturing facility in Northumberland which will create 170 jobs in the region and likely serve sites across Europe.International frms are increasingly investing in training thr

110、ough centres and apprenticeships to train local people.The O&M stage has the longest impact on communities,as the average lifespan of an individual OFW farm is 25 years.Local industries can be developed or supported through skilled workers for the wind farms.There are also many low-and medium-skille

111、d jobs(e.g.catering,cleaners,security personnel etc.)created.The creation of O&M training and education centres can support more skilled jobs(see Sections 6.2 and 6.3).Operations and maintenance Value chain Activity JobsProject planningProcurementManufacturingTransportInstallationSite screening,feas

112、ibility study,environmental impact assessment,local community participation,engineering design,and project developmentManufacturing and assembling nacelles,blades,towers,as well as monitoring and control systemsPreparation of project farms,civil engineering,on-site assembly of partsParts transport a

113、nd shipmentFactory workers,quality controlspecialists,marketing and sales personnel,engineers,business managers and management executivesConstruction workers,technical staff,marine engineers,seafarers,health and safety specialists,logistics and quality specialistsGrid connection and commissioningCab

114、le and grid connection,project commissioningConstruction workers,technical staff,engineers,health and safety specialistsOperation and maintenanceO&M for the project cycle(25 years in general)Operators,electrical and marine engineers,construction workers,crane operators,seafarers,helicopter pilots,te

115、chnical staff,lawyers,business managers and management executivesDecommissioning Dismantling the project,recycling,disposing of the equipment,and clearing the siteConstruction workers,technical staff,drivers,engineers,seafarers,environmental scientists,health and safety specialistsDriver,seafarers,a

116、nd technical staffDesign specifcations,procurementProcurement specialists,engineersLegal,real estate,and regulatory specialists,fnancial analysts,marine engineers,environmental and geologists,as well as seafarers18GWEC|How Offshore Wind Development Can Support Coastal RegenerationTable 1:Types of jo

117、bs in OFW Development.Source:IRENA(2018);GESI(2022)21202021https:/www.business-live.co.uk/ports-logistics/contract-build-65m-northumberland-factory-25396967To develop a 500 MW offshore wind farm,an estimated 2.1 million direct person-days is required,in addition to indirect or induced jobs related t

118、o the economic activity of the wind farm such as hospitality.Over the last several years,there has also been signifcant effort to address the impacts of offshore wind development on nature and wildlife,as well as ensure that development contributes positively to people and places.Environmental benef

119、itsWhile any major development will have an impact on natural habitats,governments and industry are increasingly looking at ways to both mitigate impacts and restore habitats.For example,the Netherlands 2022 auction for the Hollandse Kust West Site VI was based partly on ecological innovation;projec

120、ts that contributed to innovative nature recovery efforts with widespread applicability across the industry were awarded more points.The selected project,Ecowende,aims to create a new ecological benchmark for offshore wind development,so that projects can have a net positive impact.Ecowende is also

121、testing innovative technologies and approaches,such as special UV paint on turbine blades to make them more visible to birds and a corridor within the wind farm to preserve birds freedom of movement.In other cases,project developers can support local environmental efforts to align with their own env

122、ironmental and social governance(ESG)ambitions.For example,50%of sea marsh habitats in the UKs Humber Estuary have been lost since the 1900s in part due to local commercial developments and reduction of sand dunes.rsted,in line with their goals for net-positive biodiversity impact across new project

123、s before 2030,is working with Yorkshire and Lincolnshire Wildlife Trusts to help with the restoration of the habitat and rewilding for the lost oyster population.Blauwwind is a consortium that developed Borssele III and IV in the Netherlands.The consortium is pursuing specifc nature enhancement proj

124、ects,including an eight-year initiative designed to support the long-term monitoring of oyster feld development and survival and growth rate.While these initiatives are important,integrating environmental initiatives into actual offshore wind developments,like Ecowende,are more likely to lead to ind

125、ustry-wide progress.Social benefitsThrough specifc policies and programmes,government and industry can also ensure that offshore wind development contributes to wider social aims,like the just transition.The wider offshore wind industry requires specialist skills and knowledge,and collaborations and

126、 partnerships have been essential to ensure that the local workforce is able to build this expertise.UK Research and Innovation has funded the partnership between three universities in the Northeast UK Hull,Durham and Sheffeld and Orsted and Siemens Gamesa Renewable energy to provide students and re

127、searchers the opportunity to learn about and support OFW innovation.Some industry leaders have launched their own apprenticeship programs to encourage people without formal qualifcation or from adjacent industries to develop relevant expertise.Specifc mechanisms to support upskilling through educati

128、on and training are discussed in more detail in Section 5.Another method of increasing local opportunities is through community beneft funds,which have been set up by developers to support projects and initiatives for communities living closest to wind farms.For example,RWE invested 4.5million in 20

129、22 from their wind energy community funds through 488 separate grants with the priorities chosen by local communities and the funds directly managed by local independent organisations.Similarly,rsted have three offshore wind community beneft funds in the UK which are administered by an independent c

130、harity,collectively awarding 9.5m to 680 projects improving community and local environments.Infrastructure:the role of ports Finally,there can be additional social and economic benefts from the wider industrialisation and investment that comes from offshore wind development.Wider environmental and

131、socio-economic benefits 232425262728293019GWEC|How Offshore Wind Development Can Support Coastal Regeneration22222324252627282930https:/www.irena.org/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2018/May/IRENA_Leveraging_for_Ofshore_Wind_2018.pdf?rev=b341ac3b99e4481e826ba49f6b20c87ehttps:/windeurope.org/new

132、sroom/news/the-netherlands-run-another-successful-auction-based-on-non-price-criteria/https:/ecowende.nl/en/our-innovations/https:/ 1920GWEC|How Offshore Wind Development Can Support Coastal RegenerationOFW ports are key to offshore wind projects by providing a local,cost-effective location for plan

133、ning,manufacture,installation,and decommissioning capabilities.Designing port infrastructure to support the expected project pipeline is vital to ensure the laydown and quayside is large enough to accommodate the vessels and constructed components.Requirements differ between foating and fxed operati

134、ons and therefore the associated investment in port upgrades and refurbishment may depend on the local strategy.In the UK,policies such as the 2023 announce-ment for the Floating Offshore Wind Manufacturing Investment Scheme will provide up to 160 million in grants to upgrade critical infrastructure

135、 and help increase the foating offshore wind supply chain.In many cases brownfeld,or existing industrial sites,offer great potential for redevelopment as they are often strategically valuable and well located.The sites can often be a priority site for planners,but the redevelopment is often reliant

136、on funding for regeneration and local policy.As offshore wind is deployed globally,and the size of the industry is increasing,there is a focus on planning and assessment procedures before any consent is granted;this often includes an Environmental Impact Assessment(EIA)to consider the biophysical,so

137、cio-economic,and other effects of a development proposal.There are also opportunities for ports to focus on O&M activities.These ports typically require less investment to upgrade their facilities and their proximity to windfarms is the most signifcant factor in their selection.The number of jobs an

138、d scale of investment in local communities varies,for example,the Port of Tyne in the UK operates the O&M base for the 3.6 GW Dogger Bank Wind Farm which has specifcally created 400 long-term O&M jobs and over 50%of the investment to build the base was in local companies.In France,the construction o

139、f O&M facilities for the 500 MW Fcamp offshore wind farm will create 100 long-term jobs with EDF Renouvelables utilising the port for the lifespan of the wind farm,having used local companies from the Normandy region for 70%of the construction.Ports typically form a critical part of offshore wind cl

140、uster development and create economic benefts for the local region through the concentration of OFW related companies,suppliers,and supporting institutions.Bringing together manufacturers,service providers,and technology developers in proximity,clusters encourage collaboration and coordination,leadi

141、ng to a more integrated and streamlined supply chain and allow for knowledge sharing and collaboration.Hence,investment and consistent policy support in catalysing a cluster can be effective to stimulate local growth and job creation.Nevertheless,the associated costs that come with cluster formation

142、 and port upgrades are signifcant and therefore need to be considered carefully by decision-makers to ensure that long-term local stimuli are created.Conducting a thorough analysis to determine where the need,beneft,and impact are likely to be the greatest within any given region is imperative.31323

143、43334353132333435https:/danishshipping.dk/media/gbdme2zt/technical-report-socioeconomic-impacts-of-ofshore-wind-01072020-3.pdfhttps:/www.gov.uk/government/publications/foating-ofshore-wind-manufacturing-investment-schemehttps:/radar.brookes.ac.uk/radar/items/6c7548dd-c768-4db8-9dce-7980c426c7a4/1/ht

144、tps:/ and opportunity for South Korean ports The ports in South Korea are planned and managed by the Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries(MOF)and categorised into trade ports and coastal ports.As of 2023,of the total 62 ports in South Korea 31 are international trading ports.Among the 31 international t

145、rading ports,14 are constructed and operated by MOF,and the rest are constructed by MOF but operated by municipal governments.In the case of coastal and local ports,there are 12 ports constructed and operated by MOF and 19 ports constructed by MOF and operated by municipal governments.Ports in South

146、 Korea are intricately connected to local communities as they often include or are in proximity to the 20 out of 44 total industrial complexes.According to the 4th National Port Plan for South Korea,the South Korean government aims to prepare ports under the increasing demand for digital technologie

147、s for cargo management and sustainable development through co-development with local communities.Major plans include diversifying port functions,establishing smart ports with the latest and sustainable technologies and establishing specialised ports for cargo and services.Exhibit 4:Map of National P

148、orts.Source:Operation AuthorityTable 2:Specifications for International Trading Ports in South Korea(Operated by MOF).Source:MOF(2020).Operation AuthorityMinistry of Oceans and FisheriesLocal Municipalities3637Incheon 26,736 125 3,672,346 9,694,993 Gyeongin 2,300 20 88,330 17,183,000 Pyeongtaek-Dang

149、jin 14,424 64 2,313,295 6,940,645 Daesan 8,144 33 98,609 579,034 Janghang 330 2 1,535 124,605 Masan 6,824 29 666,653 1,999,959Busan 32,561 163 2,987,697 19,243,865Ulsan 20,521 116 1,223,811 3,630,856 Pohang 12,032 51 1,406,915 4,615,964 Gunsan 7,806 39 1,446,021 4,991,310 Mokpo 5,999 28 49,422 2,931

150、,730 Gwangyang 25,525 108 1,998,549 3,997,097 Yeosu 692 2 -Ports Quay Length(m)Capacity(#of ship)Laydown Area(m)Laydown AreaCapacity(tonnes)Donghae-Mukho 4,477 23 190,970 597,260 21GWEC|How Offshore Wind Development Can Support Coastal Regeneration3637https:/ ANALYSISAn Input-Output(I-O)analysis is

151、used in this report to estimate the economic multiplier effect.The underlying assumption of IO analysis states that intermediate goods used in producing fnal goods are interconnected,creating impacts on production,value-added,and employment.OFW has a sizable economic impact due to a value chain that

152、 spans diverse industries such as construction,electrical,machinery,steel making,shipbuilding,etc.This chapter analyses the value chain of developing OFW projects during the construction and operations and maintenance(O&M)phases,estimates the cost for each phase,and derives and applies coeffcients f

153、or value-added and employment using the national input-output(IO)table released by the Bank of South Korea.We use the terms“CapEx”for the construction phase(all costs incurred until commercial operations begins)and OpEx for the O&M phase.The structure for estimating the economic multiplier effect in

154、 this study is shown in Exhibit 5 below.20Exhibit 5:Structure for the Cost break down of CapEx and OpExCost Break Down of CapEx and OpExFloatingOFWFixedbottomOFWPortCoefficients of each industries from I-O TableGVA&FTE23GWEC|How Offshore Wind Development Can Support Coastal RegenerationEconometric A

155、nalysis3838https:/www.bok.or.kr/portal/bbs/P0000559/view.do?nttId=10065068&menuNo=2&pageIndex=1OFW farm(fixed and floating)When compared with the fxed bottom offshore wind,foating OFW shows a reduced share of turbines in the CAPEX and,instead,shows an increase in the costs forinstalling subs

156、tructures.This results from relatively higher installation costs of foating OFW from affxing foating bodies to the seabed with depths exceeding 60m.Globally,over the past 1-2 years,the investment cost has risen 30%due to the global supply chain bottlenecks resulting from macroeconomic effects.Howeve

157、r,these costs will likely decrease with the learning curve.Infationary pressures in South Korea could also lead to an increase in unit costs of both fxed and foating OFW.Exhibit 7:Share of Supply Chain Components in Investment(Floating OFW).Rearranged from NREL(2023)-Capital cost break down Table 3.

158、Estimates of total investment requiredfor wind in South Korea(KRW)Source:NREL(2021)Capacity(MW,estimate)8,800 5,500 14,300 6,673,176 9,614,891 -Unit cost(/kW)58,723,949 52,881,901 111,605,849 Total investment(KRW million)45,080.538 40,609.371 85,735.95 Total investment(USD)TotalExhibit 6:Share of Su

159、pply Chain Components in Investment(Fixed Bottom OFW)Assembly andInstallation10%Contingence9%Lease Price5%ConstructionFinace4%Substructure andFoundation13%ElectricalInfrastructure18%Other 7%Decommissioning 3%Development&ProjectManagement 2%Plant Commisioning 1%Insurance During Construction 1%Turbine

160、34%FixedFloating Category Assembly andInstallation6%Contingency8%Lease Price3%ConstructionFinace4%Substructure andFoundation37%ElectricalInfrastructure13%Other 5%Decommissioning 2%Development&ProjectManagement 1%Plant Commisioning 1%Insurance During Construction 1%Turbine24%24GWEC|How Offshore Wind

161、Development Can Support Coastal Regeneration4039414239404142https:/www.nrel.gov/docs/fy22osti/81209.pdfhttps:/www.nrel.gov/wind/ofshore-supply-chain-road-map.htmlhttps:/ cost of constructing dedicated ports for OFW power generation is challenging to ascertain through project-specifc empirical data.I

162、n the analysis of port development,we have relied on research fndings related to harbour construction in South Korea and the United States,as well as CAPEX in Taiwan,generating assumptions for various scenarios.Based on these data,the cost range for the construction of dedicated ports for OFW for th

163、is research is approximated,and the results are summarised in the table below.As depicted in the table,the cost of constructing dedicated ports for a 14.3 GW offshore wind power complex is anticipated to range between a minimum of USD 1,866.6 million and a maximum of USD 4,548.6 million.For simplici

164、ty,the case 2,based on South Korean data,was chosen for the analysis.Like the OFW cost breakdown,the estimation of the economic multiplier effect from the construction of the port and hinterland for OFW projects was also done by dividing estimates for existing port CAPEX according to the supply chai

165、n.In this analysis,costs were estimated based on the estimated share out of the total project budget while referring to known costs and shares out of the total project budget from the US and Taiwan.O&M of ports is marginal at only around 2-4%of the total investment cost for OFW.Therefore,the economi

166、c multiplier effect focuses mainly on construction costs.The composition of the CAPEX for port construction is based on each components cost structure for port development from KDI(2021)Preliminary Feasibility Report for Busan New Port 2.However,the sectoral assignment of each constituent cost to in

167、dustries was based on the research teams independent judgment and independent of the Preliminary Feasibility Study Report.According to the Preliminary Feasibility Study,the CAPEX in the construction of Busan New Port is estimated to be USD 7.013 billion(KRW 9.1342 trillion).The cost structure is pri

168、marily classifed into Construction costs,Facility auxiliary costs,Compensations for Fisheries Rights,and contingencies.Construction costs have approximately 72%share of the CAPEX and consist mainly of costs for civil engineering except for a small amount assigned to Electrical constructions.Supply c

169、hain analysis,as done for OFW cost breakdown,was not conducted for the analysis of port construction.Therefore,more in-depth cost analysis was not addressed in this study,which poses limitations for the analysis of economic effects.Port Exhibit 8:Cost Breakdown of Port Construction Cost(%)Case 1.Con

170、stitutes 2.10%of the total project cost(South Korea)Case 2.Constitutes 5.20%of the total project cost(South Korea)Case 3.Based on the estimated cose of port construction required for eveloping 30GW of OFW by 2030(US)The ratio for port construction and manufacturing specialized vessels is 70:30(%)Cas

171、e 4.Based on the cost of the maintenance and expansion of Taichung Port(Taiwan)Category Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 Case 4Total Investment(USD million)1,866.624,372.903,807.284,548.57Transportation16.1%Science andTechnology Service8.4%Electricity3.7%Construction71.8%4125GWEC|How Offshore Wind Development C

172、an Support Coastal Regeneration4344 434144https:/www.nrel.gov/wind/ofshore-supply-chain-road-map.htmlThe following section is split into gross value-added effects and estimated job creation for CapEx and OPEX components in relation to 14.3 GW capacity from 2023 to 2030.It is unlikely that the total

173、14.3 GW pipeline will be achieved and generating by 2030.However,the analysis is simplifed to give an indication of potential economic benefts associated with OFW in South Korea.As there is still uncertainty over the timeline for development and construction,the analysis assumes a 7-year development

174、 phase,with the multiplier effect from O&M coming into effect from 2030.In addition,infation and future discount rates are not considered,and the total 8-year period is treated as a single time frame.ResultsOFW farm(fixed and floating)Exhibit 9:Gross Value-added for CapExCapEX GVA-Fixed Bottom OWPMa

175、nufacturingMachinery and equipment n.e.cConstructionFinancial and Insurance activitiesProfessional,scientific and technical activities3,492,9257,805,53612,720,43521,272,395Fabricated metal productsElectrical equipment010,000,00020,000,000CapEX GVA-Floating OWPManufacturingMachinery and equipment n.e

176、.cConstructionFinancial and Insurance activitiesProfessional,scientific and technical activities2,188,1306,101,57719,512,64013,855,260Fabricated metal productsElectrical equipment010,000,00020,000,00026GWEC|How Offshore Wind Development Can Support Coastal RegenerationUnit:KRWUnit:KRWAssuming that b

177、y 2030,a total of 14.3 GW of OFW farms will be constructed,the gross value-added effect for a fxed OFW is approximately 45.3 trillion won for 7 years,and a foating OFW is around 41.7 trillion won(Exhibit 9).The gross value added during the construction phase is the highest in the manufacturing secto

178、r for fxed bottom OFW,followed by construction,fnancial and insurance,and professional,scientifc,and technical activities.For foating OFW,the construction sector had the most signicant effect,followed by manufacturing,fnancial and insurance,and professional,scientifc,and technical activities.The spl

179、it among these professions,and thus the GVA,may change as foating technologies become better understood.During the O&M phase,87.26 billion won for a fxed bottom for one year and 57.82 billion won worth of gross value-added effect can be estimated(Exhibit 10).In this study,the value-added effect was

180、analysed from 2023 to 2030.The fgure above illustrates the value-added effect of the O&M for 2030 alone.The reason for relatively lower value-added effects in the foating OFW case is attributed to the assumed capacities of the commercially operating OFW farms,which are 8.8 GW and 5.5 GW,respectively

181、,with foating OFW being lower in the total capacity.The gross value added is estimated to mainly come from manufacturing,fnancial,and insurance activities in both fxed bottom and foating.In other words,constant maintenance during the O&M phase continues to create demands in the manufacturing sector,

182、with constant work demands for fnancial and insurance-related services.Transpot equipmentElectrical equipmentFabricated metal productsMachinery and equipment n.e.cOpEx GVA-Fixed Bottom OWPManufacturingConstructionFinancial and Insurance activitiesProfessional,scientific and technical activities3,375

183、186,4720388,3210100,000200,000300,000KRW million/yearKRW million/year400,000500,000Industry ClassifficationTranspot equipmentElectrical equipmentFabricated metal productsMachinery and equipment n.e.cOpEx GVA-Floating OWPManufacturingConstructionFinancial and Insurance activitiesProfessional,scientif

184、ic and technical activities5,094281,4340586,0740200,000400,000600,000Unit:KRW million/yearExhibit 10:Gross Value-added for OpEx27GWEC|How Offshore Wind Development Can Support Coastal RegenerationThe full-time equivalent employment effect for the fxed bottom is around 376.2 thousand FTE;for foating,

185、it is around 394 thousand FTE for the entire construction phase(Exhibit 11).According to CAPEX,the job creation effect is expected to be 376,200 jobs in fxed OFW and 394,000 jobs in foating OFW.This is due mainly to the fact that foating OFW creates more employment in the construction sector.By sect

186、or,fxed OFW creates approximately 159,000 jobs in the construction sector and 125,000 jobs in the manufacturing sector,while foating OFW creates approximately 243,000 jobs in the construction sector and approximately 82,000 jobs in the manufacturing sector.On the other hand,signifcant job creation i

187、s also expected in the fnancial and insurance sectors and professional,scientifc,and technical sectors.The main reason for the prominent job creation effect from the construction sector in foating OFW is that while the demand for manufacturing,fnance,specialised science,and technology is mainly prop

188、ortional to the capacity of the OFW farm,the overall project cost is more considerable in fowing OFW.Simply put,foating OFW is expected to create more jobs during the construction period compared to the fxed OFW.It is diffcult to conclude that these newly created jobs will only be short-term,as cons

189、tructing OFW requires a higher skill level than low-skill level workers generally employed.Electrical equipmentFabricated metal productsMachinery and equipment n.e.cCapEx FTE-Fixed Bottom OWPManufacturingConstructionFinancial and Insurance activitiesProfessional,scientific and technical activities15

190、8,68871,96620,182125,400FTEFTE050,000100,000150,000200,000Unit:FTEIndustry ClassificationElectrical equipmentFabricated metal productsMachinery and equipment n.e.cCapEx FTE-Floating OWPManufacturingConstructionFinancial and Insurance activitiesProfessional,scientific and technical activities12,64356

191、,256243,42281,6750100,000200,000300,000Unit:FTEOpEx FTE-Fixed Bottom OWPManufacturingConstructionFinancial and Insurance activitiesProfessional,scientific and technical activities05,795435,851FTE/year01,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,0007,000Unit:FTE/yearIndustry ClassificationTransport equipmentElec

192、trical equipmentFabricated metal productsMachinery and equipment n.e.cOpEx FTE-Floating OWPManufacturingConstructionFinancial and Insurance activitiesProfessional,scientific and technical activities03,080592,778FTE/year05001,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,0003,500Unit:FTE/yearIndustry ClassificationTranspo

193、rt equipmentElectrical equipmentFabricated metal productsMachinery and equipment n.e.cExhibit 11:Full-Time Employment for CAPEXExhibit 12:Full-Time Employment for OpEx28GWEC|How Offshore Wind Development Can Support Coastal Regeneration For the O&M phase,for the year of 2030 alone,it is estimated th

194、at 11,689 FTEs can be created annually in fxed bottom OFW,while there is estimated to be 5,917 FTEs in foating wind(Exhibit 12).It is expected that there will be demands for key components and materials during operation and maintenance which contribute to around half of the total FTE to the manufact

195、uring sector.Rest of the job creation effect occur in the fnancial and insurance sectors and professional,scientifc,and technical sectors with the former consisting of the majority of jobs created.As seen in Exhibit 13,the total port investment cost for 14.3 GW can be seen as approximately KRW 5,691

196、,89 million(435.7M USD).The value added from port CAPEX is estimated at KRW 3,478,851(2,663.1M USD).When linking port construction with industry,the most signifcant relevance can be found in the construction sector,followed by electrical equipment,professional science and technology,and transport eq

197、uipment.Depending on the investment cost size,the construction result appears to exceed 95%of the total value-added effect.The expected job creation effect from port construction is estimated to be 3,479 people during the construction period(Exhibit 14).Most jobs are expected to occur in the constru

198、ction sector followed by the electrical equipment;professional,scientifc and technical activities;and transport equipment sector.Converting this to the annual average of the construction period,it can be seen as approximately 700 people.Ports The economic multiplier effects that occur through port c

199、onstruction and O&M mainly occur during construction.According to the Busan New Port preliminary feasibility report,the total operating cost constitutes about 3%of the investment cost,with the operational period estimated to be 25 years.Based on these fndings,the value-added and job creation effects

200、 of operation compared to the investment cost are relatively small.Therefore,this study analysed the economic multiplier effects of port investment and operation with a focus on investment costs.The construction of an OFW port can be diverse,such as renovating or expanding an existing port or creati

201、ng an entirely new one,but a specifc approach is not specifed in this study.CAPEX GVA-PORTUnit:KRW milllionCase 21,3990500,0001,000,0001,500,0002,000,0002,500,0003,000,0003,500,000100,79710,9633,365,692Electrical EquipmentTransport EquipmentConstructionProfessional,Scientific and Technical Activitie

202、sCapEx-FTECase 2(100)14009001,4001,9002,4002,9003,400Electrical EquipmentTransport EquipmentConstructionProfessional,Scientific and Technical Activities111013,366Exhibit 13:CAPEX GVA PortExhibit 14:CAPEX-FTE29GWEC|How Offshore Wind Development Can Support Coastal RegenerationENSURING OFFSHORE WIND D

203、EVELOPMENTSUPPORTS COASTAL COMMUNITIES:LESSONS LEARNT AND BEST PRACTICESWhile many ports and coastal communities globally are thriving,there are often some communities that have not yet shared in this development.Smaller coastal communities are often defned by slower economic growth than those locat

204、ed either inland or around larger port and marine industries.Many coastal industries,like tourism,are seasonal,which defates average wages and investment over the course of the year.Declines in traditional industries such as fshing and local shipbuilding,as well as a growth in affordable foreign hol

205、idays,have contributed to reduced investment.As a result,many coastal areas can have poor infrastructure and transport links,as well as outward migration of younger people.This geographic isolation and changing population dynamic further contributes to stagnation of the local economy.Coastal regener

206、ation describes the various efforts that can be taken to restore the economic,social and environmental characteristics of coastal communities.In 2010,the Coastal Community Alliance,a non-proft organisation based in the UK,asserted that coastal regeneration means more than just the creation of new jo

207、bs.Instead,the term signifes giving a new,fresh lease on life to something that is already there.In this sense,coastal regeneration involves revitalising all of the aspects that make a coastal community unique.For example,coastal regeneration initiatives must not only consider the underlying challen

208、ges of economic deprivation,but also explore economic diversifcation;restore physical assets(for instance,built assets like ports and manufacturing sites,and natural assets like sand dunes);and support aspects that contribute to the social fabric of a particular place,such as social cohesion,histori

209、c and culture heritage and quality of life.The various benefts of offshore wind development,with the right support from government and industry,could help support coastal regeneration efforts.In Europe,coastal economies have beneftted from the positive economic impact of offshore wind in locations w

210、here the oil and gas sector previously provided a signifcant number of jobs.For example,in Denmark,the Port of Esbjerg had already transitioned from a key fshing port to one that serves the oil and gas industry with several major companies based in the area.Since 2000,as the offshore wind sector beg

211、an to grow,the port has managed to capitalise on the existing infrastructure,provide additional investment and house companies across the entire offshore wind value chain.Ensuring that local communities beneft from offshore wind development requires a collaborative approach between industry and gove

212、rnment.Government policies should provide a supportive framework and pipeline of projects to encourage private investment into large infrastructure projects.These in turn,can support high quality,long-term,and diverse jobs with additional benefts through industry programmes such as community funds a

213、nd environmental restoration.The long-term success of coastal regeneration activities also depends on the extent to which local industries,such as construction,oil and gas and fshing,can collaborate and adapt to the needs of the offshore wind sector.There is often a trade-off balance between low-cos

214、t development and local investment.The cost of offshore wind development has decreased signifcantly over the past several years as a result of technological innovation,economies of scale and interaction between the local and global supply chain.In short,some services will be most effciently delivere

215、d locally and in the country of development,and others may be delivered more competitively elsewhere.Despite this necessary tension between local and global,there are three main mechanisms that government and industry can employ to ensure that offshore wind development leads to economic,social and e

216、nvironmental benefts in local,coastal communities,and supports coastal regeneration overall.The primary mechanisms for supporting coastal regeneration through offshore wind development discussed in this report are:Revitalisation of existing assetsDevelopment of clusters to support innovation and eff

217、iciencyTechnical upskilling through dedicated education and training efforts.31GWEC|How Offshore Wind Development Can Support Coastal RegenerationEnsuring offshore wind development supports coastal communities:lessons learnt and best practices4845464745464748https:/researchbriefngs.fles.parliament.u

218、k/documents/CDP-2022-0153/CDP-2022-0153.pdfhttps:/www.coastalcommunities.co.uk/knowledge_hub_fles/coastal-regeneration-handbook_7Inu.pdfhttps:/unhabitat.org/topic/urban-regenerationhttps:/www.esmap.org/key-factors-for-successful-development-of-ofshore-wind-in-Revitalising existing infrastructure,and

219、 particularly ports,will be essential to support most offshore wind development.The Port of Esbjerg in Denmark is one example of port regeneration;formerly used exclusively to support oil and gas development.Today,it serves as one of the primary ports for offshore wind development in the North Sea.T

220、he Port of Taichung,Taiwan was transformed by foreign international investment and today has become similarly crucial for offshore wind development in the Asia-Pacifc region.Similar regeneration approaches could be applied to South Koreas Mokpo port,which,given its geographic location,has the potent

221、ial to service major offshore wind development in South Korea and the wider region.Developing clusters place-based collaboration between government,industry and academia could also support the development of the local offshore wind supply chain in a region with maritime heritage.While there are mult

222、iple examples of successful cluster models around the world,the UKs Humber Cluster now supports over one third of the UKs current offshore wind capacity.This report will examine the development of the Humber Cluster to provide recommendations for Icheon city and Gusan City in South Korea,which are s

223、imilarly well located and connected to support wider industry development regionally and nationally.Finally,upgrading existing assets and developing clusters both require people with specialist and technical skills.Governments and industry will have to work together to ensure that the local workforc

224、e is duly supported to participate in the just transition.This in turn,can lead to less risk and greater confdence in a given offshore wind market.Commercial-scale deployment of offshore wind,and in particular,foating offshore wind,will require signifcant port upgrades.Revitalising ports and surroun

225、ding brownfeld sites requires collaboration between port authorities and industry and governments.Following restoration,ports can support the regional offshore wind supply chain,in turn becoming a hub for development and increased economic productivity.This section highlights the redevelopment effor

226、ts associated with the Port of Esbjerg and the Port of Taichung,and outlines the factors which have contributed to their overall success.In South Korea,Mokpo and Sinan is a region that has been identifed as a potential location for a new offshore wind port,which is well placed to service OFW develop

227、ment in South Korea.-Revitalising ports and other existing assets32GWEC|How Offshore Wind Development Can Support Coastal Regeneration4949https:/greenporthull.co.uk/what-we-do/humber-ofshore-wind-clusterCase study:Port of Esbjerg,DenmarkHistorically,the port was a fshing port and served the O&G indu

228、stry from the 1970s.As a frst mover in the European offshore wind industry in the early 2000s and its convenient location on the Danish coast,the Port of Esbjerg secured itself a key market position as the leading offshore wind port in Europe serving over 55 offshore wind projects(see Exhibit 15).To

229、 meet the demand of the growing offshore wind industry,the port has expanded and invested 1 billion Danish Krones between 2004 and 2013 (approximately USD 170 million at the time)in new areas and facilities that support the wind value chain.It diversifed its service capabilities away from O&G toward

230、s renewable energy,resulting in a decline in revenue from O&G related activities which accounted for only 10%of total revenue in 2015 compared to 25%of revenue from OFW related activities.The key competitive advantage of the Port of Esbjerg is its link between production facilities in Northern Europ

231、e and offshore wind sites in the North Sea and surrounding waters.Leveraging this potential,its diversifcation towards OFW had a signifcant impact on the local supply chain,with more than 200 companies affliated with the port operations that account for over 10,000 employees across the value chain i

232、n R&D,manufacturing,transport,pre-assembly,installation as well as maintenance of the offshore wind farms.Exhibit 15:Port of Esbjerg Port of EsbjergKey informationCASE STUDYA market leader with 22 GW of OFW shipped from Esbjerg since 2001,accounting for 80%of Europes installed capacity.Location:Esbj

233、erg,DenmarkSize of Port:4.5m sqm2OFW energy:Supplies 4.9 GW of OFW energyRevenue:29.1m in 2022Regional strengths:Well-located along the Danish Coast to service OFW sites in the North SeaSupply Chain:200+companies with 10,000 employees across entire wind value chain,e.g.,R&D,manufacturing,transport,p

234、re-assembly,installation,and maintenanceOwner:Self-governing port owned by Municipality of Esbjerg since 200033GWEC|How Offshore Wind Development Can Support Coastal Regeneration5051535250515253https:/portesbjerg.dk/pdfibrary/Annual_Report_2022_fnal.pdfhttps:/portesbjerg.dk/en/about-us/historyhttps:

235、/ on local industry and investmentThe port continues to attract investment for continuous improvement and upgrades for future technology challenges from both public and private investors.A few notable examples of investment into the Port of Esbjerg:In 2023 the Port was chosen as a NATO maritime hub

236、and received a grant of over 28m from the European Commission and the European Unions(EU)Connecting Europe Facility(CEF)to make upgrades to its infrastructure and expand by 570.000 sqm2.Furthermore,its fairway will be deepened by 12.8m by 2024 to allow for bigger installation vessels to use Esbjerg

237、as a pre-assembly and service port for the new generation of larger offshore wind turbines.PensionDanmark has made a signifcant investment of around 940m in 2023 for construction facilities to alleviate the pressure on the supply chain and limit bottlenecks in the North Sea to establish 134 GW by 20

238、34.The Swedish investment fund Infranode confrmed the gradual investment of up to 145m in port facilities at Esbjerg for storage,re-assembly,and manufacturing of offshore wind components in 2020 to create green jobs in Denmark and the Nordic region.Both local supply chains and the labour market have

239、 beneftted from the transition from traditional O&G services to a focus on renewable energy that has as a result facilitated signifcant investment in the region.While it is diffcult to fully quantify the wider economic impact and regional Gross Value Added(GVA)over the years,a rule of thumb can be a

240、pplied with an average of 0.1-0.5m of regional GVA per MW of OFW developed.In the scenario of Port of Esbjerg where 22GW have been shipped to the North Sea,this would result in a GVA estimated between the range of 2.2m and 11m over the last two decades.-.34GWEC|How Offshore Wind Development Can Supp

241、ort Coastal Regeneration545556545556https:/ study:Port of Taichung,Taiwan The Port of Taichung was opened in 1976 as part of the Taiwanese Ten Major Construction Projects following the 1973 oil crisis.Upgrading key infrastructure for the future economic modernisation of Taiwan ultimately attracted f

242、oreign investment,the government additionally invested NT$300bn(8bn)into these projects.Currently,the Port of Taichung is the largest of Taiwans four international commercial ports and contains 50 wharves,16 specialised zones,and three free-trade zones.The introduction of free-trade zones has led to

243、 reduced customs intervention,extensive processing capabilities,a bonded system,tax incentives,streamlined administrative requirements,and relaxed labour restrictions.The free-trade zones and their benefts contribute to reductions in transaction and production costs for companies,attracting investme

244、nt as it enables generation of greater added value and the opportunity to explore more diversifed business models.The Port of Taichung is closely working with local authorities to establish collaborations with science-based parks,industrial parks,and value-add services in the region to facilitate in

245、novation to maximise economic beneft.Its innovation-driven approach refects the Port of Taichungs commitment to the expansion of renewable energy.Over the last few years,Taiwan International Ports Corporation(TIPC)allocated NT$3.5bn(approximately USD 110 million)to expand the port by two new heavy l

246、ift wharves for turbine assembly to support the work on offshore wind farms off Taiwans coast to meet Taiwans national goal of generating 5.7 GW of OFW by 2025.The facilities available at the port to support offshore wind development include turbine manufacturing,OWP backup land,import and export ar

247、eas for turbine components and assembly areas.The port also has dedicated training centres,including International Windpower Training Corp.Ltd.(TIWTC),which aims to support the development of a critical domestic workforce to ensure value is added to the local economy.Port of TaichungKey informationC

248、ASE STUDY35GWEC|How Offshore Wind Development Can Support Coastal Regeneration59The largest port in Taiwan acting as a free-trade zone and attracting large international companies looking to build-out offshore wind.Location:Wuqi District,Taichung,TaiwanSize of Port:40 km2OFW energy:Supplies 4.9 GW o

249、f OFW energyRegional strengths:The free-trade zone leads to reduced production costs and increase GVA and attract further business to the port.There has been signifcant investment into the ports infrastructure to accommodate OFW deployment.Investment:NT$458bn by 59 companies(2010)Supply Chain:100 fr

250、ms with established operations in the port and free-trade zone(2023)Owner:Taiwan International Ports Corporation,state-owned shipping company57586061Exhibit 16:Port of Taichung5758596061https:/ combination of free-trade benefts and excellent infrastructure for OFW development has attracted the inves

251、tment of several national and international OFW players:rsted signed a wharf lease as well as a 20-year O&M lease for their projects Greater Changhua 1&2a and committed to make updates to the leased wharves from 2022 onwards,demonstrating long-term commit-ment to the region Taipower signed a 20-year

252、 lease,worth roughly NT$3bn,for 13 hectares comprising two wharves and hinterland for the handling,assembling,and storing of components of Changhua CountyNorthland Power will serve their 1 GW Hai Long project together with Yushan Energy Co.Ltd from the Port of Taichung from 2024 onwardsGamesa Renewa

253、ble Energy opened their offshore nacelle plant in 2021 at Port of Taichung with over 90,000 m2,signifcantly adding value to the local economy by upskilling Taiwanese personnel MHI Vestas signed a lease with the Port of Taichung to supply Copenhagen Infrastructure Partners(CIP)Changfang and Xidao pro

254、ject which will feature 62 9.5MW turbines,working closely with local Taiwanese suppliers,such as Yeong Guan Energy Technology Group(YGG),to ensure adding local value Jan de Nul,a Dutch EPCI contractor,signed a MoU with TIPC to establish a logistics hub and signed a lease for 7.6 hectares of space in

255、 the Taichung Port which will be used as the storage,assembly,and load-out area for the Formosa 1 Phase 2s monopile foundations and other underwater infrastructure in 2019Hitachi,a Japanese cable supplier,set up a Joint Venture Company with Fortune Electric with a capital of NT$1.4bn in 2014 for the

256、 manufacturing of transformers in the free-trade zone of Port of Taichung to respond to the increasing international demand for transformers and supply its international markets from the strate-gic location in Taiwan ,creating around 200 local jobsA strong commitment and continuous investment in the

257、 expansion of the port infrastructure led to the successful attraction of international companies to settle in the port for their offshore operations and the successful establishment of the Port of Taichung as the major hub for offshore wind development in the Asia-Pacifc region.Impact on local indu

258、stry and investment.GWEC|How Offshore Wind Development Can Support Coastal Regeneration36GWEC|How Offshore Wind Development Can Support Coastal Regeneration6264656667686362636465666768https:/orsted.tw/en/news/2020/02/orsted-signs-20-year-lease-with-port-of-taichunghttps:/.tw/csr/en/news/kZ/detailhtt

259、ps:/ study:Mokpo&Sinan,South Korea Exhibit 17:Mokpo and SinanMokpo International Trading Port Key informationCASE STUDYMokpo is an established port city,with plans to develop the existing port to support OFW development.Sinan is a municipality extending across islands with ties to renewable energy.L

260、ocation:South Jeolla Province,Southwestern coast of South KoreaArea of administration:51,680 m2Population:(M)218,858(S)260,941(as of June 2023)Strengths:Strategic location and Mokpo is home to multiple industrial complexes.Supporting political setting.37GWEC|How Offshore Wind Development Can Support

261、 Coastal RegenerationMokpo International Trading port frst opened in 1897 as a traditional fshing port and today is a crucial maritime trade and transportation hub.The Mokpo region has seen a growth in local fsheries,manufacturing,and shipbuilding industries.However,compared to the great development

262、 of other regions with the economic development that began in the 1960s,it has relatively shrunk.As Mokpo Port has limitations in its natural and location conditions as a port,its economy has slowed down signifcantly as its economic scale has grown.In addition,with the development of land transporta

263、tion,Wando,Jindo,Jangheung,Gangjin,and Haenam,which were previously commercial lines with Mokpo,were further reduced by being incorporated into the Gwangju area.However,it is still the centre of the coastal route connecting the archipelago of Shinan-gun and Haenam-gun,and passenger ships operate to

264、165 nearby islands,including Jeju Island.The key industrial complexes in Mokpo are Sanjung,Sapjin,and Daeyang.However,the region may be at risk of the collapse of major industries in recent years.70The provincial government has plans to develop the New Mokpo Port to support the Southwestern OFW proj

265、ect.This plan has a signifcant investment of KRE 231 billion(USD 177.425 million)and aims to create a 50,000-tonne capacity steel dock with hinterland and an area of 238,000m2.7172737477The Sinan municipality would also beneft from Mokpo port development.The municipality extends across islands that

266、historically had fshing and agriculture as their primary industries.Today Sinan has developed its renewable indus-tries and has a 200MW solar PV project.According to a study from 2022,Sinan was found to be one of the four municipalities that has achieved RE100 .Moreover,according to the provincial p

267、lan,Sinan is in the 1st phase of OFW development,with 4.1GW of the planned OFW project on the southwestern coast of South Korea reaching a total of 8.2 GW.7576777869707172737475767778https:/encykorea.aks.ac.krhttps:/invest.jeonnam.go.kr/invest/201/subview.dohttps:/www.jeonnam.go.kr/contentsView.do?m

268、enuId=jeonnam0303021000;https:/www.mokpo.go.kr/www/open_administration/municipal/municipal_plan?idx=511879&mode=viewhttps:/ for South KoreaThe Port of Esbjerg and Port of Taichung are clear examples of ports and port cities being revived through committing to OFW.The port of Esbjerg is now centr

269、al to supporting OFW farms in the North Sea and the Port of Taiwan has been attracting foreign investment and like Mokpo port has numerous active industrial complexes and is now a hub in the APAC region.The following factors have led to these ports now being hubs for the offshore wind industry:1.Geo

270、graphic proximity to key offshore wind farms 2.Existing infrastructure can be upgraded and have specifc areas designated for OFW development.3.Renewable Energy Targets in both Denmark and Taiwan aiming to reach Net Zero by 2050.Regarding renewable energy,Denmark has a target of 100%electricity and 5

271、5%consumption and Taiwan aims to source 20%of electricity from renewables by 2025.4.Economic incentives in the Port of Taichung.The implementation of free-trade benefts has led to international investment.-Table 4:Industrial Port opportunity for Mokpo and Sinan,South Korea.Mokpo&SinanOpportunity to

272、transition a port into an offshore wind hubPotential to increase R&D and inward investment into the Mokpo and Sinan region and local supply chainsIncreasing local jobs and revitalising local industryOpportunity to increase logistic coordination and specialisation of ports in the APAC regionObtain Fo

273、reign Direct Investment Creation of a training centre to upskill local workforceLocal workforce may not initially have the skills required for the new industry,upskilling and training programmes will be required to meet workforce demands.Local industries have no prior experience in supplying product

274、s for OFW projects.This can prove to be a challenge as most bidding by major project developers may require prior experience in supplying compo-nents.The local frms may not fulfl the requirement for the procurement bidding process without assistance,for example by partnering with international compa

275、nies in the OFW supply chain.The Port Esbjerg authority fostered cooperation and system building,acting as an innovation system builderTaichung Port has attracted FDIs and collaboration between international and local enterprises.OpportunitiesChallengesBest practice recommendations 38GWEC|How Offsho

276、re Wind Development Can Support Coastal Regeneration798081798081https:/www.iea.org/countries/denmarkhttps:/ of clustersA cluster is a place-based or regional collaboration between industry,academia and government acting to bolster regional supply chain development,increase economic productivity and

277、support local(typically coastal)communities.Collaborations between government entities,private sector companies and international partners have proved successful in accelerating offshore wind development globally.There are a number of examples of existing offshore wind clusters,though one of the mos

278、t successful is the Humber Cluster in the UK.This section outlines the key successes to the Humber Cluster and recognises the factors which have contributed to its success.In South Korea,two regions have been identifed as prospective locations for offshore wind clusters;the challenges and opportuni-

279、ties for each are analysed further.The Humber Offshore Wind Cluster is one of eight offshore wind clusters in the UK.The region has eight operational offshore wind farms generating 4.9 GW of energy and is expected to deliver a total pipeline of 13.8 GW by 2030.Historically,the region focused on ship

280、ping and fshing industries and prior to focusing on the growing OFW farm activities on the east coast,the region had begun to undergo economic decline.The region is now well-known for its offshore wind capabilities encompassing almost all stages of an offshore wind farms lifecycle,including innovati

281、on and business incubation,testing and demonstration,turbine manufacture,assembly,installation,and O&M using existing servicing facilities.First recognised as an offshore wind cluster in 2011,it has since become a global example of how to regenerate a region by building on its maritime and manufactu

282、ring heritage to further develop R&D capabilities,attract investment and develop local skills through education programmes.Currently,the Humber region generates around 18 billion per year in Gross Value Added(GVA)and supports 360,000 jobs across the Humbers industries and associated supply chains(wh

283、ich includes offshore wind).Case study:Humber Cluster,UK Humber Cluster,UKKey informationCASE STUDYLocation:Humber,UKSize:The Humber Estuary nears 24.5 thousand km2.OFW energy:Supplies 4.9 GW of OSW energy,accounting for nearly a third of the UKs current(2023)offshore wind capacity.Supply chain:Humb

284、er Clusters industries and supply chains together are valued at 52 billion,accounting for 4%of the UKs GVA.8283Exhibit 18:Humber offshore wind industrial cluster 39GWEC|How Offshore Wind Development Can Support Coastal Regeneration84998611485828384858699114https:/greenporthull.co.uk/what-we-do/humbe

285、r-ofshore-wind-clusterhttps:/ 40GWEC|How Offshore Wind Development Can Support Coastal RegenerationGovernment-funded initiatives focused on strengthening the UKs offshore wind manufacturing base in the Humber region.These included investment for:Enhancing existing facilities 160 million of governmen

286、t fnancial support has been granted to manufacturers like Siemens Gamesa and GRI Renewable Industries,aimed at enhancing manufacturing facilities.Developing new ports and infrastructure Up to 95 million has been invested to develop two new ports on the Humber and Teesside,providing the necessary inf

287、rastructure that will facilitate the build-out of the next generation of offshore wind projects.Collectively,these ports will accommodate up to 7 manufacturers and create around 3,000 new jobs.Supportive policies subsequently encouraged private sector investment in developing the local supply chain

288、and strengthening the local economy of the Humber:Local employment and education-Offshore wind developer rsted has collectively invested 9.5 billion into the Humber region,with 45 million estimated to be directly invested in the local community.This local investment is derived from links with local

289、colleges for apprenticeships and the extension of its East Coast Hub O&M facility in Grimsby has secured the long-term employment of over 370 local workers which is thought to increase to 800 staff by 2030.The University of Hull,which has strong engineering capabilities,has supported the development

290、 of innovation initiatives like the Aura Innovation Centre,enabling collaboration amongst academia and companies working in the feld of Net Zero,including Siemens Gamesa,which apprenticeship schemes.Creating new facilities-Around 180 million in private sector investment for offshore wind manufacture

291、rs SeAH Wind and Smulders Projects UK will be directed towards creating new facilities in the Humber which will create and protect over 1,000 jobs.Siemens Gamesa invested 310 million in the development of a new offshore wind turbine blade manufacturing facility,creating over 1,000 local jobs,to supp

292、ort rsteds growing offshore wind pipeline in the Humber region.Local links with research institutions-Around 2.8 million has been invested to develop a 5G Testbed that will enable the test and demonstration of equipment and new technologies in real-world conditions.The consortium,led by ORE Catapult

293、,expects benefts to a wide range of existing offshore wind technologies including robotics and autonomous systems(RAS),remote sensors,vessels,and ports.Initial government support spurred subsequent private sector investment.8410488896190916188899091104https:/.tw/en/https:/orsted.co.uk/careers/early-

294、careers/apprenticeships-trainees/apprenticeshipshttps:/www.business-live.co.uk/ports-logistics/orsted-launches-record-apprenticeship-recruitment-26340472https:/greenporthull.co.uk/what-we-do/siemens-gamesahttps:/ore.catapult.org.uk/press-releases/the-biggest-ofshore-wind-living-lab-in-the-world-to-b

295、e-developed-in-the-humber/The UK has a less centralised industrial strategy than the EU,which supports long-term manufacturing initiative or the US,which passed the Infation Reduction Act(IRA)to provide billions of dollars on loans and grants for clean energy.Instead,over the past several years the

296、UK has taken a market-led approach to industrial investment,and the government has launched numerous stand-alone programmes to support new technology development.The government has also supported a range of individual sector deals,including those focused on artifcial intelligence,clean growth,an age

297、ing society,the future of mobility,and offshore wind.Despite these efforts,a 2023 report by The Manufactures Organisation cited that 81%of manufacturers surveyed felt their company was at a competitive disadvantage globally due to an absence of cohesive,UK industrial strategy.The sector deals,pledge

298、d in 2017,were followed in quick succession by Boris Johnsons 2021 Plan for Growth citing infrastructure,skills and innovation as the countrys main investment pillars;Liz Trusss 2022 Growth Plan outlining tax cuts to support private sector growth;and Jeremy Hunts 2023 announcement as Chancellor to s

299、upport fve new growth sectors in the UK economy:Digital Technology,Green Industry,Advanced Manufacturing,Creative Industries and Life Sciences.The absence of a cohesive and strategic industrial policy may impact on the success of the Humber Cluster,and other similar clusters,in the long-term.Lessons

300、 learnt from the Humber ClusterThe Humber Offshore Wind Cluster in the UK is a clear example of how a region can transition from declining industries to offshore wind industry and how that strengthens and revitalises a community.Over the past 13 years,the region has been successful in converting gov

301、ernment support into private sector investment,supporting local communities and creating long-term jobs.A number of factors have led to the success of the Humber industrial cluster,which include:Geographical proximity to the market.The Humber region was strategically located for supplying and servic

302、ing the frst offshore wind farms in the UK.The North Sea area has favourable conditions for offshore wind development,with sustained wind speeds and shallow waters.The pipeline of early UK wind farm projects were all easily serviceable from the Humber region.The area has benefted from a stable growt

303、h of offshore wind developments,matched with stable growth of infrastructure and job opportunities.Existing industrial history and expertise.The maritime and fshing history formed a good foundation for a just transition in the area.With a strong fshing feet and understanding of the maritime trade,em

304、ployees were able to transition to supporting site management and construction,and subsequently other areas.Strong commitment from local authorities.The local governments have capitalised on government funding to implement policies to attract private investment and ensure economic growth.Programmes

305、such as Growing the Humber delivered by local authorities have maximised investments to build the offshore wind sector in the Humber region.Strong local partnerships.The local authorities were integral to early collaboration between supply chain,innovation and businesses.Partnerships with the Aura c

306、onsortium,the University of Hull and other initiatives such as the Offshore Renewable Energy Catapult are further strengthening the Humber offshore wind leader status.The requirement for transition.The Humber region was facing economic decline due to the weakening fshing and maritime trades.Leveragi

307、ng government support,local authorities,businesses and investors ensured the Humber successfully avoided economic downturn and could transition to other areas of expertise.The need for national,cohesive industrial strategy.41GWEC|How Offshore Wind Development Can Support Coastal Regeneration93949597

308、9899100939495979899100https:/www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Infation-Reduction-Act-Guidebook.pdfhttps:/www.makeuk.org/insights/reports/industrial-strategy-a-manufacturing-ambitionhttps:/commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefngs/cdp-2022-0205/https:/www.gov.uk/government/news/chan

309、cellor-sets-out-long-term-vision-to-grow-the-economyhttps:/ study:Incheon Metropolitan City,South Korea-The Incheon region made of various islands,32 of which are currently inhabited.As the fshing trade in these communities diminishes,the local government is supportive of renewable energy deployment

310、 to regenerate the area and improve electricity access and transmission.The Incheon coastal region has been a signifcant hub for international sea trade and has received regular port upgrades to support major industrial activities in Seoul and its surrounding areas,with easy access transport links.T

311、he region hosts diverse industries including heavy equipment,electrical equipment,metal works and automobiles.Incheon Port comprises four distinct ports,namely Inner,South,North,and New.Among these,two ports have been recognised for their capacity and suitable specifcations to serve as an offshore w

312、ind installation port and an offshore wind operation and maintenance(O&M)port.The Incheon region has an offshore wind project pipeline of over 3.5 GW,which has attracted international developers.The local government is supportive of offshore wind in the area,capitalising on government support from t

313、he Offshore Wind Development Support Programme.The development of these projects has not been without opposition;the region is home to productive fshing grounds and local fshermen are concerned about disturbance to fshing grounds from turbine foundation installation.The local government stepped in t

314、o undertake mediation and the Ministry of Industry subsequently set up a working group in four regions to resolve conficts in offshore wind projects.The region saw signifcant growth by government-led economic development plans and establishing numerous industrial complexes as part of the 5-Year Mast

315、er Plan for Economic Growth and from its designation as a Free Economic Zone in the early 2000s.However,recent years have seen a relative decline in the region,with only an outward appearance of economic growth due to the growth in the service industry.The Incheon branch of the Bank of South Korea s

316、uggests focusing on industries with high economic multiplier effects and improving inter-industry associations.KOEN640 MW 1,600 MW233.5 MW1,200 MWUSD 2.457 billionUSD 6.142 billionUSD 998.088 millionUSD 4.606 billion2023-20262025-2027TBCTBCrsted South KoreaC&I Leisure Industry Co.,Ltd.OW South Korea

317、(South Korean Peninsula Offshore Wind)CapacityInvestment(USD$)Construction Opportunities42GWEC|How Offshore Wind Development Can Support Coastal RegenerationIncheon Metropolitan CityKey informationCASE STUDYLocation:West coast of South Korea,nr Seoul.Population:2,987,918(as of September 2023)Size:Th

318、e area of administration is 1,067.04 km2.OFW energy:Pipeline of 3.5 GW including a 1.6 GW development from international developer rsted.Employment:As of 2021,Incheon Metropolitan City incorporates over 300,000 businesses with 1,223,448 employees.Type of development scheme:Government and private1011

319、02Exhibit 19:Incheon Region105Table 5:Offshore wind farm pipeline in Incheon.110106107108109101102105106107108109110https:/kosis.kr/statHtml/statHtml.do?orgId=101&tblId=DT_1B040A3&vw_cd=MT_ZTITLE&list_id=A_7&seqNo=&lang_mode=ko&language=kor&obj_var_id=&itm_id=&con

320、n_path=MT_ZTITLEhttps:/www.incheon.go.kr/IC040605https:/www.bok.or.kr/portal/bbs/P0000720/view.do?nttId=10065582&menuNo=200570&pageIndex=https:/ study:Gunsan City,South Korea-The West Coastal development initiative undertaken by the Government in the 1980s and 1990s spurred the expansion of

321、manufacturing,including the establishment of car manufacturing and heavy industries shipyards in Gunsan City .However,more recently,the closure of two critical manufacturing facilities ,coupled with a decline in the local population,has resulted in economic stagnation for the city.The South Korean g

322、overnment designated the area as a special response area and formulated multiple support programs to revitalise the shipbuilding and car manufacturing industry.Despite these efforts,the regions regeneration has seen limited success.Gunsan City is well placed to form an offshore wind cluster developm

323、ent,with proximity to proposed western and southern South Korean offshore wind farms.Gunsan port is strategically positioned to provide marshalling operations to not only local OFW farms,but support interna-tional developments in Japan,China and Taiwan.The collaboration between the government,local

324、industry,and academic institutions can facilitate the development of an offshore wind cluster,as demonstrated in the Humber Cluster.This gives a mechanism through which strategic,long-term planning can be enacted to ensure sustained investment and active participation within the cluster.Gunsan City

325、has the opportunity to leverage the expertise of nearby institutions capable of providing education and training for offshore wind skills,to further strengthen the regions cluster status.The Research Institute for Offshore Wind at Kunsan National University was established in 2009;wind power enginee

326、ring is within its curriculum.To successfully develop an offshore wind cluster in Gunsan City,attracting investors and technology providers to the North Jeolla region is key.North Jeolla is already home to a number of manufacturing industries and research and training institutes associated with the

327、offshore wind industry.Existing manufacturing industries include blade manufacturing,turbine tower manufacturing,foundation manufacturing,steel fabricators and service providers for O&M services .The R&D institutions in North Jeolla are well established,including local branches of agencies such as t

328、he South Korea Institute of Materials Science,South Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning,South Korea Energy Agency,and Jeonbuk Technopark(JBTP).Gunsan CityKey informationCASE STUDYLocation:North Jeolla Province,mid-western coast of South KoreaSize:The area of administration i

329、s 398.3 km2.OFW energy:2.4 GW pipeline Employment:As of 2021,Gunsan City incorporates over 33,000 business with 116,443 employees.Regional strengths:Geographical proximity to the market;physical infrastructure and ports;pre-existing manufacturing base;supportive political setting.Type of development

330、 scheme:Government-led.Exhibit 20:Gunsan City region43GWEC|How Offshore Wind Development Can Support Coastal Regeneration111112113114115116117118119111112113114115116117118119https:/www.gunsan.go.kr/main/m347http:/www.newgunsan.kr/newsView.htm?code=1_1&idx=11936https:/kosis.kr/statHtml/statHtml.

331、do?orgId=101&tblId=INH_1K52C01_23&lang_mode=ko&vw_cd=MT_OTITLE&list_id=204_20403_10&conn_path=I4https:/www.keis.or.kr/user/extra/main/4081/publication/reportList/jsp/LayOutPage.do?categoryIdx=262&pubIdx=9092&reportIdx=5907&spage2=10https:/www.keis.or.kr/user/extra/mai

332、n/4081/publication/reportList/jsp/LayOutPage.do?categoryIdx=262&pubIdx=9092&reportIdx=5907&spage2=10https:/news.kbs.co.kr/news/pc/view/view.do?ncd=5023570https:/www.kunsan.ac.kr/windkorea/index.kunsanhttps:/www.bok.or.kr/portal/bbs/P0000720/view.do?nttId=10068362&searchBbsSeCd=z15&am

333、p;menuNo=200570Recommendations for South KoreaOpportunitiesChallenges-Geographical proximity to the market.Incheon Metropolitan City has two existing ports,with specifcations capable of supporting OFW activities.There is a pipeline of offshore wind projects in the region,and the ports are well located to service these projects.Existing industrial history and expertise.The Incheon region has expert